WO2003031100A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von schutzbeschichtungen an der oberfläche von chemisch aktiven materialien - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von schutzbeschichtungen an der oberfläche von chemisch aktiven materialien Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003031100A1 WO2003031100A1 PCT/AT2002/000195 AT0200195W WO03031100A1 WO 2003031100 A1 WO2003031100 A1 WO 2003031100A1 AT 0200195 W AT0200195 W AT 0200195W WO 03031100 A1 WO03031100 A1 WO 03031100A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
- B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/145—Chemical treatment, e.g. passivation or decarburisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/17—Metallic particles coated with metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
- C23C26/02—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00 applying molten material to the substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J7/00—Details not provided for in the preceding groups and common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J7/14—Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
- H01J7/18—Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J7/00—Details not provided for in the preceding groups and common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J7/14—Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
- H01J7/18—Means for absorbing or adsorbing gas, e.g. by gettering
- H01J7/183—Composition or manufacture of getters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
- H01J9/12—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of photo-emissive cathodes; of secondary-emission electrodes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials comprising a mixture of a chemically active metal and a fusible, stable element.
- Either complete insulation of the material from the environment by means of coatings or hermetic shells or partial reduction of the metal reactivity by mixing the metal with another specially selected component are used as a means of protecting metals from the harmful influence of the atmosphere and moisture.
- the choice of protection method depends on the requirements for the material at a certain stage of its use.
- the first method is reliable in the stage of storing and transporting an active material, but requires special aids to break open a shell so that it does not allow fine metering of the metal supplied.
- the second method is more suitable for dealing with the material in the stage of use, but it has serious disadvantages if the requirement for a source of an active metal is the controllability of the method of releasing this metal. So arise in alkali metal dispensers [Della Porta P., Rabusin E., US Patent No. 3,579,459, 1971] or in barium evaporable getters [Ferrario B. Vacuum 1996, 47, 363] vapors of an active metal A as a result of a reaction which takes place in powders:
- AX is an inorganic compound (eg chromates or dichromates) or an intermetallic compound (eg Al 4 Ba) of the metal A
- Me is a reducing agent
- a f is the desired vapor.
- Disadvantages of this type of steam source are the hygroscopic nature of AX, the outgassing during evaporation, the exothermic nature of the reaction, the carcinogenicity of chromium compounds etc.
- AB is an intermetallic powder or a melt of the composition AB and B is the second component.
- the advantage of these sources is that they allow precise control over the evaporation flow by changing the time and temperature of the thermolysis [Van Vucht J.H.N., Fransen J.J.B. U.S. Patent No. 3,945,949, 1976; Hellier S.J. U.S. Patent No. 4,195,891, 1980].
- the sources of the type mentioned could not be widely spread, since the chemical activity of the intermetallic component AB remains at a high level, particularly in powder form.
- R A ' S ° 1V > AR are shown, wherein AY is a compound of the active metal A with Y, R is an organic substance, solv is a special solution of the type liquid ammonia or tetrahydrofuran. Typical problems here are the greatest possible separation of the reaction products and the removal of the solvents, the high risk of explosion and the flammability of the reagents having to be kept in mind.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials comprising a mixture of a chemically active metal and a fusible stable element, which sources of metal vapors are useful in a more efficient manner than previously proposed provides.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide chemically active materials which are particularly suitable as sources of metal vapors and which overcome the disadvantages of the prior art described above.
- a method of making protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials comprising a mixture of a chemically active metal and a fusible stable element, which is characterized in that it comprises the steps of:
- the essence of the method according to the invention consists in treating the surface of the mixture of chemically active metal A and the fusible stable element B. with a liquid agent L, which dissolves the chemically active metal A, but does not react with the other constituents of the material.
- the protective coating is formed on the basis of the internal material resource of the object being treated.
- the temperature of the treatment is higher than the melting point (T f ) of element B.
- T f melting point
- the intermediate layer B becomes dense due to the structural transition that takes place therein.
