US20150065504A1 - Antiviral compounds - Google Patents

Antiviral compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150065504A1
US20150065504A1 US14/462,937 US201414462937A US2015065504A1 US 20150065504 A1 US20150065504 A1 US 20150065504A1 US 201414462937 A US201414462937 A US 201414462937A US 2015065504 A1 US2015065504 A1 US 2015065504A1
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optionally substituted
canceled
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US14/462,937
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English (en)
Inventor
Guangyi Wang
Leonid Beigelman
Anh Truong
Carmela Napolitano
Daniele Andreotti
Haiying He
Karin Ann Stein
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Janssen Biopharma Inc
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Alios Biopharma Inc
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=52484091&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20150065504(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Alios Biopharma Inc filed Critical Alios Biopharma Inc
Priority to US14/462,937 priority Critical patent/US20150065504A1/en
Assigned to ALIOS BIOPHARMA, INC. reassignment ALIOS BIOPHARMA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NAPOLITANO, Carmela, ANDREOTTI, DANIELE, HE, HAIYING, BEIGELMAN, LEONID, TRUONG, ANH, STEIN, KARIN ANN, WANG, GUANGYI
Publication of US20150065504A1 publication Critical patent/US20150065504A1/en
Priority to US15/678,901 priority patent/US20180065932A1/en
Priority to US16/165,865 priority patent/US11021444B2/en
Priority to US17/208,964 priority patent/US20220363640A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D213/40—Acylated substituent nitrogen atom
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    • A61K31/4178—1,3-Diazoles not condensed 1,3-diazoles and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. pilocarpine, nitrofurantoin
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    • A61K31/4418—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof having a carbocyclic group directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cyproheptadine
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    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
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    • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
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    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
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    • C12N2760/00011—Details
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    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/18511—Pneumovirus, e.g. human respiratory syncytial virus
    • C12N2760/18561—Methods of inactivation or attenuation
    • C12N2760/18563—Methods of inactivation or attenuation by chemical treatment

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the fields of chemistry, biochemistry and medicine. More particularly, disclosed herein are new antiviral compounds, together with pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of synthesizing the same. Also disclosed herein are methods of ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection with one or more small molecule compounds.
  • Respiratory viral infections including upper and lower respiratory tract viral infections, are a leading cause of death of millions of people each year.
  • Upper respiratory tract viral infections involve the nose, sinuses, pharynx and/or larynx.
  • Lower respiratory tract viral infections involve the respiratory system below the vocal cords, including the trachea, primary bronchi and lungs.
  • Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory tract infections. Up to 60% of human infants are infected with RSV within their first year of life. Children and adults are also infected with RSV, where it is often manifesting as a lower respiratory tract infection with possible complications of bronchiolitis.
  • RSV infections can be particularly severe in infants and elderly patients.
  • RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus classified within the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes viruses that cause Newcastle disease, parainfluenza, mumps, measles, and canine distemper.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from the paramyxovirus viral infection an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection.
  • Still other embodiments described herein relate to compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection.
  • Yet still other embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the paramyxovirus with an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of inhibiting the replication of a paramyxovirus that can include contacting a cell infected with the paramyxovirus with an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the paramyxovirus viral infection can be caused by a henipavirus, a morbillivirus, a respirovirus, a rubulavirus, a pneumovirus (including a respiratory syncytial viral infection), a metapneumovirus, hendravirus, nipahvirus, measles, sendai virus, mumps, a human parainfluenza virus (HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3 and HPIV-4) and/or a metapneumovirus.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from the viral infection an effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (for example, one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, in combination with one or more agents described herein.
  • a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for example, one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, in combination with one or more agents described herein.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a paramyxovirus viral infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the paramyxovirus with an effective amount of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (for example, one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, in combination with one or more agents described herein.
  • a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for example, one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • FIG. 1 illustrates examples of compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing compounds.
  • Paramyxoviridae family is a family of single stranded RNA viruses.
  • Several genera of the paramyxoviridae family include henipavirus, morbillivirus, respirovirus, rubulavirus, pneumovirus and metapneumovirus. These viruses can be transmitted person to person via direct or close contact with contaminated respiratory droplets or fomites.
  • Species of henipavirus include hendravirus and nipahvirus.
  • a species of morbillivirus is measles.
  • Species of respirovirus include sendai virus and human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3; and species of rubulavirus include mumps virus and human parainfluenza viruses 2 and 4.
  • a species of metapneumovirus is human metapneumovirus.
  • RSV Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
  • Symptoms of an RSV infection include coughing, sneezing, runny nose, fever, decrease in appetite, and wheezing.
  • RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under one year of age in the world, and can be the cause of tracheobronchitis in older children and adults. In the United States, between 75,000 and 125,000 infants are hospitalized each year with RSV. Among adults older than 65 years of age, an estimated 14,000 deaths and 177,000 hospitalizations have been attributed to RSV.
  • RSV Treatment options for people infected with RSV are currently limited. Antibiotics, usually prescribed to treat bacterial infections, and over-the-counter medication are not effective in treating RSV. In severe cases, a nebulized bronchodilator, such as albuterol, may be prescribed to relieve some of the symptoms, such as wheezing.
  • RespiGram® RSV-IGIV, MedImmune, approved for high risk children younger than 24 months of age
  • Synagis® palivizumab, MedImmune, approved for high risk children younger than 24 months of age
  • Virzole® ribavirin by aerosol, ICN pharmaceuticals
  • Symptoms of the measles include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized rash. Some individuals with measles can develop pneumonia, ear infections and bronchitis. Mumps leads to swelling of the salivary glands. Symptoms of mumps include fever, loss of appetite and fatigue. Individuals are often immunized against measles and mumps via a three-part MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella). Human parainfluenza virus includes four serotypes types, and can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1) can be associated with croup; human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) can be associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are no vaccines against human parainfluenza virus.
  • HPIV-1 Human parainfluenza virus 1
  • HPIV-3 human parainfluenza virus 3
  • CDC Centers of Disease Control and Prevention
  • any “R” group(s) such as, without limitation, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , and R A represent substituents that can be attached to the indicated atom.
  • An R group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R groups are described as being “taken together” the R groups and the atoms they are attached to can form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle.
  • R a and R b of an NR a R b group are indicated to be “taken together,” it means that they are covalently bonded to one another to form a ring:
  • R groups are described as being “taken together” with the atom(s) to which they are attached to form a ring as an alternative, the R groups are not limited to the variables or substituents defined previously.
  • the indicated “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acylalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, amino acid, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl), heterocyclyl(alkyl), hydroxyalkyl, acyl, cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyana
  • C a to C b in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the number of carbon atoms in the ring of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group.
  • the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ring(s) of the cycloalkyl, ring(s) of the cycloalkenyl, ring(s) of the aryl, ring(s) of the heteroaryl or ring(s) of the heteroalicyclyl can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms.
  • a “C 1 to C 4 alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH 3 —, CH 3 CH 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 —, (CH 3 ) 2 CH—, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )— and (CH 3 ) 3 C—. If no “a” and “b” are designated with regard to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heteroalicyclyl group, the broadest range described in these definitions is to be assumed.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated).
  • the alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” or similar designations.
  • “C 1 -C 4 alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl and hexyl.
  • the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkenyl refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include allenyl, vinylmethyl and ethenyl. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more triple bonds. Examples of alkynyls include ethynyl and propynyl. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a completely saturated (no double or triple bonds) mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring; although, if there is more than one, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be “aryl,” as defined herein). Cycloalkenyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems where two carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings.
  • the number of carbon atoms in an aryl group can vary.
  • the aryl group can be a C 6 -C 14 aryl group, a C 6 -C 10 aryl group, or a C 6 aryl group.
  • Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene.
  • An aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electron system) that contain(s) one, two, three or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the number of atoms in the ring(s) of a heteroaryl group can vary.
  • the heteroaryl group can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s).
  • heteroaryl includes fused ring systems where two rings, such as at least one aryl ring and at least one heteroaryl ring, or at least two heteroaryl rings, share at least one chemical bond.
  • heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, those described herein and the following: furan, furazan, thiophene, benzothiophene, phthalazine, pyrrole, oxazole, benzoxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, benzothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole, indazole, pyrazole, benzopyrazole, isoxazole, benzoisoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyrid
  • heterocyclyl or “heteroalicyclyl” refers to three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, up to 18-membered monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring system wherein carbon atoms together with from 1 to 5 heteroatoms constitute said ring system.
