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  • C07D221/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
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  • C07D221/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not provided for by groups C07D211/00 - C07D219/00 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
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  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
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  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/08—Bridged systems

Definitions

• This invention relates to aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds, as defined more specifically by formula I below
• Compounds of formula I bind to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholme specific receptor sites and are useful in modulating cholinergic function
• Such compounds are useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (including but not limited to ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, spastic dystonia, chronic pain, acute pain, ce ac sprue, pouchitis, vasoconst ⁇ ction, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders, jet lag, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrythmias, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcers, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear palsy, chemical dependencies and addictions (e q ,
• the compounds of this invention may also be used in combination with an antidepressant such as, for example, a t ⁇ cyclic antidepressant or a serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressant (SRI), in order to treat both the cognitive decline and depression associated with AD, PD, stroke, Huntington's chorea or traumatic brain injury (TBI), in combination with musca ⁇ nic agonists in order to stimulate both central musca ⁇ nic and nicotinic receptors for the treatment, for example, of ALS, cognitive dysfunction, age-related cognitive decline, AD, PD, stroke, Huntington's chorea and TBI, in combination with neurotrophic factors such as NGF in order to maximize cholinergic enhancement for the treatment, for example, of ALS, cognitive dysfunction, age-related cognitive decline, AD, PD stroke, Huntington's chorea and TBI, or in combination with agents that slow or arrest AD such as cognition enhancers, amyloid aggregation inhibitors, secretase inhibitors, tau kinase
• heteroaryl groups within the definition of R 2 and R 3 are the following thienyl, oxazoyi, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pynmidyl, thiazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, t ⁇ azolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrrolyl and the following groups
• R 9 and R 18 are hydrogen or (CrC ⁇ alkyl, and the other is a bond to the benzo ring of formula I
• examples of compounds of this invention are compounds of the formula I, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein R 2 and R 3 , together with the benzo ring of formula I form a bicyc c ring system selected from the following
• R 10 and R 17 are selected, independently, from hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl; and (C CeJalkoxy- (C 0 -C 6 )alkyl- wherein the total number of carbon atoms does not exceed six and wherein any of the alkyl moieties may optionally be substituted with from one to seven fluorine atoms; nitro, cyano, halo, amino, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino-, [(C ⁇ Ce) alkyl] 2 amino-, -C0 2 R 4 , -C0NR 5 R 6 , -S0 2 NR 7 R 8 , -
• R 10 and R 17 are defined as above, and m is zero, one or two, and wherein one of the carbon atoms of ring A can optionally be replaced with oxygen or N(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• Other embodiments of this invention relate to compounds of the formula and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein neither R 2 nor R 3 is attached to the benzo ring of formula I via an oxygen atom
• Examples of specific compounds of the formula I are the following compounds, which, in the instances where there is a center or centers of asymmetry in the molecule, may comprise a racemic mixture or the single enantiomer
• compounds of the invention include but are not limited to 6-methyl-5,7-d ⁇ oxo-6,13-d ⁇ azatetracyclo[9 3 1 0 2 10 0 48 ]pentadeca-2(10),3,8-t ⁇ ene, 6-methyl-5-oxo-6,13-d ⁇ azatetracyclo[9 3 1 0 2 10 0 48 ]pentadeca-2(10),3,8-tr ⁇ ene, 5,7-d ⁇ methyl-6-oxo-5,7,13-tr ⁇ azatetracyclo[9 3 1 O 2 10 0 8 ]pentadeca-2(10),3,8-t ⁇ ene
• This invention also relates to compounds of the formula
• halo includes fluoro, chloro bromo and lodo
• alkyl includes straight chain moieties, and where the number of carbon atoms suffices, branched and cyclic moieties
• alkoxy means “-O-alkyl” or “alkyl-O-”, wherein “alkyl” is defined as above
• alkylene as used herein, means an alkyl radical having two available bonding sites (j_e_, -alkyl-), wherein “alkyl” is defined as above
• substituents refers to from one to the maximum number of substituents possible based on the number of available bonding sites
• treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such condition or disorder
• treatment refers to the act of treating, as “treating” is defined immediately above
• the compounds of formula I may have optical centers and therefore may occur in different enantiome ⁇ c configurations
• the invention includes all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomers of such compounds of formula I, as well as racemic and other mixtures thereof
• Particularly, preferred enantiomers of the invention include
• enantiomers of the compounds of the invention include (-)-5,13-d ⁇ azatetracyclo[9 3 1 0 2 10 0 4 8 ]pentadeca-2,4(8),9-tr ⁇ en-6-one, -6-oxo-5-oxa-7,13-d ⁇ azatetracyclo[9 3 1 0 2 10 0 4 8 ]pentadeca-2(10),3,6,8-tetraene -2-fluoro-N-(4-hydroxy-10-aza-tr ⁇ cyclo[6 3 1 0 2 7 ]dodeca-2(7),3,5-tr ⁇ en-5-yl)- benzamide
• the present invention also relates to all radiolabeled forms of the compounds of the formula I
• Preferred radiolabeled compounds of formula I are those wherein the radiolabels are selected from as 3 H, 11 C, 14 C, 18 F, 123 l and 125 l
• Such radiolabeled compounds are useful as research and diagnostic tools in metabolism studies, such as pharmacokinetics studies, etc , and in binding assays in both animals and man
