WO2002091736A1 - Unite de correction de sortie d'un capteur d'image - Google Patents
Unite de correction de sortie d'un capteur d'image Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002091736A1 WO2002091736A1 PCT/JP2002/003089 JP0203089W WO02091736A1 WO 2002091736 A1 WO2002091736 A1 WO 2002091736A1 JP 0203089 W JP0203089 W JP 0203089W WO 02091736 A1 WO02091736 A1 WO 02091736A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/50—Control of the SSIS exposure
- H04N25/57—Control of the dynamic range
- H04N25/571—Control of the dynamic range involving a non-linear response
- H04N25/573—Control of the dynamic range involving a non-linear response the logarithmic type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/60—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise
- H04N25/62—Detection or reduction of noise due to excess charges produced by the exposure, e.g. smear, blooming, ghost image, crosstalk or leakage between pixels
- H04N25/626—Reduction of noise due to residual charges remaining after image readout, e.g. to remove ghost images or afterimages
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/60—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise
- H04N25/67—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise applied to fixed-pattern noise, e.g. non-uniformity of response
- H04N25/671—Noise processing, e.g. detecting, correcting, reducing or removing noise applied to fixed-pattern noise, e.g. non-uniformity of response for non-uniformity detection or correction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N3/00—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages
- H04N3/10—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages by means not exclusively optical-mechanical
- H04N3/14—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages by means not exclusively optical-mechanical by means of electrically scanned solid-state devices
- H04N3/15—Scanning details of television systems; Combination thereof with generation of supply voltages by means not exclusively optical-mechanical by means of electrically scanned solid-state devices for picture signal generation
- H04N3/155—Control of the image-sensor operation, e.g. image processing within the image-sensor
- H04N3/1568—Control of the image-sensor operation, e.g. image processing within the image-sensor for disturbance correction or prevention within the image-sensor, e.g. biasing, blooming, smearing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an output correction device of an image sensor for correcting a variation in output of each pixel in a MOS type image sensor.
- a photosensor circuit for one pixel includes a photosensor as a photoelectric conversion element that generates a sensor current corresponding to the amount of incident light Ls.
- a transistor Q2 that amplifies the signal and a transistor Q3 that outputs a sensor signal Vo at the same time as the readout signal Vs, and expands the dynamic range to detect optical signals with high sensitivity. Can be done.
- the logarithmic output characteristic is exhibited when the sensor current flowing through the photodiode PD is large according to the amount of incident light, but when the sensor current is small, the photodiode PD is displayed.
- the response of the charging of the parasitic capacitance C is delayed, so that a nearly linear non-logarithmic output characteristic is exhibited.
- WA indicates a non-logarithmic response region
- WB indicates a logarithmic response region.
- Io indicates the sensor current at the time corresponding to the dark current flowing through the photodiode PD when there is no incident light.
- offset correction is performed so that the output of each pixel at the dark time (Io) matches.
- the gain is corrected so that the slopes of the output characteristics of the respective pixels become uniform in the bright state where light is incident.
- dispersion of the output characteristics of each pixel is corrected in the reverse procedure.
- Offset correction and gain correction must be performed so that the output levels of each pixel in the dark and the light are the same.
- each sensor signal V o is not uniform due to variations in output characteristics and variations in temperature characteristics due to the configuration of each pixel. It is not possible to obtain the output in the dark or light during shooting.
- each pixel is actually output using the memory in which the offset correction value and the multiplier for gain correction according to the variation state of the pixel are set in a table in advance.
- the output characteristics of each pixel are properly aligned (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-404931, Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-404933, (See Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-75035 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-75036).
- an image sensor using an optical sensor circuit that converts a sensor current flowing through a photoelectric conversion element into a voltage signal by an M ⁇ S-type transistor that operates in a weak inversion state according to the amount of incident light is not suitable for an image sensor using a pixel unit. Even if the output characteristics of each pixel are corrected before use and the output characteristics are properly adjusted, the output level of each pixel fluctuates non-uniformly during subsequent use. There is a problem that the image quality is reduced.
- the present invention converts a sensor current flowing through a photoelectric conversion element into a voltage signal with a logarithmic characteristic in a weak inversion state using characteristics of a sub-threshold region of a transistor according to the amount of incident light at the time of imaging, and performs the conversion.
- an image sensor that uses a photosensor circuit that outputs a sensor signal that is the same as the output voltage signal in pixel units, the output state during light is simulated without actually inputting light. It makes it possible to correct variations in the output characteristics of each pixel. Therefore, in a state where the incident light to the photoelectric conversion element is cut off, the sensor output when the gate voltage and the drain voltage of the transistor are switched to values lower than the steady values at the time of photographing is used for each pixel. Means for correcting output variations are provided.
