WO2000007065A1 - Dispositif d'affichage a diffusion et procede d'excitation de ce dispositif - Google Patents

Dispositif d'affichage a diffusion et procede d'excitation de ce dispositif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000007065A1
WO2000007065A1 PCT/JP1999/004064 JP9904064W WO0007065A1 WO 2000007065 A1 WO2000007065 A1 WO 2000007065A1 JP 9904064 W JP9904064 W JP 9904064W WO 0007065 A1 WO0007065 A1 WO 0007065A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
scattering
display device
light
display element
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP1999/004064
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Kenji Nakao
Hirofumi Kubota
Kazuo Inoue
Seiji Nishiyama
Shinya Kosako
Tsuyoshi Uemura
Keizaburo Kuramasu
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP11212718A external-priority patent/JP2000105550A/ja
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Priority to KR1020017001003A priority Critical patent/KR20010053599A/ko
Publication of WO2000007065A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000007065A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1334—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals, e.g. microencapsulated liquid crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
    • G02F1/133707—Structures for producing distorted electric fields, e.g. bumps, protrusions, recesses, slits in pixel electrodes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a scattering-type display element which is used for a portable information terminal, a portable game device, or the like, and displays an image by scattering or transmitting incident light.
  • the present invention relates to a reflection type light scattering type liquid crystal display element having a polymer dispersed type liquid crystal layer and using external light as a main light source, and a method of manufacturing the same.
  • twisted nematic (TN) type liquid crystal display elements have been widely used.
  • This display device includes a liquid crystal layer and a polarizing plate, and displays an image by changing the polarization direction of light through the liquid crystal layer and controlling light transmitted through the polarizing plate. It is getting up. For this reason, even in the case of a bright display (white display), only light having a component corresponding to the polarization axis of the polarizing plate is transmitted, and in particular, a reflective liquid crystal display element having a reflector and using external light as a light source. However, it has a drawback that it is difficult to make bright display. In order to remedy this disadvantage, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-184814 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-80426, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-232395, etc.
  • a large amount of external light is directed to a main observation direction (viewing direction).
  • a small protrusion 211 a such as a horizontal stripe shape, a fan shape, or a perfect circular shape as shown in FIG.
  • Fig. 64 a small protrusion 211 a such as a horizontal stripe shape, a fan shape, or a perfect circular shape as shown in FIG.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the reflector 2 12 is made to have a sawtooth shape, or the reflecting surface is made rough, so that light incident from obliquely above the display screen etc. It is oriented in many directions (viewing direction). However, even when such a reflector is used, the point that light is absorbed by the polarizing plate is the same, and it is difficult to significantly increase the luminance.
  • light-scattering liquid crystal display elements such as polymer network liquid crystal display elements and polymer dispersed liquid crystal display elements have been developed as display elements that do not require a polarizing plate.
  • Such display elements include, for example, “Flat-tonel display '91” (Nikkei BP, p. 221), rs. Shikama et. Al, Society for information Display * 95, PaGepp As shown in “.231-234”, a composite layer of a polymer and a liquid crystal is provided between a pair of substrates.
  • Electrodes are provided on each of the pair of substrates, and the composite layer switches to a light scattering state or a light transmitting state depending on whether or not a voltage is applied to these electrodes.
  • a direct-view type display is disclosed.
  • a black body is provided on the back side, and when the composite layer becomes transparent, the incident external light passes through the composite layer and is absorbed by the black body, and a dark display (black display) is performed.
  • black display black display
  • the composite layer is in the scattering state, the incident external light is scattered and A bright display that appears opaque even when viewed from above is provided.
  • IRIS Internal Reflection Inverted Scattering
  • FIG. 66 (a) A scattering-type display element called IRIS (Internal Reflection Inverted Scattering) described in pp. 758-871 is known.
  • this display element is provided with a reflector 214 on the back side of the composite layer 213 instead of the black body.
  • the light scattered toward the back side of 13 is also reflected by the reflecting plate 214 and directed to the front side, so that a higher-luminance display is performed.
  • the surface of the reflection plate 214 is formed as a mirror surface. It is also conceivable to provide a reflector having reflectors with isotropic irregularities formed on the top, bottom, left and right of the display screen.
  • this display element has the disadvantage that the liquid crystal fraction is so large that the polymer network structure is fragile and display defects such as hysteresis are likely to occur. , Was. Further, in the scattering type display element, the reduction of contrast and the inversion of gradation are easily caused even by so-called reflection of external light.
  • the scattering type display device provided with the above-described reflector plate 214 has a high brightness in a bright display, but reflects external light in a dark display depending on a viewing direction of a display image. There is a problem that light enters the field of view and the gradation of the displayed image is inverted. That is, at the time of dark display, the composite layer 2 13 is in a transparent state, and as shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 67 shows the relationship between the incident direction of external light and the direction in which an image is viewed when the display element 215 is used in an oblique state.
  • Fig. 68 shows the direction of incidence of external light, etc., and shows the direction in which the direction of incidence, etc., is projected on the display screen according to the direction from the origin 0 (for example, arrow M in the figure).
  • the angle between the direction of incidence and the normal of the display screen depending on the distance (Eg, angle L or distance L in the figure).
  • the external light light source light
  • the external light is emitted from the direction indicated by the position P in FIG.
  • the reflected light of the external light is emitted in a direction indicated by a position R symmetrical to the position P with respect to the origin ⁇ . Therefore, if the image is viewed within a part of the viewing range or from a range slightly beyond the above-mentioned region Q, reflected light of external light enters the field of view, and gradation inversion occurs. .
  • Techniques for reducing the above drawbacks include, for example, those described in “International Display Research Conference 1997” (published by The Society for Information Display, p. 255). It is known to provide a diffraction grating film on the surface side of a composite layer. That is, the influence of the reflected light is reduced by scattering (exposing) the external light to some extent by the diffraction grating film and reducing its brightness.
  • the reflection plate or the like In order to scatter external light to some extent as described above, it is conceivable to make the reflection plate or the like have a scattering property.However, manufacturing such a reflection plate or the like requires ultra-precision processing. It is relatively difficult, such as requiring a mold that has been made, which may lead to an increase in manufacturing costs. Furthermore, the present inventor has found that in a conventional scattering type liquid crystal display element, a decrease in luminance, contrast, and grayscale inversion occur depending on driving conditions of the liquid crystal display element. did. That is, in the above-described conventional example, since the brightness in the initial scattering state is determined, a problem that a bright display cannot be obtained or a grayscale inversion occurs when a halftone display is performed.
  • the present inventor has invented a liquid crystal display device g that can solve the above-mentioned problem by performing display based on the voltage-luminance characteristics shown in FIG. Was.
  • the present invention aims to increase the luminance during bright display and reduce the luminance during dark display, and to eliminate or significantly reduce the influence of reflected light of external light.
  • this beak value is correlated with the scattering gain of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer, and that there is an optimum range of the scattering gain in order to obtain a larger peak value ( See Figure 5).
  • the scattering gain is determined by the panel gap, the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet, and the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal, these panel gap, the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet, It is also recognized that there is an optimum value for the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal. Therefore, we found a panel gap for obtaining an optimum range of scattering gain, a particle diameter of liquid crystal droplets, and a range of refractive index anisotropy of liquid crystal.
  • the present invention has been completed based on the above phenomena and facts.
  • the specific configuration is as follows.
  • the invention according to claim 1 is characterized in that polymer-dispersed liquid crystal scrap in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, and one of the pair of substrates is disposed.
  • a reflective layer is formed on a substrate, and an electric field is applied between the polymer dispersed type liquid crystal layers to change the light scattering state of the polymer dispersed type liquid crystal layer to perform display.
  • the scattering gain of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is set according to the thickness of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • the invention according to claim 2 is characterized in that the scattering gain is a scattering gain for transmitted light when the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is formed on a transmission panel.
  • the invention of claim 3 is characterized in that the thickness d of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is not less than 8 ⁇ m.
  • the invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that the particle diameter of liquid crystal droplets in the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is set according to the thickness of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, and a reflective layer is formed on one of the substrates.
  • a reflective liquid crystal display element formed and applying an electric field between the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layers to change the light scattering state of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer and perform display
  • the scattering gain of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is set according to the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal contained in the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • the invention according to claim 6 is characterized in that the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet in the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is set according to the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, wherein In a reflective liquid crystal display device in which a reflective layer is formed on one of the substrates and an electric field is applied between the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layers to change the light scattering state of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer and perform display.
  • the scattering gain of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer depends on the thickness of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer and the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal contained in the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer. It is characterized by being set.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, and a reflection layer is provided on one of the pair of substrates.
  • a reflective liquid crystal display element formed and applying an electric field between the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layers to change the light scattering state of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer and perform display
  • the invention of claim 9 is characterized in that the scattering gain is a scattering gain for transmitted light when the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is formed on a transmission panel.
  • the invention of claim 11 is characterized in that the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is not less than 10 and not more than 200.
  • the invention of claim 12 is characterized in that the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is not less than 10 and not more than 200 within the operating temperature range of the liquid crystal display device.
  • the invention according to claim 13 is characterized in that a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, and a reflective layer is provided on one of the pair of substrates.
  • a reflective liquid crystal display element that performs display by applying an electric field between the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layers to change the light scattering state of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • the invention of claim 14 is characterized in that the scattering gain is a scattering gain for transmitted light when the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is formed on a transmission panel.
  • the invention according to claim 15 is characterized in that the thickness d of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is 3 Atm or more and 8 m or less.
  • the invention according to claim 16 is characterized in that the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is not less than 10 and not more than 200.
  • the invention of claim 17 is characterized in that the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is not less than 10 and not more than 200 within the operating temperature range of the liquid crystal display device.
  • Figure 5 shows the correlation between the scattering gain and the contrast. As is evident from FIG. 5, there is a scattering gain that becomes the maximum contrast for each d of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer (corresponding to a panel gap) d. Therefore, in Figure 5, the maximum contrast of 7
  • the panel gear shown in The relationship between d and the scattering gain is obtained.
  • line P1 indicates the upper limit of the allowable range of scatter gain
  • line P3 indicates the lower limit of the allowable range of scatter gain. Therefore, if the scattering gain is set within the range between line P1 and line P3, a contrast of 70% or more of the maximum contrast can be obtained. That is.
  • a contrast of 70% or more of the maximum contrast can be obtained, and a high-brightness and high-contrast reflective high-molecular compound can be obtained.
  • a dispersion type liquid crystal display device is realized.
  • the “reflection layer” may be a configuration in which the reflection layer and the electrode are both used by a reflection pixel electrode made of a reflective metal, and a transparent electrode is used as the pixel electrode.
  • the layer may be formed separately on the substrate.
  • the thickness d of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is regulated for the following reason. If the thickness d is less than 3 ⁇ m, it is difficult to make the film uniformly, and if the thickness d exceeds 8 m, the driving voltage becomes too large.
  • the invention according to claim 18 is characterized in that a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is arranged between a pair of substrates, and a reflective layer is provided on one of the pair of substrates. An electric field is applied between the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layers to change the light scattering state of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • the reflection type liquid crystal display device In the reflection type liquid crystal display device
  • the contrast of a conventional reflective liquid crystal display element is about 10, so if the contrast is 30 or more, the contrast is much lower than in the conventional example. Can be achieved.
  • the invention of claim 19 is characterized in that the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet is not less than 0.7 m and not more than 2 m.
  • the invention according to claim 20 is characterized in that the birefringence of the liquid crystal is 0.15 or more and 0.27 or less.
  • the invention according to claim 21 is characterized in that the thickness of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is 3 m or more and 8 ⁇ rn or less.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, and a reflective layer is provided on one of the pair of substrates.
  • An electric field is applied between the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layers and the light-scattering state of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is changed to perform display.
  • the scattering gain of the panel can be adjusted to an optimum range without changing the liquid crystal composition, the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet, and the like.
  • the invention according to claim 23 is characterized in that the orientation direction of the liquid crystal inside the hemispherical liquid crystal droplet formed on the interface of one of the pair of substrates and the other of the pair of substrates.
  • the orientation directions of the liquid crystal inside the hemispherical liquid crystal droplet formed at the substrate interface are substantially parallel to each other. According to the above configuration, there is an operation of further reducing the scattering gain between the pair of substrate interfaces.
  • the invention of claim 24 is characterized in that the thickness of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is 3 m or more and 8 m or less.
  • the thickness of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is regulated for the same reason as described in the third aspect of the present invention.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed in a polymer is disposed between a pair of substrates, and a reflection layer is provided on one of the pair of substrates.
  • An RGB color filter is formed on one of the one substrate and the other substrate, and an electric field is applied between the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layers to form a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • a reflective liquid crystal display device that performs display by changing the light scattering state
  • the thickness of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is d (um)
  • the scattering gain of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer with respect to green light in the red pixel region is SGr
  • the scattering gain of the green pixel region is green.
  • SG g is the scattering gain of the blue pixel region
  • SG b is the scattering gain of the blue pixel region
  • the invention according to claim 27 is characterized in that the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet in the red pixel region is r R, the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet in the green pixel region is r G, and the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet in the blue pixel region is r.
  • rR>rG> rB the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet in the blue pixel region.
  • the color filter is formed on the reflective layer, and the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer is formed on the color filter. It is characterized by having been done.
  • the invention according to claim 29 is characterized in that, when observed from a predetermined observation direction, the luminance level is such that a peak value exists in the luminance level during the process of changing the scattering state and the transmission state of the liquid crystal layer. It has voltage characteristics,
  • the driving voltage range is a range between a voltage value at which the luminance level has a peak value and a voltage value at which the luminance level is substantially zero level in the luminance-voltage characteristics.
  • the invention according to claim 30 is a luminance-voltage such that, when observed from a predetermined observation direction, a peak value exists in the luminance level during the process of changing the scattering state and the transmission state of the liquid crystal layer. It has characteristics,
  • the driving voltage range is a range between a voltage value at which the luminance level has a peak value in the luminance-voltage characteristic and a voltage value at which the luminance level has a substantially zero level.
  • the invention according to claim 31 is characterized in that the observation direction is set to a direction different from an emission direction of light emitted from the liquid crystal layer to the front side when the liquid crystal layer is in a transmission state. .
  • the invention according to claim 32 is characterized in that the observation direction is set to a direction different from an emission direction of light emitted forward from the liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal layer is in a transmission state. Further, in order to achieve the above object, the invention according to claim 33 includes a scattering transmission unit that switches between a scattering state for scattering incident light and a transmission state for transmitting incident light,
  • a scattering type display element comprising: a reflecting means for reflecting light incident on the display surface side of the scatter transmitting means and scattered to the back side and transmitting light transmitted through the scatter transmitting means, An anisotropic scattering means for scattering light incident on the scattering type display element in a direction having anisotropy and emitting the light when the scattering transmission means is in a transmission state.