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in reducing nicotine addiction or aiding in the cessation or lessening of tobacco use in a mammal, including a human, comprising an amount of a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in reducing nicotine addiction or aiding in the cessation or lessening of tobacco use and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
• the present invention also relates to a method for reducing nicotine addiction or aiding in the cessation or lessening of tobacco use in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to said mammal an amount of a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in reducing nicotine addiction or aiding in the cessation or lessening of tobacco use
• the present invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from inflammatory bowel disease (including but not limited to ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, spastic dystonia chronic pain, acute pain, celiac sprue, pouchitis, vasoconstriction, anxiety, panic disorder depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders jet lag, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrythmias, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcers, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear palsy, chemical dependencies and addictions (e g , dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine (and/or tobacco products), alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine), headache migraine stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disorder or condition selected from inflammatory bowel disease (including but not limited to ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, spastic dystonia, chronic pain, acute pain, celiac sprue, pouchitis, vasoconstriction, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders, jet lag, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrythmias, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcers, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear palsy, chemical dependencies and addictions (e g , dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine (and/or tobacco products), alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine), headache, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive-compuls
• the present invention also relates to a method for reducing nicotine addiction or aiding in the cessation or lessening of tobacco use in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal an amount of a compound comprising an amount of a compound of the formula
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or unconjugated (C 3 -C 6 )alkenyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in reducing nicotine addiction or aiding in the cessation or lessening of tobacco use
• the present invention also relates to a method for treating a disorder or condition selected from inflammatory bowel disease (including but not limited to ulcerative colitis, pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, spastic dystonia, chronic pain, acute pain, celiac sprue, pouchitis, vasoconstriction, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders, jet lag, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, bulimia, anorexia, obesity, cardiac arrythmias, gastric acid hypersecretion, ulcers, pheochromocytoma, progressive supranuclear palsy, chemical dependencies and addictions (e g , dependencies on, or addictions to nicotine (and/or tobacco products), alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids or cocaine), headache, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), obsessive-compulsive
• R 19 is defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in treating such disorder or condition
• This invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I
• pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I are the salts of hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, fuma ⁇ c acid, citric acid, succinic acid, salicylic acid, oxalic acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, tartanc acid, malic acid, di-p-toluoyl tartanc acid, and mandelic acid, as well salts formed from other acids known to those of skill in the art to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts to basic compounds
• Other possible acid addition salts are, e , salts containing pharmaceutically acceptable anions, such as the hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate or bisulfate, phosphate or acid phosphate, acetate, lactate
• the present invention also relates to methods for the preparation of the novel compounds of formula I
• the invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula IA
• R ,10 is defined above, comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula
• R 20 and R 21 are each independently (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, and wherein R 10 is defined above, and
• the nitrogen protecting group Q may be chosen from suitable groups known to those of skill in the art including -COCF 3 , -COCCI 3 , -COOCH 2 CCI 3 , -COO(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and -COOCH 2 C 6 H 5 These groups may be added or removed by methods described for each in T. W Greene and G M Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991)
• the nitrogen protecting group Q is a tnfluoroacetyl or a t- butoxycarbonyl group
• the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula IB
• R 20 and R 21 are each independently (C ⁇ -C 6 )alkyl, and wherein R 10 is defined above and
• step (n) allowing the product of step (i) to react with a compound of the formula R 17 Z wherein R 17 is defined above, and Z is a leaving group, in the presence of a base,
• the leaving group is selected from the group consisting of halo, halosulfonate, mesylate and tosylate, and the base is an alkali metal hydride, hydroxide or carbonate
• the protecting group Q is a trifluoroacetyl or a t-butoxycarbonyl group
• the invention also relates to another process for the preparation of a compound of formula IB
• R 10 and R 17 are defined above, comprising the steps of (i) of reacting a compound of formula XXIIIA XXIVA wherein Q is a nitrogen protecting group, with a compound of formula XXIIB:
• R 20 and R 21 are each independently (C CsJalkyl, and wherein R 1C is defined above, and
• the protecting group Q is a trifluoroacetyl or a t-butoxycarbonyl group.
