US20160031930A1 - Neuroactive steroids and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Neuroactive steroids and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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US20160031930A1
US20160031930A1 US14/775,678 US201414775678A US2016031930A1 US 20160031930 A1 US20160031930 A1 US 20160031930A1 US 201414775678 A US201414775678 A US 201414775678A US 2016031930 A1 US2016031930 A1 US 2016031930A1
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alkyl
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Gabriel MARTINEZ BOTELLA
Boyd L. Harrison
Albert J. Robichaud
Francesco G. Salituro
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Sage Therapeutics Inc
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    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
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    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J13/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17
    • C07J13/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17 with double bond in position 16 (17)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J13/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17
    • C07J13/007—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having a carbon-to-carbon double bond from or to position 17 with double bond in position 17 (20)
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
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    • C07J21/008—Ketals at position 17
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    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
    • C07J41/0033—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005
    • C07J41/0055—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives
    • C07J41/0061—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives one of the carbon atoms being part of an amide group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
    • C07J9/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane containing a carboxylic function directly attached or attached by a chain containing only carbon atoms to the cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene skeleton

Definitions

  • Brain excitability is defined as the level of arousal of an animal, a continuum that ranges from coma to convulsions, and is regulated by various neurotransmitters.
  • neurotransmitters are responsible for regulating the conductance of ions across neuronal membranes. At rest, the neuronal membrane possesses a potential (or membrane voltage) of approximately ⁇ 70 mV, the cell interior being negative with respect to the cell exterior. The potential (voltage) is the result of ion (K+, Na+, Cl ⁇ , organic anions) balance across the neuronal semipermeable membrane.
  • Neurotransmitters are stored in presynaptic vesicles and are released as a result of neuronal action potentials.
  • an excitatory chemical transmitter such as acetylcholine will cause membrane depolarization (change of potential from ⁇ 70 mV to ⁇ 50 mV).
  • membrane depolarization change of potential from ⁇ 70 mV to ⁇ 50 mV.
  • This effect is mediated by postsynaptic nicotinic receptors which are stimulated by acetylcholine to increase the membrane permeability of Na+ ions.
  • the reduced membrane potential increases the probability of generating a postsynaptic action potential, which amounts to an increase in neuronal excitability.
  • NMDA receptors are highly expressed in the CNS and are involved in excitatory synaptic transmission. Activating these receptors contributes to synaptic plasticity in some circumstances and excitotoxicity in others. These receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that admit Ca2+ after binding of the neurotransmitters glutamate and glycine, and are fundamental to excitatory neurotransmission and normal CNS function.
  • NMDA receptors are heteromeric complexes comprised of NR1, NR2, and/or NR3 subunits and possess distinct recognition sites for exogenous and endogenous ligands. These recognition sites include binding sites for glycine, and glutamate agonists and modulators.
  • Positive modulators may be useful as therapeutic agents with potential clinical uses as cognitive enhancers and in the treatment of psychiatric disorders in which glutamatergic transmission is reduced or defective (see, e.g., Horak et al., J. of Neuroscience, 2004, 24(46), 10318-10325).
  • negative modulators may be useful as therapeutic agenst with potential clinical uses in the treatment of psychiatric disorders in which glutamatergic transmission is pathologically increased (e.g., treatment resistant depression).
  • Neuroactive steroids such as pregnenolone sulfate (PS) have been shown to exert direct modulatory effects on several types of neurotransmitter receptors, such as GABAA, glycine, AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors.
  • NMDA receptors are positively modulated by PS; however, the degree of modulation varies considerably, e.g., depending upon the subunit composition of the receptor.
  • Org-1 3 ⁇ -hydroxy-ergost-5-ene steroid derivative
  • Org-1 was reported as positive modulator of NMDA (NR1a/NR2A).
  • Org-1 was found to selectively modulate NMDA over GABAA (see, e.g., Madau et al., Program No. 613.2/B87. 2009 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Chicago, Ill.: Society for Neuroscience, 2009; Connick et al., Program No. 613.1/B86. 2009 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Chicago, Ill.: Society for Neuroscience, 2009; Paul el al., J. Neurosci. 2013, 33, 17290-17300).
  • New and improved neuroactive steroids are needed that modulate brain excitability for the prevention and treatment of CNS-related conditions.
  • the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein are directed toward this end.
  • Fluorination on the C 17 side chain has been shown to improve potency and limit maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor when tested as high as 1 ⁇ M concentration of compound.
  • a secondary or tertiary terminal alcohol on the C 17 side chain has been shown to improve potency and limit maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor when tested as high as 1 ⁇ M concentration of compound, and is thus a preferred feature of the invention, with a preference for bulkier groups at the terminating end containing 2-3 carbons, or a group comprising fluorine substitution.
  • Such properties are expected limit the risk of inducing glutamate driven neurotoxicity relative to compounds that achieve a greater maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor.
  • Compounds of the present invention encompass various combinations of these specified features to provide superior NMDA modulators.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, or —OR A2 , wherein R A2 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
  • R 3a is hydrogen or —OR A3 , wherein R A3 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and R 3b is hydrogen; or R 3a and R 3b are joined to form an oxo ( ⁇ O) group;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen
  • X is —C(R X ) 2 — or —O—, wherein R X is hydrogen or fluorine, or one R X group and R 5b are joined to form a double bond;
  • each instance of R 5a and R 5b is independently hydrogen or fluorine
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted and unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl group, wherein the non-hydrogen group is optionally substituted with fluorine; and
  • R 6b is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group optionally substituted with fluorine;
  • R X , R 5a , and R 5b is fluorine
  • R 6a and R 6b are a non-hydrogen group substituted with a fluorine
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the CNS-related condition is an adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder (including obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder), cognitive disorder (including Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia), dissociative disorder, eating disorder, mood disorder (including depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder), schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder (including schizoaffective disorder), sleep disorder (including insomnia), substance abuse-related disorder, personality disorder (including obsessive-compulsive personality disorder), autism spectrum disorders (including those involving mutations to the Shank group of proteins), neurodevelopmental disorder (including Rett syndrome), pain (including acute and chronic pain), seizure disorder (including status epilepticus and monogenic forms of epilepsy such as Dravet's disease
  • Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer.
  • Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • C 1-6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1-6 , C 1-5 , C 1-4 , C 1-3 , C 1-2 , C 2-6 , C 2-5 , C 2-4 , C 2-3 , C 3-6 , C 3-5 , C 3-4 , C 4-6 , C 4-5 , and C 5-6 alkyl.
  • analogue means one analogue or more than one analogue.