- the present invention also provides a method of converting a sensor current flowing through a photoelectric conversion element into a voltage signal with logarithmic characteristics in a weak inversion state using characteristics of a sub-threshold region of a transistor in accordance with the amount of incident light at the time of image capturing.
- an image sensor that uses a photosensor circuit that outputs a sensor signal corresponding to the applied voltage signal on a pixel-by-pixel basis, it can simulate the dark and bright output states without actually entering light. This makes it possible to correct variations in the output characteristics of each pixel.
- the first sensor signal when the gate voltage and the drain voltage of the transistor are set to the steady values at the time of photographing with the incident light to the photoelectric conversion element being cut off, and the gate of the transistor Voltage and drain voltage A means is provided for correcting the variation in the output of each pixel using the second sensor signal when the value is switched to a lower value.
- the present invention converts a sensor current flowing through the photoelectric conversion element into a voltage signal having a logarithmic characteristic in a weak inversion state using characteristics of a sub-threshold region of the transistor in accordance with the amount of incident light during imaging,
- the gate voltage of the transistor is switched to a value higher than a steady value at the time of shooting.
- a sensor signal when the gate voltage of the transistor is switched to a value higher than a steady value at the time of photographing is made to correspond to a sensor output at the time of darkness at the time of photographing. Offset correction is performed so that the output levels of the pixels at the time are uniform.
- the gate voltage of the transistor is switched to a ⁇ ⁇ value from a steady value at the time of photographing to make the transistor conductive, and a sensor signal when the drain voltage of the transistor is a steady value is obtained.
- the sensor signal when the drain voltage of the transistor is switched to a value lower than the steady-state value corresponds to the sensor output in the light during shooting, and the darkness of each pixel is The output is corrected so that the output levels at the time and at the time of light are aligned.
- the present invention makes it possible to more accurately correct the variation in the output of each pixel.
- the gate voltage of the transistor is switched to a value higher than a steady value at the time of photographing to make the transistor conductive.
- the drain voltage of the transistor is set so that the sensor signal at the time when the gate voltage becomes a steady value is obtained according to the sensor signal at the time of darkness.
- Means are provided for correcting the variation in the output of each pixel by using the sensor signal when the voltage is switched to a value higher than the steady value at the time of photographing.
- the present invention makes it possible to more accurately correct the variation in the output of each pixel. ..
- the gate voltage of the transistor is switched to a value higher than the steady value at the time of photographing, and the transistor is switched.
- the drain voltage of the transistor is set so that the sensor signal when the transistor is turned on becomes a value corresponding to the sensor signal at the time of darkness obtained when the gate voltage is a steady value, and thereafter, with the set voltage,
- the sensor signal when the transistor is turned on corresponds to the sensor output in the dark at the time of shooting, and the sensor signal when the drain voltage of the transistor is switched to a value lower than the set value is used for shooting.
- the output correction is performed so that the output levels of the pixels at the time of darkness and at the time of lightness correspond to each other in accordance with the sensor output at the time of light.
- the present invention provides an image sensor using an optical sensor circuit for converting a sensor current flowing through a photoelectric conversion element in accordance with an incident light amount into a voltage signal by a MOS transistor operating in a weak inversion state, on a pixel basis. If the output level of each channel fluctuates during use, the fluctuation is calculated according to the output state of the sensor signal at each pixel at that time, and the Based on the output level at the time of high-brightness light that becomes saturated (offset), off-sessit correction for the fluctuation is performed.
- a sample-and-hold circuit that temporarily holds a normal-time sensor signal read out in time series from each pixel, and the drain voltage of the transistor in the corresponding pixel is temporarily changed from the normal voltage value.
- Means are provided for performing offset correction of a preset reference signal at the time of light, so that the output levels of the sensor signal at each pixel are properly aligned.
- FIG. 1 is an electric circuit ⁇ showing an optical sensor circuit for one pixel used in the image sensor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a time chart of signals of each part in the optical sensor circuit.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an output characteristic of a sensor signal with respect to a sensor current flowing through the photodiode of the optical sensor circuit.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a variation state of output characteristics of each pixel in an image sensor using the photosensor circuit for the pixel.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing output characteristics of a sensor signal read at a predetermined timing when the amount of incident light in the optical sensor circuit is small when initialization is not performed.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of an image sensor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a time chart of signals of each part in the image sensor.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of an image sensor output correction device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of a process in an output correction circuit by the output correction device for an image sensor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a characteristic diagram showing an example of a variation state of output characteristics of a sensor signal coming from the configuration of each pixel in the image sensor.