- cores of melt from B appear in the mass of the intermediate layer, then islands form from these cores, the islands from melt of B grow, new ones are formed, etc. (see FIG. 4), until they all ultimately become one Combine continuous liquid film of component B. From that moment on, the process of extracting the metal A shifts to a diffusion controlled area and the growth of the film B becomes controllable.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible for the first time to produce protective coatings on intermetallic compounds which contain the most electropositive metals.
- the metal A can therefore be selected from the group consisting of alkali, alkaline earth, rare earth metals and / or actinides.
- the metal A can be selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, lanthanum, praseodymium, erbium, europium, ytterbium, uranium, plutonium and thallium.
- the element B can be selected from the group consisting of the elements of group III, IV, V and / or VI of the periodic table and their binary and ternary combinations with one another.
- element B can be selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium and / or tin and their binary and ternary combinations with one another.
- the composition of the protective shell is selected based on the determination of the material. Due to the fact that the activation temperature of the material is determined by the melting temperature of the coating of B, in order to obtain a wide range of activation temperatures for many applications, different elements B or their combinations with one another can be used. For example, coatings made of Ga with a melting temperature of approximately 30 ° C are suitable for applications in organic synthesis, Sn coatings can be used for vacuum applications, e.g. in the manufacture of alkali metal sources, Pb coatings are best suited for working in acidic media, etc. Some examples of metallic materials with the recorded solid to liquid transition temperature are given in Table 1 below.
- a binary alloy e.g. having a eutectic composition c e (see Fig. 7)
- a ternary mixture of the composition AB Ba should be made to form granules make, which have a concentration according to the line Ac e , ie which have the same ratio between Bi and B as in c e .
- the liquid agent L can be selected from the group consisting of (a) substances whose boiling point is higher and whose melting point is lower than the melting point of element B, (b) mixtures of substances according to (a) and (c) solutions of substances according to (a ) or their mixtures (b) in solvents which are neutral both with respect to metal A and to element B, ie the liquid medium L should be the condition
- m.p. (L) the melting point of a substance L and b.p. (L) is their boiling point.
- the liquid agent L can preferably be selected from the group consisting of CH acids, aliphatic alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, higher carboxylic acids, condensed arenes and / or macrocyclic polyethers and mixtures and / or solutions thereof.
- the first group is made up of several classes of organic compounds that react with A according to a substitution reaction
- these substances include some high-boiling alkenes (triphenylmethane, etc.), high-boiling ethers ROR 'and esters (diethylene glycol, malonic ester, etc.), higher aldehydes R-CHO and ketones C-CO-R' (tolylaldehyde, 2 - Heptanone, etc.), higher aliphatic and polyvalent alcohols R-OH (cetyl alcohol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, etc.), higher carboxylic acids R-COOH (stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, etc.) and other substances , whose Mixtures and solutions thereof in liquid diluents D which are inert to AB.
- high-boiling alkenes triphenylmethane, etc.
- high-boiling ethers diethylene glycol, malonic ester, etc.
- Liquid ammonia, tetrahydrofuran and other ethers anisole, diphenyl ether, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, xylene, etc.
- paraffins heptane, hexane, paraffin, etc.
- diluent D includes condensed arenes (naphthalene, anthracene, etc.), macrocyclic polyethers ([18] crown [6,], etc.) and others, their mixtures and solutions in diluent D as described above.
- the end of the treatment with the liquid agent L is preferably achieved by lowering the temperature to below the melting point of the element B.
- the thickness of the coating can be 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 10 ⁇ m or more.
- the thickness of the coating can be regulated by adjusting the duration and / or the temperature of the treatment with the liquid medium L.
- Temperature and extraction time enable precise control over the thickness of the growing coating: the higher the temperature and the longer the treatment, the thicker the coating made of B.
- the mixture of the metal A and the element B is preferably immersed in the liquid medium L.