  • a heterocycle may optionally contain one or more unsaturated bonds situated in such a way, however, that a fully delocalized pi-electron system does not occur throughout all the rings.
  • the heteroatom(s) is an element other than carbon including, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
  • a heterocycle may further contain one or more carbonyl or thiocarbonyl functionalities, so as to make the definition include oxo-systems and thio-systems such as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides, cyclic thioimides and cyclic carbamates. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Additionally, any nitrogens in a heterocyclyl may be quaternized. Heterocyclyl or heteroalicyclic groups may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclyl or “heteroalicyclyl” groups include, but are not limited to, those described herein and the following: 1,3-dioxin, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,3-oxathiane, 1,4-oxathiin, 1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3-dithiole, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,4-oxathiane, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazine, 1,3-thiazinane, 2H-1,2-oxazine, maleimide, succinimide, barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, dioxopiperazine, hydantoin, dihydrouracil, trioxane, hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, imidazoline
  • aralkyl and “aryl(alkyl)” refer to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • the lower alkylene and aryl group of an aralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to benzyl, 2-phenylalkyl, 3-phenylalkyl and naphthylalkyl.
  • heteroarylkyl and “heteroaryl(alkyl)” refer to a heteroaryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • the lower alkylene and heteroaryl group of heteroaralkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to 2-thienylalkyl, 3-thienylalkyl, furylalkyl, thienylalkyl, pyrrolylalkyl, pyridylalkyl, isoxazolylalkyl, imidazolylalkyl and their benzo-fused analogs.
  • heteroalicyclyl(alkyl) and “heterocyclyl(alkyl)” refer to a heterocyclic or a heteroalicyclylic group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • the lower alkylene and heterocyclyl of a heteroalicyclyl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl(methyl), piperidin-4-yl(ethyl), piperidin-4-yl(propyl), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl(methyl), and 1,3-thiazinan-4-yl(methyl).
  • “Lower alkylene groups” are straight-chained —CH 2 — tethering groups, forming bonds to connect molecular fragments via their terminal carbon atoms. Examples include but are not limited to methylene (—CH 2 —), ethylene (—CH 2 CH 2 —), propylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and butylene (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —).
  • a lower alkylene group can be substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen of the lower alkylene group with a substituent(s) listed under the definition of“substituted.”
  • alkoxy refers to the formula —OR wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) is defined herein.
  • R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) is defined herein.
  • a non-limiting list of alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy (isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso-butoxy,
  • acyl refers to a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) connected, as substituents, via a carbonyl group. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl and acryl. An acyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • acylalkyl refers to an acyl connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. Examples include aryl-C( ⁇ O)—(CH 2 ) n — and heteroaryl-C( ⁇ O)—(CH 2 ) n —, where n is an integer in the range of 1 to 6.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. Examples include C 1-4 alkyl-O—(CH 2 ) n —, wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 6.
  • aminoalkyl refers to an optionally substituted amino group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group.
  • examples include H 2 N(CH 2 ) n —, wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 6.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group.
  • exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, and 2,2-dihydroxyethyl.
  • a hydroxyalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl).
  • a halogen e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl.
  • groups include but are not limited to, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloro-fluoroalkyl, chloro-difluoroalkyl and 2-fluoroisobutyl.
  • a haloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy).
  • a halogen e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy.
  • groups include but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloro-fluoroalkyl, chloro-difluoroalkoxy and 2-fluoroisobutoxy.
  • a haloalkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “sulfenyl” group refers to an “—SR” group in which R can be hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • R can be hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a sulfenyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “sulfinyl” group refers to an “—S( ⁇ O)—R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl.
  • a sulfinyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “sulfonyl” group refers to an “SO 2 R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl.
  • a sulfonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “O-carboxy” group refers to a “RC( ⁇ O)O—” group in which R can be hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl), as defined herein.
  • An O-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • esters and C-carboxy refer to a “—C( ⁇ O)OR” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy.
  • An ester and C-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “thiocarbonyl” group refers to a “—C( ⁇ S)R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy.
  • a thiocarbonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “trihalomethanesulfonyl” group refers to an “X 3 CSO 2 —” group wherein each X is a halogen.
  • a “trihalomethanesulfonamido” group refers to an “X 3 CS(O) 2 N(R A )—” group wherein each X is a halogen, and R A hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • amino refers to a —NH 2 group.
  • hydroxy refers to a —OH group.
  • a “cyano” group refers to a “—CN” group.
  • azido refers to a —N 3 group.
  • An “isocyanato” group refers to a “—NCO” group.
  • a “thiocyanato” group refers to a “—CNS” group.
  • An “isothiocyanato” group refers to an “—NCS” group.
  • a “carbonyl” group refers to a C ⁇ O group.
  • S-sulfonamido refers to a “—SO 2 N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An S-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-sulfonamido refers to a “RSO 2 N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “O-carbamyl” group refers to a “—OC( ⁇ O)N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An O-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-carbamyl refers to an “ROC( ⁇ O)N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • An “O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a “—OC( ⁇ S)—N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An O-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-thiocarbamyl refers to an “ROC( ⁇ S)N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “C-amido” group refers to a “—C( ⁇ O)N(R A R B )” group in which R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a C-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • N-amido refers to a “RC( ⁇ O)N(R A )—” group in which R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • R and R A can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • An N-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • a “urea” group refers to “N(R)—C( ⁇ O)—NR A R B group in which R can be hydrogen or an alkyl, and R A and R B can be independently hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl(alkyl), aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).
  • a urea may be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • halogen atom or “halogen” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • interferon is used herein as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • types of interferons are known to those skilled in the art, such as Type I interferons, Type 2 interferons and Type 3 interferons.
  • a non-limiting list of examples include: alpha-interferons, beta-interferons, delta-interferons, gamma interferons, lambda interferons, omega-interferons, tau-interferons, x-interferons, consensus interferons and asialo-interferons.
  • Interferons can be pegylated.
  • type 1 interferons include interferon alpha 1A, interferon alpha 1B, interferon alpha 2A, interferon alpha 2B, pegylated-interferon alpha 2a (PEGASYS, Roche), recombinant interferon alpha 2a (ROFERON, Roche), inhaled interferon alpha 2b (AERX, Aradigm), pegylated-interferon alpha 2b (ALBUFERON, Human Genome Sciences/Novartis, PEGINTRON, Schering), recombinant interferon alpha 2b (INTRON A, Schering), pegylated interferon alpha 2b (PEG-INTRON, Schering, VIRAFERONPEG, Schering), interferon beta-1a (REBIF, Serono, Inc.
  • type 2 interferons include interferon gamma 1, interferon gamma 2 and pegylated interferon gamma; and examples of type 3 interferons include interferon lambda 1, interferon lambda 2 and interferon lambda 3.
  • substituents there may be one or more substituents present.
  • haloalkyl may include one or more of the same or different halogens.
  • C 1 -C 3 alkoxyphenyl may include one or more of the same or different alkoxy groups containing one, two or three atoms.
  • amino acid refers to any amino acid (both standard and non-standard amino acids), including, but not limited to, ⁇ -amino acids, ⁇ -amino acids, ⁇ -amino acids and ⁇ -amino acids.
  • suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.
  • amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, hypusine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, dehydroalanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and norleucine.
  • amino acid also includes amino acids wherein the main-chain carboxylic acid group has been converted to an ester group.
  • protecting group and “protecting groups” as used herein refer to any atom or group of atoms that is added to a molecule in order to prevent existing groups in the molecule from undergoing unwanted chemical reactions.
  • Examples of protecting group moieties are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and in J. F. W. McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry Plenum Press, 1973, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing suitable protecting groups.
  • the protecting group moiety may be chosen in such a way, that they are stable to certain reaction conditions and readily removed at a convenient stage using methodology known from the art.
  • a non-limiting list of protecting groups include benzyl; substituted benzyl; alkylcarbonyls and alkoxycarbonyls (e.g., t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), acetyl, or isobutyryl); arylalkylcarbonyls and arylalkoxycarbonyls (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl); substituted methyl ether (e.g.
  • methoxymethyl ether substituted ethyl ether; a substituted benzyl ether; tetrahydropyranyl ether; silyls (e.g., trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl, [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyl); esters (e.g. benzoate ester); carbonates (e.g. methoxymethylcarbonate); sulfonates (e.g. tosylate or mesylate); acyclic ketal (e.g.