- FIG. 11 is a characteristic diagram showing the result of off-secite correction of the sensor signal of each pixel having the variation of the output characteristic shown in FIG.
- a 1221 is a characteristic diagram showing a result of offset correction and gain correction of the sensor signal of each pixel having the variation of the output characteristic shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another example of the processing flow in the output correction circuit of the image sensor output correction device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a characteristic diagram showing another example of a variation state of output characteristics of a sensor signal coming from the configuration of each pixel in the image sensor.
- FIG. 15 is a characteristic diagram showing the result of offset correction of the sensor signal of each pixel having the variation in the output characteristics shown in FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a characteristic diagram showing the results of offset correction and gain correction of the sensor signal of each pixel having the variation in the output characteristics shown in FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing still another example of the processing flow in the output correction circuit of the image sensor output correction device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a characteristic diagram showing still another example of a variation state of output characteristics of a sensor signal coming from the configuration of each pixel in the image sensor.
- FIG. 9 is a characteristic diagram showing a difference between a sensor output when the sensor output is set to “ON” and an actual sensor output when the sensor is turned ON.
- Figure 20 shows the difference between the sensor output when the transistor for logarithmic characteristic conversion in the optical sensor circuit is turned on and the actual sensor output in the dark when initialization for suppressing image lag is performed.
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing an example of a basic configuration of an image sensor according to the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of an image sensor output correction device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a timing chart of each signal in the output correction device of the image sensor.
- the image sensor according to the present invention basically uses the optical sensor circuit shown in FIG. 1 described above for each pixel.
- the photosensor circuit uses a photodiode PD as a photoelectric conversion element that generates a sensor current corresponding to the amount of incident light Ls, and a sensor current flowing through the photodiode PD.
- the characteristics of the sub-threshold region are used.
- the transistor Q1 converts the voltage signal Vpd to a voltage signal Vpd with a logarithmic characteristic in the weakly inverted state, the transistor Q2 amplifies the converted voltage signal Vpd, and the sensor signal Vo with the pulse timing of the read signal Vs.
- a transistor Q3 that outputs In that case, the value of the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 is set to be equal to or lower than its drain voltage VD.
- the optical sensor circuit when the incident light Ls is incident on the photodiode PD with a sufficient amount of light, a sufficient sensor current flows through the transistor Q1, and the resistance of the transistor Q1 is also very large. Since there is no image signal, the optical signal can be detected with a sufficient response speed so as not to cause an afterimage as the image sensor.
- the transistor Q1 When the current decreases by one digit, the resistance is set to increase by one digit, so the resistance of transistor Q1 increases and the time constant of the parasitic capacitance C of photodiode PD decreases. As it becomes larger, it takes time to discharge the charge stored in the parasitic capacitance C. Therefore, as the amount of the incident light Ls decreases, the afterimage is observed over a long period of time.
- V p d ′ indicates a voltage signal inverted and amplified by the amplifying transistor Q 2.
- the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q 1 is set lower than a steady value for a predetermined time to reduce the parasitic capacitance C of the photodiode PD.
- FIG. 2 shows a time chart of signals of each part in the optical sensor circuit at that time.
- t1 indicates the timing of initialization
- t2 indicates the timing of optical signal detection.
- the predetermined time tm for switching the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 from a steady value (high level!) To a low voltage (low level L) is, for example, when the reading speed of one pixel is about 100 nsec. It is set to about 5 ⁇ sec.
- T indicates the accumulation period of the parasitic capacitance C of the photodiode PD, and the accumulation period T is about 1 to 30 sec (or 1 to 60 sec) for NTSC signals.
- the MOS transistor Q1 If the potential difference between the gate voltage VG and the drain voltage VD of the MOS transistor Q1 is larger than the threshold value, the MOS transistor Q1 enters a low-resistance state, and charging starts at the junction capacitance C of the photodiode diode PD. .
- the output voltage (terminal voltage of the photodiode PD) Vpd is a value corresponding to the amount of incident light Ls. That is, after the initialization, a discharge characteristic with a constant time constant following the change in the amount of incident light Ls is obtained.
- FIG. 6 shows a configuration of an image sensor in which a plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix in such a manner that the optical sensor circuit is a pixel unit, and the sensor signal of each pixel is read out in time series. An example is shown.