  • Aliphatic refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or carbocyclyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C 1-20 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C 1-12 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 1-10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1-9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 1-8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 1-7 alkyl”).
  • an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 alkyl”, also referred to herein as “lower alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1-5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1-4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 1-3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1-2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkyl”).
  • C 1-6 alkyl groups include methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), isopropyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (C 5 ), 3-pentanyl (C 5 ), amyl (C 5 ), neopentyl (C 5 ), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C 5 ), tertiary amyl (C 5 ), and n-hexyl (C 6 ).
  • alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C 7 ), n-octyl (C 8 ) and the like.
  • each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents; e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent.
  • the alkyl group is unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl (e.g., —CH 3 ).
  • the alkyl group is substituted C 1-10 alkyl.
  • alkylene As used herein, “alkylene,” “alkenylene,” and “alkynylene,” refer to a divalent radical of an alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl group, respectively. When a range or number of carbons is provided for a particular “alkylene,” “alkenylene,” and “alkynylene” group, it is understood that the range or number refers to the range or number of carbons in the linear carbon divalent chain. “Alkylene,” “alkenylene,” and “alkynylene” groups may be substituted or unsubstituted with one or more substituents as described herein.
  • Alkylene refers to an alkyl group wherein two hydrogens are removed to provide a divalent radical, and which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Unsubstituted alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH 2 —), ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —), propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), pentylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), hexylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and the like.
  • substituted alkylene groups e.g., substituted with one or more alkyl (methyl) groups, include but are not limited to, substituted methylene (—CH(CH 3 )—, (—C(CH 3 ) 2 —), substituted ethylene (—CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —), substituted propylene (—CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —), and the like.
  • substituted methylene —CH(CH 3 )—, (—C(CH 3 ) 2 —)
  • substituted ethylene
  • Alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon-carbon double bonds), and optionally one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon-carbon triple bonds) (“C 2-20 alkenyl”). In certain embodiments, alkenyl does not contain any triple bonds. In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2-10 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2-9 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkenyl”).
  • the one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C 2 ), 1-propenyl (C 3 ), 2-propenyl (C 3 ), 1-butenyl (C 4 ), 2-butenyl (C 4 ), butadienyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • Examples of C 2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C 5 ), pentadienyl (C 5 ), hexenyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • alkenyl examples include heptenyl (C 7 ), octenyl (C 8 ), octatrienyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent.
  • the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • the alkenyl group is substituted C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • Alkenylene refers to an alkenyl group wherein two hydrogens are removed to provide a divalent radical, and which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • exemplary unsubstituted divalent alkenylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethenylene (—CH ⁇ CH—) and propenylene (e.g., —CH ⁇ CHCH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH—).
  • substituted alkenylene groups e.g., substituted with one or more alkyl (methyl) groups
  • substituted ethylene —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH—, —CH ⁇ C(CH 3 )—
  • substituted propylene e.g., —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CHCH 2 —, —CH ⁇ C(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH ⁇ CHCH(CH 3 )—, —CH ⁇ CHC(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )—CH ⁇ CH—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH ⁇ CH—, —CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH—, —CH 2 —CH ⁇ C(CH 3 )—), and the like.
  • Alkynyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon-carbon triple bonds), and optionally one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon-carbon double bonds) (“C 2-20 alkynyl”). In certain embodiments, alkynyl does not contain any double bonds. In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C 2-10 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 2-9 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 2-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 2-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C 2 alkynyl”).
  • the one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C 2 ), 1-propynyl (C 3 ), 2-propynyl (C 3 ), 1-butynyl (C 4 ), 2-butynyl (C 4 ), and the like.
  • C 2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C 2-4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C 5 ), hexynyl (C 6 ), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C 7 ), octynyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents; e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent.
  • the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • the alkynyl group is substituted C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • Alkynylene refers to a linear alkynyl group wherein two hydrogens are removed to provide a divalent radical, and which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Exemplary divalent alkynylene groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted ethynylene, substituted or unsubstituted propynylene, and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, which further comprises 1 or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus) within the parent chain, wherein the one or more heteroatoms is inserted between adjacent carbon atoms within the parent carbon chain and/or one or more heteroatoms is inserted between a carbon atom and the parent molecule, i.e., between the point of attachment.
  • a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-10 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-6 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-5 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 1-4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC 1-3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC 1-2 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 carbon atom and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-6 alkyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 1-10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is a substituted heteroC 1-10 alkyl.
  • heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group, as defined herein, which further comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus) wherein the one or more heteroatoms is inserted between adjacent carbon atoms within the parent carbon chain and/or one or more heteroatoms is inserted between a carbon atom and the parent molecule, i.e., between the point of attachment.
  • a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-10 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms at least one double bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-9 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-8 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-7 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC 2-3 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-6 alkenyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 2-10 alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted heteroC 2-10 alkenyl.
  • heteroalkynyl refers to an alkynyl group, as defined herein, which further comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus) wherein the one or more heteroatoms is inserted between adjacent carbon atoms within the parent carbon chain and/or one or more heteroatoms is inserted between a carbon atom and the parent molecule, i.e., between the point of attachment.
  • one or more heteroatoms e.g., oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, silicon, phosphorus
  • a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-10 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-9 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-8 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-7 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-5 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC 2-3 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms (“heteroC 2-6 alkynyl”).
  • each instance of a heteroalkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroalkynyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 2-10 alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is a substituted heteroC 2-10 alkynyl.
  • alkylene As used herein, “alkylene,” “alkenylene,” “alkynylene,” “heteroalkylene,” “heteroalkenylene,” and “heteroalkynylene,” refer to a divalent radical of an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl group, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, and heteroalkynyl group respectively.
  • a range or number of carbons is provided for a particular “alkylene,” “alkenylene,” “alkynylene,” “heteroalkylene,” “heteroalkenylene,” or “heteroalkynylene,” group, it is understood that the range or number refers to the range or number of carbons in the linear carbon divalent chain.
  • Alkylene, “alkenylene,” “alkynylene,” “heteroalkylene,” “heteroalkenylene,” and “heteroalkynylene” groups may be substituted or unsubstituted with one or more substituents as described herein.
  • Aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C 6-14 aryl”).
  • an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms (“C 6 aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
  • an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms (“C 10 aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl).
  • an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms (“C 14 aryl”; e.g., anthracyl).
  • Aryl also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
  • Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene, and trinaphthalene.
  • aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • each instance of an aryl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the aryl group is unsubstituted C 6-14 aryl.
  • the aryl group is substituted C 6-14 aryl.