• the invention is also directed to a process for preparing a compound of formula IC
• Y is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cation; or a compound of formula
• step (i) is conducted in a polar solvent, more preferably, water, THF DMF DMSO, a mixture of water and any of THF, DMF or DMSO
• a polar solvent more preferably, water, THF DMF DMSO, a mixture of water and any of THF, DMF or DMSO
• the processes to make each of compounds IA, IB and IC preferably comprise the further step of reducing the nitro groups of a compound of formula IIC
• the reduction is conducted in the presence of hydrogen gas employing a palladium catalyst
• the protecting group Q is a trifluoroacetyl or a t-butoxycarbonyl group
• the invention is also directed to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula IE
• R 10 is defined above, comprising the steps of
• step (i) is conducted by hydrogenation with a palladium or platinum catalyst
• the protecting group Q is a trifluoroacetyl or a t-butoxycarbonyl group
• the invention is further related to a process for the preparation of a compound of formula IF
• R 10 is as defined above, comprising the steps of (i) allowing a compound of formula XA
• R , 10 is as defined above, and Q is a nitrogen protecting group, to react with Lawesson s reagent,
• step (II) allowing the product of step (i) to react with potassium fer ⁇ cyanide and sodium hydroxide,
• the protecting group Q is a trifluoroacetyl or a t-butoxycarbonyl group
• the invention also relates to a process for preparing compounds the formula
• step (II) partially reducing the resulting ozonide product of step (i) to a dialdehyde or product of equivalent oxidation state
• step (HI) allowing the product of step (n) to react with an arylmethylamine, and (iv) removing the arylmethyl group
• the ozonolysis conditions used may be any of those known to those of skill in the art
• the ozonolysis conditions are ozone in methanol or dichloromethane, preferably methanol
• the reduction of the ozonolysis product or ozonide is preferably conducted by hydrogenation, e_g_, in the presence of hydrogen gas and a platinum or palladium catalyst with or without carbon/charcoal
• the arylmethyiamine employed in step (in) is benzylamine 4-methoxybenzylam ⁇ ne or 3,4-d ⁇ methoxybenzylam ⁇ ne, preferably benzylamine, and is preferably added in the presence of an acid catalyst, preferably formic acid
• the removal of the arylmethyl group in step (iv) is preferably a hydrogenolysis reaction conducted, e g , in the presence of hydrogen gas and a platinum or palladium catalyst with or without carbon/charcoal, and in the presence of an acid catalyst
• the invention also relates to a novel process for the preparation of a compound of formula
• step (i) obtained from step (i) to form a lactam ring compound of formula XXX
• step (i) reducing the carbonyl moiety
• the preferred starting material in step (i) is the t ⁇ methylsiloxy compound
• the hydrogenation of step (i) is preferably conducted with a palladium or platinum catalyst under hydrogen gas, preferably in the presence of an acid catalyst
• the lactam formation of step (u) is preferably performed in the presence of a base, preferably an alkoxyalkahde compound in a nonaqueous protic solvent, more preferably sodium fert-butoxide in methanol
• the reduction of step (in) is preferably performed in the presence of a borane tetrahydrofuran complex diborane, borane dimethysulfide complex, lithium aluminum hydride or a combination of sodium borohydnde and boron t ⁇ fluoride, more preferably a combination of sodium borohyd ⁇ de and boron t ⁇ fluoride
• R 8 is, e.g., F, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy or any suitable R 2 and/or R 3 group member
• the starting material of formula III is reacted with trifluoroacetic anhydride, in the presence of pyridine, to form the compound of formula IV
• This reaction is typically conducted in methylene chloride at a temperature from about 0°C to about room temperature
• Other methods of generating a trifluoroacetate protecting group that may be used are recognized by those of skill in the art
• the compound of formula IV is then converted into the dmitro derivative of formula IIA by the following process
• the compound of the formula IV is added to a mixture of 4 or more equivalents of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF 3 S0 2 OH) and 2 to 3 equivalents of nitric acid, in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as chloroform, dichloroethane (DCE) or methylene chloride
• a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as chloroform, dichloroethane (DCE) or methylene chloride
• DCE dichloroethane
• methylene chloride methylene chloride
• Both of the foregoing reactions are generally conducted at a temperature ranging from about -78°C to about 0°C for about 2 hours, and then allowed to warm to room temperature for the remaining time
• Reduction of the compound of formula IIA using methods well known to those of skill in the art, yields the compound of formula IIB