- the mixture of the metal A and the element B can be brought into a desired shape before the treatment with the liquid agent L. However, it is understood that the shape of the mixture of the metal A and the element B can additionally change slightly during the treatment with the liquid L.
- the mixture of the metal A and the element B is preferably shaped essentially spherically before the treatment with the liquid agent L.
- the substantially spherically shaped mixture is preferably dropped into a bath of liquid medium L.
- the mixture of the metal A and the element B can be shaped cylindrical or in the form of a plate before the treatment with the liquid agent L.
- the process of encapsulating small particles of AB with an average linear size of ⁇ 1.0 to ⁇ 5.0 mm can preferably be carried out in two variants:
- solid particles of AB are thrown down into a vertically extending bath with liquid L (see FIG. 6).
- the upper zone of the bath is heated to a temperature T> T f (B) and the lower zone has a temperature T ⁇ T f (B).
- the particles are coated with a liquid bowl B as they sink into the hot layers. Then this shell solidifies in the lower cold layers of L.
- the first test for the quality of the coating is to allow water to act on the encapsulated particles at a temperature of T ⁇ T f (B).
- T ⁇ T f (B) The absence of gas evolution during this exposure indicates the continuity of the coating.
- the product (large ingots or small lumps) is washed thoroughly in suitable solvents to remove the agent L, dried and then used according to the purpose.
- the present invention provides a chemically active material with a protective coating on its surface, which is obtainable by the inventive method described above.
- the new materials according to the invention are intermetallic compounds, the free surface of which is covered with a film of stable element B. Their great advantage is that they can be handled, stored and transported like any other common substance. It is e.g. not necessary to store the materials according to the invention under vacuum or protective gas.
- the evaporation temperature depends on the composition of the material. In the case of materials containing Na, K and / or Cs as metal A, the evaporation temperature can e.g. are in a range from 400 ° C to 700 ° C.
- the material according to the invention combines both approaches of the prior art to solve the problem of protecting active materials, namely the use of a Shell and the use of a mixture of components. This allows the disadvantages of both approaches to be eliminated and their strong aspects to be used.
- FIG. 1 A structure of an encapsulated granule according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1: A chemically active intermetallic core A n B n (hereinafter referred to as "AB"), where A is an active metal, is enclosed in a shell of a fusible stable element B.
- AB chemically active intermetallic core
- the solid overlay B is impermeable to water, air and any other substances against which the element B is chemically stable, and these granules permit the implementation of any process which is permitted for working with the element B and do not require any safety precautions.
- the granule When the temperature is raised to T> T f (B), where T f (B) is a melting point of element B, the granule is activated. If the nucleus of the granule corresponds to a composition c ⁇ (cf. FIG. 2), the shell changes into a semi-permeable membrane with the composition c and allows atoms from A to pass through to the surface of the granule.
- the Kömchen is a controllable source of metal A (FIG. 1b), and can be used either as an alkali metal dispenser or as a vaporizable getter, or as a pure source of atoms A for various reagents R, etc.
- n 2, 3 or 4.
- the protective film disappears and an extremely active disperse layer, which gives access to the essentially active core C n , appears on the surface of the granule.
- This type of material is an excellent chemisorbent and can be used as a non-evaporable getter in vacuum sealed devices or in filters for gas cleaning.
- the chemically active material is preferably used as a steam source in the production of photoemission devices (such as photocells, photomultipliers, vidicons, image converters) and in the production of organic light-emitting diodes and others.
- the chemically active material can also be used as a chemisorbent (such as evaporable and non-evaporable getters), in the manufacture of vacuum sealed devices, e.g. as solar cells, electron tubes such as CRT's, X-ray tubes, lamps, Dewar vessels, vacuum insulation plates and tubes, field emission displays etc. be used.
- chemisorbent such as evaporable and non-evaporable getters
- the chemically active material can also be used as a chemisorbent for gas cleaning, e.g. for evaporable and non-evaporable getters in plasma displays, gas filters etc. be used.
