WO1994026853A1 - Procede et installation d'extraction sans solvant de produits naturels par micro-ondes - Google Patents
Procede et installation d'extraction sans solvant de produits naturels par micro-ondes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1994026853A1 WO1994026853A1 PCT/FR1994/000551 FR9400551W WO9426853A1 WO 1994026853 A1 WO1994026853 A1 WO 1994026853A1 FR 9400551 W FR9400551 W FR 9400551W WO 9426853 A1 WO9426853 A1 WO 9426853A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- enclosure
- biological material
- microwaves
- natural product
- extract
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/02—Recovery or refining of essential oils from raw materials
- C11B9/027—Recovery of volatiles by distillation or stripping
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of extraction of natural products contained in biological material and in particular, but not exclusively, the extraction of such products from plants.
- the extraction of natural products from biological material can be carried out according to several processes using or not using one or more extraction solvents, depending on the nature of the biological material used and that of the product or products which it is desired to extract. of it. It should be noted in this regard that the name given to an extract is often a function of the technology used to achieve it.
- the concretes, the resinoids, the oleoresins ... which are extracts consisting of volatile compounds or waxy and fatty and non-volatile products, are conventionally obtained in the presence of at least one organic solvent.
- Essential oils mainly consisting of odorous volatile compounds, are generally obtained by distillation with water vapor (hydrodistillation) and / or by mechanical processes.
- oilseeds, essential oils of citrus peel, fish oils ... is conventionally carried out using physical processes such as grinding and / or pressing, by absence of solvent or by hydrodistillation.
- such techniques have the advantage of making it possible to obtain extraction products (and biological material after extraction) free from solvent residues and therefore having no not undergo subsequent treatment for the removal of such residues.
- extraction techniques using organic solvents. Thanks to such techniques the product to be extracted diffuses into the solvent and dissolves there. However, it is then necessary to separate the extracted product from the solvent, in order to allow the concentration of the extract.
- Many parameters are involved in the extraction yields carried out in the presence of solvent, among which may be mentioned: - the solubility of the product extracted in the chosen solvent,
- the diffusion of the extracted product could be greatly improved by subjecting the biological material to a pretreatment which may consist in particular of grinding, enzymatic digestion or even drying.
- a pretreatment which may consist in particular of grinding, enzymatic digestion or even drying.
- sonication methods which consist in applying ultrasound to the mixture constituted by the biological material and the solvent in order to promote the passage of the extract into the solvent.
- the mechanical waves formed by the ultrasounds indeed make it possible to locally generate a cavitation of the biological material and consequently a heating of the latter promoting the release of the extract.
- European patent EP 0398798 discloses a technique for extracting products from biological material assisted by microwaves, comprising the following steps consisting in: subdivide a biological material (peppermint, Scottish lovage, cedar or garlic) having a dispersed component absorbing microwaves (water), put this subdivided material in a transparent or partially transparent solvent in microwaves and absorbing less micro -waves as the dispersed component, such as hexane, ethanol or dichloromethane, exposing the mixture constituted by the subdivided material and the solvent to the microwaves in order to allow the extraction of the soluble products by heating the subdivided material preferentially with solvent, - separate the residual biological material from the solvent and recover the extracted product.
- subdivide a biological material peppermint, Scottish lovage, cedar or garlic
- a dispersed component absorbing microwaves (water)
- a transparent or partially transparent solvent in microwaves and absorbing less micro -waves as the dispersed component, such as hexan
- the objective of the present invention is to provide a process for extracting natural products by microwave, without having the drawbacks of the processes of the prior art.
- one of the objectives of the invention is to provide such a process allowing extraction in the absence of solvent and therefore obtaining an extract free from any solvent residue.
- Another objective of the invention is to propose such a process without requiring an excessive energy supply, for a given quantity of biological material to be treated.
- Another objective of the invention is to propose an installation for the implementation of such a method.
- the invention relates to a process for the microwave extraction of at least one natural product from biological material, said process consisting in: placing said biological material in an enclosure, in the absence of any solvent, - subjecting said biological material present in said enclosure to microwave irradiation, in order to cause the evaporation of at least part of the water contained in said biological material and consequently the bursting of the cellular structures of said biological material.