• This reduction can be accomplished, for example, using
• the compound of formula IIA is converted into the corresponding compound wherein the tnfluoroacetyl protecting group is replaced by a t-Boc protecting group (VIA) by reacting it first with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal (or ammonium) hydroxide or carbonate, and then reacting the isolated product from the foregoing reaction with di-t- butyldicarbonate
• t-Boc is used in this instance, other approp ⁇ ate nitrogen-protecting groups known to those of skill in the art may be used
• the reaction with the alkali or alkaline earth metal (or ammonium) hydroxide or carbonate is generally carried out in an aqueous alcohol, dioxane or tetrahydrofuran (THF) at a temperature from about room temperature to about 70°C, preferably at about 70°C, for about one to about 24 hours
• THF aqueous alcohol, dioxane or tetrahydrofuran
• the conversion of the compound of formula VIB into the desired compound of the formula VII can be accomplished by reacting the compound of formula VIB with a compound of the formula XXIIA XXIIA wherein R 10 is hydrogen, (C C ⁇ Jalkyl optionally substituted with from one to seven fluorine atoms, aryl-(C 0 -C 3 )alkyl wherein said aryl is selected from phenyl and naphthyl, or heteroaryl-(C 0 -C 3 )alkyl wherein said heteroaryl is selected from five to seven membered aromatic rings containing from one to four heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and wherein each of the foregoing aryl and heteroaryl groups may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, preferably from zero to two substituents, independently selected from (C C 6 )alkyl optionally substituted with from one to seven fluorine atoms, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy optionally substituted with
• the compound of formula VII can be treated with an anhydrous acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, methanesulfonic acid, or trifluoroacetic acid, preferably hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate, at a temperature from about 0°C to about 100°C, preferably from about room temperature to about 70°C, for about one to 24 hours.
• anhydrous acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, methanesulfonic acid, or trifluoroacetic acid, preferably hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate
• the compound of formula VII can be converted into the corresponding compound of formula IB by reacting it with a compound of the formula R 17 Z, wherein R 17 is defined as R 10 is defined above, and Z is a leaving group such as a halo or sulfonate (e q , chloro, bromo, mesylate or tosylate), in the presence of a base such as an alkali metal hydride, hydroxide or carbonate, preferably potassium hydroxide, in a polar solvent such as water, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), THF or DMF, preferably a mixture of DMSO and water, and then removing the protecting group as described above
• the reaction with R 17 Z is generally carried out at a temperature from about room temperature to about 100°C, preferably at about 50°C, for about five hours
• Scheme 3 illustrates an alternate method of preparing compounds of the formula IB from the compound of formula VIA
• This method is the preferred method of making compounds of the formula IB wherein R 17 is a bulky group such as an aryl or heteroaryl containing group, or when R 17 can not be attached, as illustrated in Scheme 2, by alkylation or aryl substitution methods
• the compound of formula VIA is reacted with the appropriate compound of formula R 17 NH 2 in a polar solvent such as THF, DMF or DMSO, preferably THF, at a temperature from about room temperature to about 100°C, preferably at the reflux temperature, for about four to eighteen hours
• the resulting compound of formula XXIII is then converted into the corresponding compound of the formula XXIV by reducing the nitro group to an ammo group using methods well known to those of skill in the art Such methods are referred to above for the conversion of the compounds of the formula IIA into a compound of the formula IIB in Scheme 1 , and exemplified in experimental Examples
• Scheme 4 illustrates a method of preparing compounds of the formula IC, wherein R 0 and R 17 are as defined above
• the compound of formula VIB, or analogously formula IIB in Scheme I is reacted with a compound of the formula
• reaction temperature can range from about 40°C to about
• Scheme 5 illustrates a method of preparing compounds of the formula I wherein R 2 and R 3 , together with the benzo ring to which they are attached, form a benzoxazole ring system
• a compound wherein R 1 is hydrogen
• Scheme 5 the compound of formula XXII, wherein Y is nitro halo t ⁇ fluoromethanesulfonate or a diazonium salt, is reacted with potassium acetate or another alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylate in a solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), DMF or acetonitrile, preferably DMSO
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• DMF dimethylsulfoxide