  • R 56 and R 57 may be hydrogen and at least one of R 56 and R 57 is each independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 haloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, alkanoyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, heteroaryloxy, alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, NR 58 COR 59 , NR 58 SOR 59 NR 58 SO 2 R 59 , COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR 58 R 59 , CONR 58 OR 59 , NR 58 R 59 , SO 2 NR 58 R 59 , S-alkyl, SOalkyl, SO 2 alkyl, Saryl, SOaryl, SO 2 aryl; or R 56 and R 57 may be joined to form a cyclic ring (saturated or unsaturated) from 5 to 8 atoms, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms
  • R 60 and R 61 are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.
  • aryl groups having a fused heterocyclyl group include the following:
  • each W is selected from C(R 66 ) 2 , NR 66 , O, and S; and each Y is selected from carbonyl, NR 66 , O and S; and R 66 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl.
  • fused aryl refers to an aryl having two of its ring carbon in common with a second aryl or heteroaryl ring or with a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring.
  • Alkyl is a subset of alkyl and aryl, as defined herein, and refers to an optionally substituted alkyl group substituted by an optionally substituted aryl group.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like
  • the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thiophenyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyL and thiepinyl.
  • Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
  • Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
  • heteroaryls examples include the following:
  • each Y is selected from carbonyl, N, NR 65 , O, and S; and R 65 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl.
  • Heteroaralkyl is a subset of alkyl and heteroaryl, as defined herein, and refers to an optionally substituted alkyl group substituted by an optionally substituted heteroaryl group.
  • Carbocyclyl or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-10 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system.
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 8-10 carbocyclyl”).
  • Exemplary C 3-6 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (C 4 ), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C 6 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C 1-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • Exemplary C 3-10 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C 3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C 9 ), cyclononenyl (C 9 ), cyclodecyl (C 10 ), cyclodecenyl (C 10 ), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C 10 ), and the like.
  • the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.
  • “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system.
  • each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C 3-10 carbocyclyl.
  • the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C 3-10 carbocyclyl.
  • “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 1-10 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 cycloalkyl”).
  • C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C 5 ) and cyclohexyl (C 5 ).
  • Examples of C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C 3 ) and cyclobutyl (C 4 ).
  • Examples of C 3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C 7 ) and cyclooctyl (C 8 ).
  • each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C 1-10 cycloalkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group is substituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl.
  • Heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3- to 10-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon (“3-10 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”), and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated.
  • Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
  • each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl.
  • Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C 6 aryl ring include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
  • heterocyclyl groups are shown in the following illustrative examples:
  • each W is selected from CR 67 , C(R 67 ) 2 , NR 67 , O, and S; and each Y is selected from NR 67 , O, and S; and R 67 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl.
  • heterocyclyl rings may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl (carbamoyl or amido), aminocarbonylamino, aminosulfonyl, sulfonylamino, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, keto, nitro, thiol, —S-alkyl, —S-aryl, —S(O)-alkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O) 2 -alkyl, and —S(O) 2 -aryl.
  • Substituting groups include carbonyl or thiocarbonyl which provide, for example, lactam and urea derivatives.
  • Hetero when used to describe a compound or a group present on a compound means that one or more carbon atoms in the compound or group have been replaced by a nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatom. Hetero may be applied to any of the hydrocarbyl groups described above such as alkyl, e.g., heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, e.g., heterocyclyl, aryl, e.g., heteroaryl, cycloalkenyl, e.g., cycloheteroalkenyl, and the like having from 1 to 5, and particularly from 1 to 3 heteroatoms.
  • alkyl e.g., heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, e.g., heterocyclyl, aryl, e.g., heteroaryl, cycloalkenyl, e.g., cycloheteroalkenyl, and the like having from 1 to 5, and particularly from 1 to 3 heteroatoms.
  • “Acyl” refers to a radical —C(O)R 20 , where R 20 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, as defined herein.
  • “Alkanoyl” is an acyl group wherein R 20 is a group other than hydrogen.
  • acyl groups include, but are not limited to, formyl (—CHO), acetyl (—C( ⁇ O)CH 3 ), cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl (—C( ⁇ O)Ph), benzylcarbonyl (—C( ⁇ O)CH 2 Ph), —C(O)—C 1 -C 8 alkyl, —C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (C 6 -C 10 aryl), —C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (5-10 membered heteroaryl), —C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), and —C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4.
  • R 21 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; or C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy or hydroxy.
  • “Acylamino” refers to a radical —NR 22 C(O)R 23 , where each instance of R 22 and R23 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, as defined herein, or R 22 is an amino protecting group.
  • acylamino groups include, but are not limited to, formylamino, acetylamino, cyclohexylcarbonylamino, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonylamino, benzoylamino and benzylcarbonylamino.
  • acylamino groups are —NR 24 C(O)—C 1 -C 8 alkyl, —NR 24 C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (C 6 —C o aryl), —NR 24 C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (5-10 membered heteroaryl), —NR 24 C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), and —NR 24 C(O)—(CH 2 ) t (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4, and each R 24 independently represents H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl.
  • R 25 is H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy or hydroxy; and R 26 is H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, arylalkyl,
  • “Acyloxy” refers to a radical —OC(O)R 27 , where R 27 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl and benzylcarbonyl.
  • R 28 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy or hydroxy.
  • Alkoxy refers to the group —OR 29 where R 29 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • Particular alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy.
  • Particular alkoxy groups are lower alkoxy, i.e. with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms. Further particular alkoxy groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.
  • R 29 is a group that has 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, in particular 1 substituent, selected from the group consisting of amino, substituted amino, C 6 -C 10 aryl, aryloxy, carboxyl, cyano, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, halogen, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, hydroxyl, nitro, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O) 2 — and aryl-S(O) 2 —.
  • substituents for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, in particular 1 substituent, selected from the group consisting of amino, substituted amino, C 6 -C 10 aryl, aryloxy, carboxyl, cyano, C 3 -
  • Exemplary ‘substituted alkoxy’ groups include, but are not limited to, —O—(CH 2 ) t (C 6 -C 10 aryl), —O—(CH 2 ) t (5-10 membered heteroaryl), —O—(CH 2 ) t (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), and —O—(CH 2 ) t (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4 and any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy or hydroxy.
  • Particular exemplary ‘substituted alkoxy’ groups are —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 CF 3 , —OCH 2 Ph, —OCH 2 -cyclopropyl, —OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —OCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 .
  • Amino refers to the radical —NH 2 .
  • Substituted amino refers to an amino group of the formula —N(R 38 ) 2 wherein R 38 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or an amino protecting group, wherein at least one of R 38 is not a hydrogen.
