WO2000014404A1 - Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung für die zündung einer brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents
Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung für die zündung einer brennkraftmaschine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000014404A1 WO2000014404A1 PCT/EP1999/004684 EP9904684W WO0014404A1 WO 2000014404 A1 WO2000014404 A1 WO 2000014404A1 EP 9904684 W EP9904684 W EP 9904684W WO 0014404 A1 WO0014404 A1 WO 0014404A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- circuit
- spark plug
- electrodes
- transformer
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P3/00—Other installations
- F02P3/005—Other installations having inductive-capacitance energy storage
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P3/00—Other installations
- F02P3/01—Electric spark ignition installations without subsequent energy storage, i.e. energy supplied by an electrical oscillator
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a circuit arrangement for the ignition of an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of the independent claims.
- Known ignition systems which are widely used in motor vehicles consist of an ignition coil, an ignition distributor and spark plugs.
- a high voltage is generated in the ignition coil, which is fed to the individual spark plugs via the ignition distributor.
- the high voltage generated is usually in the range from 20 kV to 30 kV.
- a voltage flashover occurs at the electrodes of the spark plug, as a result of which the fuel / air mixture is ignited.
- the ignition coil is large in volume because of the high energy that must be provided for ignition and the circuit arrangement must be designed to withstand high voltages from the outlet of the ignition coil in order to avoid flashovers on the vehicle body.
- An ignition method is known from US Pat. No. 5,113,839 in which high-frequency ignition is triggered by applying an alternating voltage to the spark plug electrodes.
- a power supply unit for 200 V is necessary to carry out the process and the efficiency is reduced.
- EP 0 482 127 B1 discloses a method in which the voltage for the voltage flashover and the burning phase is generated via a resonance transformation. The problem is that this method is energy consuming and the spark plug is subject to high wear.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method and a circuit arrangement with which to improve an ignition system of the type described above in order to make it particularly compact and energy-saving and to operate it with low wear.
- the method according to the invention is that the supply of electrical energy for triggering a voltage flashover at the electrodes of the spark plug is carried out using a self-induction method, the spark plug being supplied with voltage by a transformer and the voltage flashover being caused by a sudden reduction in the current flow through the primary side of the transformer and that the burning phase is maintained by means of resonant voltage transformation, a resonance frequency being determined by inductive and capacitive elements on the secondary side of a transformer.
- the same transformer is used for self-induction and for maintaining the burning phase.
- the spark plug is preferably supplied with electrical power at a frequency of greater than 100 kHz in the burning phase. In a further preferred embodiment of the method, the spark plug is supplied with electrical power of a frequency in the range from 1 MHz to a few hundred MHz in the burning phase. In a further preferred embodiment, the spark plug is supplied with high-frequency AC voltage in the burning phase, which is superimposed on a DC voltage or a low-frequency AC voltage.
- a circuit arrangement according to the invention for the ignition of an internal combustion engine is characterized in that supply means for the spark plug have at least four switches in a bridge circuit for the voltage supply of the electrodes.
- Another circuit arrangement according to the invention for the ignition of a Brerinkraft machine is characterized in that supply means for the spark plug have at least two switches in a push-pull circuit with a transformer for the voltage supply of the electrodes.
- two switches and two voltage sources are arranged in a partial bridge circuit.
- At least one coil and / or a transformer is preferably arranged as an inductance of a resonance circuit between the switch and the electrodes.
- the transformer forms an inductance at least in some areas and is both a component of the resonance circuit and a component of the voltage transformation of the self-induction circuit.
- the bridge circuit is preferably connected to a control unit which opens and closes the switches in accordance with the requirements of the ignition phase and the combustion phase.
- the resonant transformation circuit consists of at least one Collins filter.
- the resonant transformation circuit has at least one series resonance circuit. It is advantageous that a common transformer is provided for generating a self-induction voltage for voltage flashover and for generating the resonant voltage transformation.
- an ignition unit with means for self-induction, resonance transformation and the spark plug can be plugged together by means of a plug connection.
- the resonant transformation circuit is connected at its input to an AC voltage source and a DC voltage source.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a circuit for an ignition unit according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a further circuit for an ignition unit according to the invention
- 3 shows a schematic diagram of a further circuit for an ignition unit according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a further schematic diagram of a circuit for an ignition unit according to the invention with an additional DC voltage source
- FIG. 5 shows the course of the ignition voltage of the ignition unit with a self-induction phase, a breakdown phase and a burning phase
- FIG. 6 details of an ignition unit according to the invention.