- the chemically active material can also be used in other applications, e.g. as a special alloy (using elements such as Eu, Yb, Na, Li and others), in sublimation pumps, in particle accelerators, and in many other possible applications.
- a special alloy using elements such as Eu, Yb, Na, Li and others
- sublimation pumps in particle accelerators, and in many other possible applications.
- Composition c designate; (c): shows a further embodiment of a granule at T> Tf (B), where lc is a disperse layer of the composition Ci + C 2 + ..., and 2c is a core with the
- composition Ci ⁇ c ⁇ C 4 Two cases of a granule's behavior when heated depending on the composition of the core are shown. If a core has a composition c ⁇ Ci (FIG. 2), then at T> Tf (B) the core partially melts to form a liquid shell of composition c (FIG. 2) and serves as a semi-permeable membrane for the metal A, so that atoms A are transmitted from the core AB to the outer surface of the shell c / . Atoms A can evaporate from the surface of the shell c, such as in steam sources of alkali metals or in evaporable getters, or can enter a corresponding liquid medium which consumes the active metal A, as happens in an organic synthesis reaction.
- the shell B when the granule is heated to T> T f (B), reacts with the core, causing a sponge-like disperse layer C on the surface + C 2 + ... is formed, which (as experience shows) exceeds the pure metal A in chemical activity.
- This material is an excellent chemisorbent for vacuum applications in sealed devices and for the production of pure gases, eg in appropriate filters. It has a low activation temperature T a ⁇ T f (B), works at room temperature and in this respect surpasses standard non-evaporable getters (NEGs).
- Figure 2 shows a generalized phase diagram of the AB system, where A - an active metal and B - a meltable stable component; C p , C ls C 2 , ... - intermetallic compounds; c / - a composition of a liquid phase; which is in equilibrium with crystals Ci at temperature T d ; and in the concentration range C 2 - A mean:
- Phase boundaries when A is an alkali metal Phase boundaries when A is an alkaline earth metal.
- T f (Ci) is a melting temperature of a compound Ci
- the metal A is transported through the liquid shell c / in a quasi-stationary regime, ie at a constant rate, instead of.
- intermetallic compounds with a higher concentration of active metal eg C, C 3 , ". etc. can be used for the core. These compounds form a thermodynamically unstable pair with shell B, which is subjected to a reaction when heated to T> T f (B), followed by the decomposition of the protective shell.
- FIG 3 shows the initial state of treatment with the liquid agent L, wherein
- Atom A, • - atom B, 31 - mean intermediate layer of B.
- FIG. 3 shows a mechanism for the initiation of an intermediate layer B 31 at the boundary between solid AB and liquid L.
- a sponge-like structure of the intermediate layer B does not prevent the erosion of the material at temperatures T ⁇ T f (B), but increases the temperature T> T f (B) creates conditions for structural changes, which leads to the appearance of a continuous liquid shell B.
- (a) shows an initial state (corresponds to the state in FIG. 3) in which atoms 41 of the
- step (d) After which the temperature of the AB-L system can be reduced to finish the extraction of the metal A, or can be maintained to further increase the coating thickness.
- step (d) After which the temperature of the AB-L system can be reduced to finish the extraction of the metal A, or can be maintained to further increase the coating thickness.
- Earlier cooling of the Systems for example from level (c), would be premature and would cause surface defects, namely the presence of open (unprotected) areas in the shell.
- Figure 5 shows an example of passivation of ingots, the reference numeral 51 a container containing an ingot of a mixture of AB, 52 a glass test tube, 53 a flow of liquid L and 54 the coating of element B formed by this method , describe.
- Fig. 6 shows a technique for encapsulating grains, wherein
- FIG. 6 shows one of the methods for implementing the process for encapsulating solid particles (lumps or granules).