  • cyclic ketals e.g., 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolanes, and those described herein
  • acyclic acetal e.g., those described herein
  • acyclic hemiacetal e.g., 1,3-dithiane or 1,3-dithiolane
  • orthoesters e.g., those described herein
  • triarylmethyl groups e.g., trityl; monomethoxytrityl (MMTr); 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr); 4,4′,4′′-trimethoxytrityl (TMTr); and those described herein).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
  • the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound.
  • Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid.
  • compositions can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluensulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid.
  • organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids
  • Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C 1 -C 7 alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
  • a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C 1 -C 7 alkylamine, cyclohexy
  • the term “comprising” is to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least”.
  • the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps.
  • the term “comprising” means that the compound, composition or device includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components.
  • a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.
  • a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.
  • each center may independently be of R-configuration or S-configuration or a mixture thereof.
  • the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemic mixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomeric mixture.
  • each double bond may independently be E or Z a mixture thereof.
  • valencies are to be filled with hydrogens or isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).
  • each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element.
  • a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound.
  • the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).
  • reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • the methods and combinations described herein include crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs, which include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound), amorphous phases, salts, solvates, and hydrates.
  • the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like.
  • the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol.
  • the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.
  • Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure:
  • L can be selected from:
  • A can be selected from an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-2 alkyl), an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;
  • Y can be selected from an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;
  • R 1a , R 1b , R 1c and R 1d can be each independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 2a , R 2a1 , R 2b , R 2b1 , R 2c , R 2c1 , R 2d and R 2d1 can be each independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-6 alkyl), an
  • R 3a and R 3a1 cannot be both hydrogen; or R 3a and R 3a1 can together form ⁇ N—OR a ; or R 3a and R 3a1 can together with the atom to which they are attached can be joined to form an optionally substituted 3 membered ring, an optionally substituted 4 membered ring, an optionally substituted 5 membered ring or an optionally substituted 6 membered ring;
  • R 4a , R 4a1 , R 4a2 and R 4a3 can be each independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 5a and R 5a1 can be each independently be hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 6a and R 6a1 can be each independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl or an optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl;
  • R 6a2 and R 6a3 can be each independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl;
  • R 3c and R 3c1 cannot be both hydrogen; or R 3c and R 3c1 can together form ⁇ N—OR c ; or R 3c and R 3c1 can together with the atom to which they are attached can be joined to form an optionally substituted 3 membered ring, an optionally substituted 4 membered ring, an optionally substituted 5 membered ring or an optionally substituted 6 membered ring; R a and R c can be each independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl; R 4c and R 5c can be taken together to form an unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted heteroaryl or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; Z c can be N or CH; m d can be 0 or 1; and ring B d can be an optionally substituted C 5 cycloalkyl; ring B d1 can be an optionally substituted pyridinyl; and provided that when L is Formula (IIc),
  • L can be Formula (Ia):
  • X 1a can be CR 4a1 or CR 4a2 R 4a3
  • X 2a can be N (nitrogen)
  • X 3a can be CR 6a or CR 6a2 R 6a3
  • between X 1a and X 2a can be a single bond
  • between X 2a and X 3a can be a double bond
  • X 1a can be CR 4a2 R 4a3
  • X 2a can be N (nitrogen)
  • X 3b can be CR 6a .
  • between X 1a and X 2a can be a double bond, between X 2a and X 3a can be a single bond, X 1a can be CR 4a1 , X 2b can be N (nitrogen), and X 3b can be CR 6a2 R 6a3 .
  • R 5a can be hydrogen.
  • R 5a1 can be hydrogen.
  • —X 1a X 2a X 3a — can be —CH 2 —N ⁇ CH— or —CH ⁇ N—CH 2 —.
  • —X 1a X 2a X 3a — can be —N ⁇ N—CH 2 —, —N ⁇ CH—CH 2 — or —N ⁇ CH—NH—.
  • —X 1a X 2a X 3a — can be —CH 2 —CH ⁇ N—, —NH—CH ⁇ NH— or —NH—N ⁇ CH—.
  • X 1a , X 2a and X 3a can be each independently C (carbon), N (nitrogen), O (oxygen) or C( ⁇ O), and form a ring or ring system selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl by joining X 1a and X 3a together; with the proviso that the valencies of X 1a , X 2a and X 3a can be each independently satisfied with a substituent selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl; and X 1a , X 2a and X 3a are uncharged.
  • L of Formula (Ia) can be Formula (Ia1):
  • X 1a , X 2a and X 3a can be each independently C (carbon), N (nitrogen), O (oxygen) or C( ⁇ O), and form a ring or ring system selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl by joining X 1a and X 3a together; with the proviso that the valencies of X 1a , X 2a and X 3a can be each independently satisfied with a substituent selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl; and X 1a , X 2a and X 3a are uncharged.
  • X 1a can be C, X 2a can be N and X 3a can be C.
  • between X 1a and X 2a can be a single bond, between X 2a and X 3a can be a double bond, X 1a can be C, X 2a can be N and X 3a can be C.
  • between X 1a and X 2a can be a double bond, between X 2a and X 3a can be a single bond, X a can be C, X 2a can be N and X 3a can be C.
  • between X 1a and X 2a can be a single bond
  • between X 2a and X 3a can be a single bond
  • X 1a can be C
  • X 2a can be O
  • X 3a can be C.
  • the valencies of X 1a , X 2a and X 3a can be each independently satisfied with hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, such as CH 3 .
  • the ring or ring system of Formula (Ia1) can be an optionally substituted aryl. In other embodiments, the ring or ring system of Formula (Ia1) can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl. In still other embodiments, the ring or ring system of Formula (Ia1) can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the ring or ring system of Formula (Ia1) can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the ring or ring system of Formula (Ia1) can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heterocyclyl.
  • R A1 , R A2 , R A3 and R A4 can be each independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 3a can be hydroxy and R 3a1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as OCH 3 ), hydroxy, halogen and an unsubstituted heteroaryl (for example, thiazole).
  • R 3a1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as OCH 3 ), hydroxy, halogen and an unsubstit
  • R 3a and R 3a1 when one of R 3a and R 3a1 is H, then the other of R 3a and R 3a1 is not OH. In some embodiments,
  • a compound of Formula (I) cannot be
  • L of Formula (Ia) can be Formula (Ia2):
  • R 7a1 , R 7a2 and R 7a3 can be each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 2-8 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C 2-8 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkoxy, an optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, halo(C 1-8 alkyl), haloalkyl, an optionally substituted O-amido and an optionally substituted C-carboxy.
  • R 7a1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy, and R 7a2 and R 7a3 can be both hydrogen. In other embodiments, R 7a1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkoxy, and R 7a2 and R 7a3 can be both hydrogen. For example, R 7a1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkoxy substituted with an amino, mono-substituted amino or a di-substituted amino. In some embodiments, R 7a1 can be hydrogen, R 7a2 can be an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, and R 7a3 can be hydrogen.
  • R 7a1 can be hydrogen, R 7a2 can be a substituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, and R 7a3 can be hydrogen.
  • R 7a1 can be hydrogen, R 7a2 can be a mono-substituted amino, and R 7a3 can be hydrogen.
  • R 7a1 can be a mono-substituted amino or an optionally substituted O-amido (such as —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 ) and R 7a2 and R 7a3 can be both hydrogen.
  • the mono-substituted amino of R 7a1 or R 7a2 can be —N(C 1-4 alkyl), such as —NCH 3 .
  • R 7a1 can be a substituted C 1-8 alkyl (such as an amino substituted C 1-8 alkyl) and R 7a2 and R 7a3 can be both hydrogen. In other embodiments, R 7a1 and R 7a2 can be both hydrogen and R 7a3 can be halogen. In other embodiments, R 7a1 and R 7a3 can be both hydrogen and R 7a2 can be an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, such as an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl.
  • optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl at R 7a2 examples include, but are not limited to, an optionally substituted azetidine, an optionally substituted pyrrolidine, an optionally substituted pyrrolidinone, an optionally substituted piperidine and an optionally substituted oxetane.
  • R 7a1 , R 7a2 and/or R 7a3 are substituted, possible substituent(s) includes those provided in the list of “substituted” along with urea, amidine and acetylurea.
  • the C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl and mono-cyclic heterocyclyl of R 7a2 can be substituted with various substituent(s), such as, halo, hydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-4 alkyl), an optionally substituted C-carboxy, amino, an optionally substituted mono-substituted amino, an optionally substituted di-substituted amino, an optionally substituted C-amido, an optionally substituted N-amido, an optionally substituted N-carbamyl, an optionally substituted N-sulfonamido, an optionally substituted urea, an optionally substituted amidine and an optionally substituted acetylure
  • L of Formula (Ia) can be Formula (Ia3):
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and R 8a3 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 2-8 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C 2-8 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkoxy, an optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, halo(C 1-8 alkyl), haloalkyl and an optionally substituted C-carboxy.