- the voltage flashover when the ignition spark is formed is generated by self-induction, in that the current flow is abruptly reduced on the primary side of a transformer, which is provided for supplying voltage to a spark plug arranged on the secondary side, in particular interrupted by opening a switch.
- a voltage rise proportional to the change in current over time is induced in the primary coil in accordance with Lenz's rule, which rise is accordingly also transmitted into the secondary coil of the transformer.
- the coils of the transformer replace the usual ignition coil.
- the spark plug ignites when the secondary voltage is sufficient to ignite a plasma between the electrodes of the spark plug.
- the ignition phase of the spark is maintained by a resonant voltage transformation.
- the energy content of the coils is significantly lower, since only a relatively small amount of energy has to be applied by the coil for the voltage flashover, but not the larger amount of energy for maintaining the firing phase.
- the size of the coils of the transformer can be reduced compared to a conventional ignition coil, in which the ignition and combustion phases have to be supported from the energy content of the coil.
- Another advantage compared to a method that supports both the ignition and combustion phases with resonant voltage transformation is the significantly lower energy consumption and the smaller size of the coils of the transformer, which have a comparatively low energy content must provide the burning phase.
- the build-up of the ignition voltage prior to the ignition which fundamentally consumes energy through resonance transformation, is avoided.
- Electrodes 8.1 and 8.2 symbolize a spark plug 8, which has a parasitic capacitance 7.
- the secondary side of a transformer 6 is connected between the electrodes 8.1, 8.2. It is particularly advantageous to provide a common transformer 6 for generating the self-induction voltage and for generating the resonant voltage transformation. To discuss the resonance transformation, only the secondary side of the transformer is considered for simplification, which can then be represented by its leakage inductance Ls and its main capacitance L H. An influence of the transmission ratio ü is neglected, the transformer of the transformer being regarded as a low-loss transformer.
- the transformer 6 has a leakage inductance Ls in series with the parasitic capacitance 7 of the spark plug 8 on the secondary side.
- the main inductance L H of the transformer 6 is parallel to the series connection of capacitance 7 and leakage inductance Ls.
- the leakage inductance Ls together with the parasitic spark plug capacitance 7 essentially form a series resonance circuit of the resonant voltage transformation, while another part of the transformer 6 with the main inductance L H is parallel to the series resonance circuit consisting of Ls and capacitance 7 and for voltage transformation in self-induction is used.
- an input voltage U BR in particular with an amplitude corresponding to the vehicle electrical system voltage U B , is briefly present on the primary side of the transformer 6, and if the transmission ratio of the transformer 6 is given by ü, then the voltage drop ⁇ U across the secondary side of the transformer U-U B R.
- the output of a bridge circuit with 4 switches 1, 2, 3, 4, in particular semiconductor switches, is arranged at the connections A and B on the primary side of the transformer 6.
- the switches 1, 2, 3, 4 are controlled with a conventional control circuit 5, not shown in detail.
- the supply voltage ÜB is present on the input side of the bridge circuit.
- To trigger the ignition spark at least one of the switches 1, 2, 3, 4 is opened and the current flow through the primary coil is suddenly reduced or interrupted. The voltage at the primary coil increases in the manner described at the outset until the plasma between the electrodes 8.1, 8.2 of the spark plug 8 is ignited.
- FIG. 2 shows a preferred arrangement with two switches 1, 2 and two voltage sources U1, U2 connected in series, the transformer 6 being connected between the center tap between the series-connected switches and the center tap between the two voltage sources U1 and U2 .
- the transformer 6 By alternately opening or closing the switches 1 and 2, the transformer 6 is supplied with an AC voltage.
- the arrangement of the spark plug 8 with its electrodes 8.1, 8.2 and its parasitic capacitance 7 and the control logic 5 corresponds to that in FIG. 1 and is not shown further.
- FIG. 3 shows a further preferred arrangement of a push-pull circuit with two switches 1, 2 and a voltage source U3.
- the voltage source U3 is connected to a center tap of the transformer 6, which accordingly has two primary-side partial coils with opposing windings.
- switches 1 and 2 alternately open and close, the transformer 6 is supplied with an alternating voltage UB R on the primary side.
- the waveform of U BR preferably corresponds to a rectangular pulse train with an amplitude between -ÜB and + UB and a frequency which is the resonance frequency of the resonant circuit, which consists of elements on the secondary side of the transformer 6, in particular the leakage inductance of the secondary coil and the capacitance between the Electrodes 8.1 and 8.2.