- the basic configuration of the image sensor is as follows. For example, a 4 ⁇ 4 pixel composed of D]. 'Selection by the selection signals LS1 to LS4 sequentially output from the element selection circuit 1 and selection of each pixel in the selected pixel row from the element selection circuit 2 Each of the corresponding switches SW1 to SW4 in the switch group 3 is sequentially turned on by the signals DS1 to DS4, so that the sensor signal ⁇ Vo of each pixel is read out in time series. Let's be done.
- reference numeral 4 denotes a power supply for the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 in each pixel
- reference numeral 6 denotes a power supply for the drain voltage VD.
- the selection of the pixel line for each one line is switched with a predetermined timing to a high level H in a steady state and a low level L in an initialization.
- a voltage switching circuit 5 is provided.
- the pixel row selection signal ⁇ LS1 becomes high level H
- the corresponding first row of Dl1, D12, D13, D14 is selected.
- the image selection signals DS1 to DS4 are sequentially turned to the high level IU, and each of the pixels D11, D12, D 1 3, the sensor SV o of D 1 is sequentially read out.
- the pixel selection signal LS 1 goes to the low level L and the next LS 2 goes to the high level 1 !, the corresponding D 2 1 , D 22, D 23, and D 24 are selected.
- the pixel selection signals ⁇ S 1 to DS 4 are sequentially at the high level H, and each pixel D 21, D 22, D 23, the sensor signal V o of D 2 is sequentially read.
- the screen column selection ⁇ LS and S4 are continuously at a high level, and the corresponding third and '1st screen columns are sequentially selected, and LS3 and LS4 are selected.
- Each of the pixels is at high level--During the fixed period T1, the pixel selection signals DS1 to DS4 sequentially become high level H, and each pixel D31, D32, D33, D34, etc. And D 41, D '12, D 43, and D 44 sensor signals V ⁇ are sequentially read.
- each pixel D 1 1, D 1 2 in the currently selected pixel sequence of ⁇ 1 , D13, D14, the drain voltage VD1 is switched from the high level ⁇ to the low level L up to that time for a predetermined time ⁇ 2, and each pixel is initialized, thereby completing one cycle period.
- the drain voltage VDX is switched to the low level L and the initialization is performed.
- the initialization may be performed during the pause period of the pixel column selection when the pixel column selection signal LSX is in the low level L state.
- the timing of the generation of the above-described signals of each section is determined by driving the pixel column selection circuit 1, the pixel selection circuit 2, and the voltage switching circuit 5 under the control of an ECU (not shown). I have.
- Image sensors with logarithmic output characteristics with a wide dynamic range can be realized.
- the image sensor configured as described above, in order to correct unevenness in the output level of the sensor signal V o in each pixel due to the variation in output characteristics due to the configuration of the optical sensor circuit, Using the sensor output obtained when the gate voltage VG and the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 for logarithmic characteristic conversion are switched to values lower than the steady-state values during imaging with the light Ls being cut off, Means for correcting the variation in the output of each pixel is provided.
- the present invention is directed to an image sensor configured as described above, in order to correct irregularities in the output level of the sensor signal Vo in each pixel due to variations in output characteristics due to the configuration of the optical sensor circuit.
- Sensor output A obtained when the gate voltage VG and drain voltage VD of the transistor Q 1 are set to the steady-state values VG a, VD a at the time of photographing, and the corresponding transistor.
- sensor output B obtained when the gate voltage VG and drain voltage VD of Q1 are switched to values VGb and VDb lower than the steady-state values at the time of shooting, correct the output variation of each pixel Means are provided.
- the sensor output A is made to correspond to the dark sensor signal at the time of shooting, offset correction is performed so that the output level of each pixel in darkness becomes uniform, and the sensor output B is set to the sensor at the time of shooting at the time of light.
- the gain is corrected so that the output level of each pixel at the time of light becomes uniform.
- the sensor output becomes A when VGa ⁇ VDa, and becomes the sensor output B when VGbVDb.
- the range in which the gate voltage VG and the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 are switched to values lower than the steady value at the time of shooting is set from zero to a value lower than the steady value by the threshold voltage Vth of the transistor Q1. Is done. That is, the relationship is as follows: VGb ⁇ 0 to (VGa ⁇ Vth) and VDb ⁇ 0 to (VDa ⁇ Vth).
- Switching between VGa and VGb is performed by a voltage switching circuit 7 provided in the configuration of the image sensor shown in FIG. 6 and provided so that the power supply voltage of the VG power supply 4 can be switched. Will be performed under the control of the ECU. Switching between VD a and VD b requires switching the power supply voltage of VD power supply 6. The operation is performed under the control of the ECU in the voltage switching circuit 5 provided so as to perform the operation.