- said method being characterized in that it comprises the following additional steps consisting in: applying, intermittently, a reduced pressure inside said enclosure during said step of applying microwaves, in order to promote bursting cellular structures of said biological material induced by the application of microwaves, heating, during at least most of said step of applying microwaves, said enclosure, in order to compensate for the drop in temperature resulting from evaporation water from biological material, the combination of said steps of applying microwaves, applying reduced pressure inside the enclosure and heating the enclosure allowing the hydrodistillation of said natural product by entraining it in water vapor from said biological material.
- Such a process can be advantageously implemented on all natural biological materials, whether they are of animal, plant or micro ⁇ biological origin as long as these contain at least about 30% water.
- This process can in particular be used to extract essential oils from plants, tissues of animal origin and especially from fish, but also from algae, micro-algae and even possibly micro-organisms.
- this biological material may, depending on its nature, be subdivided before being introduced into the enclosure in order to increase its factor of exposure to microwaves.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to carry out the hydrodistillation of the product which it is desired to extract, not thanks to water brought from outside during the process, but thanks to the water contained in the biological material. treaty.
- this water will be called water of constitution, whereas it may have been brought beforehand to the biological material, when the latter will be available in dehydrated form, during a rehumidification stage.
- the method according to the invention therefore consists in subjecting the treated biological material to microwave radiation, in the absence of extracting solvent, allowing the contents of the cells of this material to be ejected outside.
- the pressure of the enclosure is reduced. This reduction in pressure makes it possible, on the one hand, to increase the mechanical stress exerted on the walls of the cells of the biological material and on the other hand to increase the volatility of the azeotropic mixture constituted by the product which it is desired to extract and water vapor.
- the concomitant heating of the enclosure makes it possible to compensate for the very rapid decrease in temperature resulting from the evaporation of the water of constitution under the effect of the lowering of the pressure in the enclosure.
- Such a decrease in temperature is indeed capable of completely masking the action of microwaves.
- the method according to the invention has many advantages. In addition to the fact that it leads to extracts without residual solvent, it also makes it possible, with respect to a conventional hydrodistillation, to obtain an extract of equivalent composition and with an equivalent yield, in a substantially shorter time. While the conventional hydrodistillation times are generally counted in hours, the hydrodistillation times under reduced pressure according to the invention are counted in minutes. For certain products, it is thus possible to obtain a given quantity of extract ten times faster than with a conventional steam distillation.
- the method according to the invention consumes much less energy than the microwave assisted extraction methods of the prior art.
- the energy used in the context of the invention is also less than that necessary for hydrodistillation.
- hydrodistillation it is indeed necessary to heat the biological material and the added water, the mass of which can represent up to 10 times the mass of biological material.
- the residual biological material obtained at the end of the process is in a dry form, since the water of constitution which it contained was used for the entrainment of the extracted product and that the process does not put using external water supply. Consequently, this residual material can easily be degraded thermally and therefore possibly recycled as fuel.
- said step of the method according to the invention consisting of the intermittent application of a reduced pressure, consists in subjecting the interior of said enclosure to vacuum cycles.
- said step of separation of the residual biological material from the extract consists:
- said heating step is preferably carried out at a temperature below 100 ° C.
- the process can be carried out at a temperature advantageously below 75 ° C so as to allow the extraction of products which tend to degrade under the effect of heat.
- the microwaves used during said microwave irradiation step advantageously have a frequency at least equal to 300 MHz. It should be noted, however, that in many countries the use of frequencies is very strictly regulated and that, for example in France, only frequencies of 915 MHz and
- said microwave irradiation step will preferably be carried out so as to apply a power ranging from approximately 100 W to approximately 10,000 W per kilogram of product treated.
- said microwave irradiation step is carried out with mechanical stirring of said biological material. Such agitation will increase the factor of exposure of biological material to microwaves.
- the invention also relates to an installation for implementing such a method, characterized in that it comprises:
- Means for recovering the extract at its exit from said enclosure comprise means for refrigerating the water vapor containing the extract.
- said installation has means for operating said means making it possible to reduce the pressure inside the enclosure cyclically.
- said enclosure is provided with stirring means.
- said installation comprises means making it possible to redirect the waste water obtained at the level of the means for recovering the extract inside said enclosure.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an installation according to the invention
- FIG. 2 translates the evolution of the pressure of the enclosure and the temperature of the biological material, in the context of a first example of implementation of the method according to the invention with the installation shown schematically in Figure 1 , for the extraction of peppermint essential oil;
- FIG. 4 shows the evolution of the pressure of the enclosure and the temperature of the biological material, in the context of a comparative example of extraction of peppermint essential oil
- FIG. 6 shows the evolution of the pressure of the enclosure and the temperature of the biological material, in the context of a second example of implementation of the method according to the invention for the extraction of essential oil from officinal sage;
- FIG. 7 shows the evolution of the essential oil yield of sage sage obtained during the second example of implementation of the method according to the invention.