- the resonant circuit has a resonance frequency.
- Switches 1 and 2 are opened and closed at this frequency.
- a switch is advantageously actuated precisely when the magnitude of the voltage amplitude Uz between the electrodes 8.1 and 8.2 is maximum. In this case, the maximum value of the amount increases with an increasing number of voltage pulses.
- the resonant circuit has two resonance frequencies.
- the arrangement corresponds to that in FIG. 3, but there is only a single switch and the primary coil has only one partial coil.
- the resonance frequency corresponds to the resonance frequency of the resonant circuit from the leakage inductance Ls and the capacitance 7 between the electrodes 8.1, 8.2. If the switch is opened, a self-induction voltage is built up according to Lenz's rule and transformed into the secondary coil. In this idle case, the inductance of the resonant circuit is formed by the sum of the main inductance L H and the leakage inductance Ls of the secondary coil of the transformer 6, so that the resonant circuit has a second, lower resonance frequency when the switch is open.
- the switch is preferably actuated in the maximum amount of the voltage Uz, the signal shape of Uz becoming asymmetrical.
- FIG. 4 shows a further preferred arrangement of a circuit for an ignition unit according to the invention.
- the switches of the arrangement can be in partial or full bridge Circuits according to the examples Fig. 1 to 3 may be formed and are not shown separately.
- a voltage source supplies a voltage U BR to a transformer 6.
- a further voltage source G is implemented in the secondary circuit of the transformer 6.
- This voltage source G is preferably a DC voltage source or a voltage source with low-frequency voltage. This can advantageously be used for ion current measurements, with which state variables of the motor can preferably be determined.
- phase 5 shows a voltage-time diagram in the self-induction phase, the breakdown phase and the subsequent firing phase according to the inventive method.
- period a the energy is built up in the magnetic field of the primary coil of the transformer for the breakdown or voltage flashover to generate the ignition spark.
- the control unit 5 outputs control signals during this time, so that switches 1 and 4 are closed and switches 2 and 3 are open.
- phase b electrical charge flows to the electrodes.
- Means for current, voltage and / or magnetic field measurement can be provided in the transformer 6, which report the values back to the control unit 5. If the voltage or the energy in the magnetic field of the transformer 6 is sufficient for ignition, the control unit 5 issues the signal to open at least one of the switches 1 or 4. Because of Lenz's rule, this leads to an increase in voltage on the secondary side of the transformer. This phase corresponds to the time interval b in FIG. 5. The voltage builds up until the breakdown, in which a plasma ignites between the electrodes 8.1 and 8.2, voltage values of around 30 kV being easily achieved. Any excess energy from the transformer can briefly maintain the initial burning process between the electrodes 8.1, 8.2.
- the voltage collapses to a lower value and only reaches peak values of up to 500 to 600 V.
- the precise voltage values depend, among other things, on the exact structure of the spark plug 8 and the properties of the area surrounding the electrodes 8.1, 8.2 Ga ses.
- the subsequent burning process is then maintained by means of resonant voltage transformation. This corresponds to phase c in FIG. 5.
- switches 1, 2, 3, 4 of the bridge circuit are alternately opened and closed so that the transformer 6 is supplied with an alternating voltage or voltage pulses with a frequency of preferably more than 100 kHz, particularly preferably more than 1 MHz .
- a strong magnetic coupling between the primary side and the secondary side of the transformer is advantageous. If the magnetic coupling between the primary side and secondary side of the transformer is weak, it is advisable to apply frequencies lower than 100 kHz.
- the gas breakdown can preferably be detected by analyzing the alternating voltage in relation to the alternating current in phase c and / or the voltage breakdown and / or by optically detecting the plasma.
- a corresponding signal from an ignition detection means can be forwarded to the control electronics 5.
- the resonance circuit for the resonance transformation is formed by the leakage inductance Ls of the transformer 6 and the parasitic capacitance 7 of the spark plug 8.
- a separate resonant transformation circuit with a capacitor and inductance can also be provided, each spark plug 8 preferably having such a circuit.
- a coil can be used instead of a transformer 6.
- the transformer 6 is arranged inside an ignition unit 8 'and consists of two coils which are coaxially wound one above the other.
- the ignition unit 8 ' is supplied with voltage via a plug 9, which is supplied by an energy store or a generator (not shown).