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 5-membered cycloalkyl. In other embodiments of Formula (Ia3), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 6-membered cycloalkyl. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ia3), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted aryl (for example, phenyl).
  • aryl for example, phenyl
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments of Formula (Ia3), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ia3), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclyl. In yet still other embodiments of Formula (Ia3), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 6-membered heterocyclyl.
  • the bicyclic ring system can be selected from an optionally substituted
  • each R A5 , each R A6 , each R A7 can be halogen, an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, hydroxy, amino, an optionally substituted mono-substituted amino, an optionally substituted di-substituted amino, —(CH 2 ) 1-4 OH, —(CH 2 ) 1-4 NH 2 or N-sulfinamido (for example, —NH—S( ⁇ O)C 1-4 alkyl), or two R A5 , two R A6 or two R A7 are taken together to form an optionally substituted 5-membered ring to an optionally substituted 6-membered ring (such as an optionally substituted cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl); and R A8 can be hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • At least two R A5 groups can be an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl (for example, CH 3 ).
  • at least two R A6 groups can be an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl (for example, CH 3 ). Examples of these bi-cyclic groups include the following:
  • R 1a can be hydrogen. In other embodiments of Formulae (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and/or (Ia3), R 1a can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • both R 2a and R 2a1 can be hydrogen.
  • R 2a can be hydrogen and R 2a1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2a can be hydrogen and R 2a1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2a can be hydrogen and R 2a1 can be an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-6 alkyl) or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C 6 alkyl).
  • R 2a can be hydrogen and R 2a1 can be an alkoxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl or a hydroxyalkyl.
  • R 2a can be hydrogen and R 2a1 can be hydroxy.
  • R 2a1 can be hydrogen, and R 1a and R 2a can be joined together with the atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 5 membered heterocyclyl (for example, pyrrolidinyl) or an optionally substituted 6 membered heterocyclyl (for example, piperdinyl).
  • R 2a and R 2a1 both can be an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3a can be hydrogen, and R 3a1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as OCH 3 ), an unsubstituted —O-carboxy (such as —OC( ⁇ O)C 1-4 alkyl), hydroxy, halogen, an unsubstituted heteroaryl (for example, thiazole) and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl (for example, azetidine).
  • R 3a can be hydrogen, and R 3a1 can be hydroxy. In other embodiments or Formulae (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and/or (Ia3), R 3a and R 3a1 can be both halogen. In still other embodiments of Formulae (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and/or (Ia3), R 3a can be hydrogen, and R 3a1 can be unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3a can be hydroxy, and R 3a1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as OCH 3 ), hydroxy, halogen, an unsubstituted heteroaryl (for example, thiazole) and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl (for example, azetidine).
  • R 3a1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alk
  • R 3a can be hydroxy, and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3a can be hydroxy, and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl (such as ethenyl or propenyl) or an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl (such as ethynyl or propynyl).
  • R 3a can be hydroxy, and R 3a1 can be CF 3 .
  • R 3a can be hydroxy, and R 3a1 can be CHF 2 .
  • R 3a can be halogen, and R 3a1 can be CF 3 or CHF 2 .
  • R 3a can be halogen, and R 3a1 can be CHF 2 .
  • R 3a can be hydroxy, and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, for example, an unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 3a can be halogen, and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, for example, an unsubstituted cyclopropyl.
  • R 3a can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as methoxy), and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl (such as methyl).
  • R 3a and R 3a1 can be both an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, for example, R 3a and R 3a1 can be both methyl.
  • one of R 3a and R 3a1 can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl; and the other of R 3a and R 3a1 can be hydroxy.
  • one of R 3a and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl (such as methyl); and the other of R 3a and R 3a1 can be an unsubstituted —O-carboxy (such as —OC( ⁇ O)C 1-4 alkyl).
  • R 3a and R 3a1 When one of R 3a and R 3a1 is a substituted C 1-4 alkyl, the C 1-4 alkyl can be substituted with various substituents.
  • one of R 3a and R 3a1 is a substituted C 1-4 alkyl substituted with substituent selected from halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono-substituted amino (for example, —NH(C 1-4 alkyl)), di-substituted amino, —N-amido, mono-cyclic heteroaryl and mono-cyclic heterocyclyl.
  • one of R 3a and R 3a1 can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl or an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl and the other of R 3a and R 3a1 can be hydroxy.
  • the mono-cyclic heteroaryl substituted on the C 1-4 alkyl of one of R 3a and R 3a1 can be 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • the mono-cyclic heterocyclyl substituted on the C 1-4 alkyl of one of R 3a and R 3a1 can be 4-membered, 5-membered or 6-membered heterocyclyl.
  • R 3a and R 3a1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkyl substituted with substituent selected from an optionally substituted imidazole, an optionally substituted pyrazole, an optionally substituted pyrrolidine, an optionally substituted piperidine, an optionally substituted piperazine, an optionally substituted morpholine, an optionally substituted triazole, an optionally substituted piperazinone and an optionally substituted azetidine.
  • R 3a and R 3a1 can together form N ⁇ OR a . In some embodiments of Formulae (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and/or (Ia3), R 3a and R 3a1 together form N ⁇ OH. In other embodiments of Formulae (Ia), (Ia1), (Ia2) and/or (Ia3), R 3a and R 3a1 can together form N ⁇ OCH 3 .
  • R 3a and R 3a1 can join together with the atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3 to 6 membered ring.
  • the 3 to 6 membered ring can be a C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • the ring can be a 3 to 6 membered heterocyclyl, for example, an optionally substituted oxetane or an optionally substituted oxazolidinone.
  • the carbon to which R 3a and R 3a1 are attached can be a chiral center.
  • the carbon to which R 3a and R 3a1 are attached can have a (R)-configuration.
  • the carbon to which R 3a and R 3a1 are attached can have a (S)-configuration.
  • L of Formula (I) can be Formula (Ib):
  • dotted curved line between X 1b and X 3b indicates a bi-cyclic ring selected from an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl and an opt a substituted bi-cyclic heterocyclyl by joining X 1b and X 3b together, wherein between X 1b and X 2b represents a single or double bond between X 1b and X 2b ; between X 2b and X 3b represents a single or double bond between X 2b and X 3b ; wherein X 1b , X 2b and X 3b can be each independently C (carbon), N (nitrogen), O (oxygen) or C( ⁇ O); and provided that at least one of X 1b , X 2b and X 3b comprises a nitrogen atom and both cannot be double bonds; with the proviso that the valencies of X 1b , X 2b and X 3b can be each independently satisfied with a substituent selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C 1-4 alky
  • the valencies of X 1b , X 2b and X 3b can be each independently satisfied with a substituent selected from hydrogen and an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, the valencies of X 1b , X 2b and X 3b can be each independently satisfied with hydrogen or methyl.
  • the bi-cyclic ring can be an optionally substituted 9-membered bi-cyclic heteroaryl. In other embodiments of Formula (Ib), the bi-cyclic ring can be an optionally substituted 9-membered bi-cyclic heterocyclyl. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ib), the bi-cyclic ring can be an optionally substituted 10-membered bi-cyclic heteroaryl. In yet still some embodiments of Formula (Ib), the bi-cyclic ring can be an optionally substituted 10-membered bi-cyclic heterocyclyl.
  • X 1b can be C, X 2b can be N and X 3b can be C. In other embodiments of Formula (Ib), X 1b can be N, X 2b can be N and X 3b can be C. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ib), X 1b can be N, X 2b can be C( ⁇ O) and X 3b can be N. In yet still other embodiments of Formula (Ib), X 1b can be C, X 2b can be O and X 3b can be C.
  • the bi-cyclic ring when X 1b can be C, X 2b can be N and X 3b can be C, the bi-cyclic ring can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl ring. In other embodiments of Formula (Ib), when X 1b can be C, X 2b can be N and X 3b can be C, the bi-cyclic ring can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heterocyclyl ring.
  • L of Formula (Ib) can be Formula (Ib1):
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and R 4b3 can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 2-8 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C 2-8 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-8 alkoxy, an optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, halo(C 1-8 alkyl), haloalkyl and an optionally substituted C-carboxy.
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 5-membered cycloalkenyl.
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 6-membered cycloalkenyl.
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted aryl (for example, phenyl).