  • the invention according to claim 34 is the scattering display device according to claim 33, wherein the anisotropic scattering means causes the light incident on the scattering display element to be more laterally than the vertical direction on the display screen.
  • the feature is that the light is scattered and emitted in a wider range of directions.
  • the invention according to claim 35 is the scattering display element according to claim 33, wherein the anisotropic scattering means is constituted by the reflecting means.
  • the invention according to claim 36 is the scattering display device according to claim 35, wherein the anisotropic scattering means has a curvature in a horizontal direction on a display screen in a vertical direction on a surface of the reflection means. It is characterized in that it is formed by forming a convex portion having a curvature larger than the curvature.
  • the invention according to claim 37 is the scattering display device according to claim 33, wherein the anisotropic scattering means scatters the incident light in a direction having anisotropy and transmits the scattered light. It is characterized by being constituted by anisotropic transmission means.
  • the invention according to claim 38 is the scattering display device according to claim 37, wherein the anisotropic transmission means has a surface in which the curvature in the left-right direction is greater than the curvature in the vertical direction on the display screen. It is characterized in that a large convex portion is formed.
  • the invention according to claim 39 is the scattering display element according to claim 38, characterized in that the anisotropic transmission means is a lens sheet film.
  • the invention according to claim 40 is the scattering display device according to claim 33.
  • the anisotropic scattering means is a diffractive means having anisotropy.
  • anisotropic scattering means for example, by providing a reflecting means or an anisotropic transmitting means such as a reflector or a sheet film, the display screen can be more vertically oriented.
  • the light incident on the scattering display element is scattered and emitted in the direction of the anisotropic range, such as a wider range in the left-right direction, so the external light reflection characteristics are optimized and the reflected light
  • the scattering transmission means switches between a scattering state in which incident light is scattered and a transmission state in which incident light is transmitted,
  • a scattering type display element comprising: a reflecting means for reflecting light incident on the display surface side of the scatter transmitting means and scattered to the back side and light transmitted through the scatter transmitting means;
  • an emission angle changing unit for emitting the light incident on the scattering display element in a direction in which the incident angle and the emission angle are not equal.
  • the invention according to claim 42 is the scattering display element, wherein the emission angle changing means is configured such that the emission angle is larger than the incident angle. It is characterized by having been done.
  • the invention of claim 43 is the scattering display element of claim 42, wherein the emission angle changing means is constituted by the reflection means.
  • the invention according to claim 44 is the scattering display element according to claim 43, wherein the emission angle changing means is arranged such that a normal of the reflection surface is perpendicular to a normal of the display surface. It is characterized in that the display screen is formed by forming an inclined area on the lower side of the display screen.
  • the invention according to claim 45 is the scattering display element according to claim 44, wherein the reflecting means is formed so that a cross-sectional shape of the display screen in a vertical direction has a saw-tooth-shaped portion. And.
  • the invention according to claim 46 is the scattering display element according to claim 45, wherein the inclination angle of the inclined surface with respect to the display surface in the cross-sectional shape having the saw blade portion is 5 °. As described above, the angle is not more than 30 °.
  • the invention according to claim 47 is the scattering element according to claim 46, wherein an inclination angle of the inclined surface with respect to the display screen direction in the cross-sectional shape having the saw blade portion is 5 °. As described above, the angle is not more than 15 °.
  • the invention according to claim 48 is the scattering display device according to claim 45, wherein a plurality of cross-sectional shapes having the saw-tooth-shaped portion are formed, and the pitch of each cross-sectional shape is as follows. It is characterized by being set to m or less.
  • the invention according to claim 49 is the scattering display device according to claim 45, wherein a plurality of cross-sectional shapes having the saw-tooth-shaped portion are formed, and a plurality of pitches are set for each cross-sectional shape. It is characterized by
  • the invention according to claim 50 is the scattering display element according to claim 49, characterized in that the plurality of types of pitches are randomly arranged.
  • the invention according to claim 51 is the scattering display element according to claim 45, wherein a plurality of cross-sectional shapes each having the saw blade shape are formed, and
  • the pitch is set to multiple types of pitches in the range from 5 m to 100 wm, and the difference between the maximum pitch and the minimum pitch is set to 3 or less. This is the feature.
  • the invention according to claim 52 is the scattering display device according to claim 43, wherein the reflecting means has a normal to the reflecting surface in a vertical cross-sectional shape of the display screen. It is characterized in that a plurality of projections are formed which are inclined downward with respect to the line on the display screen and whose cross-sectional shape in the left-right direction on the display screen is convex.
  • the invention according to claim 53 is the scattering display element according to claim 52, characterized in that the convex portions are formed at random positions.
  • the invention according to claim 54 is the scattering display device according to claim 42, wherein the emission angle changing means is constituted by a bending transmission means for refracting and transmitting incident light. This is the feature.
  • the invention according to claim 55 is the scattering display element according to claim 54, wherein the refraction transmission means has a thickness that is lower at a position below the display screen than at a position above the display screen. It is characterized in that an area is formed.
  • the invention according to claim 56 is the scattering display device according to claim 55, wherein the refracting transmission means has a plurality of semi-convex lens-shaped or prism-shaped cross sections in the vertical direction on the display screen. It is characterized in that it is shaped like a drum.
  • the invention of claim 57 is the scattering display element of claim 41, wherein the emission angle changing means causes the light incident on the scattering display element to be emitted almost in the incident direction. It is characterized by having such a configuration.
  • the invention according to claim 58 is the scattering display device according to claim 57, wherein the emission angle changing means is configured such that the reflection means is formed in a retro-flat shape. It is characterized by being composed of
  • the invention according to claim 59 is the scattering display device according to claim 43, wherein:
  • the reflection means constituting the emission angle changing means is a reflective film substrate
  • the scattering transmission means is provided between the reflective film substrate and an array substrate on which a transparent pixel electrode is formed and which is provided with a predetermined gap from the reflective film substrate. It is characterized by
  • the invention according to claim 60 is the scattering display element according to claim 59, wherein the reflecting means is formed in a shape such that a vertical cross-sectional shape of the display screen has a saw-tooth-shaped portion. And.
  • the invention according to claim 61 is the scattering display element according to claim 60, wherein the inclination angle of the inclined surface with respect to the display surface in the cross-sectional shape having the sawtooth-shaped portion is 5 ° or more. , 30 ° or less.
  • the invention of claim 62 is the scattering display element of claim 59, wherein a color filter is provided on one of the reflective film substrate and the array substrate. It is characterized by
  • the invention according to claim 63 is a scatter transmission unit that switches between a scattering state in which incident light is scattered and a transmission state in which incident light is transmitted,
  • a scattering type display element comprising: a reflecting means for reflecting light incident on the display surface side of the scatter transmitting means and scattered to the back side and light transmitted through the scatter transmitting means;
  • Means for confining at least a part of the light incident on the scattering display element inside the scattering display element when the scattering transmission means is in the transmission state It is characterized by having.
  • the light emitting device is provided with an emission angle changing means such as a semi-convex lens having a cross-sectional shape, a saw blade having a predetermined inclination angle, or a retro-reflector.
  • an emission angle changing means such as a semi-convex lens having a cross-sectional shape, a saw blade having a predetermined inclination angle, or a retro-reflector.
  • the invention according to claim 64 is a scatter transmission unit that switches between a scattering state in which incident light is scattered and a transmission state in which incident light is transmitted,
  • a scattering type display element comprising: a light incident from the display surface side of the scattering transmission means and scattered to the back side; and a reflection means for reflecting the light transmitted through the scattering transmission means.
  • An attenuating means for attenuating the amount of light reflected by the reflecting means is provided.
  • the invention according to claim 65 is the scattering display device according to claim 64, wherein the attenuating means has light reflectivity and transmittance, or light reflectivity and absorptivity. It is characterized by being constituted by reflection means.
  • the invention according to claim 66 is the scattering display element according to claim 65, wherein the light reflectance of the reflecting means is 90% or less.
  • the invention of claim 67 is the scattering display element of claim 65.
  • the reflection means includes a chromium.
  • the invention of claim 68 is the scattering display element of claim 64, wherein the attenuating means is constituted by a polarizing means for blocking light in a predetermined polarization direction.
  • the invention according to claim 69 is the scattering display device according to claim 68, wherein the polarizing means is provided such that the polarization direction blocks light in the left-right direction on the display screen. And.
  • the invention of claim 70 is the scattering display element of claim 68, wherein the polarizing means is provided between the scatter transmitting means and the reflecting means. I do.
  • the invention according to claim 71 is the scattering display element according to claim 64, wherein the attenuating means is provided on the display surface side of the scatter transmitting means, and has a transmittance of 70% or more, and , 95% or less of the diffusion film.
  • the attenuating means for attenuating the amount of light reflected by the reflecting means the luminance of the reflected light can be reduced, so that the luminance inversion and the reduction of the contrast
  • the influence of the reflected light of external light such as can be easily reduced.
  • the invention according to claim 72 is a method for manufacturing a display element comprising a reflecting means for reflecting incident light
  • the invention according to claim 73 is a method for manufacturing a display element provided with a reflection means for reflecting incident light,
  • the invention of claim 74 is a method for manufacturing a display element comprising a reflecting means for reflecting incident light
  • the invention according to claim 75 is a method for manufacturing a display element comprising a reflecting means for reflecting incident light
  • the invention according to claim 76 is a method for manufacturing a display element comprising a reflecting means for reflecting incident light,
  • Forming a shape having a cross-sectionally asymmetric shape by partially forming the second resin layer in a region including at least a part of the first resin layer;
  • the invention according to claim 77 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 76, wherein the second resin layer is formed after the first resin layer is formed into a shape having an inclined portion. It is characterized by being performed.
  • An invention according to claim 78 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 77, wherein the second resin layer is formed in a shape having an inclined portion.
  • the invention according to claim 79 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 77, wherein the first resin layer is formed into a shape having an inclined portion by annealing treatment. And.
  • An invention according to claim 80 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 78, wherein the second resin layer is formed into a shape having an inclined portion by annealing treatment. And features.
  • the invention according to claim 81 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 77, wherein the asymmetric shape is a shape having at least a saw blade portion.
  • the invention according to claim 82 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 78, wherein the asymmetric shape is a shape having at least a saw blade portion. There is a feature.
  • the invention of claim 83 is the method for manufacturing a display element of claim 79, characterized in that the asymmetric shape is a shape having at least a saw blade portion.
  • the invention according to claim 84 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 80, characterized in that the asymmetric shape is a shape having at least a saw blade portion.
  • the invention according to claim 85 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 76, wherein the first resin layer and the second resin layer are photosensitive resins, and the first resin
  • the step of partially forming the layer and the second resin layer on the substrate includes forming the resin layer over the entire surface of the substrate, and then interposing the first pattern or the second pattern in a predetermined pattern.
  • the cross-section is formed to have an asymmetrical shape by performing the exposure and the development.
  • the invention of claim 86 is the method for manufacturing a display element of claim 85, wherein the light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding mask and the light-shielding portion of the second light-shielding mask are mutually connected. By shifting, the second resin layer is partially formed in a region including at least a part of the first resin layer.
  • the invention according to claim 87 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 85, wherein the photosensitive resin is a positive photosensitive resin and the second light-shielding mask is light-shielded. The portion is larger than the light shielding portion of the first light shielding mask.
  • the invention of claim 88 is the method for manufacturing a display element of claim 87, wherein the width of the light-shielding portion of the second light-shielding mask is equal to the width of the light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding mask. It is characterized by being larger than the width.
  • the invention according to claim 89 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 85, wherein the photosensitive resin is a negative photosensitive resin and the second light-shielding mask is provided. The light-shielding portion is smaller than the light-shielding portion of the first light-shielding mask.
  • the invention according to claim 90 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 89, wherein the width of the light shielding portion of the second light shielding mask is equal to the width of the light shielding portion of the first light shielding mask. It is characterized by being smaller than the width.
  • the invention according to claim 91 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 85, wherein the exposure using the first light-shielding mask and the second light-shielding mask are used.
  • the exposure is performed by irradiating light from a normal direction of the substrate.
  • the invention according to claim 92 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 85, wherein the exposure using the first light-shielding mask and the second light-shielding mask are used. It is characterized in that at least one of the above-mentioned exposures is performed by light irradiation from the normal direction of the substrate.
  • the invention according to claim 93 is a method for manufacturing a display element comprising a reflecting means for reflecting incident light
  • a step of forming a reflective layer in a region including the asymmetric shape is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 93, wherein the step of removing the resin layer is performed by dry etching through a mask of a predetermined pattern. It is characterized by being performed.
  • the invention according to claim 95 is the method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 93, wherein the asymmetric shape is a shape having at least a saw blade-shaped portion.
  • the invention according to claim 96 is a method for manufacturing a display element according to claim 72,
  • the reflective layer is an electrode for driving a display element.
  • the invention of claim 97 provides a liquid crystal display device in a scattering mode in which a liquid crystal layer is switched between a scattering state and a transmission state to perform display.
  • It has a luminance-voltage characteristic such that a peak value exists in the luminance level during the process of changing between the scattering state and the transmission state of the liquid crystal layer when viewed from a predetermined observation direction,
  • a driving voltage range is a range between a voltage value at which the luminance level in the luminance-voltage characteristic is a beak value and a voltage value at which the luminance level is substantially 0 level.
  • the voltage value at which the peak luminance is obtained and the voltage value at which the luminance becomes approximately 0% are obtained. If this range is set as the driving voltage range, higher brightness and immediately brighter display can be achieved as compared with the conventional example.
  • the peak luminance does not exist in the luminance-voltage characteristic, and the peak luminance exists in the luminance-voltage characteristic as in the conventional example. Thus, it is possible to prevent the grayscale inversion caused by the above.
  • the invention according to claim 98 is a scattering mode liquid crystal display device which performs display by switching a liquid crystal layer between a scattering state and a transmission state.
  • a normal mode in which the scattering mode is a bright state display in a scattering state when no voltage is applied
  • the driving voltage range is a range between a voltage value at which the luminance level has a peak value and a voltage value at which the luminance level is substantially zero level in the luminance-voltage characteristics. According to the above configuration, it is possible to realize a normally white liquid crystal display device capable of displaying a brighter image than the conventional example and preventing the inversion of gradation.