- the transformer 6 On the input side, the transformer 6 is connected to an integrated circuit 10, which contains the bridge circuit with switches and can also contain the control electronics 5. On the output side, the transformer 6 supplies the electrodes 8.1 and 8.2 of the ignition unit 8 '.
- the arrangement can be minimized to such an extent that it can be integrated into a cylinder head.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99934581A EP1127219A1 (de) | 1998-09-07 | 1999-07-06 | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung für die zündung einer brennkraftmaschine |
JP2000569123A JP2002524687A (ja) | 1998-09-07 | 1999-07-06 | 内燃機関の点火方法および回路装置 |
US09/786,643 US6550463B1 (en) | 1998-09-07 | 1999-07-06 | Method and switching system for the ignition of an internal combustion engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19840765A DE19840765C2 (de) | 1998-09-07 | 1998-09-07 | Verfahren und integrierte Zündeinheit für die Zündung einer Brennkraftmaschine |
DE19840765.3 | 1998-09-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000014404A1 true WO2000014404A1 (de) | 2000-03-16 |
Family
ID=7880071
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1999/004684 WO2000014404A1 (de) | 1998-09-07 | 1999-07-06 | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung für die zündung einer brennkraftmaschine |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6550463B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1127219A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002524687A (de) |
DE (1) | DE19840765C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000014404A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (32)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19840765C2 (de) | 1998-09-07 | 2003-03-06 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren und integrierte Zündeinheit für die Zündung einer Brennkraftmaschine |
JP3869275B2 (ja) * | 2001-04-05 | 2007-01-17 | 株式会社日本自動車部品総合研究所 | 内燃機関のイオン電流検出装置 |
DE10121993B4 (de) | 2001-05-05 | 2004-08-05 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Zündsystem für Verbrennungsmotoren |
JP3616076B2 (ja) * | 2002-06-28 | 2005-02-02 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 内燃機関用点火装置 |
FR2859830B1 (fr) * | 2003-09-12 | 2014-02-21 | Renault Sas | Bougie de generation de plasma a inductance integree. |
US20050098136A1 (en) * | 2003-11-10 | 2005-05-12 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Architecture to integrate ionization detection electronics into and near a diesel glow plug |
FR2890247B1 (fr) * | 2005-08-25 | 2007-09-28 | Renault Sas | Bougie d'allumage plasma pour un moteur a combustion interne |
FR2907269B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-17 | 2009-01-30 | Renault Sas | Dispositif de generation de plasma radiofrequence. |
FR2913299B1 (fr) * | 2007-03-01 | 2009-04-17 | Renault Sas | Pilotage d'une pluralite de bobines bougies via un unique etage de puissance. |
FR2917565B1 (fr) * | 2007-06-12 | 2014-05-16 | Renault Sas | Dispositif de mesure dans un systeme d'allumage radiofrequence pour un moteur a combustion interne |
US8385474B2 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2013-02-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Signal generator with adjustable frequency |
FR2923272B1 (fr) * | 2007-11-05 | 2009-11-13 | Renault Sas | Dispositif de mesure du courant d'ionisation dans un systeme d'allumage radiofrequence pour un moteur a combustion interne. |
EP2141352A1 (de) * | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-06 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Zündsystem |
FR2935759B1 (fr) * | 2008-09-09 | 2010-09-10 | Renault Sas | Dispositif de mesure du courant d'ionisation dans un systeme d'allumage radiofrequence pour un moteur a combustion interne |
JP5878114B2 (ja) * | 2009-05-08 | 2016-03-08 | フェデラル−モーグル・イグニション・カンパニーFederal−Mogul Ignition Company | 自己同調電力増幅器を用いたコロナ点火 |
US8276564B2 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2012-10-02 | Woodward, Inc. | Multiplexing drive circuit for an AC ignition system |
JP5295093B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-25 | 2013-09-18 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 点火装置 |
FR2964803B1 (fr) * | 2010-09-10 | 2012-08-31 | Renault Sa | Bougie d'allumage pour moteur a combustion interne |
JP5351874B2 (ja) * | 2010-11-25 | 2013-11-27 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | プラズマ点火装置およびプラズマ点火方法 |
JP2012237283A (ja) * | 2011-05-13 | 2012-12-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | イオン電流検出装置 |