- the variation in the output characteristics of each pixel is corrected without actually causing light to enter the image sensor.
- correcting the variation in output characteristics of each pixel by obtaining the dark and light sensor signals of each pixel while making the light incident, it is not possible to make uniform light incident on each pixel while switching frequently. It does not cause the problem of illuminance unevenness due to the light source at all .. It is possible to accurately correct the variation in the output characteristics of each pixel.
- the variation of the output characteristics of each pixel due to aging can be corrected at any time without using a light source. Further, according to the present invention, in the case where the output correction of a large number of image sensors is performed simultaneously, it is not necessary to prepare a large number of light sources and increase the number of facilities.
- the unevenness of the output level of the sensor signal Vo in each pixel due to the variation of the output characteristic due to the configuration of the optical sensor circuit is corrected.
- the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 for logarithmic characteristic conversion is switched to a value higher than the steady-state value at the time of shooting, and the sensor signal when the transistor Q1 is turned on is used. Means for correcting output variations are provided.
- the output level of each pixel in the dark state is set in correspondence with the sensor signal when the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 is switched to a value higher than the steady value at the time of shooting and the sensor output at the time of shooting. Offset correction is performed so that they are aligned.
- the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 for logarithmic characteristic conversion is switched to a value higher than the steady value at the time of photographing, resulting in a conduction state. Then, the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 is directly applied to the gate of the transistor Q2 for amplification at the next stage, and the fluctuation of the threshold voltage of the transistor Q1 is canceled. Then, the sensor output at that time corresponds to the output at the time.
- the transistor Q1 for logarithmic characteristic conversion becomes conductive, and the sensor output when the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 is directly applied to the gate of the transistor Q2 for amplification at the next stage. If it is assumed that the output corresponds to the output in the dark, the following problems occur.
- the transistor Q1 and the photodiode PD have ideal characteristics.In fact, even though no light is incident on the photodiode PD, a dark current flows, As shown in FIG. 19, the sensor output when the transistor Q1 is turned on is different from the actual output when the transistor Q1 is turned on. In the figure, a shows the ideal hourly output, and b shows the actual dark output.
- the difference in the dark output is, as shown in FIG. 20, in order to suppress the afterimage, before reading the sensor signal V o, the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 is reduced from the steady value for a predetermined time. If the initialization is performed with a low setting, the difference is even greater.
- c indicates the dark output when the afterimage is suppressed by the initialization.
- the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 for logarithmic characteristic conversion when switched to a value higher than the steady value at the time of shooting to make it conductive, a sensor corresponding to an appropriate dark output
- the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 is variably adjusted so as to obtain an output.
- the value of the actual sensor output at the time before the output correction is performed is memorized, and the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 is switched to a higher value than the steady value at the time of photographing to set the transistor Q1.
- Set the drain voltage VD of transistor Q1 so that the sensor output when 1 becomes conductive will be the value previously stored.
- the value stored at each correction is used. May be the same as the average value. And .. After that the output correction
- the output correction value is calculated based on the sensor output at this time, the output correction at the time when the initial values are uniform can be performed. Changing the drain voltage V D of the transistor Q 1 also matches the operating point for the next-stage amplification transistor Q 2.
- switch the transistor Q1 so that when the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 is switched to a higher value than the steady value at the time of imaging and the transistor Q1 is turned on, the sensor output becomes the previously stored value.
- the power supply voltage of the VG power supply 4 and the VD read power supply 6 is switched under the control of an ECU (not shown) in the configuration of the image sensor shown in FIG. This is performed by driving the voltage switching circuit 7 and the voltage switching circuit 5 that are provided so as to be able to operate.
- the unevenness of the output level of the sensor signal Vo in each pixel due to the variation of the output characteristic due to the configuration of the optical sensor circuit is corrected.
- the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 for logarithmic characteristic conversion is switched to a value higher than the steady-state value at the time of shooting, and the sensor signal when the transistor Q1 is turned on is used.
- Means for correcting output variations are provided. -At that time, the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 is switched to a value higher than the steady value at the time of shooting to make it conductive, and the sensor signal when the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 is the steady value is output.
- the actual sensor output value at the time of darkness before the output correction is stored, and the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 is switched to a higher value than the steady value at the time of shooting to set the transistor Q1.
- Set the drain voltage VD of transistor Q1 so that the sensor output when 1 becomes conductive will be the value previously stored. At this time, even if the sensor output when the transistor Q1 is turned on becomes almost the same as the previously stored value, if the output correction is to be repeated, it is stored at each correction. It may be set to be the same as the average value of the calculated values.