• acetonitrile preferably DMSO
• the above reaction yields the compound of formula VIII, which can then be converted into the desired compound having formula IE by the following procedure
• the compound of formula VIII is reduced by reaction with hydrogen and a palladium or platinum catalyst such as palladium hydroxide in methanol at a temperature from about 0°C to about 70°C, preferably at about room temperature, to form the corresponding ammo derivative
• the product of this reaction is then reacted with an acid chloride of the formula R 10 COCI or an acid anhydride of the formula (R 10 CO) 2 O wherein R 10 is or a compound of the formula R 10 C(OC 2 H 5 ) 3l in an appropriate inert solvent such as deca n, chlorobenzene or xylenes
• R 10 COCI is used as a reactant, it is preferable to add a stoichiomet ⁇ c amount of t ⁇ ethylamine
• the compound of formula IX' is then reacted with a carboxyhc acid halide or anhydride of the formula R 10 COX or (R 10 CO) 2 O, wherein X is halo and R 10 is hydrogen or (d-CeJalkyl, and pyridine, TEA or another tertiary amine base, to form a compound of the formula X, which can then be converted to the desired compound having formula XI by reacting it with Lawesson's reagent
• the reaction with R COX, wherein X is halo, or (R CO) 2 0 is generally carried out at a temperature from about 0°C to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature
• the reaction with Lawesson's reagent is generally carried out in a reaction inert solvent such as benzene or toluene, preferably toluene, at a temperature from about room temperature to about the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture, preferably at about the reflux temperature
• Closure to the benzothiazole ring and nitrogen deprotection to form the desired compound of formula IF can be accomplished by reacting the compound of formula XI with potassium ferncyanide and sodium hydroxide in a mixture of water and methanol (NaOH/H 2 0/CH 3 OH), at a temperature from about 50°C to about 70°C, preferably at about 60°C for about 1 5 hours
• Scheme 7 illustrates a method of preparing the compound of formula III which is used as the starting material for the process of Scheme 1 , or a compound of the formula IG wherein R 2 and R 3 form a ring (labeled "A" in the Scheme), as defined above in the definition of compounds of the formula I
• the compound of formula XII wherein X 1 and X 2 are selected, independently, from chloro, fluoro, bromo and lodo, but where at least one of X 1 and X 2 is Br- or I-, reacted with cyclopentadiene, in the presence
• the compound having formula XIIIA is then converted into the corresponding compound of formula XIV using the following procedure
• the compound of formula XIIIA is reacted with sodium penodate in a mixture of a chlorinated hydrocarbon, preferably dichloroethane (DCE), and water, or with lead tetraacetate in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent, at a temperature from about 0°C to about room temperature, to generate a dialdehyde or glycal intermediate
• the product of this reaction is then reacted with benzylamine and sodium tnacetoxyborohydride in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent at a temperature from about 0°C to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature, to form the desired compound of formula XIV
• Removal of the benzyl group from the compound of formula XIV yields the compound of formula III (when ring A is absent) or IG, (when ring A is present) This can be accomplished using methods well known to those of skill in the art, for example
• benzyl amine such as ammonia, hydroxylamine, alkoxy amines, methyl amine, allyl amine, and substituted benzylamines (e g , diphenylmethyl amine and 2- and 4-alkoxy substituted benzyl amines) can also be used They can be used as free bases, or as their salts, preferably their acetate salts, and can be subsequently removed by methods described for each in T W Greene and G M Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (John Wiley & Sons, New York 1991)
• step 1 of is an este ⁇ fication of a carboxyhc acid
• a carboxyhc acid of formula XXVI is treated with a Lewis acid catalyst such as boron tnfluoride or with an acid catalyst such as sulfu ⁇ c acid, hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid methane sulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or hydrobromic acid, preferably sulfunc acid, in an alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, or hexanol, preferably methanol, at a temperature between 25 and 120 °C, preferably 65 °C, for a period of 30 minutes to 24 hours, preferably 4 hours, to afford a compound of formula XXVIIA
• Step 2 of Scheme 7A is a cyanohyd ⁇ n formation
• a ketone of formula XXVIIA is treated with a Lewis acid catalyst such as zinc iodide, zinc t ⁇ flate, t ⁇ methylsilyl t ⁇ flate, t ⁇ methylsilyl iodide, aluminum chloride, tin (II) chloride, or t ⁇ methyl aluminum, preferably zinc iodide, or with catalytic potassium cyanide and 18-crown-6, and t ⁇ methylsilyl cyanide, in a solvent such as acetonitrile, toluene, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate methyl- ert-butyl ether, or tetrahydrofuran, preferably a mixture of acetonitrile and toluene, at a temperature between 0 and 100 °C, preferably at 50 °C, for a period of time between 1