JP5873709B2 (ja) * | 2011-08-22 | 2016-03-01 | 株式会社日本自動車部品総合研究所 | 高周波プラズマ生成システム及びこれを用いた高周波プラズマ点火装置。 |
DE102012218698B3 (de) * | 2012-10-15 | 2014-02-27 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Zünden einer Zündkerze eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
JP6446628B2 (ja) * | 2013-01-22 | 2019-01-09 | イマジニアリング株式会社 | プラズマ生成装置、及び内燃機関 |
JP5811119B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-12 | 2015-11-11 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 火花点火式内燃機関の点火装置 |
BR112015024230B1 (pt) * | 2013-03-21 | 2021-07-13 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Sistema de controle de ignição para motor de combustão interna e método de controle de ignição |
ITMI20131189A1 (it) * | 2013-07-16 | 2015-01-17 | Eldor Corp Spa | Sistema di accensione elettronica per un motore endotermico |
JP6029563B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-28 | 2016-11-24 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 高周波プラズマ点火装置 |
JP6462322B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-10 | 2019-01-30 | 株式会社Soken | 内燃機関用の点火装置 |
JP5897099B1 (ja) * | 2014-12-04 | 2016-03-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 点火装置 |
JP6470066B2 (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2019-02-13 | サンケン電気株式会社 | 点火装置 |
JP6449736B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-05 | 2019-01-09 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 内燃機関点火装置 |
JP6643144B2 (ja) * | 2016-02-29 | 2020-02-12 | 株式会社Soken | 点火回路の故障診断装置 |
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US5113839A (en) * | 1989-08-30 | 1992-05-19 | Vogt Electronic Ag | Ignition system for an internal combustion engine |
US5179928A (en) * | 1989-07-13 | 1993-01-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Internal combustion engine ignition device |
DE19625422A1 (de) * | 1995-07-25 | 1997-01-30 | Outboard Marine Corp | Hybridzündschaltung für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
DE19723784C1 (de) * | 1997-06-06 | 1998-08-20 | Daimler Benz Ag | Schaltungsanordnung für die Zündung einer Brennkraftmaschine |
Family Cites Families (9)
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US4149508A (en) * | 1977-07-27 | 1979-04-17 | Kirk Jr Donald | Electronic ignition system exhibiting efficient energy usage |
DE3170464D1 (en) * | 1980-02-21 | 1985-06-20 | Siemens Ag | Ignition system for internal-combustion engines |
DE3840315C1 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-03-08 | Bernhard Hue | Ignition system |
US4998526A (en) * | 1990-05-14 | 1991-03-12 | General Motors Corporation | Alternating current ignition system |
US5131376A (en) * | 1991-04-12 | 1992-07-21 | Combustion Electronics, Inc. | Distributorless capacitive discharge ignition system |
US5513618A (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1996-05-07 | Enox Technologies, Inc. | High performance ignition apparatus and method |
JPH0968149A (ja) * | 1995-08-28 | 1997-03-11 | Sumitomo Wiring Syst Ltd | 点火装置 |
DE19643785C2 (de) * | 1996-10-29 | 1999-04-22 | Ficht Gmbh & Co Kg | Elektrische Zündvorrichtung, insbesondere für Brennkraftmaschinen, und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Zündvorrichtung |
DE19840765C2 (de) | 1998-09-07 | 2003-03-06 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Verfahren und integrierte Zündeinheit für die Zündung einer Brennkraftmaschine |
-
1998
- 1998-09-07 DE DE19840765A patent/DE19840765C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-07-06 EP EP99934581A patent/EP1127219A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-06 WO PCT/EP1999/004684 patent/WO2000014404A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-07-06 JP JP2000569123A patent/JP2002524687A/ja active Pending
- 1999-07-06 US US09/786,643 patent/US6550463B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5179928A (en) * | 1989-07-13 | 1993-01-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Internal combustion engine ignition device |
US5113839A (en) * | 1989-08-30 | 1992-05-19 | Vogt Electronic Ag | Ignition system for an internal combustion engine |
DE19625422A1 (de) * | 1995-07-25 | 1997-01-30 | Outboard Marine Corp | Hybridzündschaltung für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
DE19723784C1 (de) * | 1997-06-06 | 1998-08-20 | Daimler Benz Ag | Schaltungsanordnung für die Zündung einer Brennkraftmaschine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6550463B1 (en) | 2003-04-22 |
EP1127219A1 (de) | 2001-08-29 |
JP2002524687A (ja) | 2002-08-06 |
DE19840765C2 (de) | 2003-03-06 |
DE19840765A1 (de) | 2000-03-09 |
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