- the sensor at the time of light, in which light from each pixel is incident due to variation in output characteristics due to the configuration of the optical sensor circuit.
- the transistor when the transistor Q 1 is turned on and the drain voltage VD of the transistor Q 1 is switched to a value lower than the steady value (or the set value).
- the output is made to correspond to the sensor signal at the time of light at the time of photographing, and the output is corrected so that the output level at the time of light at each pixel becomes uniform.
- the output state at the time of light is simulated regardless of the actual light incident state on the image sensor to correct the variation in the output characteristics of each pixel. Will be able to do it.
- means for switching the gate voltage VG of the transistor Q1 to a value higher than the steady value at the time of shooting and means for switching the drain voltage VD to a value lower than the steady value at the time of shooting are as follows. In the configuration of the image sensor shown in FIG. 6, this is performed by driving the voltage switching circuits 5 and 7 under the control of an ECU (not shown).
- FIG. 8 is a diagram for correcting variations in output characteristics of each pixel in the image sensor. 2 shows a specific configuration.
- the ECU 9 performs drive control for reading out the image sensor 8 and the sensor signal of each pixel in time series, and the sensor signal Vo of each pixel output in time series from the image sensor 8 is converted into a digital signal.
- An AD converter 10 to be converted and an offset correction value OFS and a multiplier MLT for gain correction according to the characteristics of each pixel are set in advance.
- Memory 11 that reads a predetermined offset correction value OFS and multiplier MLT in accordance with the address (X, Y) signal ADDRESS, and the offset correction value 0 FS and multiplier MLT read from that memory 11
- An output correction circuit 12 that performs each processing of off-segment correction and gain correction of the sensor signal DS converted into a digital signal.
- the sensor signal Vo of each pixel output in time series from the image sensor 8 is, as described above, each pixel at VGa and VDa with the incident light to the image sensor 8 cut off or cut off.
- the sensor output A and the sensor output B at VGb and VDb are adopted.
- FIG. 10 shows an example of a variation state of the output characteristics of the sensor signals A, B, and C coming from the configuration of three pixels.
- the sensor current value Im corresponding to the threshold value H of the pixel output is a point at which the sensor signal signals A, B, and C of each pixel are switched from the non-logarithmic response area WA to the logarithmic response area WB. Is shown. Io indicates the sensor current in the dark.
- the shape of the output characteristic of the sensor signal of each pixel in such a non-logarithmic response area WA is almost the same, and the slope of the output characteristic of the sensor signal of each pixel in the logarithmic response area WB has a different slope. This shows a case where output correction is performed.
- Information on the point at which each sensor signal switches from the non-logarithmic response area WA to the logarithmic response area WB and the pixel output at the time are used as parameters of each pixel.
- FIG. 9 shows a processing flow in the output correction circuit 12.
- An offset correction value OFS is set in the memory 11 so that the pixel output becomes H when the sensor current is Im. Then, the offset correction unit 1 2 1 Then, the offset correction of the sensor signal DS converted into the digital signal of each pixel is performed by performing the addition and subtraction processing using the offset correction value OFS, as shown in FIG.
- the characteristics of the non-logarithmic response area WA in signals A, B, and C are matched.
- the gain correction unit 122 performs a multiplication process for gain correction on the logarithmic response region WB equal to or larger than the threshold value H.
- the following calculation is performed, and the calculation result is output as the output-corrected sensor signal DS2.
- the offset-corrected sensor signal DS 1 is smaller than the threshold value H, that is, if the sensor signal DS 1 is in the non-logarithmic response area WA, the off-cesitated sensor signal DS 1 is left as it is. Is output as the output-corrected sensor signal DS2.
- FIG. 14 shows another example of the variation in the output characteristics of the sensor signals A, B, and C coming from the configuration of the three pixels.
- the output correction of the image sensor is performed when the output characteristics of the sensor signals in the logarithmic response region WB have almost the same slope and the output characteristics of the sensor signals in the nonlogarithmic response region WA have different shapes. This shows a case where the operation is performed.
- FIG. 13 shows a processing flow in the output correction circuit 12.
- an offset correction value OFS is set such that the pixel output becomes H when the sensor current is Im. Then, the offset correction unit 122 1 performs an addition and subtraction process using the off-segment correction value ⁇ FS, thereby obtaining each image.
- the sensor signal DS converted to a raw digital signal is subjected to off-segment correction, the characteristics of the logarithmic response area WB of the sensor signals A, B, and C of each pixel are matched as shown in FIG. become.