- an installation for extracting natural products from biological material is shown schematically.
- Such an installation comprises an enclosure 1 equipped with means 2 making it possible to generate microwaves in the interior volume which it delimits.
- these means 2 allow the emission of microwaves having a frequency equal to 2450 MHz. (Note that it would also have been possible to use a microwave generator with a frequency of 915 MHz, this other frequency being also authorized in France).
- the enclosure 1 is also provided in its lower part with stirring means 9, constituted by a turbine with three blades, making it possible to stir the biological material during its presence inside the enclosure 1, when subjected to the action of microwaves.
- stirring means 9 constituted by a turbine with three blades, making it possible to stir the biological material during its presence inside the enclosure 1, when subjected to the action of microwaves.
- Such stirring makes it possible to increase the exposure of the biological material to microwaves and to prevent certain areas of the latter from being insufficiently irradiated to carry out the extraction operation.
- the enclosure 1 is connected on the one hand with means 5 making it possible to reduce the pressure prevailing therein and, on the other hand, with means 6 for recovering the natural product extracted thanks to the action of microwaves on biological material.
- the means 5 making it possible to reduce the pressure in the enclosure can consist of any means conventionally used for the purpose of creating a partial vacuum inside an enclosure, such as, for example, a pump or a suction tube. water.
- the means 6 for recovering the extracted product comprise a pipe 11 installed in the upper part of the enclosure 1, around which are provided cooling means 7 formed by a coil in which a liquid circulates. cooling.
- Line 11 makes it possible to recover the vapors resulting from the action of microwaves on biological material and in which the essential oil is found. Thanks to the refrigeration means 7 these water vapors are condensed.
- a decanter 12 is provided at the outlet of the pipe 11 to recover these condensed vapors and separate the essential oil. The remaining waste water, after decantation is advantageously re-routed, through a pipe 10 in the enclosure 1 where it is recycled to complete the extraction.
- the enclosure 1 In order to allow heating of the interior of the enclosure 1 to compensate for the decrease in temperature resulting from the lowering of the pressure induced by the vacuum pump 5, the enclosure 1 has a thermostated double wall 3 connected to heating means 4.
- a kilogram of peppermint (Mentha piperita L., Hungarian variety) with 15% dry matter was placed inside the enclosure 1.
- the heating means 4 were adjusted so that the thermostatically controlled wall 3 induce a temperature of about 70 ° C inside the enclosure 1 and the stirring means 9 have been implemented so as to have a speed of 40 revolutions per minute.
- the power emitted by the microwave generation means 2 is 1150 W and the reflected power varies between 170 W and 220 W. During the extraction operation, which lasted 15 min, the power actually absorbed therefore been from 930 to 980 W.
- the pump 5 was implemented so as to lower the pressure to 250 mb. This pressure reduction was carried out after 5 min, 10 min and 13 min.
- the temperature of the refrigeration medium circulating in the coil 7 was fixed at 5 ° C. so as to cause the condensation of the vapors resulting from the action of the microwaves on the peppermint and containing the essential oil.
- the evolution of the temperature of the mint present in the enclosure and of the pressure prevailing inside it is represented in FIG. 2.
- the temperature of the product rapidly changes from room temperature up to about 75 ° C.
- the temperature drops. This drop in temperature is quickly compensated for by heating the enclosure so as not to mask the action of the microwaves.
- Example 1 The same quantity of peppermint as in Example 1 was treated using the same operating conditions as in Example 1 but by continuously operating the pump 5 so that the pressure prevailing inside the enclosure 1 is fixed at 250 mb during the entire extraction operation.
- Example 3 The change in the temperature of the mint and the pressure in the enclosure is given in FIG. 4. With reference to FIG. 5, the yield of essential oil was then only 0.2 ml per 100 g, or 5 times less than in Example 1. 1150 mg of essential oil were recovered from the mint residue after the extraction operation. These results show the importance of the intermittent nature which must be given, according to the invention, to the lowering of the pressure inside the enclosure.
- the heating means 4 have been adjusted so that the thermostatically controlled wall 3 induces a temperature of around 70 ° C. inside the enclosure 1 and the stirring means 9 have been implemented so as to have a speed of 40 revolutions per minute.