- the essential parts of the apparatus are: a metering device (a), the task of which is that individual particles roll down one after the other from AB to prevent them from sticking together in the bath 64 after the liquid bowl B appears; a bath 64 with the agent L, where the liquid shell is formed and solidified; a discharge cylinder 66 which allows the end product to be removed as soon as it is collected without interruption of the process.
- a feed hopper 62 is used for the same purpose.
- the loading of the bunker 62 and the dropping of the particles AB from the tube 61 is carried out in an atmosphere of flowing Ar.
- the particles enter the bath one by one due to the setting of a suitable inclination angle ⁇ and the rotation frequency of the switching mechanism 63.
- the granules are coated in a hot zone (hi-h 2 ), " the shells solidify in a cold zone (h 0 -h 2 ), and then the encapsulated granules pass along a bridge 65 into the cylinder 66, from where they periodically removed using the trowel 67.
- the visual inspection of the state of the particle surface during its movement through the hot zone and the inspection of the product obtained for continuity of the coating make it possible to determine a minimum length of the hot zone which, under the given conditions, changes the process into the diffusion region, i.e. correspond to a controlled area.
- the given method presupposes less stringent conditions regarding the volatility of the liquid L than is the case with a method for encapsulating grains from a melt.
- FIG. 7 shows a concentration triangle for a system A-Bi-B 2 , where A is an active metal, Bi and B 2 are fusible elements, c e is a eutectic composition in a binary system BB 2 ; and the dashed area along the line Ac e is a preferred area for compositions of the active core of a granule according to the invention.
- compositions of protective shells can be expanded considerably if one consists of binary or ternary eutectic mixtures stable elements B used. This expansion affects not only the melting temperatures of the protective shells, but also their chemical properties.
- the temporary system A-BrB 2 in Fig. 7 gives the opportunity to show how the choice of shell material is related to the composition of the active core of the granule.
- the ratio of the components Bi and B 2 in the latter should preferably be the same as the eutectic c e used for the shell. This means that the composition of the granule core should be on the Ac e line.
- FIG. 8 shows an apparatus for the production of encapsulated granules, the reference numerals 81 an ingot of the mixture AB, 82 a melting chamber, 83 a wire, 84 a glass membrane with a capillary, 85 a flight tube, 86 a suction tube, 87 a conical connecting base, 88 Vapors of volatile metal A, 89 the melt of the mixture AB, 810 a droplet of the melt of the mixture AB, 811 a bath with liquid L and 812 a furnace.
- the apparatus for obtaining encapsulated granules directly from the melt consists of three parts: a melting chamber 82, a flight tube 85 with a suction tube 86 and a glass bath 811, which is connected to the flight tube 85 by means of a conical connecting base 87 is.
- the bath 811 is filled with a liquid agent L, which has a very low vapor pressure at room temperature.
- the melting chamber 82 is divided into two parts by means of a glass membrane 84, in the center of which a capillary with a metallic wire 83 located therein is arranged.
- the temperature of the furnace is slowly raised to maintain a constant drop frequency.
- the drops flow along the wire 83 that protrudes from the capillary tube 84, detach from it, and enter the bath 811 with liquid L, where they are encapsulated.
- the apparatus is filled with argon, the bath 811 is detached from the flight tube 85, and the washing of the product is started.
- the melting chamber 82 is cut off somewhat above the flight tube, and a new melting chamber is welded on at the vacated place, whereby the apparatus is restored for the next cycle.
- Fig. 9 shows the operation of loading the ingot, wherein the reference numerals 913 denote a cone, 914 a test tube, 915 a plug, 916 a hook, 917 a lid and 918 a neck. 81 and 82 denote the ingot and the melting chamber, respectively, as in FIG. 8.
- the ingots are charged into the encapsulation apparatus as follows: in an argon box, the ingot is placed in a test tube 914, the test tube is closed with a stopper 915 and is thus removed from the box. A large cone 913 is attached to the upper part of a melting chamber 82 (see also FIG. 8), and argon is supplied along the tube 82 from below. A test tube 914 with the ingot 81 is placed in the cone 913, the stopper is opened and the ingot 81 is released.