  • each R 38 is independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 alkynyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, or C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl; or C 1 -C 8 alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C 3 -C 8 alkenyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C 3 -C 8 alkynyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy, or —(CH 2 ) t (C 6 -C 10 aryl), —(CH 2 ) t (5-10 membered heteroaryl), —(CH 2 ) t (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), or —(CH 2 ) t (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer between 0 and 8, each of which is substituted by
  • substituted amino groups include, but are not limited to, —NR 39 —C 1 -C 8 alkyl, —NR 39 —(CH 2 ) t (C 6 -C 10 aryl), —NR 39 —(CH 2 ) t (5-10 membered heteroaryl), —NR 39 —(CH 2 ) t (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), and —NR 39 —(CH 2 ) t (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4, for instance 1 or 2, each R 39 independently represents H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl; and any alkyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by halo, substituted or unsubstituted amino, or hydroxy; and any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C
  • substituted amino includes the groups alkylamino, substituted alkylamino, alkylarylamino, substituted alkylarylamino, arylamino, substituted arylamino, dialkylamino, and substituted dialkylamino as defined below.
  • Substituted amino encompasses both monosubstituted amino and disubstituted amino groups.
  • “Azido” refers to the radical —N 3 .
  • Carbamoyl or “amido” refers to the radical —C(O)NH 2 .
  • Substituted carbamoyl or “substituted amido” refers to the radical —C(O)N(R 62 ) 2 wherein each R 62 is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or an amino protecting group, wherein at least one of R 62 is not a hydrogen.
  • R 62 is selected from H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, aralkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl; or C 1 -C 8 alkyl substituted with halo or hydroxy; or C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, aralkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl, each of which is substituted by unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 haloalkoxy or
  • Exemplary “substituted carbamoyl” groups include, but are not limited to, —C(O) NR 64 —C 1 -C 8 alkyl, —C(O)NR 64 —(CH 2 ) t (C 6 -C 10 aryl), —C(O)N 64 —(CH 2 ) t (5-10 membered heteroaryl), —C(O)NR 64 —(CH 2 ) t (C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl), and —C(O)NR 64 —(CH 2 ) t (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4, each R 64 independently represents H or C 1 -C 8 alkyl and any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, unsubsti
  • Carboxy refers to the radical —C(O)OH.
  • “Cyano” refers to the radical —CN.
  • Halo or “halogen” refers to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I). In certain embodiments, the halo group is either fluoro or chloro.
  • Haldroxy refers to the radical —OH.
  • Niro refers to the radical —NO 2 .
  • Cycloalkylalkyl refers to an alkyl radical in which the alkyl group is substituted with a cycloalkyl group.
  • Typical cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, cyclooctylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cycloheptylethyl, and cyclooctylethyl, and the like.
  • Heterocyclylalkyl refers to an alkyl radical in which the alkyl group is substituted with a heterocyclyl group.
  • Typical heterocyclylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylmethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, piperidinylethyl, piperazinylethyl, morpholinylethyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkenyl refers to substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused and bridged ring systems and having at least one and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation.
  • Such cycloalkenyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopropenyl, and the like.
  • “Fused cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl having two of its ring carbon atoms in common with a second aliphatic or aromatic ring and having its olefinic unsaturation located to impart aromaticity to the cycloalkenyl ring.
  • Ethenyl refers to substituted or unsubstituted —(C ⁇ C)—.
  • Ethylene refers to substituted or unsubstituted —(C—C)—.
  • Nonrogen-containing heterocyclyl means a 4- to 7-membered non-aromatic cyclic group containing at least one nitrogen atom, for example, but without limitation, morpholine, piperidine (e.g. 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl and 4-piperidinyl), pyrrolidine (e.g. 2-pyrrolidinyl and 3-pyrrolidinyl), azetidine, pyrrolidone, imidazoline, imidazolidinone, 2-pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, piperazine, and N-alkyl piperazines such as N-methyl piperazine. Particular examples include azetidine, piperidone and piperazone.
  • Thioketo refers to the group ⁇ S.
  • Alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are optionally substituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group).
  • substituted means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
  • the present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound.
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.
  • Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OR aa , —ON(R bb ) 2 , —N(R bb ) 2 , —N(R bb ) 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OR cc )R bb , —SH, —SR aa , —SSR cc , —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —CO 2 H, —CHO, —C(OR cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —OC( ⁇ O)R aa , —OCO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R bb ) 2 , —NR bb C
  • each instance of R aa is, independently, selected from C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 perhaloalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C 6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R aa groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R dd groups;
  • each instance of R bb is, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR aa , —N(R cc ) 2 , —CN, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR aa , —C( ⁇ S)N(R cc ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)SR cc , —C( ⁇ S)SR cc , —P( ⁇ O) 2 R aa , —P( ⁇ O)(R aa ) 2 ,
  • each instance of R cc is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 perhaloalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C 6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R cc groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5R dd groups;
  • each instance of R dd is, independently, selected from halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OR ee , —ON(R ff ) 2 , —N(R ff ) 2 , —N(R ff ) 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OR ee )R ff , —SH, —SR ee , —SSR ee , —C( ⁇ O)R ee , —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R ee , —OC( ⁇ O)R ee , —OCO 2 R ee , —C( ⁇ O)N(R ff ) 2 , —OC( ⁇ O)N(R ff ) 2 , —NR ff C( ⁇ O)R ee , —NR ff CO 2 R
  • each instance of R ee is, independently, selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 perhaloalkyl, C 2-6 -alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R gg groups;
  • each instance of R ff is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 perhaloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C 6-10 aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R ff groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5R gg groups; and
  • each instance of R gg is, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO 2 , —N 3 , —SO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —OH, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —ON(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , —N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , —N(C 1-6 alkyl) 3 + X ⁇ , —NH(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 + X ⁇ , —NH 2 (C 1-6 alkyl) + X ⁇ , —NH 3 + X ⁇ , —N(OC 1-6 alkyl)(C 1-6 alkyl), —N(OH)(C 1-6 alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC 1-6 alkyl, —SS(C 1-6 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)(C 1-6 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-6 alkyl), —OC( ⁇ O)
  • a “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a cationic quaternary amino group in order to maintain electronic neutrality.
  • exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , I ⁇ ), NO 3 ⁇ , ClO 4 ⁇ , OH ⁇ , H 2 PO 4 ⁇ , HSO 4 ⁇ , SO 4 ⁇ 2 sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), and carboxylate ions (e.g.
  • Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms.