  • the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments of Formula (Ib1), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ib1), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 5-membered heterocyclyl. In yet still other embodiments of Formula (Ib1), the dashed semi-circle along with the two carbon atoms to which it is connected can form an optionally substituted 6-membered heterocyclyl.
  • the bi-cyclic ring system can be selected from an optionally substituted
  • each R B1 , each R B2 and each R B3 can be an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino or —NH—S( ⁇ O)C 1-4 alkyl; and R B4 can be hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R B4 can be hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R B4 can be hydrogen or an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl.
  • at least two R B2 groups can be an unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl (for example, CH 3 ).
  • R 1b can be hydrogen
  • both R 2b and R 2b1 can be hydrogen.
  • R 2b can be hydrogen and R 2b1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2b can be hydrogen and R 2b1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2b can be hydrogen and R 2b1 can be an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-6 alkyl) or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C 1-6 alkyl).
  • R 2b can be hydrogen and R 2b1 can be an alkoxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl or a hydroxyalkyl. In other embodiments of Formulae (Ib) and (Ib1), R 2b can be hydrogen and R 2b1 can be hydroxy. In still other embodiments of Formulae (Ib) and (Ib1), R 2b1 can be hydrogen, and R 1b and R 2b can be joined together with the atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 5 membered heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted 6 membered heterocyclyl.
  • L can be Formula (Ic):
  • R 1c can be hydrogen. In other embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 1c can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • both R 2c and R 2c1 can be hydrogen.
  • R 2c can be hydrogen and R 2c1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2c can be hydrogen and R 2c1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2c can be hydrogen and R 2c1 can be an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-6 alkyl) or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C 1-6 alkyl).
  • R 2c can be hydrogen and R 2c1 can be an alkoxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl or a hydroxyalkyl. In other embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 2c can be hydrogen and R 2c1 can be hydroxy. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 2c and R 2c1 both can be an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3c can be hydrogen, and R 3c1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as OCH 3 ), hydroxy, halogen and an unsubstituted heteroaryl (for example, thiazole).
  • R 3c can be hydrogen, and R 3c1 can be hydroxy. In other embodiments, R 3c and R 3c1 can be both halogen.
  • R 3c can be hydrogen, and R 3c1 can be unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3c can be hydroxy, and R 3c1 can be selected from amino, an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an unsubstituted C 3-6 cycloalkyl (for example, cyclopropyl), an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkoxy (such as OCH 3 ), hydroxy, halogen and an unsubstituted heteroaryl (for example, thiazole).
  • R 3c can be hydroxy, and R 3c1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 3c and R 3c1 can together form N ⁇ OR, for example, N ⁇ OH or N ⁇ OCH 3 . In some embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 3c and R 3c1 can join together with the atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3 to 6 membered ring. In some embodiments, the 3 to 6 membered ring can be a C 3-6 cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, the ring can be a 3 to 6 membered heterocyclyl, for example, an optionally substituted oxetane.
  • the carbon to which R 3c and R 3c1 are attached can be a chiral center.
  • the carbon to which R 3c and R 3c1 are attached a chiral center in some embodiments, can have a (R)-configuration. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R 3c and R 3c1 are attached can have a (S)-configuration.
  • Z c can be N. In some embodiments of Formula (Ic), Z c can be CH.
  • R 4c and R 5c can be taken together to form an unsubstituted aryl (for example, phenyl). In other embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 4c and R 5c can be taken together to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl, such as piperdinyl. In still other embodiments of Formula (Ic), R 4c and R 5c can be taken together to form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the optionally substituted heterocyclyl can be an optionally substituted tricyclic heterocyclyl, such as an optionally substituted,
  • L can be Formula (Id):
  • R 1d can be hydrogen. In other embodiments of Formula (Id), R 1d can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • both R 2d and R 2d1 can be hydrogen.
  • R 2d can be hydrogen and R 2d1 can be an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. In still other embodiments of Formula (Id), R 2d can be hydrogen and R 2d1 can be a substituted C 1-4 alkyl. In yet still other embodiments of Formula (Id), R 2d can be hydrogen and R 2d1 can be an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-6 alkyl) or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C 1-6 alkyl). In some embodiments of Formula (Id), R 2d can be hydrogen and R 2d1 can be an alkoxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl or a hydroxyalkyl. In other embodiments of Formula (Id), R 2d can be hydrogen and R 2d1 can be hydroxy. In still other embodiments of Formula (Id), R 2d and R 2d1 both can be an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • m d can be 0. In other embodiments of Formula (Id), m d can be 1.
  • ring B d can be an optionally substituted C 5 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, ring B d can be an optionally substituted
  • ring B d1 can be an optionally substituted pyridinyl having the structure
  • the C 5 cycloalkyl and/or pyridinyl ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, hydroxyalkyl, alkyl and alkoxy.
  • A can be substituted. In other embodiments, A can be unsubstituted. When A is substituted, possible substituent(s) includes those provided in the list of “substituted” along with those described herein.
  • A can be an optionally substituted aryl.
  • A can be an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • A can be a para-substituted phenyl, a meta-substituted phenyl or an ortho-substituted phenyl.
  • A can be a di-substituted phenyl.
  • A can be a 3,4-substituted phenyl, such as
  • A can be a substituted phenyl that is substituted with 3 more substituents. In other embodiments, A can be unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted naphthyl.
  • A can be a phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, halogen, haloalkyl, an optionally substituted haloalkoxy, nitro, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, —O-amido, sulfenyl, alkyoxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl (for example, an optionally substituted phenyl), an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, an optionally substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-4 alkyl), an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl(C 1-4 alkyl), an optionally substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl(C 1-4 alkyl), an optionally substituted monocyclic
  • the optionally substituted C 1-4 alkoxy can be further substituted, for example, further substituted with a substituent selected from C 1-4 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, C-carboxy, C-amido, amino, mono-alkyl amine, di-alkyl amine and an amino acid.
  • the optionally substituted haloalkoxy can be further substituted, for example, further substituted with an C 1-4 alkoxy.
  • the optionally substituted heteroaryl can be further substituted, for example, further substituted with an C 1-4 alkyl.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl and iso-propyl), butyl (n-butyl, iso-butyl and t-butyl), hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (n-propoxy and iso-propoxy), butoxy (n-butoxy, iso-butoxy and t-butoxy), phenoxy, bromo, chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, N,N-di-methyl-amine, N,N-di-ethyl-amine, N-methyl-N-ethyl-amine, N-methyl-amino, N-ethyl-amino, amino, N-amido (for example, —NH—C( ⁇ O)C 1-4 alkyl), alkylthio (such as CH 3 CH 2 S—), N-sulfona
  • A can be an optionally substituted cycloalkyl. Suitable examples of optionally substituted cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, an optionally substituted cyclohexyl and an optionally substituted cycloheptyl. In other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, for example, an optionally substituted cyclohexenyl. In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic cycloalkenyl, such as
  • A can be an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-2 alkyl). In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted benzyl.
  • A can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic 5-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl.
  • the optionally substituted heteroaryl can be selected from an optionally substituted imidazole, an optionally substituted thiazole, an optionally substituted furan, an optionally substituted thiophene, an optionally substituted pyrrole, an optionally substituted pyridine, an optionally substituted pyrimidine, an optionally substituted pyrazine, an optionally substituted quinoline, an optionally substituted imidazole, an optionally substituted oxazole, an optionally substituted isoxazole, an optionally substituted benzoimidazole, an optionally substituted benzooxazole, an optionally substituted benzothiazole and an optionally substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine.
  • A can be an optionally substituted thiophene. In other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted thiazole. In still other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted pyridine. In yet still other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted pyrimidine. In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted pyrazine. In other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted imidazole. In still other embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted benzoimidazole, an optionally substituted benzooxazole or an optionally substituted benzothiazole.
  • A can be an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, for example, an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted.
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be an optionally substituted
  • A can be substituted with one or more R A 's.
  • one R A can be present.
  • two R A 's can be present.
  • three R A 's can be present.
  • four or more R A 's can be present.
  • two or more R A 's can be present, two or more R A 's can be the same or two or more R A 's can be different.
  • at least two R A 's can be the same.
  • at least two R A 's can be different.
  • all the R A 's can be the same.
  • all the R A 's can be different.
  • A can have one of the following structures:
  • R A can be each independently selected from an unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, halogen, haloalkyl, an optionally substituted haloalkoxy, nitro, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amine, sulfenyl, alkyoxyalkyl, aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, monocyclic heterocyclyl and aminoalkyl.