  • the invention according to claim 99 is a liquid crystal display device in a scattering mode for performing display by switching a liquid crystal layer between a scattering state and a transmission state.
  • the scattering mode is a normally black state in which a state is displayed in a transmission state when no voltage is applied, and When observed from a predetermined observation direction, the luminance is almost 0 level from the applied voltage of 0 V to the threshold voltage, and when the applied voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, as the applied voltage rises, The luminance level rises and reaches a peak value, and then falls.
  • a drive voltage range is defined as a range between the threshold voltage value at which the luminance level in the luminance-voltage characteristic starts to change from 0 level and a voltage value at which the luminance level has a peak value.
  • the luminance level in the luminance-voltage characteristic there are a plurality of peak values of the luminance level in the luminance-voltage characteristic, and among the peak voltage values, the highest voltage value and the luminance level are substantially the same. It is characterized in that the range between the voltage value at which the level becomes 0 level is the drive voltage range.
  • the invention according to claim 102 is characterized in that the observation direction is set to a direction different from the emission direction of light emitted forward from the liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal layer is in a transmission state. I do.
  • the invention according to claim 103 is characterized in that the observation direction is set to a direction different from an emission direction of light emitted forward from the liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal layer is in a transmission state. I do.
  • the invention of claim 104 is characterized in that the observation direction is set to a direction different from an emission direction of light emitted forward from the liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal layer is in a transmission state. I do.
  • the invention of claim 105 is characterized in that it is bias-driven. I do.
  • the invention of claim 106 is characterized in that it is bias-driven.
  • the invention according to claim 107 is characterized in that the bias voltage in the bias drive can be adjusted.
  • the invention according to claim 108 is characterized in that the bias voltage in the bias drive can be adjusted.
  • the invention according to claim 109 is characterized in that a drive voltage adjusting means for adjusting a drive voltage to be in the drive voltage range according to a change in the luminance-voltage characteristic is provided.
  • the invention according to claim 110 is characterized by comprising a drive voltage adjusting means for adjusting a drive voltage to be within the drive voltage range according to a change in the luminance-voltage characteristic. I do.
  • the invention according to claim 11 is characterized by comprising a drive voltage adjusting means for adjusting a drive voltage to be within the drive voltage range according to a change in the luminance-voltage characteristic. .
  • the invention according to claim 11 further comprises a detecting means for detecting a voltage substantially corresponding to the peak value of the luminance level, and the driving voltage adjusting means drives according to the detection result. It is characterized in that it is configured to regulate the voltage.
  • the invention according to claim 11 includes a detecting means for detecting a voltage substantially corresponding to the peak value of the luminance level, and the driving voltage adjusting means according to the detection result. It is characterized in that it is configured to adjust the drive voltage.
  • the invention of claim 114 further comprises a detecting means for detecting a voltage substantially corresponding to the peak value of the luminance level, and further comprising:
  • the adjusting means is configured to adjust the drive voltage according to the detection result.
  • the invention according to claim 115 includes a detecting means for detecting a temperature in a use state of the liquid crystal display device, and the driving voltage adjusting means adjusts the driving voltage according to the detection result. It is characterized in that it is configured to
  • the invention according to claim 116 includes a detecting means for detecting a temperature of a use state of the liquid crystal display device, and the driving voltage adjusting means adjusts a driving voltage according to the detection result. It is characterized in that it is configured to adjust.
  • the invention according to claim 117 includes a detecting means for detecting a temperature in a use state of the liquid crystal display device, and the driving voltage adjusting means adjusts the driving voltage according to the detection result. It is characterized in that it is configured to According to the above configuration, it is possible to realize a normally black liquid crystal display device capable of performing brighter display than the conventional example and preventing the inversion of gradation. Further, the invention according to claim 118, wherein a reflecting plate that reflects light incident from the front side of the liquid crystal layer and emits the light to the front side is provided on the rear side of the liquid crystal layer.
  • the invention according to claim 119 wherein a reflector that reflects light incident from the front side of the liquid crystal layer and emits the light to the front side is provided on the rear side of the liquid crystal layer.
  • the light enters from the front side of the liquid crystal layer.
  • a reflector for reflecting light and emitting the light forward is provided behind the liquid crystal layer. According to the above configuration, it is possible to realize a reflective liquid crystal display device which can display brighter than the conventional example and can prevent the inversion of gradation.
  • the invention of claim 122 is characterized in that a light source is provided behind the liquid crystal layer, and light in an oblique direction from the light source passes through the liquid crystal layer and is emitted to the front side. .
  • the invention of Claims 12 and 2 is characterized in that a light source is provided behind the liquid crystal layer, and light in an oblique direction from the light source passes through the liquid crystal layer and is emitted to the front side. .
  • the invention of claim 123 is characterized in that a light source is provided behind the liquid crystal layer, and light in an oblique direction from the light source passes through the liquid crystal layer and is emitted to the front side. .
  • a transmissive liquid crystal display device which can display brighter than the conventional example and can prevent the inversion of gradation.
  • the invention of claim 124 is characterized in that display is performed by active matrix drive.
  • the invention according to claim 125 is characterized in that display is performed by active matrix driving.
  • the invention of claim 126 is based on the active matrix drive. It is characterized by displaying. According to the above configuration, it is possible to realize an active matrix type liquid crystal display device that can display brighter than the conventional example and can prevent the inversion of gradation. .
  • the invention according to claim 127 is characterized in that display is performed by simple matrix driving.
  • the invention of claim 128 is characterized in that display is performed by simple matrix driving.
  • the invention according to claim 12 is characterized in that display is performed by simple matrix driving. According to the above configuration, it is possible to realize a simple matrix type liquid crystal display device which can display brighter than the conventional example and can prevent the inversion of gradation.
  • the invention according to claim 130 is a driving method of a liquid crystal display device in a scattering mode in which a liquid crystal layer is switched between a scattering state and a transmission state to perform display.
  • the invention of claim 1331 is characterized in that active driving is performed by an active element array.
  • the invention according to claim 13 is characterized in that the bias drive is a facing reversal drive.
  • the bias drive is a floating drive. It is characterized by being driven by a gate.
  • the invention according to claim 13 is characterized in that the bias drive is a capacitive coupling drive.
  • the invention of claim 135 is characterized in that the predetermined voltage generated by the bias driving means is variable.
  • the invention according to claim 13 is a liquid crystal display device in a scattering mode in which a liquid crystal layer is switched between a scattering state and a transmission state to perform display, and when the liquid crystal layer is observed from a predetermined observation direction, It is characterized by having a luminance-voltage characteristic such that a luminance level higher than the luminance level at an applied voltage of 0 V exists during the process of changing between the scattering state and the transmission state.
  • the invention according to claim 1337 is characterized in that, in the luminance-voltage characteristics, the luminance level monotonously decreases from a voltage value having a luminance level higher than the luminance level when the applied voltage is 0 V, and is substantially zero. It is characterized in that the range up to the voltage value that becomes the level is the drive voltage range.
  • the luminance level higher than the luminance level when the applied voltage is 0 V, which changes according to the operating temperature of the liquid crystal display device, is the highest within the operating temperature range. It is characterized by having such a configuration.
  • the luminance level which changes according to the operating temperature of the liquid crystal display device and is higher than the luminance level when the applied voltage is 0 V, becomes the highest at almost room temperature. It is characterized by having such a configuration.
  • the liquid crystal material constituting the liquid crystal layer has a liquid crystal phase isotropic phase transition temperature of 20 ° C. or higher than the upper limit of the operating temperature range of the liquid crystal display device. It is characterized by being expensive.
  • the invention of claim 1441 is characterized in that the liquid crystal material constituting the liquid crystal layer has a liquid crystal phase isotropic phase transition temperature of 80 ° C. or more.
  • the invention according to claim 142 is configured such that the peak value of the luminance level, which changes according to the operating temperature of the liquid crystal display device, becomes the highest within the operating temperature range. And features.
  • the invention of claim 1443 is configured such that the peak value of the luminance level, which changes according to the use temperature of the liquid crystal display concealment, becomes the highest at almost room temperature.
  • the invention of claim 144 is that the liquid crystal material constituting the liquid crystal layer has a liquid crystal phase isotropic phase transition temperature that is at least 20 times higher than the upper limit of the operating temperature range of the liquid crystal display device. And.
  • a liquid crystal material constituting the liquid crystal layer has a liquid crystal phase isotropic phase transition temperature of 80 ° C. or more.
  • the invention according to claim 146 wherein the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is d (Im), and the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is SG,
  • the invention according to claim 147 wherein the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is d (zm), the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is SG, and the birefringence anisotropy of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal layer is ⁇ .
  • the invention of claim 148 is characterized in that the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer is not less than 10 and not more than 200.
  • the invention of claim 149 is characterized in that the scattering gain of the liquid crystal layer in the operating temperature range of the liquid crystal display device is 10 or more and 200 or less.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display element 101A according to Embodiment A1 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the voltage-reflectance characteristics of the liquid crystal display element 101A.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the non-gear gear and the maximum contrast.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the no-contrast and the product And.
  • FIG. 9 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device 101B according to Embodiment A3 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a simplified cross-sectional view of liquid crystal display element 101 C according to Embodiment A4 of the present invention.
  • Figure 11 is a diagram showing the dependence of the scattering gain on the panel gap required to achieve an acceptable contrast for red light.
  • Figure 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between the scattering gain and the particle size for RGB.
  • FIG. 13 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device 101 D according to Embodiment A5 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing the refractive index of liquid crystal molecules.
  • FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a configuration of a reflector of the display element of Embodiment B1.
  • FIG. 18 is an explanatory diagram illustrating an optical path of reflected light of the display element of Embodiment B1.
  • FIG. 19 is an explanatory diagram showing the direction of reflected light of the display element of Embodiment B1 and the like.
  • FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of the display element according to Embodiment B2.
  • FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing a configuration of a lens sheet film of the display element according to Embodiment B2.
  • FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a configuration of the reflector of the display element according to Embodiment B3.
  • FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram illustrating an optical path of reflected light from the display element according to Embodiment B3.
  • FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating the direction of reflected light from the display element of Embodiment B3, and the like.
  • FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating the direction of reflected light from the display element of Embodiment B3, and the like.
  • FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of the display element of Embodiment B4.
  • FIG. 26 is an explanatory diagram showing an optical path of reflected light from the display element of Embodiment B4.
  • FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram illustrating an optical path of reflected light of the display element according to Embodiment B4.
  • FIG. 28 is a graph showing a relationship between an incident angle and an outgoing angle of the display element of Embodiment B4.
  • FIG. 29 is a graph showing the relationship between the inclination angle and the emission angle of the display element according to Embodiment B4.
  • FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the display element of Embodiment 6
  • FIG. 32 is a plan view showing a configuration of the reflector of the display element of Embodiment 7.
  • FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the display element of Embodiment 7
  • FIG. 34 is a plan view showing a configuration of a reflector of another example of the display element of the seventh embodiment.
  • FIG. 35 is a diagram showing a configuration of a lens sheet film of the display element according to the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 36 is an explanatory diagram showing an optical path of reflected light of the display element of the eighth embodiment.
  • FIG. 37 is a diagram showing the configuration of the reflector of the display element of Embodiment 9; is there.
  • FIG. 38 is an explanatory diagram showing the direction of the reflected light from the display element of Embodiment B9, and the like.
  • FIG. 39 is a diagram showing a configuration of the reflector of the display element according to Embodiment B11.
  • FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of the display element of Embodiment B13.
  • FIG. 41 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of the display element according to Embodiment B14.
  • FIG. 42 is a plan view showing a configuration of the reflector of the display element of Embodiment B14.
  • FIG. 43 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of the display element of Embodiment B15.
  • FIG. 44 is an explanatory diagram showing the manufacturing process of the reflective plate of the display element of Embodiment B16.
  • FIG. 45 is an explanatory diagram showing the manufacturing process of the reflector of the display element of Embodiment B17.
  • FIG. 46 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of the reflective plate of the display element of Embodiment B18.
  • FIG. 47 is an explanatory diagram showing another example of the manufacturing process of the reflective plate of the display element of Embodiment B18.
  • FIG. 48 is an explanatory diagram showing the manufacturing process of the reflector of the display element of Embodiment B19.
  • FIG. 49 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device 301 according to the outline of Embodiment C.
  • FIG. 50 shows the display of the liquid crystal display device 301 according to the outline of Embodiment C. It is a figure for explaining operation.
  • FIG. 51 is a graph showing a luminance-voltage characteristic of the liquid crystal display device 301 according to the outline of Embodiment C.
  • FIG. 52 is a simplified cross-sectional view of liquid crystal display device 301A according to Embodiment C1.
  • FIG. 53 is a simplified cross-sectional view of liquid crystal display device 301 B according to Embodiment C2.
  • FIG. 54 is a graph showing luminance-voltage characteristics of the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C4.
  • FIG. 55 is a perspective view of a reflector used in the reflective liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C6.
  • FIG. 56 is a sectional view of FIG. 7, and FIG. 8 is a sectional view of FIG.
  • FIG. 57 is a diagram illustrating a change in temperature of luminance-voltage characteristics of the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C7.
  • FIG. 58 is a diagram illustrating a temperature change of a voltage at which the luminance of the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C7 reaches a peak.
  • FIG. 59 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a liquid crystal display device including the temperature sensor according to Embodiment C7.
  • FIG. 60 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a liquid crystal display device including the photosensor according to Embodiment C7.
  • FIG. 61 is a diagram showing a temperature change of a voltage at which the luminance of the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C8 reaches a peak.
  • FIG. 62 is a diagram illustrating a temperature change of a voltage at which the brightness of the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C8 becomes beaked.
  • FIG. 63 is a diagram illustrating a luminance-voltage characteristic of the liquid crystal display device g according to Embodiment C9.
  • FIG. 64 is a diagram showing a configuration of a reflector of a conventional scattering display element.
  • FIG. 65 is a diagram showing a configuration of a reflection plate of another conventional scattering type display element.
  • FIG. 66 is an explanatory diagram showing a display operation of the scattering display element.
  • FIG. 67 is an explanatory diagram showing a use state of the scattering display element.
  • FIG. 68 is an explanatory diagram showing the direction of reflected light and the like of a conventional scattering display element.
  • FIG. 69 is a graph showing luminance-voltage characteristics of a conventional liquid crystal display device.
  • Embodiment A of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
  • This embodiment A achieves high brightness and high cost by appropriately setting the scattering gain and the product of the liquid crystal layer thickness and the magnitude of the liquid crystal refractive index anisotropy. It is possible to achieve the trust.