• Step 3 of Scheme 7A is a hydrogenolysis reaction
• a nit ⁇ le of formula XXVIIIA is treated with an acid catalyst such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid hydrochloric acid, sulfunc acid, phosphoric acid, or trifluoroacetic acid, preferably p-toluenesulfonic acid, and a palladium catalyst such as palladium on carbon or palladium hydroxide on carbon, preferably palladium hydroxide on carbon, in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or toluene preferably methanol, under a hydrogen pressure of 15 to 100 psi, preferably 50 psi, for a time period between 2 and 72 hours, preferably 24 hours, to afford a compound of formula XXIXA
• Step 4 of Scheme 7A is an amide formation
• An amine of formula XXIXA is treated with a base such as sodium ferf-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium fert-butoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate cesium carbonate, sodium hydride t ⁇ ethylamine, methylimidazole, lutidine, pyridine, methylmorphohne ethylmorphohne, or diisopropylethylamme, preferably sodium tert-butoxide, in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile or toluene, preferably methanol, at a temperature between 0 and 120 °C, preferably 65 °C, for a time period between 30 minutes and 72 hours preferably 2 hours, to afford a compound of
• Step 5 of Scheme 7A is a reduction of an amide
• An amide of formula XXX is treated with a reducing agent such as borane tetrahydrofuran complex, diborane, borane dimethylsulfide complex, lithium aluminum hydride, or a combination of sodium borohydnde and boron trifluonde, preferably a combination of sodium borohydnde and boron t ⁇ fluo ⁇ de, in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,2-d ⁇ methoxyethane, 1 ,2-d ⁇ ethoxyethane, dnsopropyl ether, 1 ,4-d ⁇ oxane, or methyl-ferf-butyl ether, preferably tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature between 0 and 80 °C, preferably 50 °C, for time period between 1 and 24 hours, preferably 5 hours
• the product is isolated by crystallization as a salt of
• Scheme 8 illustrates a variation of the process shown in Scheme 7, which can be used to make a compound identical to that of formula III except that the benzo ring is substituted with a fluoro group, an alkoxy group or any other suitable R 2 and/or R 3 group (R 18 in Scheme 8)
• This compound is depicted in Scheme 8 as chemical structure 1 H
• a strong base such as an alkali metal dialkylamine or an alkali metal alkyl (or aryl) in an ethereal solvent such as ethyl ether or THF, at a temperature below -50°C, followed by quenching with iodine or N-iodosuccinamide, to form 1 ,3-d ⁇ fluoro-2- ⁇ odobenzene
• the compound 1 ,3-d ⁇ fluoro-2- ⁇ odobenzene (structural formula XVI in Scheme 8) is
• Scheme 8A illustrates an alternative procedure for obtaining compounds of formula I, where R 2 and R 3 are as defined above, with the exception of (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyi or nitro (IH', as depicted)
• Step 1 of Scheme 8A is an oxidation followed by a reductive animation
• a benzonorbornadiene derivative of formula XVII' is first treated with ozone until the solution develops a blue color between 0 °C and -78 C C, preferably -78 °C, in a solvent such as methanol, or dichloromethane, preferably methanol
• the ozonide formed is reduced by hydrogenolysis between -78 °C and room temperature, preferably between 0 °C and room temperature, with platinum or palladium catalyst such as platinum oxide, platinum on carbon palladium on carbon, or palladium hydroxide on carbon, preferably 5% platinum on carbon for a period of time between
• Step 2 of Scheme 8A is a hydrogenolysis reaction
• a compound of formula II is treated with an acid such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfunc acid, acetic acid, formic acid, or methane sulfonic acid, preferably p-toluenesulfonic acid, and a palladium catalyst such as palladium hydroxide on carbon or palladium on carbon, preferably palladium hydroxide on carbon, in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate or methyl acetate, preferably methanol, under a hydrogen pressure between 15 and 100 psi preferably 50 psi, at a temperature between room temperature and 60 °C, preferably 40 °C, for a period of time between 1 and 48 hours, preferably 15 hours
• the product is crystallized as a salt depending on which acid catalyst is used in a solvent such as isopropanol,
• compounds of the formula IJ can be prepared by reacting the compound of formula IV with two or more equivalents of a halosulfonic acid, preferably chlorosulfonic acid, at a temperature from about 0°C to about room temperature Reaction of the chlorosulfonic acid derivative so formed with an amine having the formula R 7 R 8 NH, wherein R 7 and R 8 are defined as above, followed by removal of the nitrogen protecting group, yields the desired compound having formula IJ