  • the optionally substituted C 1-4 alkoxy can be further substituted, for example, further substituted with a substituent selected from C 1-4 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, C-carboxy, C-amido, N-amido, amino, mono-alkyl amine, di-alkyl amine and an amino acid.
  • the optionally substituted haloalkoxy can be further substituted, for example, further substituted with an C 1-4 alkoxy.
  • the optionally substituted heteroaryl can be further substituted, for example, further substituted with an C 1-4 alkyl.
  • each R A can be an alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl and iso-propyl) and/or butyl (n-butyl, iso-butyl and t-butyl).
  • each R A can be an optionally substituted alkoxy, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (n-propoxy and iso-propoxy), butoxy (n-butoxy, iso-butoxy and t-butoxy), phenoxy, —O(CH 2 ) 2 —NH 2 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 —NH(CH 3 ), —O(CH 2 ) 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —O—(CH 2 ) 2-4 OH,
  • R A can be substituted C 1-6 alkoxy substituted by one or more of the following: halo, hydroxy, C 1-4 alkyl, cyano, amino, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, sulfonamidocarbonyl, hydroxamidine, C-amido, acyl, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfonyl, S-sulfonamido, O-linked amino acid and carbonate ester.
  • each R A can be haloalkyl, for example, trifluoromethyl.
  • each R A can be an optionally substituted haloalkoxy, for example, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,
  • each R A can be halogen, for example, chloro, bromo and/or fluoro.
  • each R A can be amino, a mono-substituted amine or a di-substituted amine.
  • R A can be N,N-di-methyl-amine, N,N-di-ethyl-amine, N-methyl-N-ethyl-amine, N-methyl-amino, N-ethyl-amino and/or amino.
  • each R A can be hydroxy.
  • each R A can be alkylthio, for example ethylthio.
  • each R A can be aminoalkyl, such as —(CH 2 ) 1-2 —NH(CH 3 ).
  • each R A can be alkoxyalkyl, for example, —CH 2 —O—CH 3 .
  • each R A can be an optionally substituted aryl(C 1-4 alkyl). In some embodiments, each R A can be an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl(C 1-4 alkyl). In some embodiments, each R A can be an optionally substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl(C 1-4 alkyl).
  • Non-limiting examples include an optionally substituted —(CH 2 ) 1-2 -imidazole, an optionally substituted —(CH 2 ) 1-2 -pyrrolidinone, an optionally substituted —(CH 2 ) 1-2 -imidazolidinone.
  • each R A can be hydroxyalkyl, for example, —(CH 2 ) 1-4 —OH.
  • each R A can be —O-amido, for example,
  • each R A can be —N-amido, for example,
  • each R A can be —N-sulfonamido, for example,
  • each R A can be aminoalkyl, for example, —CH 2 —NH 2 and/or —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )H.
  • each R A can be an optionally substituted aryl, for example, an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • each R A can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl, such as an optionally substituted imidazole, an optionally substituted pyrazole, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidine, an optionally substituted pyrazine and/or an optionally substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole.
  • an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl such as an optionally substituted imidazole, an optionally substituted pyrazole, an optionally substituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted pyrimidine, an optionally substituted pyrazine and/or an optionally substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole.
  • each R A can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl, for example, an optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl, an optionally substituted piperidinyl, an optionally substituted morpholinyl and/or an optionally substituted pyrrolidinone.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Y can be a para-substituted phenyl, a meta-substituted phenyl or an ortho-substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, Y can be a mono-substituted phenyl, such as a mono-halo substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, Y can be a di-substituted phenyl, for example a di-halo substituted phenyl. For example, mono-halo substituted phenyls and di-halo substituted phenyls include, but are not limited to,
  • Y can be di-substituted phenyl of the structure
  • Y can be a substituted phenyl that is substituted with 3 more substituents. In other embodiments, Y can be unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, Y can be a substituted naphthyl. In other embodiments, Y can be an unsubstituted naphthyl.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., an optionally substituted cyclohexyl and an optionally substituted cycloheptyl).
  • Y can be an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, for example, an optionally substituted cyclohexenyl.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic cycloalkenyl, such as
  • Y can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl.
  • Y can be selected from an optionally substituted imidazole, an optionally substituted furan, an optionally substituted thiophene, an optionally substituted pyrrole, an optionally substituted pyrimidine, an optionally substituted pyrazine, an optionally substituted pyridine, an optionally substituted pyrazole, an optionally substituted oxazole and an optionally substituted isoxazole.
  • Y can be a substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl, including those described herein.
  • Y can be an unsubstituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl, including those described herein.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl.
  • Y can be selected from an optionally substituted benzothiophene, an optionally substituted benzofuran, an optionally substituted indole, an optionally substituted quinoline, an optionally substituted isoquinoline, an optionally substituted benzooxazole, an optionally substituted benzoisoxazole, an optionally substituted benzoisothiazole, an optionally substituted benzothiazole, an optionally substituted benzoimidazole, an optionally substituted benzotriazole, an optionally substituted 1H-indazole and an optionally substituted 2H-indazole.
  • Y can be selected from an optionally substituted benzothiophene, an optionally substituted benzofuran, an optionally substituted indole, an optionally substituted quinoline, an optionally substituted isoquinoline, an optionally substituted benzooxazole, an optionally substituted benzoiso
  • Y can be a substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl, including those described herein. In some embodiments, Y can be an unsubstituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl, including those described herein.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heterocyclyl, such as an optionally substituted pyridinone.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heterocyclyl.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted
  • each R B can be independently selected from cyano, halogen, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, C 1-4 haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, an unsubstituted acyl, an optionally substituted —C-carboxy, an optionally substituted —C-amido, sulfonyl, carbonyl, amino, mono-substituted amine, di-substituted amine and
  • the phenyl when Y is an optionally substituted phenyl, the phenyl can be substituted 1, 2, 3 or more times with cyano, halogen, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkenyl, an unsubstituted C 2-4 alkynyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heterocyclyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 haloalkyl (such as CF 3 , CHF 2 ), haloalkoxy (such as OCF 3 ), an unsubstituted acyl, an optionally substituted —C-carboxy, an optionally substituted —C-amido, sulfonyl, amino, mono-C 1-4 alkyl amine, di-C 1-4 alkyl amine and/or
  • the mono-cyclic heteroaryl when Y is an optionally substituted mono-cyclic heteroaryl, can be substituted 1, 2, 3 or more times with halo, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted phenyl and/or an unsubstituted acyl.
  • the bi-cyclic heteroaryl when Y is an optionally substituted bi-cyclic heteroaryl, can be substituted 1, 2, 3 or more times with halo, an optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted phenyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, an unsubstituted acyl, carbonyl, cyano, amino, mono-C 1-4 alkyl amine and/or di-C 1-4 alkyl amine.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted benzothiophene. In some embodiments, Y can be a substituted benzothiophene. In other embodiments, Y can be an unsubstituted benzothiophene. In some embodiments, the benzothiophene can be substituted with one or more of the following: halogen (such as fluoro, chloro and/or bromo), carbonyl, C 1-4 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, NH 2 and/or mono-substituted amine. For example, the benzothiophene can be an optionally substituted
  • Y can be an optionally substituted benzofuran.
  • Y can be an optionally substituted indole. In some embodiments, Y can be a substituted indole. In some embodiments, the indole can be substituted 1, 2, 3 or more time with phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted), C 1-4 alkyl and/or halo. In other embodiments, Y can be an unsubstituted indole.
  • Y can be substituted with one or more halogen. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with more or more hydroxy. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more alkoxy. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more acyl. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more amino, mono-substituted amino, or di-substituted amino. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more haloalkyl.
  • Y can be substituted with one or more haloalkoxy. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more C-carboxy. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more C-amido. In some embodiments, Y can be substituted with one or more hydroxyalkyl.
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be selected from the following compounds: 1, 13-1, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 116a, 116b, 117, 117a, 117b, 118, 118a, 118b, 119, 120, 120a, 120b, 121, 122, 122a, 122b, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be selected from: 149, 150, 156, 157, 160, 217, 220, 222, 229, 287, 302, 303, 304, 305, 311, 401, 473 and 474, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be selected from: 130, 135, 140 and 141, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be 104 or 161, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be 136 or 137, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof cannot be a compound provided in PCT Publication WO 2014/031784, published Feb. 27, 2014.
  • compositions that can include an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient or combination thereof.
  • composition refers to a mixture of one or more compounds disclosed herein with other chemical components, such as diluents or carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and salicylic acid.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions will generally be tailored to the specific intended route of administration.