  • a source line 106, a reflective pixel electrode 105 made of a reflective metal, and a thin film transistor (TFT) as a pixel switching element are provided on this array substrate 102. Etc. are formed.
  • the reflective pixel electrode 105 is made of aluminum (A 1), chromium (Cr), or the like.
  • the source line 106, the reflective pixel electrode 105, the TFT, and the like are covered with an insulating film 107.
  • a transparent opposing electrode 109 and an absolutely green film 110 are formed in a stack with this echelon.
  • the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104 has a structure in which liquid crystal droplets 112 are dispersed in a polymer 111, and the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal droplet 112 has a positive dielectric anisotropy. Is used.
  • the scattering gain SG of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104 satisfies the relationship of the following first formula.
  • the scattering gain used was a scattering gain for green light.
  • panel gap the layer thickness of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104 (hereinafter, referred to as panel gap).
  • the scattering gain of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104 By setting the scattering gain of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104 so as to satisfy the first formula as described above, the brightness and the brightness are significantly higher than in the conventional example. And a high contrast reflective liquid crystal display device.
  • the scattering gain can be set, for example, by the product An of the magnitude n of the refractive index anisotropy and the panel gap or the size of the liquid crystal droplet. This will be described in detail later.
  • high brightness and high contrast can be obtained by satisfying the first formula because the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal droplet 112 at room temperature.
  • ⁇ is approximately 0.25
  • the value of ⁇ of a liquid crystal material that is frequently used for example, approximately 0.15 or more, 0.27 or less
  • high brightness and high contrast can be obtained by setting the value so as to satisfy the following equation (1 ').
  • the value of the scattering gain SG that satisfies the above formulas (1) and (1') is, for example, 10 ° C or more under general liquid crystal materials and panel conditions such as panel gap. In the operating temperature range below 60, it is generally about 10 or more and about 200 or less.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the display operation of the reflective liquid crystal display device.
  • the display operation will be described with reference to FIG. 2.
  • the panel shows a scattering state due to the difference in the refractive index between the liquid crystal and the polymer 113.
  • the incident light 120 of the panel becomes the scattered light 121 so that a white display is obtained.
  • the voltage is ON, as shown in FIG. 2 (b)
  • the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal droplets 112 is oriented substantially in the panel gap direction. For this reason, the liquid crystal and the surrounding polymer 113 are turned into a transparent state by the refractive index matching between the liquid crystal and the surrounding polymer 113.
  • the incident light 120 is not scattered, is reflected by the reflective pixel electrode, and is emitted from the panel as regular reflected light 122. At this time, no light is emitted in the direction of the observer 125, and a black display is obtained on the panel.
  • FIG. 3 shows the voltage-reflectance characteristics of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal display device having the above-described display operation.
  • the characteristics in Fig. 3 are obtained from the experimental results of the inventor.
  • the reflective polymer dispersed liquid crystal display element has a peak reflectance in its voltage-reflectance characteristics.
  • the existence of such peak reflectivity was first discovered by the present inventor's experimental results.
  • the peak reflectance exists according to the following principle.
  • the principle will be explained with reference to FIG.
  • the scattering state of the panel when no voltage is applied (corresponding to point A in Fig. 3) is shown by the scattering azimuth distribution 130, and when the reflectance becomes maximum (at point B in Fig. 3).
  • the scattering situation is shown by the scattering azimuth distribution 131, and the scattering situation when voltage is further applied (corresponding to the point C in Fig. 3) is shown by the scattering azimuth distribution 132.
  • scattering becomes weaker with the application of a voltage, and the scattering azimuth distribution increases in the specular reflection direction of incident light.
  • the scattering azimuth distribution 13 1 has a higher reflectance than the scattering azimuth distribution 130. Further, when a voltage is further applied, the scattering azimuth distribution 132 converges in the specular reflection direction, and the reflectance in the observer 125 direction decreases. Therefore, a beak occurs in the reflectance of the voltage-reflectance characteristic.
  • the present inventor pays attention to such a voltage-reflectance characteristic, and sets the luminance level at the peak reflectivity to white luminance.
  • the scattering gain SG was Since it was set to about 1 or 2, the same type of scattering gain is used for the reflection type, so the peak reflectance is small and the existence of the peak reflectance is recognized. Probably it was not something that could be done.
  • the luminance level may actually be higher than in the state where no voltage is applied (when the applied voltage is 0 V).
  • the reflectivity of the oblique light is quite low from 0% because the refractive index of the polymer is different from that of the liquid crystal. Converge to distant values. Even in such a state, since the black absorbing plate is used, the black of the black absorbing plate is reflected at the black level, so that a sufficient black level can be obtained even if the reflectance is not 0%. However, the contrast is not high.
  • the scattering gain measured by the transmission type panel was used.
  • the liquid crystal display element according to the present invention desirably obtains a contrast of 70% or more of the maximum contrast.
  • the contrast of the conventional reflection type panel is usually about 10 and about 15 even if it is large. Therefore, if the maximum contrast is 70% or more, a much higher contrast can be realized compared to the conventional example.
  • line P1 in Fig. 6 indicates the upper limit of the allowable range
  • line P2 indicates the range of the optimal contrast
  • line P3 indicates the lower limit of the allowable range.
  • Embodiment A1 A more specific example of Embodiment A1 will be described.
  • the liquid crystal display device 101 shown in FIG. 1 was produced by the following method.
  • An array substrate 102 was formed by forming a TFT element, a source line 106, a reflective pixel electrode 105 made of aluminum, and the like on a transparent substrate made of glass.
  • the reflective pixel electrode 105 was a flat specular reflector.
  • a transparent counter electrode 109 and the like were formed on the counter substrate 103.
  • the upper and lower substrates 102 and 103 were bonded together with a panel gap.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material (trade name: PNM 201, manufactured by Dainippon Inki Chemical Industry) was vacuum-injected between the substrates 102 and 103.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal panel was created by irradiating ultraviolet rays to the panel into which the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material was vacuum-injected and polymerizing the material.
  • the panel was evaluated by measuring the voltage and reflectance characteristics of the formed panel. As a result, the characteristics shown in Fig. 3 were obtained.
  • a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer of the same particle size and the same panel gap was separately formed using a transmissive panel using the same material as that of the reflective panel, and the scattering gain was evaluated from the panel transmitted light. did.
  • the contrast is the peak reflectance value at the polar angle of 15 ° when the light is incident from the polar angle of 30 ° and the maximum value. It was determined from the luminance at the time of the applied voltage.
  • the optimal range of the scattering gain and the panel gear shown in Figs. 5 and 6 was obtained.
  • the optimal range at this time is a range that can achieve 70% or more of the maximum contrast.
  • the scattering gain S G is 50 exp (-0.4 d) ⁇ S G ⁇ 36 60 ex p (-0.
  • the contrast for finding the optimum range of the scattered gain was set to 70% or more of the maximum contrast.
  • a predetermined contrast such as 50% or more of the contrast may be used.
  • the maximum contrast is 50% or more
  • the optimum range of the scattering gain is the same as in the case of 70% or more, as shown in FIG.
  • the optimal scattering gain range is 15 or more and 108 or more.
  • the optimal scattering gain is 80.
  • the liquid crystal display element according to Embodiment A2 has a configuration basically similar to that of Embodiment A1. However, it is characterized in that the product of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal droplet, n, and the product, nd, of the non-gap d is not less than 0 and not more than 2.2 / m. . With such a configuration, it is also possible to realize a reflective polymer-dispersed liquid crystal display device of high brightness and high contrast.
  • the scattering gain is determined by the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal, the panel gap, the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet, and the like. (Because these parameters can be changed independently, there are many combinations of parameters even with the same scattering gain.) Therefore, the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal
  • the scattering gain can also be specified by the product An of the panel gear d and ⁇ . Under such an idea, the relationship between And and contrast shown in FIG. 8 was obtained by experiments of the present inventor. Here, in Embodiment A2, 30 or more contrasts are set. In Fig.
  • Panel gap d is desirably 3 m or more and 8 m or less for the same reason as in Embodiment A1. It is desirable that the refractive index anisotropy ⁇ of the liquid crystal is 0.15 or more and 0.27 or less, and the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet is 0.7 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less. It is desirable to do the following.
  • the panel gap d, the refractive index anisotropy n of the liquid crystal, and the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet are appropriately selected and combined within the respective ranges described above, so that ⁇ nd is not less than 0. It should be set within the range of m or less.
  • the combination of the particle size, the number of n, and the panel gear may be arbitrarily set within the above range.
  • Embodiment A2 A more specific example of Embodiment A2 will be described.
  • the birefringence of the liquid crystal was 0.15 or more and 0.27 or less.
  • the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet had to be 0.7 m or more and 2 m or less from the viewpoint of scattering properties.
  • the combination of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal, the panel gap, and the particle size can be any combination within the above range.
  • the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet needs to be 0.5 m or more and 2 m or less.
  • FIG. 9 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device 101B according to Embodiment A3 of the present invention.
  • the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104A is composed of a polymer 111 and two types of liquid crystal droplets 112A and 112B.
  • Liquid crystal droplet 112A is present inside polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer 104A, and has the same shape as liquid crystal droplet 112 in polymer dispersed liquid crystal of embodiment A1.
  • the liquid crystal droplets 112B are almost hemispherical at the interface between the substrates 102 and 103.
  • the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal droplet 112B is oriented in a substantially uniform direction along the substrates 102 and 103, and the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal droplet 112A has a three-dimensional liquid crystal orientation axis. It is oriented in a random direction.
  • alignment films 140, 141 are formed on the substrates 102, 103, and these alignment films 140, 141 are formed. Materials are selected so that the liquid crystal material has a higher wettability to 41 than the polymer material.
  • the alignment films 140 and 141 are subjected to a horizontal alignment process by a rubbing process.
  • the substrate boundary is formed.
  • the effect of reducing the scattering in the surface layer and increasing the scattering gain is produced. Therefore, by adjusting the size of the liquid crystal droplets 112B, the liquid crystal composition and the particle size of the liquid crystal droplets are not changed, and the liquid crystal fraction is not increased.
  • the scattering gain of the panel By adjusting the scattering gain of the panel to the optimum range, it is possible to achieve high brightness and high contrast.
  • the rubbing directions of the alignment film 140 and the alignment film 141 may be the same direction or different directions. However, if the directions are the same, the scattering between the interfaces of the substrates 102 and 103 is further reduced.
  • the non-gap d is 3 m or more and not more than 3 m. This is for the same reason as in the embodiment A1 in which the panel gap d is regulated.
  • Embodiment A3 A more specific example of Embodiment A3 will be described.
  • the liquid crystal display element 101B according to Embodiment A3 was manufactured by the following method. First, a TFT element, a source line 106, a reflective pixel electrode 105 made of aluminum, and the like were formed on a transparent substrate made of glass to form an array substrate 102. At this time, the reflective pixel electrode 105 was a flat specular reflector. Further, a transparent counter electrode 109 and the like were formed on the counter substrate 103. Next, after forming the alignment films 140 and 141 (trade name: AL54017, made by Nippon Synthetic Rubber) on the upper and lower substrates 102 and 103, the alignment films 140 and 1 are formed. 41 1 was subjected to rubbing treatment.
  • the direction of the rubbing treatment was such that the upper and lower substrates 102 and 103 were pasted together and then parallel to each other.
  • the upper and lower substrates 102 and 103 were bonded together with a panel gap of 5 m.
  • a polymer dispersed liquid crystal material between the substrates 102 and 103 (trade name: PNM201, Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Ltd.) was injected under vacuum. Thereafter, the panel was irradiated with ultraviolet light to polymerize the material, thereby producing a polymer-dispersed panel according to Embodiment A3.
  • a polymer-dispersed panel for evaluation was prepared in the same manner as above except that the alignment films 140 and 141 were not formed. Created.
  • the scattering gain of this evaluation panel was 30, which was larger than 15 when the rubbing treatment was not performed.
  • the substrate of the evaluation panel was peeled off and the interface was observed using an image processing apparatus, hemispherical liquid crystal droplets were formed at the interface.
  • the alignment film formed on the substrate may be other than the above, and may be any as long as liquid crystal droplets are deposited in a hemispherical shape on the substrate during phase separation of polymer / liquid crystal.
  • the liquid crystal material may have higher wettability to the alignment film than the polymer material.
  • the rubbing direction may be arbitrary, but the scattering is smaller when the directions of the upper and lower substrates are aligned. This may change direction up and down according to the degree of scattering.
  • FIG. 10 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display element 101 C according to Embodiment A4 of the present invention.
  • the embodiment A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display element 101 C according to Embodiment A4 of the present invention.
  • the embodiment A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display element 101 C according to Embodiment A4 of the present invention.
  • the embodiment A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display element 101 C according to Embodiment A4 of the present invention.
  • the embodiment A4 the embodiment A
  • the liquid crystal display element 101 C includes a red (R) color filter section 161, a green (G) color filter section 162, and a blue (B) color filter section.
  • This is a reflection type liquid crystal display device provided with a color filter section 160 composed of a color filter section 163.
  • reference numeral 165 denotes a TFT element connected to the R reflection pixel electrode 105a
  • reference numeral 166 denotes a TFT element connected to the G reflection pixel electrode 105b
  • Reference numeral 167 denotes a TFT element connected to the reflective pixel electrode for B 105 c.
  • reference numeral 164 denotes an absolute layer
  • reference numeral 168 denotes a black matrix
  • 104 G is a G pixel region of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer 104
  • 104 B is a B pixel region of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer 104
  • That is, 104 R is the R pixel area of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer 104.
  • the liquid crystal display element does not have a color filter.
  • a full color display with a color filter 160 is provided.
  • This is a liquid crystal display element for one display.
  • the thickness of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer is set to d (jum)
  • the scattering gain of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer for the red light (R) pixel area 4R of the green light for the green light is set to d (jum).
  • SG r if the scattering gain of the green (G) pixel area 4 G is SG g and the scattering gain of the blue (B) pixel area 4 B is SG b,
  • the optimal range of the scattering gain in the G pixel region 104 G is the range of the above-described second formula from the first formula of the above-described embodiment A1.
  • the optimum range of the scattering gain is strictly different from the optimum range of the scattering gain in the G pixel region 104G.
  • the optimum value was sufficiently obtained within the range of the third expression similar to the G pixel area 104G.