  • Exemplary nitrogen atom substitutents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR aa , —N(R cc ) 2 , —CN, —C( ⁇ O)R aa , —C( ⁇ O)N(R cc ) 2 , —CO 2 R aa , —SO 2 R aa , —C( ⁇ NR bb )R aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )OR aa , —C( ⁇ NR cc )N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 N(R cc ) 2 , —SO 2 R cc , —SO 2 OR cc , —SOR aa , —C( ⁇ S)N(
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al., describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (C 1-4 alkyl) 4 salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
  • a “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g, infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult or senior adult)) and/or a non-human animal, e.g., a mammal such as primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys), cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, rodents, cats, and/or dogs.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the subject is a non-human animal.
  • the terms “human,” “patient,” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein.
  • the terms “treat,” “treating” and “treatment” contemplate an action that occurs while a subject is suffering from the specified disease, disorder or condition, which reduces the severity of the disease, disorder or condition, or retards or slows the progression of the disease, disorder or condition (“therapeutic treatment”), and also contemplates an action that occurs before a subject begins to suffer from the specified disease, disorder or condition (“prophylactic treatment”).
  • the “effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response.
  • the effective amount of a compound of the invention may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the disease being treated, the mode of administration, and the age, health, and condition of the subject.
  • An effective amount encompasses therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the disease, disorder or condition.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease, disorder or condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition, or prevent its recurrence.
  • a prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease, disorder or condition.
  • the term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
  • Fluorination on the C 17 side chain has been shown to improve potency and limit maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor when tested as high as 1 ⁇ M concentration of compound.
  • a secondary or tertiary terminal alcohol on the C 17 side chain has been shown to improve potency and limit maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor when tested as high as 1 ⁇ M concentration of compound, and is thus a preferred feature of the invention, with a preference for bulkier groups at the terminating end containing 2-3 carbons, or a group comprising fluorine substitution.
  • Such properties are expected limit the risk of inducing glutamate driven neurotoxicity relative to compounds that achieve a greater maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor.
  • Compounds of the present invention encompass various combinations of these specified features to provide superior NMDA modulators.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, or —OR A2 , wherein R A2 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
  • R 3a is hydrogen or —OR A3 , wherein R A3 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and R 3b is hydrogen; or R 3a and R 3b are joined to form an oxo ( ⁇ O) group;
  • R 4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen
  • X is —C(R X ) 2 — or —O—, wherein R X is hydrogen or fluorine, or one R X group and R 5b are joined to form a double bond;
  • each instance of R 5a and R 5b is independently hydrogen or fluorine
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted and unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl group, wherein the non-hydrogen group is optionally substituted with fluorine; and
  • R 6b is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group optionally substituted with fluorine;
  • R X , R 5a , and R 5b is fluorine
  • R 6a and R 6b are a non-hydrogen group substituted with a fluorine
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, i.e., substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • alkyl e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • R 1 C 1-6 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), isopropyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (C 5 ), 3-pentanyl (C 5 ), amyl (C 5 ), neopentyl (C 5 ), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C 5 ), tertiary amyl (C 5 ), n-hexyl (C 6 ), C 1-6 alkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more fluoro groups (e.g., —CF 3 , —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , difluoroethyl, and 2,2,2-trifluoro
  • R 1 is substituted alkyl, e.g., R 1 is haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl.
  • R 1 is Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, or ethoxymethyl.
  • R 1 is unsubstituted C 1-3 alkyl, e.g., R 1 is —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 1 is alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine atoms; e.g., R 1 is —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , or —CF 3 .
  • R 1 is alkyl substituted with one or more —OR A1 groups, wherein R A1 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R 1 is —CH 2 OR A1 , e.g., wherein R A1 is hydrogen, —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkenyl.
  • R 1 is ethenyl (C 2 ), propenyl (C 3 ), or butenyl (C 4 ), unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or hydroxyl.
  • R 1 is ethenyl, propenyl, or butenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or hydroxy.
  • R 1 is ethenyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkynyl.
  • R 1 alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, or butynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl), or hydroxyl.
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, or butynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl), or hydroxyl.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroethynyl, cyclopropylethynyl, cyclobutylethynyl, and propynyl, fluoropropynyl, and chloroethynyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl (C 2 ), propynyl (C 3 ), or butynyl (C 4 ), unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl (C 2 ), propynyl (C 3 ), or butynyl (C 4 ) substituted with substituted phenyl.
  • the phenyl substitutent is further substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, trifluoroalkyl, alkoxy, acyl, amino or amido.
  • R 1 is ethynyl (C 2 ), propynyl (C 3 ), or butynyl (C 4 ) substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazoyl, thiazolyl, isoxazoyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, or tetrazolyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl, propynyl, or butynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with phenyl unsubstituted or substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, or acyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl.
  • R 3a is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazoyl, thiazolyl, isoxazoyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl.
  • R 1 is propynyl or butynyl, substituted with hydroxyl or alkoxy.
  • R 1 is propynyl or butynyl, substituted with methoxy or ethoxy.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with chloro.
  • R 1 is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 carbocyclyl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl or substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, or —OR A2 , wherein R A2 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen.
  • R 2 is halogen, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In certain embodiments, R 2 is fluoro or chloro.
  • R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • R 2 is —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , or cyclopropyl.
  • R 2 is —OR A2 .
  • R A2 is hydrogen.
  • R A2 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • alkyl e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • R A2 is hydrogen, —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , i.e., to provide a group R 2 of formula —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , or —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substitutent in the alpha configuration. In certain embodiments, R 2 is a non-hydrogen substituent in the beta configuration.
  • R 3a is hydrogen or —OR A3 , wherein R A3 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and R 3b is hydrogen; or R 3a and R 3b are joined to form an oxo ( ⁇ O) group.
  • both R 3a and R 3b are both hydrogen.
  • R 3a and R 3b are joined to form an oxo ( ⁇ O) group.
  • R 3a is —OR A3 and R 3b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, wherein R 3a is —OR A3 , R 3a is in the alpha or beta configuration. In certain embodiments, wherein R 3a is —OR A3 , R 3a is in the alpha configuration. In certain embodiments, wherein R 3a is —OR A3 , R 3a is in the beta configuration. In certain embodiments, R A3 is hydrogen.
  • R A3 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • R A3 is hydrogen, —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , i.e., to provide a group R 3a of formula —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , or —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen. In certain embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 4 is halogen, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, R 4 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • R 4 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsub
  • R 4 is C 1 alkyl, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen, —CH 3 , or —F. In certain embodiments, wherein represents a single bond, R 4 is a non-hydrogen substitutent in the alpha configuration. In certain embodiments, wherein represents a single bond, R 4 is a non-hydrogen substituent in the beta configuration.