- Ingot 81 is deeply inserted into the tube of the melting chamber 82 by means of a hook 916, and the test tube 914, the plug 915 and the cone 913 are removed. Without interrupting the flow of argon, a neck 913 is formed on the tube by heating, the tube is hermetically sealed from above with a lid 917, and after the argon has been pumped off, the upper part of the tube is closed around the neck. The device is now ready to drip and encapsulate the granules.
- a thin-walled Ni cartridge with an ingot made of Naslnn is, as shown in Figure 5, attached under a heptane layer in a Pyrex test tube.
- Diethylene glycol is added to the surface of the ingot from above and its temperature is raised to 180 ° C.
- the temperature of the diethylene glycol is lowered to 100 ° C and after making sure that the In coating is solidified, the supply of diethylene glycol is stopped and one starts Wash the cartridge with the ingot with warm water and acetone.
- the entire process for passivating the surface takes a few minutes.
- the resulting ingot with an In coating can be used as a massive source of Na vapors in an MBE chamber or instead of Ti in sublimation getter pumps.
- a cylindrical ingot made of In-20at% K with a diameter of 14 mm and a height of 40 mm is introduced into a Pyrex apparatus for dropping the melt.
- a capillary tube in the middle of membrane 84 (Fig. 8) has an internal diameter of ⁇ 1 mm and a length of ⁇ 10 mm.
- a nichrome wire with a diameter of 0.8 mm is arranged in a capillary, which extends through the entire capillary and protrudes ⁇ 3.0 mm from the capillary from the lower end of the capillary.
- the droplets enter the bath with glycerol, the upper layer of which is approximately 10 cm high and temporarily heated to ⁇ 80-100 ° C and the lower layer of which is approximately 15 cm high and at room temperature. Hydrogen released during the encapsulation process is continuously pumped out.
- the granules are washed with warm water and alcohol free of glycerol and dried.
- the measurement of the thickness of the in-shell shows that the Kömchen with the average size of ⁇ 3.0 mm have a coating of 80-100 microns thick.
- Granules made of In-20 at% K with an In coating can be used as controlled and safe sources of pure potassium in reactions of organic synthesis or as controlled generators of potassium vapors in the production of photoemission devices.
- Granules made of Na 22 Ga 39 with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 mm are thrown from a metering device into a bath (FIG. 6) made of ethylene glycol.
- the particles of Na 22 Ga 39 encapsulated with a Ga shell (made according to the method described in relation to Fig. 6) are then washed with distilled water and acetone at a temperature of not more than 20 ° C and then under vacuum dried.
- the product should be stored at a temperature of no more than 20-22 ° C.
- Na 22 Ga 39 granules with a Ga shell are good sources of Na vapor for vacuum applications: they can withstand degassing in a vacuum up to 400 ° C, and generate Na when heated in the range of 450 ° C to 600 ° C -Vapor with the necessary intensity for the production of photocathodes. Another area of application for these granules is in the field of chemical reactions in organic synthesis, in which the presence of sodium is required.
- Example 4 Example 4:
- the length of the hot zone is set to 220 mm.
- the encapsulated grains are removed with the help of a trowel 67 and washed with water and alcohol.
- the results of the chemical and metallographic analysis show that the thickness of the in-shell is ⁇ 0.2 mm.
- the encapsulation process is repeated for the second part of InLi grains consisting of 20 grains at the same temperature parameters, but with a length of the hot zone of 340 mm. In this case, measurements of the thickness of the in-shell show a value of 0.35 mm.
- the length of the hot zone was increased to 700 mm, which leads to an increase in the thickness of the In coating to ⁇ 0.45 mm.
- InLi grains in an In shell are an excellent working material for Li vaporizable getters and are also a Li source for reactions in organic synthesis.