  • physiologically acceptable defines a carrier, diluent or excipient that does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound nor cause appreciable damage or injury to an animal to which delivery of the composition is intended.
  • a “carrier” refers to a compound that facilitates the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • a “diluent” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition that lacks appreciable pharmacological activity but may be pharmaceutically necessary or desirable.
  • a diluent may be used to increase the bulk of a potent drug whose mass is too small for manufacture and/or administration. It may also be a liquid for the dissolution of a drug to be administered by injection, ingestion or inhalation.
  • a common form of diluent in the art is a buffered aqueous solution such as, without limitation, phosphate buffered saline that mimics the pH and isotonicity of human blood.
  • an “excipient” refers to an essentially inert substance that is added to a pharmaceutical composition to provide, without limitation, bulk, consistency, stability, binding ability, lubrication, disintegrating ability etc., to the composition.
  • a “diluent” is a type of excipient.
  • compositions described herein can be administered to a human patient per se, or in pharmaceutical compositions where they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or carriers, diluents, excipients or combinations thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds described herein are known to those skilled in the art.
  • compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tableting processes. Additionally, the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. Many of the compounds used in the pharmaceutical combinations disclosed herein may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions.
  • Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, pulmonary, topical, aerosol, injection and parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal and intraocular injections.
  • the liposomes will be targeted to and taken up selectively by the organ. For example, intranasal or pulmonary delivery to target a respiratory infection may be desirable.
  • compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
  • the pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • the pack or dispenser may also be accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the drug for human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, may be the labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs, or the approved product insert.
  • Compositions that can include a compound described herein formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
  • Some embodiments described herein relate to a method for ameliorating, treating and/or preventing a paramyxovirus viral infection, which can comprise administering an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).
  • Some embodiments described herein relate to a method for inhibiting viral replication of a paramyxovirus, which can comprise contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).
  • Some embodiments described herein relate to a method for contacting a cell infected with a paramyxovirus, which can comprise contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).
  • the paramyxovirus infection is a human respiratory syncytial virus infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a respiratory syncytial viral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to prevent a respiratory syncytial viral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication a respiratory syncytial virus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the RSV polymerase complex.
  • the RSV can be RSV A.
  • the RSV can be RSV B.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a hendraviral infection and/or nipahviral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent a hendraviral infection and/or nipahviral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to inhibit the replication a hendravirus and/or nipahvirus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to inhibit the hendravirus polymerase complex and/or nipahvirus polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a measles.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent a measles.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication a measles virus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the measles polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate mumps.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent mumps.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication a mumps virus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the mumps polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a sendai viral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent a sendai viral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication a sendai virus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the sendai virus polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a HPIV-1 infection and/or HPIV-3 infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent a HPIV-1 infection and/or HPIV-3 infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication of a HPIV-1 and/or HPIV-3.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the HPIV-1 polymerase complex and/or HPIV-3 polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a HPIV-2 infection and/or HPIV-4 infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent a HPIV-2 infection and/or HPIV-4 infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication of a HPIV-2 and/or HPIV-4.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the HPIV-2 polymerase complex and/or HPIV-4 polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to treat and/or ameliorate a human metapneumoviral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein can be used to prevent a human metapneumoviral infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the replication of a human metapneumovirus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to inhibit the human metapneumovirus polymerase complex.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate an upper respiratory viral infection caused by a virus selected from a henipavirus, a morbillivirus, a respirovirus, a rubulavirus, a pneumovirus, and a metapneumovirus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate a lower respiratory viral infection caused by a virus selected from a henipavirus, a morbillivirus, a respirovirus, a rubulavirus, a pneumovirus, and a metapneumovirus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate one or more symptoms of an infection caused by a virus selected from a henipavirus, a morbillivirus, a respirovirus, a rubulavirus, a pneumovirus, and a metapneumovirus (such as those described herein).
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate an upper respiratory viral infection caused by RSV infection, measles, mumps, parainfluenza infection, and/or metapneumovirus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate a lower respiratory viral infection caused by RSV infection, measles, mumps, parainfluenza infection, and/or metapneumovirus.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate one or more symptoms of an infection caused by RSV infection, measles, mumps, parainfluenza infection, and/or metapneumovirus (such as those described herein).
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate bronchiolitis and/or tracheobronchitis due to a RSV infection and/or human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) infection.
  • HPIV-3 human parainfluenza virus 3
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate pneumonia due to a RSV infection and/or human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) infection.
  • a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate croup due to a RSV infection and/or human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1) infection.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate due to fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, a generalized rash, pneumonia, an ear infection and/or bronchitis due to measles.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used treat and/or ameliorate due to swelling of the salivary glands, fever, loss of appetite and/or fatigue due to mumps.
  • an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) can be used to prevent a human parainfluenza viral infection.
  • the human parainfluenza viral infection can be a human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1).
  • the human parainfluenza viral infection can be a human parainfluenza virus 2 (HPIV-2).
  • the human parainfluenza viral infection can be a human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3).
  • the human parainfluenza viral infection can be a human parainfluenza virus 4 (HPIV-4).
  • one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used to treat and/or ameliorate one or more subtypes of human parainfluenza virus.
  • one or more compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used to treat HPIV-1 and/or HPIV-3.
  • the one or more compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that can be used to treat, ameliorate and/or prevent a paramyxovirus viral infection can be a compound of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, provided in any of the embodiments described in paragraphs [0078]-[0159].
  • a “subject” refers to an animal that is the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
  • Animal includes cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates and invertebrates such as fish, shellfish, reptiles and, in particular, mammals.
  • “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes, and, in particular, humans.
  • the subject is human.
  • the terms “prevent” and “preventing,” mean lowering the efficiency of viral replication and/or inhibiting viral replication to a greater degree in a subject who receives the compound compared to a subject who does not receive the compound.
  • Examples of forms of prevention include prophylactic administration to a subject who has been or may be exposed to an infectious agent, such as a paramyxovirus (e.g., RSV).
  • an infectious agent such as a paramyxovirus (e.g., RSV).
  • treatment does not necessarily mean total cure or abolition of the disease or condition. Any alleviation of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition, to any extent can be considered treatment and/or therapy.
  • treatment may include acts that may worsen the subject's overall feeling of well-being or appearance, and may positively affect one or more symptoms or aspects of the disease while having effects on other aspects of the disease or on unrelated systems that may be considered undesireable.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of compound can be the amount needed to prevent, treat, alleviate or ameliorate one or more symptoms or conditions of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated This response may occur in a tissue, system, animal or human and includes alleviation of the signs or symptoms of the disease being treated. Determination of an effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, in view of the disclosure provided herein.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the compounds disclosed herein required as a dose will depend on the route of administration, the type of animal, including human, being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. The dose can be tailored to achieve a desired effect, but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize.
  • Suitable indicators include, but are not limited to, a reduction in viral load, a reduction in viral replication, a reduction in viral RNA, a reduction in time to seroconversion (virus undetectable in patient serum), a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes, and/or other indicator of disease response.
  • an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an amount that is effective to reduce viral titers to essentially undetectable or very low levels, for example, to less than 1.7 log 10 plaque forming units equivalents (PFUe)/mL, or less than 0.3 log 10 plaque forming units equivalents (PFUe)/mL.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can reduce the viral load compared to the viral load before administration of the combination (for example, 60 hours after receiving the initial dosage of the combination).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, described herein can reduce the viral load to lower than 1.7 log 10 (PFUe)/mL, or lower than 0.3 log 10 (PFUe)/mL.
  • a combination of compounds described herein can achieve a reduction in viral titer in the serum of the subject in the range of about 1.5-log to about a 2.5-log reduction, about a 3-log to about a 4-log reduction, or a greater than about 5-log reduction compared to the viral load before administration of the combination.
  • the viral load is measure before administration of the combination, and several hours after receiving the initial dosage of the combination (for example, 60 hours after receiving the initial dosage of the combination).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can result in at least a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100-fold or more reduction in the replication of a paramyxovirus relative to pre-treatment levels in a subject, as determined several hours after receiving the initial dosage of the combination (for example, 60 hours after receiving the initial dosage of the combination).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, described herein can result in a reduction of the replication of a paramyxovirus relative to pre-treatment levels in the range of about 2 to about 5 fold, about 10 to about 20 fold, about 15 to about 40 fold, or about 50 to about 100 fold.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can result in a reduction of a paramyxovirus replication in the range of 1 to 1.5 log, 1.5 log to 2 log, 2 log to 2.5 log, 2.5 to 3 log, 3 log to 3.5 log or 3.5 to 4 log more reduction of a paramyxovirus replication compared to the reduction of a paramyxovirus reduction achieved by ribavirin (Virazole®), or may achieve the same reduction as that of ribavirin (Virazole®) therapy in a shorter period of time, for example, in one day, two days, three days, four days, or five days, as compared to the reduction achieved after 5 days of ribavirin (Virazole®) therapy.