  • X is —C(R X ) 2 — or —O—, wherein R X is hydrogen or fluorine, or one R X group and R 5b are joined to form a double bond; each of R 5a and R 5b is independently hydrogen or fluorine; R 6a is a non-hydrogen group selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted and unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl group, wherein the non-hydrogen group is optionally substituted with fluorine; and R 6b is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group optionally substituted with fluorine; provided: (1) at least one of R X , R 5
  • X is —O—. In certain embodiments, X is —CH 2 —. In certain embodiments, X is —CF 2 —.
  • R 5a and R 5b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 5a and R 5b is fluorine. In certain embodiments, R 5a and R 5b are both hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 5a and R 5b are both fluorine. In certain embodiments, R X and R 5b are joined to form a double bond, e.g., cis or trans double bond.
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group, as described herein, which is not substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g., —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl (e.g., isopropanol).
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group, as described herein, which is substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group, as described herein, and R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6a is a non-hydrogen group, as described herein, and R 6b is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group optionally substituted by fluorine. In certain embodiments, R 6b is an alkyl group which is not substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, R 6a is an alkyl group which is substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl, optionally substituted by fluorine. In certain embodiments, R 6b is C 1 alkyl optionally substituted by fluorine, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-2 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkyl.
  • R 6a C 1-6 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C 1 ), substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl (C 4 ), substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl (C 4 ), substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl (C 4 ), substituted or unsubstituted iso-butyl (C 4 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-pentyl (C 5 ), substituted or unsubstituted 3-pentanyl (C 5 ), substituted or unsubstituted amyl (C 5 ), substituted or unsubstituted neopentyl (C 5 ), substituted or or
  • R 6a is alkyl, as described above, substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more fluorines.
  • R 6a is —CF 3 , —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , difluoroethyl, or 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl).
  • R 6a is alkyl, as described above, substituted with one or more —OR A6 groups, wherein R A6 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —H 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , e.g., —CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C 3-6 heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-4 heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 4-5 heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 5-6 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, optionally substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, e.g., optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with fluorine.
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms, e.g., between two and nine, two and eight, two and seven, two and six, two and five, two and four, or two and three carbon atoms, inclusive.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 carbocyclyl.
  • R X , R 5a , and R 5b is fluorine; or at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine;
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-3 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 carbocyclyl.
  • R 6a and R 6b are the same group. In certain embodiments, R 6a and R 6b are different groups, and the carbon to R 6a is attached is in the (S) or (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is —CF 3 and R 6b is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine, and R 6b is —CH 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted with one or more —OR A6 groups, wherein R A6 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R 6a is a substituted or unsubstituted C 2-4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 3 carbocyclyl, and R 6b is —CH 3 .
  • R 6a is a unsubstituted C 2-4 alkyl, unsubstituted C 2-3 alkenyl, or unsubstituted C 2-3 alkynyl, or unsubstituted C 3 carbocyclyl, and R 6b is —CH 3 .
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine, and R 6b is —CH 3 .
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is methyl (C 1 ) optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), or substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ). In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, represents a single bond, and the hydrogen at C5 is alpha. In certain embodiments, represents a double bond. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen, —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , cyclopropyl, fluoro, or chloro.
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substitutent in the alpha configuration.
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substituent in the beta configuration.
  • R 3a and R 3b are both hydrogen.
  • R 3a and R 3b are joined to form ⁇ O (oxo).
  • R 4 is hydrogen.
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is methyl (C 1 ), optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), or substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ). In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, represents a single bond, and the hydrogen at C5 is alpha. In certain embodiments, represents a double bond.
  • R 1 is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3
  • R 2 is hydrogen, —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , cyclopropyl, fluoro, or chloro.
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substitutent in the alpha configuration.
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substituent in the beta configuration.
  • R 3a and R 3b are both hydrogen.
  • R 3a and R 3b are joined to form ⁇ O (oxo).
  • R 4 is hydrogen.
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is methyl (C 1 ) optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), or substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ). In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, represents a single bond, and the hydrogen at C5 is alpha. In certain embodiments, represents a double bond. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen, —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , cyclopropyl, fluoro, or chloro.
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substitutent in the alpha configuration.
  • R 2 is a non-hydrogen substituent in the beta configuration.
  • R 3a and R 3b are both hydrogen.
  • R 3a and R 3b are joined to form ⁇ O (oxo).
  • R 4 is hydrogen.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is selected from a compound of Formula (II):
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is methyl (C 1 ) optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), or substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ). In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, represents a single bond, and the hydrogen at C5 is alpha. In certain embodiments, represents a double bond. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I) is selected from a compound of Formula (II-A):
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is methyl (C 1 ) optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), or substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ). In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (I) is selected from a compound of Formula (II-B):
  • R 6a is a non-hydrogen group comprising between two and ten carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 6a and R 6b is a non-hydrogen group substituted with fluorine. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R 6a is attached is in the (S) configuration. In certain embodiments, the carbon to which R is attached is in the (R) configuration. In certain embodiments, R 6a is methyl (C 1 ) optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, e.g., —CH 3 or —CF 3 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C 2 ), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C 3 ), or substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is —CH 2 OR A6 , —CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 , or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR A6 .
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted vinyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted allyl (C 3 ).
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted ethynyl (C 2 ) or substituted or unsubstituted propargyl (C 3 ). In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R 6b is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6b is —CH 3 or —CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3 .
  • a compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).
  • compositions When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds provided herein are typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Such compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound.
  • the carrier is a parenteral carrier, oral or topical carrier.
  • the present invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof for use as a pharmaceutical or a medicament.
  • the compounds provided herein are administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
  • compositions provided herein can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal.
  • routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal.
  • the compounds provided herein are preferably formulated as either injectable or oral compositions or as salves, as lotions or as patches all for transdermal administration.
  • compositions for oral administration can take the form of bulk liquid solutions or suspensions, or bulk powders. More commonly, however, the compositions are presented in unit dosage forms to facilitate accurate dosing.
  • unit dosage forms refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
  • Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions.
  • the compound is usually a minor component (from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight or preferably from about 1 to about 40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.
  • Liquid forms suitable for oral administration may include a suitable aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle with buffers, suspending and dispensing agents, colorants, flavors and the like.
  • Solid forms may include, for example, any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • Injectable compositions are typically based upon injectable sterile saline or phosphate-buffered saline or other injectable carriers known in the art.
  • the active compound in such compositions is typically a minor component, often being from about 0.05 to 10% by weight with the remainder being the injectable carrier and the like.
  • Transdermal compositions are typically formulated as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s), generally in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 15% by weight.
  • the active ingredients When formulated as a ointment, the active ingredients will typically be combined with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with, for example an oil-in-water cream base.