- the product is washed in warm water and acetone. Chemical analysis shows that the product has a composition Sn - 33 at% Ba. This corresponds to a thickness of the Sn coating of - 120 ⁇ m.
- Grains of this type are controllable sources of Ba and can be used as Ba evaporable getters in vacuum-sealed devices or as super-pure reagents for the precise introduction of Ba cations into organic compounds.
- Example 6
- the product obtained is washed free of the liquid reagent first with isopropanol, then with distilled water and is dried under vacuum.
- Grains of Cs 2 In 3 with an In coating can also be used as controlled sources of Cs vapors in the production of photocathodes, organic light-emitting diodes or as a safe reagent in the organic synthesis of Cs-containing substances.
- Fig. 19 the morphology of a Nasln ⁇ -Kömchen with a diameter of 1.7 mm in an In-shell is shown in Fig. 19.
- stage of forming a continuous protective coating is technologically important, after which the growth of the thickness of this coating becomes controllable (see example 4);
- the time until a continuous coating appears is determined by the temperature of the liquid L and its chemical composition.
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- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR10-2004-7005172A KR20050005398A (ko) | 2001-10-08 | 2002-07-05 | 화학적 활성 물질 표면의 보호 코팅 형성 방법 |
CA002462214A CA2462214A1 (en) | 2001-10-08 | 2002-07-05 | Method for the production of protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials |
JP2003534119A JP2005504886A (ja) | 2001-10-08 | 2002-07-05 | 化学的活性物質の表面に防食コーティングを施す方法 |
EP02753895A EP1434664A1 (de) | 2001-10-08 | 2002-07-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung von schutzbeschichtungen an der oberfläche von chemisch aktiven materialien |
IL16123702A IL161237A0 (en) | 2001-10-08 | 2002-07-05 | Method for the production of protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials |
US10/792,125 US20050089627A1 (en) | 2001-10-08 | 2004-03-03 | Method of obtaining protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials |
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ATA1585/2001 | 2001-10-08 | ||
AT0158501A AT410947B (de) | 2001-10-08 | 2001-10-08 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer schutzbeschichtung auf der oberfläche chemisch aktiver materialien |
Related Child Applications (1)
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US10/792,125 Continuation US20050089627A1 (en) | 2001-10-08 | 2004-03-03 | Method of obtaining protective coatings on the surface of chemically active materials |
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WO2003031100A1 true WO2003031100A1 (de) | 2003-04-17 |
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PCT/AT2002/000195 WO2003031100A1 (de) | 2001-10-08 | 2002-07-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung von schutzbeschichtungen an der oberfläche von chemisch aktiven materialien |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1434664A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2005504886A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20050005398A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1564722A (de) |
AR (1) | AR036758A1 (de) |
AT (1) | AT410947B (de) |
CA (1) | CA2462214A1 (de) |
IL (1) | IL161237A0 (de) |
MY (1) | MY144170A (de) |
RU (1) | RU2004113946A (de) |
TW (1) | TW593748B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003031100A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005112067A1 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2005-11-24 | Nanoshell Materials Research & Development Gmbh | New material for vapor sources of alkali and alkaline earth metals and a method of its production |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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AT502678B1 (de) | 2006-03-24 | 2007-05-15 | Alvatec Alkali Vacuum Technolo | Alkalimetall- oder erdalkalimetall- verdampferquelle |
JP5361784B2 (ja) * | 2010-04-15 | 2013-12-04 | 日本マテリアル株式会社 | 金属カルシウムの保護方法及び保護された金属カルシウム |
CN106756803B (zh) * | 2016-11-28 | 2019-08-30 | 昆山工研院新型平板显示技术中心有限公司 | 一种蒸镀用材料、制备方法和蒸镀方法 |