• a halosulfonic acid preferably chlorosulfonic acid
• the analogous mono- or di-brominated or mono- or di- lodinated compounds can be prepared by reacting the compound of IV with N- lodosuccinamide or N-bromosuccinimide in a tnfluoromethanesulfonic acid solvent, followed by removal of the nitrogen protecting group as described above
• a reaction inert solvent such as a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent, preferably methylene chloride
• Lewis acid such as aluminum chloride
• Compounds of formula IM can be prepared from compounds of the formula IX' by generation of a diazonium salt with, for instance, an alkali metal nitrite and strong mineral acid (e g , hydrochloric acid, sulfunc acid, hydrobromic acid) in water, followed by reaction with a copper halide salt, such as copper (I) chloride Nitrogen deprotection by the methods described above yields the desired compound of formula IM
• Alternative methods for the generation of diazonium salts as known and practiced by those of skill in the art, can also be used
• the foregoing reaction is generally carried out by temperatures ranging from about 0°C to about 60°C, preferably about 60°C for about 15 minutes to one hour
• Reaction of the diazodium salt, prepared as described above, with potassium iodide in an aqueous medium provides the analogous iodide derivative This reaction is generally carried out at a temperature from about 0°C to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature
• Nitrogen deprotection of the compound of formula IX' provides the compound of the formula IP
• the compound of formula IX' can be reacted with a acyl group having the formula R 13 COCi or (R 13 CO) 2 0 using the methods described above, followed by nitrogen deprotection to provide compounds of the formula IQ
• treatment of the protected amine with a compound having the formula R 13 S0 2 X, when X is chloro or bromo, followed by nitrogen deprotection provides the corresponding sulfonamide derivative
• suitable amine protecting groups that can be used, alternatively, in the procedures described throughout this document include -COCF 3 , -COCCI 3 , -COOCH 2 CCI 3 , -COO(d-C 6 )alkyl and -COOCH 2 C 6 H 5
• protecting groups may be removed by methods described for each in Greene et al 's Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, referred to above Instances where protecting groups would be modified under the reaction conditions, such as, e g , a -COOCH 2 C 6 H 5 group during nitration, still permit said procedures to operate as described with said modified protecting group Modifying the order of protecting group incorporation and/or methods of functional group introduction or modification may also be applied where appropriate
• pressure is not critical unless otherwise indicated Pressures from about 0 5 atmospheres to about 5 atmospheres are generally acceptable, with ambient pressure, j_e_, about 1 atmosphere, being preferred as a matter of convenience
• the compounds of the formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be administered via either the oral, transdermal (e g , through the use of a patch), tranasal, sublmgual, rectal, parenteral or topical routes Transdermal and oral administration are preferred
• Transdermal and oral administration are preferred
• These compounds are, most desirably, administered in dosages ranging from about 0 01 mg up to about 1500 mg per day, preferably from about 0 1 to about 300 mg per day in single or divided doses, although variations will necessarily occur depending upon the weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen
• a dosage level that is in the range of about 0 001 mg to about 10 mg per kg of body weight per day is most desirably employed Variations may nevertheless occur depending upon the weight and condition of the persons being treated and their individual responses to said medicament, as well as on the type of pharmaceutical formulation chosen and the time period and interval during which such administration is carried out
• dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may
• the active compounds can be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents by any of the several routes previously indicated More particularly, the active compounds can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms, e_g_, they may be combined with various pharmaceutically acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets, capsules, transdermal patches, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, sprays, creams, salves, suppositories, jellies, gels, pastes, lotions, ointments, aqueous suspensions, injectable solutions, elixirs, syrups, and the like Such carriers include solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents.
• oral pharmaceutical compositions can be suitably sweetened and/or flavored
• the active compounds are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 5 0% to about 70% by weight
• tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystal ne cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dical ⁇ um phosphate and glycme may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), algmic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia
• disintegrants such as starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), algmic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia
• lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc can be used for tabletting purposes
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules, preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glyco
• the assay mixture typically consisted of 0 9 mg of membrane protein in a final incubation volume of 1 0 mL
• Three sets of tubes were prepared wherein the tubes in each set contained 50 ⁇ L of vehicle, blank, or test compound solution, respectively
• To each tube was added 200 ⁇ L of [ 3 H]-n ⁇ cot ⁇ ne in assay buffer followed by 750 ⁇ L of the membrane suspension
• the final concentration of nicotine in each tube was 0 9 nM
• the final concentration of cytisine in the blank was 1 ⁇ M
• the vehicle consisted of deionized water containing 30 ⁇ L of 1 N acetic acid per 50 L of water
• the test compounds and cytisine were dissolved in vehicle Assays were initiated by vortexing after addition of the membrane suspension to the tube
• the samples were incubated at 0 to 4° C in an iced shaking water bath Incubations were terminated by rapid filtration under vacuum through Whatman GF/BTM glass fiber filters using a Brande
• DODECA-2(7).3.5-TRIENE HYDROCHLORIDE See Grunewald, G L , Paradkar, V M , Pazhenchevsky, B , Pleiss, M A , Sail D J Seibel, W L , Reitz, T J J Org Chem 1983, 48, 2321-2327 Grunewald, G L , Markovich, K M , Sail, D J J Med Chem 1987, 30, 2191-2208 )
• This oil (500 mg, 1 64 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (30 mL), treated with 10%Pd/C (-50 mg) and hydrogenated under a H 2 atmosphere (45 psi) for 1 hour The mixture was filtered through a Cehte pad and concentrated to a clear oil (397 mg, 88%)
• EXAMPLE 18 7-BUTYL-5.7.13-TRIAZATETRACYCLOf9 3 1 0 2 10 0 48 1- PENTADECA-2(10).3.5.8-TETRAENE HYDROCHLORIDE A) 4-Butylam ⁇ no-5-n ⁇ tro-10-aza-tr ⁇ cvclof6 3 1 0 2 7 ldodeca-2(7).3.5-tr ⁇ ene-10-carboxyl ⁇ c acid tert-butyl ester (For conditions, see, Senskey, M D , Bradshaw, J D Tessier, C A Youngs, W J Tetrahedron Lett 1995, 36, 6217 )
• Copper(l)chlor ⁇ de was prepared as follows CuS0 4 (4 3 g) and NaCI (1 2 g) were dissolved in hot H 2 0 (14 mL) sodium bisulfite (NaHS0 3 ) (1 g) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (690 mg) were dissolved in H 2 0 (7 mL) and added to the hot acidic solution over 5 minutes The precipitated white solids were filtered and washed with water 1-(4-Am ⁇ no-10-aza-tr ⁇ cyclo[6 3 1 0 2 7 ]dodeca-2(7),3,5-tr ⁇ en-10-yl)-2,2,2-t ⁇ fluoro- ethanone (460 mg, 1 7 mmol) was dissolved in H 2 0 (2 mL) and concentrated HCl solut ⁇ on(1 mL) then cooled to 0 °C and treated with a solution of sodium nitrite (NaN0 2 ) (275 mg) in H 2 0
• Acetic acid 10-tr ⁇ fluoroacetyl-10-aza-tr ⁇ cyclo[6 3 1 0 2 7 ]dodeca-2(7),3,5-tr ⁇ en-4-yl ester (800 mg, 2 55 mmol) was combined with AICI 3 (1 0 g, 7 65 mmol) and warmed to 170°C for 2 hours The mixture was cooled and treated with 1 N aqueous HCl solution (20 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate and dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) Chromatography affords an oil (190 mg, 24%) (TLC ethyl acetate R f 0 75) 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI 3 ) ⁇ 12 58 (s, 0 5H), 12 52 (s, 0 5H), 7 53 (s 1 H), 6 86 (s, 1 H), 4 33 (m, 1 H), 3 91 (m, 1 H), 3 56 (m, 1 H), 3 28 (br s, 1
• EXAMPLE 38 4.5-DICHLORO-10-AZATRICYCLOf6 3 1 0 2 7 1DODECA-2(7),3.5-TRIENE HYDROCHLORIDE A) 1-(4.5-D ⁇ chloro-10-aza-t ⁇ cvclof6 3 1 0 2 7 1dodeca-2(7).3.5-tr ⁇ en-10-yl)-2.2.2-tr ⁇ fluoro- ethanone (Based on Campaigne, E , Thompson, W J Org Chem 1950, 72, 629 ) 1-(10-Aza-tr ⁇ cyclo[6 3 1 0 2 7 ]dodeca-2(7),3,5-tr ⁇ en-10-yl)-2,2,2-t ⁇ fluoro-ethanone (539 mg, 2 1 mmol) was stirred in CH 2 CI 2 (5 mL) and treated with ICI 3 (s) (982 mg, 4 21 mmol) The resulting orange solution was stirred 0 5 hours, poured into saturated aqueous NaHS0
• EXAMPLE 47 6-ETHYL-5-OXA-7.13-DIAZATETRACYCLOr9.3.1.0 2 10 .0 8 1- PENTADECA-2(10).3.6.8-TETRAENE HYDROCHLORIDE 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(4-hydroxy-5-amino-10-aza-tricyclo[6.3.1.0 2,7 ]dodeca-2(7),3,5-tr ⁇ en- 10-yl)-ethanone and propionyl chloride were converted to the title compound following the procedures described in Example 30 and Goldstein, S. W.; Dambek, P. J. J. Het. Chem 1990, 27, 335.
• EXAMPLE 56 6-METHOXY-5.14-DIAZATETRACYCLOH0 3 1 0 2 11 0 49 1HEXADECA- 2(1 D.3.5.7.9-PENTAENE HYDROCHLORIDE A) 6-Chloro-5.14-d ⁇ azatetracvclof10 3 1 0 2 11 0 49 lhexadeca-2(11 ).3.5.7.9-pentaen-10- carboxyhc acid tert-butyl ester
• EXAMPLE 58 5.8.14-TRIAZATETRACYCLOMO 3 1 0 2 11 0 49 1HEXADECA- 2(1 D.3.7.9-TETRAEN-6-ONE HYDROCHLORIDE

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• 2003
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