  • Such transdermal formulations are well-known in the art and generally include additional ingredients to enhance the dermal penetration of stability of the active ingredients or the formulation. All such known transdermal formulations and ingredients are included within the scope provided herein.
  • transdermal administration can be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir or porous membrane type, or of a solid matrix variety.
  • the compounds of this invention can also be administered in sustained release forms or from sustained release drug delivery systems.
  • sustained release materials can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  • the present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of a compound of Formula (I).
  • the formulation comprises water.
  • the formulation comprises a cyclodextrin derivative.
  • the most common cyclodextrins are ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins consisting of 6, 7 and 8 ⁇ -1,4-linked glucose units, respectively, optionally comprising one or more substituents on the linked sugar moieties, which include, but are not limited to, methylated, hydroxyalkylated, acylated, and sulfoalkylether substitution.
  • the cyclodextrin is a sulfoalkyl ether ⁇ -cyclodextrin, e.g., for example, sulfobutyl ether 3-cyclodextrin, also known as Captisol®. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,645.
  • the formulation comprises hexapropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin. In a more particular embodiment, the formulation comprises hexapropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (10-50% in water).
  • the present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of Formula (I).
  • the acid which may be used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is that which forms a non-toxic acid addition salt, i.e., a salt containing pharmacologically acceptable anions such as the hydrochloride, hydroiodide, hydrobromide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate, tartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, benzoate, para-toluenesulfonate, and the like.
  • a non-toxic acid addition salt i.e., a salt containing pharmacologically acceptable anions such as the hydrochloride, hydroiodide, hydrobromide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate, tartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, benzoate, para-toluen
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant. The mixture is formed into 240-270 mg tablets (80-90 mg of active compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a starch diluent in an approximate 1:1 weight ratio. The mixture is filled into 250 mg capsules (125 mg of active compound per capsule).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (125 mg) may be admixed with sucrose (1.75 g) and xanthan gum (4 mg) and the resultant mixture may be blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11:89, 50 mg) in water.
  • Sodium benzoate (10 mg) flavor, and color are diluted with water and added with stirring. Sufficient water may then be added to produce a total volume of 5 mL.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio.
  • a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
  • the mixture is formed into 450-900 mg tablets (150-300 mg of active compound) in a tablet press.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be dissolved or suspended in a buffered sterile saline injectable aqueous medium to a concentration of approximately 5 mg/mL.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio.
  • a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
  • the mixture is formed into 90-150 mg tablets (30-50 mg of active compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
  • v may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio.
  • a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
  • the mixture is formed into 30-90 mg tablets (10-30 mg of active compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio.
  • a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
  • the mixture is formed into 0.3-30 mg tablets (0.1-10 mg of active compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio.
  • a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
  • the mixture is formed into 150-240 mg tablets (50-80 mg of active compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio.
  • a minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant.
  • the mixture is formed into 270-450 mg tablets (90-150 mg of active compound per tablet) in a tablet press.
  • Injection dose levels range from about 0.1 mg/kg/hour to at least 10 mg/kg/hour, all for from about 1 to about 120 hours and especially 24 to 96 hours.
  • a preloading bolus of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or more may also be administered to achieve adequate steady state levels.
  • the maximum total dose is not expected to exceed about 2 g/day for a 40 to 80 kg human patient.
  • each dose provides from about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg of the compound provided herein, with preferred doses each providing from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg, and especially about 1 to about 5 mg/kg.
  • Transdermal doses are generally selected to provide similar or lower blood levels than are achieved using injection doses.
  • the compounds provided herein When used to prevent the onset of a CNS-disorder, the compounds provided herein will be administered to a subject at risk for developing the condition, typically on the advice and under the supervision of a physician, at the dosage levels described above.
  • Subjects at risk for developing a particular condition generally include those that have a family history of the condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the condition.
  • Compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as described herein, are generally designed to modulate NMDA function, and therefore to act as neuroactive steroids for the treatment and prevention of CNS-related conditions in a subject. Modulation, as used herein, refers to the inhibition or potentiation of NMDA receptor function.
  • the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may act as a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of NMDA, and inhibit NMDA receptor function.
  • the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may act as positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of NMDA, and potentiate NMDA receptor function.
  • Exemplary CNS conditions related to NMDA-modulation include, but are not limited to, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders (including obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder), cognitive disorders (including Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia), dissociative disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders (including depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder), schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders (including schizoaffective disorder), sleep disorders (including insomnia), substance abuse-related disorders, personality disorders (including obsessive-compulsive personality disorder), autism spectrum disorders (including those involving mutations to the Shank group of proteins), neurodevelopmental disorders (including Rett syndrome), pain (including acute and chronic pain), seizure disorders (including status epilepticus and monogenic forms of epilepsy such as Dravet's disease, and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)), stroke, traumatic brain injury, movement disorders (including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease) and tinnitus.
  • anxiety disorders including obsess
  • the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used to induce sedation or anesthesia.
  • the compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is useful in the treatment or prevention of adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, substance-related disorders, personality disorders, autism spectrum disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, pain, seizure disorders, stroke, traumatic brain injury, movement disorders and tinnitus.
  • a method of treating or preventing brain excitability in a subject susceptible to or afflicted with a condition associated with brain excitability comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present invention provides a combination of a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another pharmacologically active agent.
  • the compounds provided herein can be administered as the sole active agent or they can be administered in combination with other agents. Administration in combination can proceed by any technique apparent to those of skill in the art including, for example, separate, sequential, concurrent and alternating administration.
  • protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions.
  • the choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis , Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, and references cited therein.
  • the compounds provided herein may be isolated and purified by known standard procedures. Such procedures include (but are not limited to) recrystallization, column chromatography, HPLC, or supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The following schemes are presented with details as to the preparation of representative substituted biarylamides that have been listed herein.
  • the compounds provided herein may be prepared from known or commercially available starting materials and reagents by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • Exemplary chiral columns available for use in the separation/purification of the enantiomers/diastereomers provided herein include, but are not limited to, CHIRALPAK® AD-10, CHIRALCEL® OB, CHIRALCEL® OB-H, CHIRALCEL® OD, CHIRALCEL® OD-H, CHIRALCEL® OF, CHIRALCEL® OG, CHIRALCEL® OJ and CHIRALCEL® OK.
  • SFC purification was carried out using a Thar 200 preparative SFC instrument equipped with a ChiralPak AD-10 ⁇ M, 200 ⁇ 50 mm ID. The compounds were separated eluting with mixtures of carbon dioxide and methanol or ethanol (e.g., 20-35% methanol or ethanol and 0.1% ammonium hydroxide) at a flow rate of 55-200 mL/min and monitored at 220 nm wavelength.