  • FIG. 11 is obtained by a method similar to that of the above-described embodiment A1, and corresponds to FIG. Therefore, by setting each pixel region 104 R, 104 G, and 104 B to the scattering gain in the range satisfying the above formulas 2 to 4, high contrast can be obtained. Thus, a reflective liquid crystal display element with a full color display can be obtained.
  • the particle size of the liquid crystal droplets 112 R in the R pixel region 104 R is represented by r R
  • the particle size of the liquid crystal droplets 112 G in the G pixel region 104 G is represented by r
  • r R> r G> r B is satisfied.
  • the particle size of the RGB liquid crystal droplet and the scattering gain have the relationship shown in Fig. 12 when the panel gap and the magnitude of the refractive index anisotropy are the same. ing.
  • the scattering gain of the R pixel area 104 R be N l (N 1 is a value within the range of the above formula 4.)
  • the scattering gain of the G pixel area 104 G The gain is assumed to be N 2 (where N 2 is a value within the range of the above-described formula (2))
  • the scattering gain of the B pixel region 104 B is set to N 3 (where N 3 is within the range of the above-described formula (3)) Is assumed to be the value of).
  • the particle size rR may be either rRl or rR2.
  • the particle size rG may be either rGl or rG2, and the particle size rB may be either rBI or rB2. Therefore, as a liquid crystal display element satisfying the above-mentioned formulas (2) to (4), a plurality of combinations of sizes of RGB liquid crystal droplets are possible. Of these, when the configuration is such that rR>rG> rB is satisfied (for example, when rR2>rG2> rB2), manufacturing is easier than other combinations. is there.
  • Embodiment A4 A more specific example of Embodiment A4 will be described.
  • the liquid crystal display device 101C shown in FIG. 10 was manufactured by the following method. In other words, except that a color filter 160 was formed on the opposing substrate 103 on the opposing side, it was manufactured basically in the same manner as in Embodiment A1. Next, the relationship between the range of the optimal scattering gain and the panel gear in which a high contrast was obtained for each pixel region of RGB was analyzed by the same method as in the embodiment A1. In this case, the optimal range was set so that 70% or more of the maximum contrast could be achieved. As a result, as described above,
  • the gain was optimized by changing the particle size of the liquid crystal droplets by RGB.
  • the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet in the R pixel region 104 R is r R
  • the particle size of the liquid crystal droplet in the G pixel region 104 G is r G
  • the liquid crystal droplet size in the B pixel region 104 B is Assuming that the particle size is r B, liquid crystal droplets of each of the RGB pixel regions were formed so as to satisfy r R> r G> r B.
  • the wavelengths of the R, G, and B light substantially correspond to B at 430 nm, G at 540 nm, and R at 620 nm.
  • FIG. 13 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device 101 D according to Embodiment A5 of the present invention.
  • the same reference numerals are given to portions corresponding to Embodiment A1, and description thereof will be omitted.
  • This embodiment is similar to the embodiment A4, except that a full-color display is used. It is a projection type liquid crystal display element.
  • a resin film substrate 103a is used instead of the opposite substrate 103 made of glass.
  • the present embodiment is different from Embodiment A4 in that the liquid crystal layer thickness is configured to be different for each RGB pixel region.
  • the cell thickness is configured so that the scattering gain of each RGB pixel region is within the optimal range corresponding to RGB.
  • the layer thicknesses corresponding to the R pixel region 104 R, the G pixel region 104 G, and the B pixel region 104 B are represented by the layer thickness d R, the layer thickness d G, and the layer thickness, respectively.
  • d B (unit / m) be the red (R) pixel area of the scattering gain for the green light of the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer. 4
  • the scattering gain of R is SGr, and the green (G) pixel area. If the scattering gain of 4 G is SG g and the scattering gain of the blue (B) pixel region 4 B is SG b,
  • the above range is the optimum range of the scattering gain that can realize 70% or more of the maximum contrast.
  • the respective layer thicknesses dR, dG, and dB satisfy dR> dG> dB.
  • dR> dG> dB the layer thickness and scattering gain for each RGB have the relationship shown in Fig.14.
  • dR> dG> dB it is understood that in order for each of the RGBs to obtain the same scattering gain, dR> dG> dB should be satisfied. Therefore, in the present embodiment, by satisfying the above-mentioned formulas (5) to (7) and satisfying dR> dG> db, it is possible to obtain a high contrast display in addition to the high contrast display. Thus, a substantially uniform display contrast is obtained between the RGB pixels.
  • dR> dG> dB is satisfied.
  • the contrast of each pixel of RGB can be arbitrarily controlled by satisfying the above formulas (5) to (7) and individually changing the layer thickness to each pixel of RGB. This is possible.
  • Embodiment A5 A more specific example of Embodiment A5 will be described.
  • the liquid crystal display device 101D shown in FIG. 13 was manufactured by the following method.
  • Array substrate with reflective pixel electrodes 105a, 105b, 105c A color filter of 60 was formed on 2.
  • a release material was applied to a glass substrate (not shown) having projections and depressions corresponding to the RGB pixels, and bonded to the array substrate 102 described above.
  • a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material was injected between the substrates, and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal panel was formed using an ultraviolet polymerization method.
  • the above glass substrate was peeled off at the site of the peeling material.
  • the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer 104 had a different layer thickness for each RGB pixel corresponding to the unevenness of the glass substrate.
  • the layer was formed so as to satisfy the layer thickness d B> layer thickness d G> layer thickness dR. Specifically, the layer thickness d B was 7 ⁇ , the layer thickness d G was 4 m, and the layer thickness d R was 3.
  • a green film 110 is coated on the polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer 104, and a resin film substrate 103a having a counter electrode 109 is laminated to form a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display. The element was used. At this time, a contrast of 20 to 25 was obtained for each pixel of RGB, and a very uniform display contrast was obtained.
  • the contrast of the RGB pixels can be arbitrarily controlled. Further, by using the resin film substrate 103a as the opposing substrate, the weight can be reduced. In the above example, a glass substrate having irregularities is used, but it may be pressed with a mold having irregularities after forming a flat polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer. (Supplementary explanation of Embodiment A)
  • the scattering gain for green light is used.
  • the present invention is not limited to this, and a scattering gain for white light may be used. Regardless of whether the scattered gain is used for white light or green light, the values of the first to seventh formulas are almost the same. Since human sensitivity to white light is almost determined by the intensity of the green component, is it considered that there is almost no difference between the scatter gain for white light and the scatter gain for green light? It is.
  • the liquid crystal display element according to the present invention is not limited to a shape in which liquid crystal droplets are almost independently present in a polymer, but may have a shape in which a part of each liquid crystal is proliferated. Alternatively, a structure in which liquid crystal is sandwiched between three-dimensional polymer networks may be used.
  • the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer can be made of any material as long as it is in a normal mode scattering display mode using a liquid crystal having a positive dielectric anisotropy.
  • the reflective pixel electrode as the reflective layer may be made of a material other than aluminum, such as chromium, or may be a dielectric multi-layer film reflective plate provided with a conductive layer.
  • the reflective pixel electrode may be flat, or a fine structure such as a diffraction grating or a sawtooth shape may be formed. Such a structure is effective in suppressing the reflection of ambient light.
  • the reflective pixel electrode is formed on the same plane as the source line and the like, but this is because the reflective pixel electrode is formed by laminating a passivation layer and the like. May be formed. In this case, by forming the reflective pixel electrode on the source and the gate via the non-volatile layer, the pixel aperture ratio is improved and the effect of increasing the luminance is obtained.
  • this display element is provided as a scattering transmission means between a pair of substrates 22 1 and 22 2 on which transparent electrodes 22 la and 22 2 a are formed, respectively.
  • a composite layer 225 of the polymer 223 and the liquid crystal 224 is provided.
  • a reflection plate 226 as reflection means is provided on the outer side of the substrate 222.
  • the substrates 22 1 and 22 2 substrates made of glass or resin are used.
  • the composite layer 225 for example, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal or a polymer network liquid crystal is used.
  • FIG. 15 shows an example in which a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal is used.
  • the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal 224 have, for example, a refractive index ne in the major axis direction equal to the refractive index np of the polymer 223 as schematically shown in FIG.
  • the refractive index ⁇ in the minor axis direction is set so as to be different from the refractive index nP.
  • the display screen On the surface of the reflector 2 26, as shown in Fig. 17, the display screen has a generally strip shape that is long in the vertical direction and the curvature in the horizontal direction is larger than the curvature in the vertical direction Protrusions 226 a are formed so as to act also as anisotropic scattering means. That is, when the reflection surface of the reflector 2 26 ′ is formed as a mirror surface as in the conventional display element, the incident light is specularly reflected as shown in FIG. 18 (a). On the other hand, in the case of the reflector plate 22 6 of the embodiment B1, as shown in FIG. 18 (b), the light is reflected to some extent and the degree of scattering of the reflected light is displayed on the display screen. The light is scattered anisotropically so that it is larger in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction.
  • the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal 22 4 are each oriented in the long direction. Faces a random direction. There Thus, the light incident on the composite layer 225 deflects in various directions each time it passes through the interface between the polymer 223 and the liquid crystal 224. That is, scattering occurs due to the mismatch of the refractive index (scattering state), and a bright display (white display) appears to be opaque when viewed from any direction on the display screen. In addition, the light scattered on the side of the reflector 222 of the composite layer 225 is also reflected by the reflector 226 and contributes to display, so that high-luminance display is performed.
  • the long axis direction of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal 222 is oriented in the direction along the lines of electric force. Therefore, the light incident on the composite layer 225 is scattered because the refractive index between the polymer 223 and the liquid crystal 224 in the incident direction of the light on the composite layer 225 becomes almost equal. However, as described above, the light is transmitted through the reflector 226 so as to have anisotropy and is transmitted again through the composite layer 225. For this reason, as shown in FIG.
  • the light source light (external light) emitted from the direction indicated by the position P (diagonally forward of the display screen) is mainly as shown by the region R in FIG.
  • the light is diffusely reflected in the direction that spreads left and right on the display screen. Therefore, in the normal viewing range (area Q) of the display image, the reflected light of the light source light does not enter the visual field, and the display is surely displayed in black (black display).
  • the reflected light of the light from the light source has a reduced luminance due to scattering, so that the grayscale inversion does not occur.
  • the decrease in contrast is slightly suppressed, and the discomfort on the display is reduced.
  • the switching between the scattering state and the transmission state depending on whether or not a voltage is applied between the transparent electrodes 22 1 a and 22 22 a as described above is performed for each pixel, so that the bit is reduced.
  • the map image is displayed.
  • TFT thin film transistor
  • the surface shape of the reflecting plate 226 is not limited to the one in which the substantially strip-shaped convex portion 226a is formed, as in the case of the upper g, but may be an elliptical shape that is long in the longitudinal direction. It may be one having projections and the like formed thereon. In addition, it may be one having a crack formed in the vertical direction or one having a convex portion in the shape of a cone or the like. That is, if it is formed so as to be scattered with anisotropy so that the degree of scattering of the reflected light is greater in the left-right direction than in the vertical direction of the display screen, for example, the same applies. The effect is obtained.
  • the reflection plate may be a flat plate and a diffraction grating may be formed in the liquid crystal panel.
  • a diffraction grating having a one-dimensional anisotropy formed in the vertical direction of the display screen, instead of a two-dimensional isotropic one, is used. Since diffraction occurs in the left-right direction, an anisotropic scattering effect was obtained as in the above case.
  • the diffraction grating as described above may be formed near the upper substrate or may be formed near the rear substrate. Further, the substrate may be formed on a substrate by using a photo resist.
  • Embodiment B 2 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 20 and 21.
  • components having the same functions as those of the other embodiments, such as the embodiment B1 will be denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
  • this display element is configured such that a lens sheet film 237 as anisotropic transmission means is provided on the surface of a substrate 221.
  • This lens sheet film 237 is shown in Figure 21.
  • the vertical thickness of the display screen is uniform, and a lenticular lens that acts as a convex lens is formed in the horizontal direction.
  • the reflecting surface of the reflecting plate 236 is formed flat.
  • the transparent electrode 222a may be formed of a reflective material.
  • the vertical light path of the reflected light of the light source light incident on the display element in the vertical direction of the display screen is reduced.
  • the light path becomes a regular reflection light path
  • the light path in the left-right direction spreads widely due to the action of the lens of the lens sheet film 237. Therefore, similarly to the display element of the embodiment B1, the reflected light of the light source light does not enter the visual field in the normal visible range of the display image, and the dark display (black display) is surely performed.
  • gradation inversion and a significant decrease in contrast can be suppressed.
  • the lens sheet film 237 is not limited to the lens sheet film having the lenticular lens formed as described above, but may include the convex portion 2 of the reflecting plate 222 of Embodiment B1. 26 As in the case of 6a, the display screen may have a substantially strip shape that is long in the vertical direction and has a convex portion in which the curvature in the horizontal direction is larger than the curvature in the vertical direction. .
  • Embodiment B3 of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 2.2 to 24.
  • This display element differs from the display element of Embodiment B1 only in the surface shape of the reflector. That is, as shown in FIG. 22, the cross section of the cross section A—A of the reflection plate 246 as the reflection means and the emission angle changing means is shown. It has a saw blade shape, and is formed such that the normal direction of the main inclination of the surface is inclined below the display screen.
  • the display element is viewed from the upper side of the display screen.
  • the outgoing angle /? Is larger than the incident angle of the light source light incident on the light source. Therefore, as shown by the position R in FIG. 24, the reflected light of the light source light is further below the specular reflection direction when the reflector is flat, that is, in the normal view of the display image. The light is reflected in a direction far away from the area, does not enter the field of view, and a dark display (black display) is reliably performed.
  • the reflected light can be confined inside the substrate. As a result, almost no or no outgoing light can be emitted. That is, in the transmissive state, when the emission angle is large, especially when the angle is larger than the total reflection angle, light cannot be emitted. When total reflection occurs in this way, there is no outgoing light and there is no exit angle to the panel, but as shown in Figure 27 below, the inside of the panel has The angle with respect to the normal line of the substrate 222 is incident on the reflecting plate 246 from the direction of ⁇ , and the angle with respect to the normal line is reflected in the direction of (5).
  • the above-mentioned emission angle d becomes the incident angle. Therefore, if the above-mentioned emission angle (5 becomes larger than the total reflection angle), the light is totally reflected by the substrates 22 1 and 22 2 and propagates through the substrate. At this time, the light does not leak outside, and the confined light is, for example, a state in which adjacent pixels are scattered. When Tsu is scattered by the pixel of the scattering state of this by emitting. This high cormorants Ede very effective to increase the brightness of the display. In addition, scattered around When there is no pixel in the state, the light is attenuated by black matrix or color filter after repeated reflections, and finally disappears. Some light reaches the end face of the liquid crystal element, and some may shine on the end face.However, this end face can be solved by hiding the end face with a housing. You.