- the gain correction unit 112 performs a multiplication process for gain correction on the non-logarithmic response area WA below the threshold value H.
- the offset-corrected sensor signal DS 1 is equal to or lower than the threshold value H, and if the force is equal to or lower than the threshold value H, that is, the sensor signal DS 1 is in the non-logarithmic response region. If it is in WA, using a predetermined multiplier MLT for gain correction read from memory 10,
- the offset-corrected sensor signal DS1 is larger than the threshold value H, that is, if the sensor signal DS1 is in the logarithmic response region WB, the offset-corrected sensor signal DS1 remains unchanged. 1 is output as the sensor signal DS2 whose output has been corrected.
- the 18th image shows still another example of the variation in the output characteristics of the sensor signals A, B, and C coming from the configuration of each pixel in the image sensor 8.
- the slopes of the output characteristics of the sensor signals A, B, and C in the logarithmic response region WB are different from each other, and the shapes of the output characteristics of the sensor signals A, B, and C in the nonlogarithmic response region WA are different from each other. Is shown.
- each processing shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. Offset correction and gain correction of sensor signals A, B, and C are sequentially performed so that sensor signal DS2 'with the same characteristics of nonlogarithmic response area WA and logarithmic response area WBA can be obtained.
- the present invention is capable of performing the offset correction for the fluctuation of the output level of the sensor signal Vo of each pixel read out in time series from the image sensor shown in FIG. 21 at any time.
- FIG. 22 shows a configuration example of an output correction device of the image sensor in that case.
- a sample-and-hold circuit 8 for temporarily holding a normal sensor signal Vo read out in time series from the image sensor 7 and a drain voltage VD of the transistor Q1 in the corresponding pixel are temporarily set to a steady value (high level).
- AV (Vo (h) -Vo) between the pseudo-bright output signal Vo () obtained by lowering the threshold value V th by the threshold value and the sensor signal Vo sampled and held earlier a circuit 9, its as an offset value the difference delta tau obtained is constituted by an arithmetic circuit 1 0 performing an offset correction by subtracting the reference signal Vs corresponding to the time preset bright output.
- each unit Under the control of an ECU (not shown), each unit operates at a predetermined timing.
- FIG. 23 shows a time chart of signals of various parts in the output correction device for an image sensor configured as described above.
- the pseudo-bright output signal Vo (h) obtained at this time is supplied to the arithmetic circuit 9, and an off-set value based on a difference from the previously sampled and held sensor signal Vo is obtained and set in the arithmetic circuit 10 in advance.
- the offset correction of the reference signal Vs corresponding to the bright output is performed, and the sensor signal Vo 'whose offset is corrected is output at the timing of t4. Note that such offset correction of the sensor signal Vo read out in time series from the image sensor 7 is always performed.
- the sensor current flowing through the photoelectric conversion element according to the amount of incident light at the time of image capturing is a voltage signal having a logarithmic characteristic in a weak inversion state using characteristics of a sub-selection region of a transistor.
- Image sensor using an optical sensor circuit for each pixel, which outputs a sensor signal corresponding to the converted voltage signal, in a state where incident light to the photoelectric conversion element is cut off.
- Means are provided for correcting the variation in the output of each pixel by using the sensor output when the gate voltage and drain voltage of the transistor are switched to values lower than the steady values at the time of photographing. It is possible to simulate the output state at the time of light without actually inputting light to easily correct the variation in output characteristics of each pixel. I will be able to.
- the sensor current flowing through the photoelectric conversion element according to the amount of incident light at the time of photographing is applied to a voltage having a logarithmic characteristic in a weak inversion state using characteristics of a subthreshold region of the transistor.
- incident light to the photoelectric conversion element is cut off.
- the means for correcting the variation in the output of each pixel is provided by using the second sensor signal when the value is switched to a lower value, the actual In this case, it is possible to simulate the output states at the time of light and at the time of light without making light incident, and to easily correct the variation in the output characteristics of each pixel.
- the incident light at the time of shooting is The sensor current flowing through the photoelectric conversion element is converted into a voltage signal with a logarithmic characteristic in a weak inversion state using the characteristics of the sub-threshold region of the transistor according to the amount, and the sensor signal according to the converted voltage signal
- a sensor signal is used when the gate voltage of the transistor is switched to a value higher than the steady-state value at the time of imaging and the transistor is turned on.
- the present invention also relates to the image sensor, wherein the gate voltage of the transistor for logarithmic characteristic conversion is switched to a value higher than a steady value at the time of imaging, and the transistor is turned on.