CN110017492B (zh) * | 2018-10-31 | 2024-02-20 | 浙江理工大学 | 废气挥发性有机物催化燃烧及非均布热管余热回收装置 |
WO2023128796A1 (ru) * | 2021-12-27 | 2023-07-06 | Владимир Александрович РЯБОВ | Способ нанесения защитных металлических покрытий на контактные поверхности электрических контактных соединений |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB151611A (en) * | 1919-09-23 | 1921-12-22 | Gilles Holst | Improved process for removing gas residues and for purifying inert gases in electric vacuum tubes, incandescent lamps and the like |
RU2056661C1 (ru) * | 1993-08-23 | 1996-03-20 | Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью "Север" | Генератор пара щелочных металлов и способ его изготовления |
-
2001
- 2001-10-08 AT AT0158501A patent/AT410947B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-07-05 CN CNA028199219A patent/CN1564722A/zh active Pending
- 2002-07-05 KR KR10-2004-7005172A patent/KR20050005398A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-07-05 RU RU2004113946/02A patent/RU2004113946A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-07-05 WO PCT/AT2002/000195 patent/WO2003031100A1/de active Application Filing
- 2002-07-05 CA CA002462214A patent/CA2462214A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-07-05 IL IL16123702A patent/IL161237A0/xx unknown
- 2002-07-05 JP JP2003534119A patent/JP2005504886A/ja active Pending
- 2002-07-05 EP EP02753895A patent/EP1434664A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-09-27 TW TW091122385A patent/TW593748B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-02 MY MYPI20023687A patent/MY144170A/en unknown
- 2002-10-07 AR ARP020103781A patent/AR036758A1/es unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB151611A (en) * | 1919-09-23 | 1921-12-22 | Gilles Holst | Improved process for removing gas residues and for purifying inert gases in electric vacuum tubes, incandescent lamps and the like |
RU2056661C1 (ru) * | 1993-08-23 | 1996-03-20 | Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью "Север" | Генератор пара щелочных металлов и способ его изготовления |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
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CHUNTONOV K A ET AL: "Alkali metal generators with a constant stream", VACUUM;VACUUM JAN 1996 PERGAMON PRESS INC, TARRYTOWN, NY, USA, vol. 47, no. 1, January 1996 (1996-01-01), pages 79 - 82, XP002227302 * |
CHUNTONOV K A ET AL: "Intermetallic generators of alkali metal with a seal", VACUUM;VACUUM MAY 1996 PERGAMON PRESS INC, TARRYTOWN, NY, USA, vol. 47, no. 5, May 1996 (1996-05-01), pages 463 - 466, XP002227300 * |
DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 199650, Derwent World Patents Index; Class L03, AN 1996-504709, XP002227303 * |
FERRARIO B: "Chemical pumping in vacuum technology", PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1995 1ST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INTERACTION OF GASES WITH SOLIDS AFFECTING VACUUM PROCESSES, IGS 1;MAGDEBURG, GER MAY 28-JUN 1 1995, vol. 47, no. 4, 28 May 1995 (1995-05-28), Vacuum;Vacuum Apr 1996 Pergamon Press Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA, pages 363 - 370, XP002227301 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005112067A1 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2005-11-24 | Nanoshell Materials Research & Development Gmbh | New material for vapor sources of alkali and alkaline earth metals and a method of its production |
WO2005119725A1 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2005-12-15 | Nanoshell Materials Research & Development Gmbh | New material for vapor sources of alkali and alkaline earth metals and a method of its production |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT410947B (de) | 2003-08-25 |
TW593748B (en) | 2004-06-21 |
KR20050005398A (ko) | 2005-01-13 |
CA2462214A1 (en) | 2003-04-17 |
CN1564722A (zh) | 2005-01-12 |
ATA15852001A (de) | 2003-01-15 |
AR036758A1 (es) | 2004-09-29 |
RU2004113946A (ru) | 2005-10-27 |
EP1434664A1 (de) | 2004-07-07 |
MY144170A (en) | 2011-08-15 |
JP2005504886A (ja) | 2005-02-17 |
IL161237A0 (en) | 2004-09-27 |
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