  • the surface shape of the reflector 246 is not limited to the sawtooth shape as described above, and the emission angle ⁇ is more than the incidence angle of the light source light incident on the display element from the upper side of the display screen. It is only necessary that the light is reflected in the direction in which the light becomes larger.
  • a display element having a configuration similar to the scattering display element of Embodiment B3 will be described in more detail with respect to the inclination angle of the saw blade shape.
  • the inclination angle is schematically exaggerated for convenience.
  • the reflector 246 is formed on the composite layer 225 side of the substrate 222 (array substrate), that is, the source line formed on the substrate 222. It is provided on the insulating layer 248 that covers the electrodes 247a and the like, so that parallax can be suppressed to be small.
  • a color filter 22 lb is provided between the substrate 22 1 (counter substrate) and the transparent electrode 22 la (counter electrode).
  • the reflector 246 is formed by forming a reflective layer 246b also serving as a pixel electrode on a saw blade resist 246a.
  • the repetitive pitch of the saw blade shape in the reflector 246 is set, for example, to 2 m or more and 100 m or less.
  • the diameter In general, it is difficult to reduce the diameter to less than 2 m in terms of machining accuracy, such as edge dulling is likely to occur.On the other hand, it is more than 100 m. In such a case, the step of the saw blade shape becomes large, and the uniformity of the panel gap (the thickness of the composite layer 225) is reduced, so that display unevenness is likely to occur.
  • the light source light incident on this display element at an incident angle is emitted at an emission angle?
  • the reflected light is further refracted by the substrate 221 and emitted. Either exit at the angle 3 ( ⁇ > a) (Fig.
  • the angle of inclination 0 of the reflector 246 is relatively large, and the angle is larger than the total reflection angle of the substrate 221 In this case, the light is totally reflected by the substrate 2 21, is reflected again by the reflector 2 46, propagates between the substrate 2 21 and the reflector 2 46 at a deeper angle, and It is sealed between the substrate 222 and the substrate 222 (Fig. 27). (In FIGS. 26 and 27, the insulating layer 248 and the like are omitted for convenience.)
  • Fig. 28 shows the relationship between the incident angle and the outgoing angle /?
  • Fig. 29 shows the relationship between the 'inclination angle S and the outgoing angle /? The relationship is shown by the angles of incidence Higo and.
  • this type of display element is usually used such that the incident angle of the light from the light source is about 30 °. Therefore, as is clear from the figure, by setting the inclination angle 0 to about 5 ° or more, the emission angle / 5 of the reflected light is made to be about 50 ° or more. Wide viewing angle In addition, it is possible to obtain a display element having good display characteristics with high luminance and contrast.
  • the emission angle 3 of the reflected light is about 80 ° with respect to the light source light having the incident angle 30 °. That is, when the polar angle is viewed from a direction of 80 °, the reflected light of the source light enters the field of view, causing a grayscale inversion, but such a viewing direction is normal. It is far away from the viewing direction, so there is no problem in actual use. On the other hand, when the polar angle is viewed from a direction of 30 °, the reflected light does not enter the field of view as in the case where the reflector is flat, so that gradation inversion occurs. In addition, a display with good image quality without glare can be obtained.
  • the emission angle ⁇ should be about 50 ° or more for any incident light having an incident angle of 0 ° or more.
  • the emission angle /? can be set to be about 30 ° or more.
  • the inclination angle 0 of the reflector 2246 should be 5 ° or more, more preferably 10. It is preferable to set above.
  • the reflected light of the source light incident at an incident angle H of about 30 ° has a calculated exit angle 3 of FIG.
  • the angle is 90 ° or more, and as shown in FIG. 27, the light is totally reflected by the substrate 22 1, and between the substrate 22 1 and the substrate 22 2. It is contained in Such confinement of the outgoing light can be made to occur even for the incident light having a smaller incident angle as the inclination angle S is larger.
  • the inclination angle 0 is set to 30 ° or less, more preferably 25 ° or less, and furthermore, Preferably, it should be set to 15 ° or less.
  • a saw blade-shaped edge portion is made to absorb incident light, or a reflection layer 246 b is formed on the edge portion.
  • the incident light may be transmitted through and may be made to enter the rear surface side of the reflector 246.
  • the reflecting plate 24 in order to prevent the reflected light of the light from the light source from entering the field of view and to prevent the contrast from being lowered by the scattered light, the reflecting plate 24 must be used. It is preferable to set the inclination angle 0 of 6 to 5 ° or more, 30 ° or less, more preferably 5 ° or more, and 15 ° or less, and within this range, the desired light source light What is necessary is just to set according to a reflection direction, ie, a viewing angle characteristic.
  • the following describes an example of a display element in which the reflection layer 246b does not serve also as a pixel electrode as in Embodiment B4 but serves also as a counter electrode.
  • a reflective layer 265b serving as a counter electrode is deposited on a sawtooth film substrate 265a.
  • the array substrate 2667 has a transparent pixel electrode 2668, and the transparent pixel electrode 2668 corresponds to the transparent pixel electrode 2668.
  • the saw-toothed film substrate 265a of the opposite substrate 265 is formed with a saw-tooth shape having an inclined surface having an inclination angle of 0 °.
  • the magnitude of the tilt angle 0 is not limited to 10 °, and may be set according to a desired viewing angle characteristic or the like as described in the embodiment B4.
  • the saw-toothed film substrate 2665a as described above can be easily formed, for example, as in Embodiments B18 and B19 described later.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto, and various methods capable of forming a saw-tooth-shaped concave and convex may be applied.
  • the exit angle of light incident at an incident angle of 30 ° was about 62 °. Therefore, as described in the embodiment B4, the reflected light of the source light enters the field of view when viewed from a normal viewing range (for example, a direction in which the polar angle is within 50 °). Since there is no such phenomenon, gradation inversion does not occur, and a display with good image quality can be obtained. In addition, since a film substrate is used for the opposing substrate 265, the weight of the display element can be easily reduced.
  • the color filter 2669 is formed on the array substrate 2667 side, but may be formed on the counter substrate 265 side.
  • the color filter 269 is formed not only in the area almost corresponding to the transparent pixel electrode 268 but also in the area other than the transparent pixel electrode 268 in the red, green, and blue pixel areas. You may do it.
  • a saw-tooth shape or the like is formed so that the pitch is random in a scattering type display element similar to each of the above embodiments.
  • the sawtooth-shaped pitch formed on the reflection plate 246 is randomly (5 / m or more and 20 m or less).
  • the pitches of the adjacent saw blades are set so that they are almost different from each other.
  • the angle of inclination of each saw blade is set to 15 °.
  • the pitch of the saw blade is set to 5 m or more and 100 m or less. Diffraction is likely to occur (as the wavelength is closer to the wavelength of light), but a particularly great effect is obtained in suppressing such diffraction. That is, even when the bitness is set to be small, an image with good image quality can be displayed.
  • the pitch When the pitch is large, the diffraction itself does not easily occur, but when the pitch is about 100 rn, the pitch becomes a visual level and the image quality tends to deteriorate. In addition, since the size of a pixel is usually 100 m or less, when the pitch is 100 m or more, a decrease in resolution is likely to occur. In addition, when the pitch is large, the step of the saw blade shape becomes large, and the uniformity of the panel gap (the thickness of the composite layer 225) is reduced. It is easy to grow. Also, for the same reason, the range of the pitch (the difference between the maximum pitch and the minimum pitch) should be 30 / m or less, and more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less. Desirable.
  • the angle of inclination of the saw blade shape is not limited to 15 °, and may be variously set, for example, in the range of 5 ° to 30 °.
  • the inclination angle may be set randomly, that is, the inclination angle may be different for each saw blade shape. More specifically, for example, the inclination angle distribution
  • the reflector 249 provided in this display element has a fan-shaped, semi-circular, or partially circular shape when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the display screen.
  • the reflective layer 24b is formed on a convex resist 2449a having a substantially spherical surface (ie, a substantially spherical shape) or a partial ellipsoidal surface.
  • the convex register 249a has a height of 2 Aim and has a vertical direction on the display screen for each pixel area surrounded by the source line 247a and the gate line 247b. Pitches are densely arranged at 40 m.
  • the inclination angle of the cross section shown in FIG. 33 in the convex register 249a is set to be about 5 ° or more and about 30 ° or less.
  • each convex resist 24 9a Incident light having an optical path within a substantially symmetric plane (A-A cross section in FIG. 32) in the shape is displayed on the display screen at an emission angle larger than the incident angle, as in the embodiment B3 and the like. Since the light is emitted in the downward direction, for example, gradation inversion when viewed from the direction indicated by the arrow P in FIG. 33 is prevented. In addition, incident light in an optical path or direction that is not within the above-mentioned plane of symmetry exits in a direction generally downward of the display screen and in a direction diverging left and right. Therefore, even when viewed from a direction other than the arrow P, the amount of reflected light is suppressed to a small extent, so that the grayscale inversion is further reduced, and a wider viewing angle can be obtained.
  • convex resists 249a may be randomly arranged instead of being arranged as described above.
  • the shape of the convex resist 249 a is not limited to the partial spherical shape as described above, and as shown in FIG. 34, for example, as shown in FIG. 34, the convex portion 249 of the embodiment B1 (FIG. 17)
  • the shape of the lower part of the display screen in a part of a spindle or an ellipsoid as shown in 26a may be used. In this case, the reflected light can be emitted substantially below the display screen and in a direction that causes a large amount of scattering in the left-right direction.
  • the scattering type display element according to Embodiment B 8 of the present invention is shown in FIGS.
  • This display element is different from the display element of Embodiment B2 only in the cross-sectional shape of the lens sheet film.
  • the lens sheet film 257 as the refracting and transmitting means has a cross section A—A having a convex lens or only the upper half of a cylindrical lens. It is formed in a shape like a line.
  • the composite layer 225 can be formed similarly to the display element of Embodiment B3.
  • FIG. 37 The scattering display element according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 37 and 38.
  • FIG. 38 The scattering display element according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 37 and 38.
  • This display element is different from the display element of Embodiment B1 only in the reflector. That is, as shown in FIG. 37, the reflection plate 2666 as the reflection means and the emission angle changing means has a retro-reflector structure, and light incident from any direction can be used. In each case, the light is reflected in the same direction as the incident direction.
  • the reflection plate 266 is used from the direction indicated by the position ⁇ .
  • the incident light source light is reflected in the direction indicated by the position R which is the same direction. Therefore, the reflected light of the light source light does not enter the visual field in the visible range of the display image.
  • the light source is not located in the viewing direction unless it is a very special use condition (a light source at such a position may cast a shadow on the observer).
  • the reflection of light enters the field of view In addition, a dark display (black display) is reliably performed.
  • the reflection plate 266 may use total reflection or may have a reflection layer formed of a metal film or the like. In addition, it is not necessary to have a strictly retroreflector structure, but it is sufficient if it has a characteristic of reflecting in substantially the same direction as the incident direction.
  • the transmittance of the diffusion film is kept at a predetermined value.
  • the transmittance is defined as a ratio of the total amount of incident light to the total amount of light subtracted from the total amount of light returning in the direction of the hemisphere region on the light source side.
  • the transmittance When the transmittance is set to 95% or less, the specular reflection light of the light source light from the reflector 236 when the composite layer 225 is in the transmission state is reduced, and the display is performed. It was confirmed that the reduction in image contrast can be suppressed. However, when the transmittance becomes 50% or less, the amount of light that enters the field of view by being scattered and reflected at the front of the diffusion film increases, so that the contrast of the displayed image is rather reduced. Decrease. By setting the transmittance between 50% and 95%, and preferably between 70% and 95%, a good contrast can be obtained. . For the same reason as when the transmittance is too small, it is preferable that the diffusion intensity of the diffusion film is low.
  • the diffusion film as described above does not allow a strict optical design as in the lens sheet film 237 of the embodiment B2, so that the viewing angle characteristics are low. Although slightly inferior, the effect was sufficiently confirmed in practical use. Moreover, since the diffusion film is less expensive than the lens sheet film 237, etc., it is possible to improve the display characteristics of the display element while suppressing an increase in manufacturing cost. .
  • half mirrors 276 to 278 as reflecting means and attenuating means as shown in FIG. 39 may be used.
  • the mirrors 276 and 277 each have a reflective surface on a black substrate 276a or transparent substrate 277a. Reflective films 2776b and 2777b having transparency are formed. Further, the half mirror 278 of FIG. 39 (c) is formed by stacking a transparent substrate 278a, a flat reflective film 278b, and a reflective film 278 having an inclination. ing.
  • the half mirror 276 since the reflectance is low, the brightness when the composite layer 225 is in a scattered state and the display is bright (white display) is reduced. Higher brightness can be obtained than a display element without a reflective plate.), And the amount of specularly reflected light from the light source light also decreases when the composite layer 225 is in a transmissive state and is in a dark display (black display). Therefore, the contrast can be increased.
  • the display light amount for the bright display and the display light amount for the dark display The amount of specular reflection is as shown below (Table 1).
  • the refractive index of the liquid crystal molecules is the refractive index in the long axis direction ne and the refractive index in the short axis direction riO.
  • each polarization component is Since the amount of reflected light is (1-1) / 2 and 1/2, respectively, the total is (2-) / 2.
  • the half mirror 278 when the half mirror 278 is used, when the display is bright, the reflection Since the scattered light transmitted through the film 278 b is reflected by the reflection film 278 c, a higher luminance can be obtained than when the half mirror 276 is used, and in the case of a dark display. In this case, the light source light transmitted through the reflective film 278 b is reflected by the reflective film 278 c in a direction away from the viewing range of the displayed image, and does not enter the field of view, so that a high contrast is obtained. .
  • the half mirrors 276 to 278 need not have a transmittance of 50%, but need only have reflectivity and transmissivity, and preferably have a reflectivity. If the ratio is 90% or less, more preferably 80% or less, particularly good display image quality can be obtained. Further, the present invention is not limited to the case in which the reflective film 276 b is formed on the black substrate 276 a, but the reflective film is formed on the substrate 222 and the transparent electrode 222 a is made reflective. It may be formed so as to have transparency.
  • the reflectance is defined as the ratio of the total m of light returning in the direction of the hemispherical region on the light source side to the amount of incident light.
  • a reflection film and a reflection film formed by depositing a port film composed of a film on a substrate by vapor deposition or the like are used. It may be used as a damping means.