- the drain voltage of the transistor is set so that the signal becomes a value corresponding to the sensor signal at the time obtained when the gate voltage is a steady value, and thereafter, the gate voltage of the transistor is set in the set state.
- the gate voltage and the drain voltage of the transistor for logarithmic characteristic conversion are switched to lower values than the steady-state values at the time of photographing in a state where incident light to the photoelectric conversion element is cut off.
- the sensor current flowing through the photoelectric conversion element according to the amount of incident light at the time of photographing is applied to a voltage having a logarithmic characteristic in a weak inversion state using characteristics of a subthreshold region of the transistor.
- the gate voltage of the transistor is set to a steady state during imaging. The transistor signal when the drain voltage of the transistor is at a normal value to the sensor output at the time of photographing.
- the output of the sensor when the drain voltage of the transistor is switched to a value lower than the steady value corresponds to the sensor output in the dark at the time of shooting, and the output of each pixel in the dark and light Since a means is provided to perform output correction so that the levels are aligned, it is possible to simulate the output state at the time of lighting and to easily correct the variation in the output of each pixel. become able to. Also, the present invention provides a sensor signal in the image sensor when the gate voltage of a transistor for logarithmic characteristic conversion is switched to a value higher than a steady value at the time of photographing to make the transistor conductive.
- the sensor signal is made to correspond to the sensor output at the time of shooting, and the sensor output when the drain voltage of the transistor is switched to a value lower than the steady value is made to correspond to the sensor output at the time of shooting. Since a means is provided to perform output correction so that the output levels of the pixels at the time of light and at the time of light are aligned, the output of each pixel varies. Key it is possible to Ho ⁇ the more accurately.
- an optical sensor that converts a sensor current flowing through a photoelectric conversion element into an electric signal by a MOS transistor that operates in a weak inversion state according to the amount of incident light.
- a normal sensor signal read in time series from each pixel is sampled and held, and the drain voltage of the transistor in the corresponding pixel is temporarily set to a normal time.
- a pseudo-bright output signal is obtained by lowering the voltage value by a threshold value than the voltage value of, and the difference between the obtained pseudo-bright output signal and the previously sampled and held sensor signal is used as an offset value to set a preset brightness value.
- the offset correction of the reference signal at the time is performed, so that the output level of the sensor signal in each pixel is properly aligned. It is possible to always obtain high quality captured images.
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Description
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JP2002588071A JP3882129B2 (ja) | 2001-04-27 | 2002-03-28 | イメージセンサの出力補正装置 |
US10/693,204 US7932947B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2003-10-24 | Output-compensating device and method of an image sensor |
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JP2001-170263 | 2001-04-27 | ||
JP2001170263 | 2001-04-27 | ||
JP2001330010 | 2001-09-20 | ||
JP2001-330010 | 2001-09-20 | ||
JP2001-385276 | 2001-11-13 | ||
JP2001385276 | 2001-11-13 | ||
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US10/693,204 Continuation US7932947B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2003-10-24 | Output-compensating device and method of an image sensor |
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CN102997993A (zh) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-03-27 | 三星电子株式会社 | 光感测装置、驱动方法、以及光学触摸屏装置 |
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US8089353B2 (en) * | 2006-08-05 | 2012-01-03 | Min Ming Tarng | 4Less—Xtaless, capless, indless, dioless TSOC design of SOC or 4Free—Xtalfree, capfree, indfree, diofree TSOC design of SOC |
US7605398B2 (en) * | 2005-08-26 | 2009-10-20 | National Chung Cheng University | Apparatus of high dynamic-range CMOS image sensor and method thereof |
JP4893042B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-20 | 2012-03-07 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 撮像装置 |
US8130298B2 (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2012-03-06 | International Business Machines Corporation | Wide dynamic range image sensor utilizing switch current source at pre-determined switch voltage per pixel |
JP2009290703A (ja) * | 2008-05-30 | 2009-12-10 | Panasonic Corp | 固体撮像装置およびカメラ |
JP6132283B2 (ja) * | 2013-05-17 | 2017-05-24 | Nltテクノロジー株式会社 | 増幅回路および増幅回路を用いたイメージセンサ |
KR102093343B1 (ko) | 2013-10-23 | 2020-03-25 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이미지 센서 및 이미지 센서를 구동하는 방법 |
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- 2002-03-28 JP JP2002588071A patent/JP3882129B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPWO2002091736A1 (ja) | 2004-08-26 |
TW552804B (en) | 2003-09-11 |
JP3882129B2 (ja) | 2007-02-14 |
US20040135913A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
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