- the power emitted by the microwave generation means 2 is 1000 W and the reflected power varies between 150 W and 200 W. During the extraction operation, which lasted 10 min, the power actually absorbed therefore was from 800 to 850 W. During the extraction, the pump 5 was implemented so as to reduce the pressure to 250 mb. This pressure reduction was carried out after 3.5 min and 7 min.
- the temperature of the refrigeration medium circulating in the coil 7 was fixed at 5 ° C. so as to cause the condensation of the vapors resulting from the action of the microwaves on the peppermint and containing the oil. essential.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP94915607A EP0698076B1 (fr) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Procede et installation d'extraction sans solvant de produits naturels par micro-ondes |
CA002161127A CA2161127C (fr) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Procede et installation d'extractions sans solvant de produits naturels par micro-ondes |
AU67251/94A AU682035B2 (en) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Method and plant for solvent-free microwave extraction of natural products |
DK94915607T DK0698076T3 (da) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Fremgangsmåde og anlæg til ekstraktion uden opløsningsmiddel af naturlige produkter ved hjælp af mikrobølger |
JP6525060A JPH08512337A (ja) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | 溶媒を用いない天然生成物のマイクロ波抽出方法および装置 |
BR9406717A BR9406717A (pt) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Método e instalacào para a extração por microondas de pelo menos um produto natural a partir de um material biológico |
DE69407965T DE69407965T2 (de) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Verfahren und einrichtung zu lösungsmittelfreier extraktion von naturstoffe mittels mikrowellen |
BG100187A BG62367B1 (bg) | 1993-05-11 | 1995-12-04 | Метод и инсталация за извличане на естествени продукти отбиологична материя с помощта на микровълни |
GR980400799T GR3026603T3 (en) | 1993-05-11 | 1998-04-10 | Method and plant for solvent-free microwave extraction of natural products |
US09/102,788 US7001629B1 (en) | 1993-05-11 | 1998-06-23 | Method and plant for solvent-free microwave extraction of natural products |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR93/05810 | 1993-05-11 | ||
FR9305810A FR2705035B1 (fr) | 1993-05-11 | 1993-05-11 | Procédé et installation d'extraction sans solvant de produits naturels par micro-ondes. |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08533621 A-371-Of-International | 1994-05-10 | ||
US09/102,788 Continuation US7001629B1 (en) | 1993-05-11 | 1998-06-23 | Method and plant for solvent-free microwave extraction of natural products |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1994026853A1 true WO1994026853A1 (fr) | 1994-11-24 |
Family
ID=9447117
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1994/000551 WO1994026853A1 (fr) | 1993-05-11 | 1994-05-10 | Procede et installation d'extraction sans solvant de produits naturels par micro-ondes |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0698076B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH08512337A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1059920C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE162211T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU682035B2 (fr) |
BG (1) | BG62367B1 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9406717A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2161127C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69407965T2 (fr) |
DK (1) | DK0698076T3 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2114688T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2705035B1 (fr) |
GR (1) | GR3026603T3 (fr) |
HU (1) | HU218708B (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2115700C1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1994026853A1 (fr) |
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- 1994-05-10 ES ES94915607T patent/ES2114688T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1994-05-10 CN CN94192507A patent/CN1059920C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-10 HU HU9503230A patent/HU218708B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-05-10 AT AT94915607T patent/ATE162211T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-05-10 DK DK94915607T patent/DK0698076T3/da active
- 1994-05-10 RU RU95122234A patent/RU2115700C1/ru active
- 1994-05-10 JP JP6525060A patent/JPH08512337A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1994-05-10 EP EP94915607A patent/EP0698076B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