  • the transparent electrode 222 a may be formed by chromium. This chromium has relatively high light absorption and low reflectance compared to materials with high reflectance, such as aluminum and silver, which are generally used as reflectors. Only part of the reflected light is reflected. That is, the same effect as in the case of using the half mirror 276 of the embodiment B11 can be obtained.
  • Embodiment B13 of the present invention a scattering display element in which a polarizing plate as a polarizing means is provided on the upper surface of a reflecting plate will be described.
  • this display element has a polarizing plate 28 1 bonded to a substrate 22 2 instead of the reflecting plate 2 26 of the embodiment B 1 and a reflecting plate. 282 and a protective resin layer 283 are formed.
  • the polarizing plate 281 is arranged to transmit vertically polarized light components on the display screen and to absorb left and right polarized light components.
  • the display light amount and the regular reflection light amount as shown in the above are obtained. That is, when the composite layer 2 25 is in a scattering state, only one polarization component of the scattered light passes through the polarizing plate 28 1 and is reflected by the reflecting plate 28 2, so that the display light amount is small. However, 3Z4 is obtained, which is equivalent to the case where a reflection plate having a reflectance of 50% is provided.
  • the amount of specular reflection in the case where the composite layer 225 is in the transmissive state is such that when the light from the light source enters obliquely from the front of the display screen, the polarization component in the direction perpendicular to the display screen (the vertical direction of the display screen).
  • the amount of specularly reflected light is (1 1) / 4, which is equivalent to the case where a reflecting plate with a reflectance of 50% is provided.
  • the polarization component in the direction parallel to the screen is Since it is absorbed by 1, the amount of specular reflection becomes 0.
  • the total amount of specular reflection is (11) / 4
  • the ratio of the amount of specular reflection to the amount of display is (11) / 3
  • a 50% reflective plate is provided. Compared to, the brightness is the same and a higher contrast display image can be obtained.
  • the contrast is slightly lowered, but a reflecting plate having a reflectance of 50% is still provided. More contrast can be obtained.
  • the polarizing plate 281 may be provided on the upper surface of the substrate 221. In this case as well, although the amount of display light is reduced, a reflecting plate having a reflectance of 50% is provided. More contrast can be obtained.
  • a reflective electrode 294 is formed on a substrate 291 via a smoothing layer 293 made of resin. Is also good. According to such a configuration, particularly, when the substrate 29 1 on which the thin film transistor (TFT) 92 is formed is used, the reflection electrode 29 4 due to the influence of the TFT 29 2 is used. This makes it easy to prevent irregularities on the surface or to make the surface shape of the reflective electrode 294 a desired shape. Further, since the reflective electrode 294 has a function as a reflective plate, parallax due to the thickness of the substrate 291 is prevented, so that the sharpness of a displayed image can be increased. It can be easily done.
  • TFT thin film transistor
  • the smoothing layer 293 and the reflective electrode 294 as described above are formed, for example, as follows.
  • a smoothing layer 293 made of, for example, acrylic resin is formed by coating or the like.
  • the above-mentioned smoothing layer 293 is formed of a black resin, the same function as that of the black substrate 276a of FIG. 39 (a) can be provided. .
  • the reflective electrode 294 When the reflective electrode 294 is made to have scattering properties, for example, a pattern as shown in FIG. 42 for each area 297 corresponding to each pixel, and the inclination angle is little A different region 297a may be formed.
  • the pattern of each region 297a is not limited to the pattern described above, but it is preferable that a region 297a having a different inclination angle is formed for each pixel.
  • the pattern for each pixel is preferably the same.
  • a contact hole for connecting the TFT 292 and the reflective electrode 294 is formed by photomechanism and etching.
  • a reflective electrode 294 is formed on the smoothing layer 293 by vapor deposition or the like.
  • this display element has glass particles 29.5 having a diameter of 0.1 to 1 ⁇ 1 in a lubricating layer 293 made of an acrylic resin. Have been. As a result, slight irregularities are formed on the surface of the smoothing layer 293, and therefore, the reflective electrode 294 also becomes uneven, and has a scattering property. It is desirable that the glass particles 295 have a density of several to several tens in each pixel in order to obtain a good contrast.
  • the smoothing layer and the fine particles are not limited to those described above.
  • a resin having relatively high fluidity may be used instead of the glass particles 2995. After mixing particles such as oval and short fibers and applying them to the substrate 291, vibration is applied to the substrate 291, or the substrate 291 is set upright. Alternatively, air may be blown to the resin film to give the particles directionality.
  • an acrylic resin layer 296 is formed on a substrate 291 by coating or the like. Note that, in the same figure, TFT292 is omitted.
  • the resin layer 296 is patterned and cut into strips, for example.
  • the resin layer 296 may be formed on the substrate 291 in a state where the resin layer 296 is previously patterned by a technique such as printing. (3) The resin layer 296 is softened by heat treatment, and is deformed by so-called heat dripping into a rounded shape as shown in FIG. 44 (c).
  • a reflective electrode having scattering properties corresponding to the patterning and heat treatment is formed. That is, in the case of turning in a stripe shape as described above, a reflecting electrode 294 having anisotropic scattering characteristics (having an angular distribution of reflection) is formed. You.
  • a reflective film having a scattering property can be formed without using a mold or the like.
  • the reflection plate 226 of the embodiment B1 can be similarly formed without being limited to the reflection electrode as described above.
  • a resin layer 29 having a thickness of, for example, 0.5 / ⁇ ⁇ 10 ⁇ [1 is formed on a substrate 29.
  • the thickness of the resin layer 298 may be set according to the inclination angle of the reflection surface to be formed.
  • a protective film of a predetermined pattern such as a stripe shape is formed.
  • sandblasting is suitable for forming relatively large surface features
  • dry etching is suitable for forming fine surface features
  • the second resist layer 263 is exposed to ultraviolet light via the second mask 264.
  • the second mask 2664 has a width of 6 m, which is wider than that of the first mask 2662, and is formed of a 10- ⁇ m pitch light shielding portion. Arrange so as to cover the part 2 m from the end of Ripno 1- Turn 26 1 '.
  • the second resist layer 263 is developed and heat-treated in the same manner as in (2) above, resulting in a saw-toothed saw.
  • a blade register 2464a is formed.
  • the reflective layer 2446b is formed by depositing aluminum on the entire surface of the saw blade resist 2446a.
  • a reflector 246 having a sawtooth cross section is formed.
  • TFT element film transistor
  • aluminum is not deposited on the entire surface of the saw blade registry 2446a, and is not deposited on the edge of the saw blade shape (a portion that is almost vertical or has a steep slope). You can do it. In this case, if the transparent saw blade register 24a is exposed at the edge, the scattered light at the edge is transmitted through the saw blade resist 24a. Since it can be wrapped around the back side of the reflector 2464, the contrast can be further improved.
  • the substrate 2 2 2 and the substrate 2 2 1 on which the transparent electrodes 2 2 1 a are formed are 5 m apart so that the horizontal direction of the paper in FIG. 46 is the vertical direction of the display screen.
  • Gluing is performed by leaving a gap (non-gap), and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material (for example, PNM201: manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals) is injected into the gap by a vacuum injection method, and then irradiated with ultraviolet rays.
  • the polymer 223 may be polymerized and cured, and the polymer 223 and the liquid crystal 224 may be phase-separated.
  • the stripe pattern 26 1 ′ and the second resist layer 26 on the stripe pattern 26 1 ′ 3 may remain, or at least the second resist layer 26 3 may be left asymmetrical with respect to the stripe pattern 26 1.
  • Other portions of the second resist layer should be removed. For example, an asymmetric cross-sectional shape can be formed.
  • ultraviolet rays may be irradiated from an oblique direction as shown in FIG. 47. In this case, This makes it easier to control the tilt angle and shape of the saw blade shape.
  • the thickness of the resist layer, the width of the light-shielding portion in the mask, the pitch, etc. are not limited to those described above, and may be set according to the viewing angle characteristics of the display element.
  • the mask shown in the embodiment B7 can be used instead of the mask having a band-shaped light-shielding portion.
  • a register 2449a can be formed.
  • the second resist layer 263 is not limited to the stripe pattern 26 1 ′ and the layer formed on the entire surface of the substrate 22 2 as described above. 6 1, or only on a part or all of the stripe pattern 26 1, and on a part or all of the substrate 22 2. You may do it. That is, an asymmetric cross-sectional shape can be easily formed by forming the stripe pattern 26 1 ′ and the second resist layer 26 3 relatively different from each other. can do.
  • Embodiment B3 Another method for forming the reflection plate of Embodiment B3 and the like will be described.
  • (1) As shown in FIG. 48 (a), similarly to (1) of the embodiment B18, the insulating on the substrate 222 on which the source line 247a and the like are formed is performed.
  • the reflective layer 2446b is formed by depositing aluminum on the entire surface of the saw blade resist 2446a.
  • a reflector 246 having a sawtooth cross section is formed.
  • the exposure, development, and heat treatments form a stripe pattern having tails on both sides, and then, one side of the tail is almost completely dried.
  • a reflective layer having a saw blade shape can be formed.
  • a composite of a polymer 223 and a liquid crystal 224, such as a polymer dispersed liquid crystal or a polymer-network liquid crystal, is used.
  • An example in which the body layer 225 is used has been described.
  • the present invention is not limited to this. The same effect can be obtained if the display device is a scattering type display device that performs display by the above.
  • the reflecting plate 2 26 of the embodiment B 1 may be formed by a half mirror similarly to the embodiment B 11, or the polarizing plate 2 of the embodiment B 13 may be formed.
  • the provision of 81 may be used to reduce the amount of light due to scattering of specularly reflected light and reduction of reflectance.
  • a color filter may be provided so that a color image can be displayed.
  • Embodiment C of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
  • the embodiment C by setting the drive voltage appropriately, it is possible to achieve high luminance and high contrast.
  • FIG. 50 is a diagram for explaining a display operation of the liquid crystal display device 301
  • FIG. 51 is a graph showing a luminance-voltage characteristic of the liquid crystal display device 301.
  • This liquid crystal display device 301 is a so-called normally white scattering type liquid crystal display device that shows a bright state in a scattering state when no voltage is applied.
  • the liquid crystal layer 305 is in the scattering mode. As shown, the incident light L1 is reflected by the reflector 304 to the front side, and this reflected light becomes scattered light.
  • the scattering state at this time is uniformly scattered in all directions (isotropic scattering), for convenience, when the scattering state is schematically shown in a plane including the paper surface, the scattering state becomes a perfect circle as indicated by reference numeral A 1.
  • the observation direction Ml is set to a direction different from the emission direction of emitted light (corresponding to specular reflection light) L2 emitted from the liquid crystal layer to the front side in the transmission state of the liquid crystal layer 305 (see FIG. 0 (d)], that is, the observation condition is to observe only specularly reflected light, so that the observation condition is determined by the observation mode of the liquid crystal display screen. It is not particularly unnatural.
  • the scattering state decreases.
  • the reflected light must converge in a certain direction, the scattering range gradually decreases, and the state becomes an elliptical scattering state as indicated by reference numeral A 2. . Therefore, the reflected light present in a certain observation direction Ml gradually increases. Then, when the applied voltage is V p
  • the luminance-voltage characteristics shown in FIG. 51 are obtained by performing experiments on the liquid crystal display device 301 under the following conditions.
  • the voltage value V2 at which the minimum luminance is obtained is not limited to 6.5 V, but any voltage value that provides a luminance of about 0% is sufficient.
  • a perfect scattering state is obtained when no voltage is applied.
  • the present invention is not limited to this. It is sufficient if the liquid crystal display device has a scattering intensity such that the elliptical scattering state is closer to perfect scattering than the elliptical scattering state shown in (b).
  • the reflection type liquid crystal display device has been described, but the present invention can also be suitably applied to a transmission type liquid crystal display device.
  • the present invention is suitably implemented in a driving method using a no-bias voltage, for example, an opposing inversion driving, a capacitive coupling driving, and a FG (floating gate) driving. be able to.
  • a no-bias voltage for example, an opposing inversion driving, a capacitive coupling driving, and a FG (floating gate) driving.
  • the present invention can be suitably applied to any of the active matrix type liquid crystal display device and the simple matrix type liquid crystal display device as long as the liquid crystal display device is in a scattering mode. I can do it.
  • a mixed solution of a liquid crystal and a polymer (for example, PNM201 manufactured by Dainippon Ink Co., Ltd.) was injected into the empty cell by a vacuum injection method. Thereafter, ultraviolet light is irradiated for 60 seconds using a high-pressure mercury lamp at an irradiation intensity of 20 mWZcm 2 , and the liquid crystal and the polymer are phase-separated by the photopolymerization of the polymer to form a scattering type liquid crystal layer.
  • 305 A was prepared.
  • the cell thickness was 9 m.
  • the voltage-luminance characteristics of the liquid crystal display device 301 A having the above configuration were measured under the conditions of an incident angle ⁇ 1: 30 degrees and a viewing angle of 02: 15 degrees, as in FIG. 51. Curve was obtained. Therefore, in the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal display device 301 A, the range of the voltage value Vp corresponding to the maximum luminance and the voltage value V2 corresponding to the minimum luminance (range of 2.5 V to 6.5 V). It can be recognized that driving by means of the IGBT enables a brighter display than in the conventional example, and also prevents gradation inversion.
  • the voltage in the above range may be generated by a drive circuit that can output up to the upper limit voltage, but a drive circuit that generates a voltage of the difference between the upper and lower limit voltages, and a lower limit voltage It is also possible to use a bias circuit that generates a current. In the latter case, the absolute value of the voltage output from the drive circuit becomes low, so that a low breakdown voltage transistor can be used as a transistor constituting the drive circuit.
  • FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C2.
  • an active matrix type liquid crystal display device 301B of a color display is shown.
  • an active matrix substrate 310 is used as a lower substrate, and the active matrix substrate 310 is used.
  • a thin film transistor (TFT: Thin Film Transistor) 311 made of amorphous silicon is formed thereon.
  • an opposing substrate 313 on which an ITO electrode 312 as an opposing electrode is formed is arranged.
  • a color filter 314 and a black matrix 315 are formed on the inner surface of the IT0 electrode 312.
  • reference numeral 316 denotes a reflective pixel electrode made of, for example, aluminum.
  • a bias voltage value applied for the opposing inversion driving is set to a voltage value corresponding to the peak luminance of the luminance-voltage characteristic. If it is V p, driving is performed within the driving range shown in FIG. 51, and the brightest display is possible.