  • methanol or ethanol e.g., 20-35% methanol or ethanol and 0.1% ammonium hydroxide
  • TMSCF 3 (2.4 mL, 16.3 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 20° C. at room temperature under nitrogen.
  • a solution of TBAF (6.8 mL, 1 M in THF) was added and the mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature.
  • the mixture was diluted with MTBE (200 mL), washed with a saturated NaHCO 3 solution (30 mL ⁇ 3) and concentrated in vacuum.
  • 1-13 (120 mg, 40%) and 1-14 (120 mg, 40%) were obtained by SFC purification from 1-10 (300 mg, 0.814 mmol).
  • the configuration of 1-13 and 1-14 was confirmed by Mosher method.
  • a solution of TBAF (39.2 mL, 39.2 mmol, 1 M in THF) was added and the mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature.
  • the diastereomeric pairs (340 mg) were separated by prep-SFC to give 10-22 (130 mg, 22.9%) as a white power and 10-23 (135 mg, 23.8%) as a white power.
  • the crude product 10-13 was washed with EtOAc (30 mL) to give the diastereomeric pair (900 mg, 53.9%) as a white solid.
  • the mixture (400 mg) was separated by SFC to give 10-20 (30 mg, 4.0%) as a white solid and 10-21 (68 mg, 9.2%) as a white solid.
  • the organic phase was washed with brine (200 mL ⁇ 2) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and the solvent was evaporated to afford desired product (35 g, crude), which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • NMDA potentiation was assessed using either whole cell patch clamp of mammalian cells which expressed NMDA receptors, or using two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) of Xenopus Laevis oocytes expressing NMDA receptors.
  • TEVC two-electrode voltage clamp
  • NMDA/Glycine peak and steady-state currents were recorded from stably transfected cells expressing the NMDA receptor and the modulatory effects of the test items on these currents were investigated. Results are shown on Table 1.
  • Cells were stably transfected with human GRIN1 (variant NR1-3). These cells were transiently transfected (LipofectamineTM) with GRIN2A cDNA and CD8 (pLeu) antigene cDNA. About 24-72 hours following transfection 1 ⁇ l Dynabeads M-45 CD8 was added to identify successfully transfected cells (Jurman et al., Biotechniques (1994) 17:876-881). Cells were passaged to a confluence of 50-80%. Cells were seeded onto Poly-L-Lysine coated cover slips covered with culture complete medium in a 35 mm culture dish.
  • Confluent clusters of cells are electrically coupled (Pritchett et al., Science (1988), 242:1306-8). Because responses in distant cells are not adequately voltage clamped and because of uncertainties about the extent of coupling (Verdoorn et al., Neuron (1990), 4:919-28), cells were cultivated at a density that enables single cells (without visible connections to neighboring cells) to be measured. Cells were incubated at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 (rel. humidity about 95%).
  • the cells were continuously maintained in and passaged in sterile culture flasks containing a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified eagle medium and nutrient mixture F-12 (D-MEM/F-12 1 ⁇ , liquid, with L-Glutamine) supplemented with 9% fetal bovine serum and 0.9% Penicillin/Streptomycin solution.
  • the complete medium was supplemented with 3.0 ⁇ g/ml Puromycin.
  • NMDA bath solution NaCl 137 mM, KCl 4 mM, CaCl 2 2.8 mM, HEPES 10 mM, D-Glucose 10 mM, Cremophore 0.02%, pH (NaOH) 7.4
  • NMDA inward currents were measured upon application of 30 ⁇ M NMDA (and 5.0 M Glycine) to patch-clamped cells (2 applications) for 5 s.
  • the cells were voltage clamped at a holding potential of ⁇ 80 mV.
  • NMDA receptors were stimulated by 30 ⁇ M NMDA and 5.0 ⁇ M Glycine after sequential pre-incubation of increasing concentrations of the test article. Pre-incubation duration was 30 s. Stimulation duration was 5 s
  • Test articles were dissolved in DMSO to form stock solutions of 0.1 mM and 1 mM. Test articles were diluted to 0.1 ⁇ M and 1 ⁇ M in “NMDA bath solution”. Both concentrations of test articles were tested on each cell. The same concentration was applied at least three times or until the steady state current amplitude was reached. Every day one cell was tested with 50 ⁇ M PREGS (positive control) using the same application protocol to test whether cells were successfully transfected with NMDA receptors.
  • the Two Electrode Voltage Clamp (TEVC) technique was used to investigate the effects of compounds (10 ⁇ M) on the NMDA receptor (GRIN1/GRIN2A) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Glutamate/Glycine peak and steady-state currents were recorded from oocytes that expressed the NMDA receptor and the modulatory effects of the test items on these currents were investigated. Results are shown on Table 2.
  • Ovaries were harvested from Xenopus Laevis females that had been deeply anesthetized by cooling at 4° C. and immersion in Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222 at a concentration of 150 mg/L) in sodium bicarbonate (300 mg/L). Once anesthetized the animal was decapitated and pithed following the rules of animal rights from the Geneva canton. A small piece of ovary was isolated for immediate preparation while the remaining part was placed at 4° C.
  • Oocytes were injected with either cDNAs encoding for the human GRIN1 and GRIN2A subunits, using a proprietary automated injection device (Hogg et al., J. Neurosci. Methods , (2008) 169: 65-75) and receptor expression was assessed using electrophysiology at least two days later.
  • the ratio of cDNA injection for GRIN I and GRIN2A was 1:1.
  • Electrophysiological recordings were made using an automated process equipped with standard TEVC and data were captured and analyzed using a proprietary data acquisition and analysis software running under Matlab (Mathworks Inc.). The membrane potential of the oocytes was maintained at ⁇ 80 mV throughout the experiments.
  • Glutamate was prepared as a concentrated stock solution (10 ⁇ 1 M) in water and then diluted in the recording medium to obtain the desired test concentration.
  • Glycine was prepared as a stock solution at 1 M in water.
  • Compounds were prepared as stock solution (10 ⁇ 2 M) in DMSO and then diluted in the recording medium to obtain the desired test concentration. Residual DMSO did not exceed the concentration of 1% a concentration that has been shown to have no effects on Xenopus oocytes function.
  • compounds in this selection showed improved potency and limited maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor when tested as high as 1 ⁇ M concentrations of compound (for example Comparison Compound 2 vs 4-6 and 1-11). Such properties are expected limit the risk of inducing glutamate driven neurotoxicity relative to compounds that achieve a greater maximum potentiation of the NMDA receptor.
  • the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim.
  • any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
  • elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features.

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