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EP0398798A2 (fr) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-11-22 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Environment Canada | Extraction de produits naturels assistée par micro-ondes |
EP0485668A1 (fr) * | 1990-11-16 | 1992-05-20 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of The Environment | Extraction d'huiles volatiles par micro-ondes et appareil pour le faire |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP1439218A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-07-21 | Milestone S.r.l. | Extraction par microondes sans utilisation de solvant, de composés naturels volatils |
EP2011568A1 (fr) * | 2006-03-16 | 2009-01-07 | Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria (Usm) | Dispositif d'extraction de composés chimiques organiques à propriétés toxiques présents dans des échantillons atmosphériques, au moyen de solvants chauffés par des micro-ondes focalisées dans des systèmes ouverts (n'ayant pas été mis sous pression) |
EP2011568B1 (fr) * | 2006-03-16 | 2016-08-24 | Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria (Usm) | Dispositif d'extraction de composés chimiques organiques à propriétés toxiques présents dans des échantillons atmosphériques, au moyen de solvants chauffés par des micro-ondes focalisées dans des systèmes ouverts (n'ayant pas été mis sous pression) |
FR2925898A1 (fr) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-03 | Jean Pierre Lablanchy | Procede et systeme d'extraction d'huile essentielle a forte teneur en thymoquinone a partir de la plante de nigella sativa |
EP2402423A4 (fr) * | 2009-02-26 | 2012-09-12 | Japan Aroma Lab Co Ltd | Huile essentielle riche en composant monoterpène, procédé pour produire celle-ci et procédé pour décontaminer des polluants environnementaux utilisant l'huile essentielle |
EP2402423A1 (fr) * | 2009-02-26 | 2012-01-04 | Japan Aroma Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Huile essentielle riche en composant monoterpène, procédé pour produire celle-ci et procédé pour décontaminer des polluants environnementaux utilisant l'huile essentielle |
CN103314093A (zh) * | 2010-10-29 | 2013-09-18 | 施韦特-莫迪国际公司 | 用于生产用液体植物物质浸渍的植物来源之制品的方法 |
WO2012056141A3 (fr) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-07-19 | Bernard Mompon | Procédé de fabrication d'articles d'origine végétale imprégnés de substance liquide végétale |
FR2966700A1 (fr) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-04 | Bernard Mompon | Procede de fabrication d’articles d’origine vegetale impregnes de substance liquide vegetale |
CN103314093B (zh) * | 2010-10-29 | 2015-11-25 | 施韦特-莫迪国际公司 | 用于生产用液体植物物质浸渍的植物来源之制品的方法 |
TWI468506B (zh) * | 2011-01-17 | 2015-01-11 | Nat Univ Chung Hsing | 微波輔助萃取微藻油脂方法及其應用 |
CN102252889A (zh) * | 2011-03-15 | 2011-11-23 | 重庆大学 | 微波辅助无溶剂固相顶空提取装置及其提取方法 |
FR3013563A1 (fr) * | 2013-11-28 | 2015-05-29 | Finat Conseil & Distrib | Procede de fabrication de preparations aromatisantes naturelles et stables et preparations aromatisantes obtenues par le dit procede |
CN103820218A (zh) * | 2014-03-07 | 2014-05-28 | 张家界金绿油脂有限责任公司 | 一种油菜籽微波提取油脂的方法 |
CN104784965A (zh) * | 2015-04-20 | 2015-07-22 | 苏州神林堂中医药研究所 | 一种中药微波萃取装置 |
WO2018215444A1 (fr) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-11-29 | Erpim | Procédé et dispositif d'extraction solide/liquide à contre-courant comportant une étape de séchage |
FR3066703A1 (fr) * | 2017-05-24 | 2018-11-30 | Erpim | Procede et dispositif d’extraction solide/liquide a contre-courant comportant une etape de sechage |
CN110747060A (zh) * | 2019-10-21 | 2020-02-04 | 华侨大学 | 一种超声辅助无溶剂微波萃取互叶白千层精油的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR9406717A (pt) | 1996-02-06 |
RU2115700C1 (ru) | 1998-07-20 |
HU9503230D0 (en) | 1996-01-29 |
FR2705035A1 (fr) | 1994-11-18 |
JPH08512337A (ja) | 1996-12-24 |
BG100187A (bg) | 1996-05-31 |
EP0698076B1 (fr) | 1998-01-14 |
DK0698076T3 (da) | 1998-09-14 |
DE69407965D1 (de) | 1998-02-19 |
GR3026603T3 (en) | 1998-07-31 |
AU682035B2 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
ES2114688T3 (es) | 1998-06-01 |
EP0698076A1 (fr) | 1996-02-28 |
AU6725194A (en) | 1994-12-12 |
HUT75578A (en) | 1997-05-28 |
HU218708B (hu) | 2000-11-28 |
FR2705035B1 (fr) | 1995-08-04 |
CN1125461A (zh) | 1996-06-26 |
CN1059920C (zh) | 2000-12-27 |
DE69407965T2 (de) | 1998-09-10 |
CA2161127C (fr) | 2005-09-27 |
ATE162211T1 (de) | 1998-01-15 |
CA2161127A1 (fr) | 1994-11-24 |
BG62367B1 (bg) | 1999-09-30 |
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