  • V p the driving range
  • the inventor actually applied a bias voltage of about 2 to 3 V and performed opposing inversion driving a brighter display was obtained than when no voltage was applied. Also, In the case of the halftone display, there was no gradation inversion and the display quality was good. For comparison, when the bias voltage was displayed at 0 V (normal driving), the display was darker than in Embodiment C2.
  • the gray level of the white level was inverted, and the display quality was significantly impaired. This is thought to be due to the following reasons. In other words, if the bias voltage is 0 V, the brightness at the applied voltage of about 2 to 3 V is larger than the brightness at 0 V, so the brightness at 0 V This is because the white level is higher than the white level set based on the luminance of the image, and the gray level of the white level is inverted. In the above example, the opposing inversion drive was described.
  • the FG (floating gate) drive to apply a bias voltage (Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers: 1992, 123 P47) and the capacitive coupling drive ( It is also possible to apply the same to the flat panel device Bray: p.
  • the present invention can be applied not only to a reflection type liquid crystal display device but also to a transmission type liquid crystal display device.
  • a transparent electrode such as IT0 may be provided instead of the reflective pixel electrode 316 of Embodiment C2, and the backlight may be provided on the back side of the substrate. May be configured. Voltage-brightness characteristics of such a transmissive liquid crystal display device were measured by setting the incident angle ⁇ 1 of the incident light from the light source to 30 degrees and the viewing angle 02 to 15 degrees. At this time, a luminance-voltage curve similar to that of FIG. 51 was obtained.
  • a bright display was obtained by applying a bias voltage of a predetermined magnitude. Although halftone display was performed, no grayscale inversion occurred. (Embodiment C 4)
  • the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C4 is a so-called normally black scattering type liquid crystal display device that shows a dark display state in a transmissive state when no voltage is applied.
  • the liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C4 was manufactured by a method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-81630 using an active matrix substrate. The cell thickness was 15 m.
  • Embodiment C5 the present invention is applied to a simple matrix type liquid crystal display device using a simple matrix substrate.
  • this liquid crystal display device when performing simple matrix drive based on the voltage averaging method, the scan electrode voltage VD and the signal electrode voltage VS during the ON period (scan line selection period) are set. The sum (VD + VS) is the pixel electrode voltage
  • (VD + VS) is set so as to be a voltage value corresponding to the above-mentioned peak luminance, it is possible to display a sufficiently bright display.
  • the reason is that by setting the pixel electrode voltage (VD + VS) to a voltage value corresponding to the above-mentioned beak luminance, the voltage range (Vp + V) in the voltage-luminance characteristic shown in FIG. ⁇ V 2).
  • the present inventor performed pseudo simple matrix drive based on the voltage averaging method using the liquid crystal display devices of the above-described Embodiments C1 to C4. As a result, sufficient display quality can be obtained even with simple matrix driving. In addition, the display became clear when the number of scanning lines was up to 16. (It is possible to further increase the number of scanning lines by steepening the gamma characteristic of the voltage luminance characteristic.)
  • the “simple simple matrix drive” is a It means that the board was not used for a simple matrix board, but was driven as if it were a simple matrix board.
  • FIG. 55 is a perspective view of a reflector used in the reflective liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment C6, and FIG. 56 is a cross-sectional view of FIG.
  • the “retro reflector” is used as the reflecting plate 320.
  • “retro-reflection j” refers to a reflector having a characteristic of reflecting incoming light in the incident direction. When this reflector 320 is used, it can be used in the direction of the light source. Very strong reflection occurs, but the direction of the light source does not match the direction of observation unless under very special conditions of use.
  • the reflection-type liquid crystal display device According to Embodiment C6 also has the maximum luminance. Drive between the voltage value V p at which , Also Ri by conventional bright Viewing Ri is possible and Do, also, Ru it is possible to prevent the occurrence of gray scale inversion.
  • Fig. 58 shows the voltage at which the luminance peaks, plotted against the temperature.
  • the voltage at which the brightness is beaked shifts according to the operating temperature.
  • Such temperature dependence of the luminance-voltage characteristics is such that, for example, the magnitude n of the refractive index anisotropy of a liquid crystal material changes with temperature. It is caused by Therefore, in order to obtain high brightness and contrast at various operating temperatures, it is preferable to adjust the driving voltage range according to the operating temperature.
  • the upper and lower limits of the drive voltage range may be adjusted, but in particular, the voltage on the high luminance side (low voltage side in Fig. 57) in the drive voltage range should be adjusted to the maximum luminance and It is more preferable to adjust at least the voltage on the high-brightness side because the influence on the contrast and the presence / absence of gradation inversion is large.
  • the above adjustment may be performed manually.
  • the temperature sensor 33 near the display area 33 32 of the liquid crystal display device 33 1 3 and the output of the temperature sensor 33 3 is connected to the memory 33 5 connected to the temperature sensor 33 3 via an A / D conversion circuit 33 4.
  • the data indicating the upper and lower limit voltages of the same drive voltage range is held in advance, and the drive circuit 336 controls the drive voltage range based on the data read from the memory 335.
  • a voltage may be output.
  • a luminance detection area 342 a is formed in the vicinity of the display area 342 of the liquid crystal display device 341, and an A / D conversion circuit 324 is formed.
  • a photosensor 344 connected to 440 is provided, and the control circuit 345 controls the driving circuit 346 to scan the driving voltage to reduce the voltage at which the luminance peaks. Detection may be performed, and the bias voltage may be determined based on the detection result.
  • the detection of the voltage at which the luminance peaks as described above may be performed when the apparatus is turned on, or when the influence on the image display is not a problem. It may be performed constantly or periodically during the display operation. In addition, temperature detection may be performed only when the power of the device is turned on, but it does not affect the image display. In such a case, it may be performed constantly or periodically during the display operation.
  • the temperature dependency of the luminance-voltage characteristics described in the above-described Embodiment C7 differs depending on the size of the cell gap, the particle diameter of the liquid crystal droplet, and the like. Specifically, for example, when the cell gap size is 7 ⁇ m, 12 m, or 3 m, the temperature dependence of the luminance-voltage characteristic is as follows: Figure 57, Figure 61, Figure The peak luminance becomes the highest at about 60 ° C. and 0 ° C. The reason why the temperature at which the peak brightness becomes maximum differs as described above is considered to be as follows. In other words, generally, n is small at high temperatures and large at low temperatures, and accordingly, the scattering intensity is small at high temperatures and large at low temperatures.
  • the range of the scattering gain at which the peak luminance is the highest is determined by the size of the cell gap, etc., and even if the scattering gain is larger or smaller than this range (optimal range), the peak gain is smaller. The degree becomes lower. Therefore, it is considered that the luminance-voltage characteristics change according to the use temperature as described above.
  • the size of the cell gap, the particle size of the liquid crystal droplets, and the like are set so that the peak brightness is maximized at operating temperatures of 0 to 60 ° C, 10 to 40, and 20 to 30 ° C.
  • the magnitude of ⁇ at a predetermined temperature By appropriately setting the magnitude of ⁇ at a predetermined temperature, a high-brightness and high-contrast image can be displayed.
  • ⁇ of the liquid crystal material basically has little temperature dependence.
  • ⁇ generally has a characteristic that sharply increases from the point in time when the liquid crystal material undergoes a phase transition from a high temperature side isotropic phase to a liquid crystal phase. Therefore, to reduce the effect of temperature dependence of ⁇ in the operating temperature range,
  • the liquid crystal material has a high phase transition temperature. Therefore, as a result of various studies by the present inventors, if the phase transition temperature is higher than the upper limit of the operating temperature range by about 15 degrees or more, preferably by about 20 degrees or more, there is no problem in use. all right. When the phase transition temperature was 80 or more, the material limitation was increased, but it was found that there was no problem in use.
  • a plurality of luminance peaks may occur as shown in FIG. 63, for example. there were.
  • the driving voltage range is a voltage in which the luminance monotonously decreases from the voltage at which the higher voltage has a luminance peak to the voltage at which the luminance becomes almost zero level
  • gradation inversion is performed. Also, it is possible to easily display an image with good gradation by the key correction.
  • the liquid crystal fraction is increased by controlling the scattering gain, panel gap, and murid of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal layer.
  • a high-contrast and high-brightness reflective high-molecular-dispersion liquid crystal display element with high brightness can be realized.
  • anisotropic scattering means for scattering light incident on the scattering type display element in a direction having anisotropy and emitting the light, and emitting the light in a direction where the incident angle and the emission angle are not equal.
  • Emission angle changing means and reflected light quantity By providing an attenuating means to attenuate the reflected light, it is possible to reduce the brightness of the reflected light or to emit it in a direction that is difficult to enter into the field of view, thereby inverting the brightness and controlling the contrast. It is possible to eliminate or greatly reduce the influence of external light reflected light such as a drop in brightness, and to reduce the luminance inversion. It is possible to obtain a scattering type display element having good and good display image quality.
  • the driving conditions of the liquid crystal display element based on the luminance-voltage characteristic that a peak value exists in the luminance level during the change process between the scattering state and the transmission state of the liquid crystal layer, which has been newly found.
  • the value it is possible to obtain a reflective scattering type liquid crystal display element having high brightness and high contrast and hardly causing grayscale inversion.
  • the present invention is useful in the field of devices having display elements, such as portable information terminals and portable game machines.

Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à un dispositif d'affichage à cristaux liquides à polymère dispersé par réflexion ou transmission, possédant une luminance élevée, un contraste élevé et une excellente qualité d'affichage et comportant une couche de cristaux liquides à polymère dispersé (104), dans laquelle les particules de cristaux liquides (112) sont dispersées dans un polymère (111), et une électrode de pixels de réflexion (105). Dans ce dispositif, le gain de diffusion SG satisfait la relation 50 exp (-0,4d) < SG < 360 exp (-0,47d), où d (νm) représente l'épaisseur de la couche de cristaux liquides à polymère dispersé (104). Des parties saillantes sont ménagées sous forme de bandes disposées verticalement, lorsqu'elles sont assemblées dans un écran d'affichage sur une feuille réfléchissante et présentent des rayons de courbure dans le sens horizontal supérieurs à ceux situés dans le sens vertical. Ainsi, la lumière incidente est réfléchie jusqu'à une certaine distance et diffusée par voie anisotropique, de telle sorte que le degré de diffusion dans le sens horizontal est supérieur à celui dans le sens vertical. La caractéristique luminance-tension est telle que la tension appliquée à la couche de cristaux liquides augmente à partir de 0 V, le niveau de luminance augmente à partir du niveau initial, atteint la valeur crête, lorsque la tension est égale à Vp et diminue jusqu'à environ 0 V en passant par une valeur de tension V2. La plage allant de Vp à V2 est utilisée comme plage de tension d'excitation.
PCT/JP1999/004064 1998-07-29 1999-07-29 Dispositif d'affichage a diffusion et procede d'excitation de ce dispositif WO2000007065A1 (fr)

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JP11212718A JP2000105550A (ja) 1998-07-31 1999-07-27 散乱型表示素子および表示素子の製造方法
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WO2004055578A1 (fr) * 2002-12-16 2004-07-01 Sony Corporation Dispositif de gradation
WO2010090077A1 (fr) 2009-02-06 2010-08-12 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 Élément électroluminescent organique, et dispositif d'éclairage et dispositif d'affichage comprenant chacun l'élément
DE102010009193A1 (de) 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Merck Patent GmbH, 64293 Fluor-Fluor Assoziate
DE102010045369A1 (de) 2010-09-14 2012-03-15 Merck Patent Gmbh Materialien für organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtungen
DE102010046412A1 (de) 2010-09-23 2012-03-29 Merck Patent Gmbh Metall-Ligand Koordinationsverbindungen
WO2012079673A1 (fr) 2010-12-15 2012-06-21 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif électroluminescent organique
WO2012084115A1 (fr) 2010-12-23 2012-06-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif électroluminescent organique
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DE102011102586A1 (de) 2011-05-27 2012-11-29 Merck Patent Gmbh Organische elektronische Vorrichtung
DE102011104745A1 (de) 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Merck Patent Gmbh Materialien für organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtungen
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WO2004055578A1 (fr) * 2002-12-16 2004-07-01 Sony Corporation Dispositif de gradation
US7486349B2 (en) 2002-12-16 2009-02-03 Sony Corporation Polymer network liquid crystal element with predetermined gap for dimming device having image processing, temperature detecting and pulse width control units therefor
WO2010090077A1 (fr) 2009-02-06 2010-08-12 コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 Élément électroluminescent organique, et dispositif d'éclairage et dispositif d'affichage comprenant chacun l'élément
DE102010009193A1 (de) 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Merck Patent GmbH, 64293 Fluor-Fluor Assoziate
WO2011103953A1 (fr) 2010-02-24 2011-09-01 Merck Patent Gmbh Associations fluor-fluor
DE102010045369A1 (de) 2010-09-14 2012-03-15 Merck Patent Gmbh Materialien für organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtungen
WO2012034626A1 (fr) 2010-09-14 2012-03-22 Merck Patent Gmbh Matériaux pour dispositifs électroluminescents organiques
DE102010046412A1 (de) 2010-09-23 2012-03-29 Merck Patent Gmbh Metall-Ligand Koordinationsverbindungen
WO2012079673A1 (fr) 2010-12-15 2012-06-21 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif électroluminescent organique
WO2012084115A1 (fr) 2010-12-23 2012-06-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif électroluminescent organique
DE102010055902A1 (de) 2010-12-23 2012-06-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtung
WO2012084114A1 (fr) 2010-12-23 2012-06-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif électroluminescent organique
DE102010055901A1 (de) 2010-12-23 2012-06-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtung
DE102011102586A1 (de) 2011-05-27 2012-11-29 Merck Patent Gmbh Organische elektronische Vorrichtung
WO2012163480A1 (fr) 2011-05-27 2012-12-06 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif électronique organique
DE102011104745A1 (de) 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Merck Patent Gmbh Materialien für organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtungen
WO2012171609A1 (fr) 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Merck Patent Gmbh Matières pour dispositifs électroluminescents organiques
DE102012016192A1 (de) 2011-08-19 2013-02-21 Merck Patent Gmbh Neue Materialien für organische Elektrolumineszenzvorrichtungen
CN114842762A (zh) * 2022-05-11 2022-08-02 北京奕斯伟计算技术有限公司 显示面板及其显示装置
CN114842762B (zh) * 2022-05-11 2024-03-15 北京奕斯伟计算技术股份有限公司 显示面板及其显示装置

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