  • resistance refers to a viral strain displaying a delayed, lessened and/or null response to a therapeutic agent(s).
  • the viral load of a subject infected with a resistant virus may be reduced to a lesser degree compared to the amount in viral load reduction exhibited by a subject infected with a non-resistant strain.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered to a subject infected with RSV that is resistant to one or more different anti-RSV agents (for example, ribavirin).
  • development of resistant RSV strains is delayed when subjects are treated with a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, compared to the development of RSV strains resistant to other RSV drugs.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can decrease the percentage of subjects that experience complications from a RSV viral infection compared to the percentage of subjects that experience complication being treated with ribavirin.
  • the percentage of subjects being treated with a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that experience complications can be 10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% less compared to subjects being treated with ribavirin.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein can be used in combination with one or more additional agent(s).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in combination with one or more agents currently used in a conventional standard of care for treating RSV.
  • the additional agent can be ribavirin, palivizumab, and RSV-IGIV.
  • additional anti-RSV agents include but are not limited to an anti-RSV antibody, a fusion protein inhibitor, an N-protein inhibitor, a RSV polymerase inhibitor, an IMPDH inhibitor, an interferon and an other compound that inhibits the RSV virus, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.
  • additional agents include but are not limited to an anti-RSV antibody, a fusion protein inhibitor, an N-protein inhibitor, a RSV polymerase inhibitor, an IMPDH inhibitor, an interferon and an other compound that inhibits the RSV virus, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing.
  • EICAR 5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide
  • EICAR 4-hydroxy-3-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazole-5-carboxamide
  • pyrazofurin 1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2- yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboximidamide
  • Taribavirin, viramidine 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide
  • LY253963 tetrahydrofuran-3-yl-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-(oxazol-5- yl)phenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamate
  • VX-497 (4E)-6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3
  • WO 2013/186333 published Dec. 19, 2013; WO 2013/186332, published Dec. 19, 2013; WO 2013/186335, published Dec. 19, 2013; WO 2013/186334, published Dec. 19, 2013; WO 2012/080447, published Jun. 21, 2012; WO 2012/080449, published Jun. 21, 2012; WO 2012/080450, published Jun. 21, 2012; WO 2012/080451, published Jun. 21, 2012; WO 2012/080446, published Jun. 21, 2012; WO 2010/103306, published Sep.
  • the additional agents can be administered in amounts that have been shown to be effective for those additional agents. Such amounts are known in the art; alternatively, they can be derived from viral load or replication studies using the parameters for “effective amount” set forth above. Alternatively, the amount used can be less than the effective monotherapy amount for such additional agents. For example, the amount used could be between 90% and 5% of such amount, e.g., 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5%, or intermediate values between those points.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered with one or more additional agent(s) together in a single pharmaceutical composition.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered with one or more additional agent(s) as two or more separate pharmaceutical compositions.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered in one pharmaceutical composition, and at least one of the additional agents can be administered in a second pharmaceutical composition.
  • one or more of the additional agents can be in a first pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one of the other additional agent(s) can be in a second pharmaceutical composition.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered prior to all additional agents.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered prior to at least one additional agent.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered concomitantly with one or more additional agent(s).
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered subsequent to the administration of at least one additional agent.
  • a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered subsequent to the administration of all additional agents.
  • a potential advantage of utilizing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof may be a reduction in the required amount(s) of one or more compounds of paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof) that is effective in treating a disease condition disclosed herein (for example, RSV), as compared to the amount required to achieve same therapeutic result when one or more compounds described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are administered without a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a disease condition disclosed herein for example, RSV
  • the amount of a compound described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table), including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and prodrug thereof can be less compared to the amount of the compound described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table), including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and prodrug thereof, needed to achieve the same viral load reduction when administered as a monotherapy.
  • Another potential advantage of utilizing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, is that the use of two or more compounds having different mechanism of actions can create a higher barrier to the development of resistant viral strains compared to the barrier when a compound is administered as monotherapy.
  • Additional advantages of utilizing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof may include little to no cross resistance between a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more additional agent(s) described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof); different routes for elimination of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more additional agent(s) described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof); little to no overlapping toxicities between a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more additional agent(s) described in paragraphs [0198]-[0199](including the table) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof);
  • the useful in vivo dosage to be administered and the particular mode of administration will vary depending upon the age, weight, the severity of the affliction, and mammalian species treated, the particular compounds employed, and the specific use for which these compounds are employed.
  • the determination of effective dosage levels that is the dosage levels necessary to achieve the desired result, can be accomplished by one skilled in the art using routine methods, for example, human clinical trials and in vitro studies.
  • the dosage may range broadly, depending upon the desired effects and the therapeutic indication. Alternatively dosages may be based and calculated upon the surface area of the patient, as understood by those of skill in the art. Although the exact dosage will be determined on a drug-by-drug basis, in most cases, some generalizations regarding the dosage can be made.
  • the daily dosage regimen for an adult human patient may be, for example, an oral dose of between 0.01 mg and 3000 mg of each active ingredient, preferably between 1 mg and 700 mg, e.g. 5 to 200 mg.
  • the dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the subject.
  • the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more, or for months or years.
  • human dosages for compounds have been established for at least some condition, those same dosages may be used, or dosages that are between about 0.1% and 500%, more preferably between about 25% and 250% of the established human dosage.
  • a suitable human dosage can be inferred from ED 50 or ID 50 values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals.
  • dosages may be calculated as the free base.
  • dosages may be calculated as the free base.
  • Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC).
  • MEC minimal effective concentration
  • the MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations. Dosage intervals can also be determined using MEC value.
  • Compositions should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%. In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.
  • the attending physician would know how to and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust administration due to toxicity or organ dysfunctions. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust treatment to higher levels if the clinical response were not adequate (precluding toxicity).
  • the magnitude of an administrated dose in the management of the disorder of interest will vary with the severity of the condition to be treated and to the route of administration. The severity of the condition may, for example, be evaluated, in part, by standard prognostic evaluation methods. Further, the dose and perhaps dose frequency, will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. A program comparable to that discussed above may be used in veterinary medicine.
  • the toxicology of a particular compound, or of a subset of the compounds, sharing certain chemical moieties may be established by determining in vitro toxicity towards a cell line, such as a mammalian, and preferably human, cell line. The results of such studies are often predictive of toxicity in animals, such as mammals, or more specifically, humans.
  • a cell line such as a mammalian, and preferably human, cell line.
  • the results of such studies are often predictive of toxicity in animals, such as mammals, or more specifically, humans.
  • the toxicity of particular compounds in an animal model, such as mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys may be determined using known methods.
  • the efficacy of a particular compound may be established using several recognized methods, such as in vitro methods, animal models, or human clinical trials. When selecting a model to determine efficacy, the skilled artisan can be guided by the state of the art to choose an appropriate model, dose, route of administration and/or regime.
  • Compound 100 was prepared using 1-12 and 4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for the preparation of 1. 100: +ESI-MS: m/z 483. 1 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 106 was prepared using 2,6-dibromopyridine, 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, and by closely following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for the preparation of 1. +ESI-MS: m/z 452.9 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 107 was prepared using 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid and 3-bromo-5-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-1-propyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, and by closely following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for the preparation of 1. +ESI-MS: m/z 485.0 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 108 was prepared using 2,4-dibromothiazole, 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, and by closely following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for the preparation of 1. +ESI-LCMS: m/z 459.0 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 109 was prepared using 2,4-dichloro-5-methoxypyrimidine, (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) boronic acid and 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, and by closely following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 1. +ESI-MS:m/z 506.1 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 110 was prepared using 2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid and 2-amino-1-(6-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl) ethanol, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 1. Compound 110 was obtained as a white solid. +ESI-MS:m/z 498.9 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 111 was obtained by closely following the procedure for obtaining 1 by using 2,4-dibromothiazole, 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid. Compound 111 was obtained as a white solid. +ESI-LCMS: m/z 466.9 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 112 was prepared using 4-chloro-2-iodo-6-methoxypyrimidine, 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 1. +ESI-MS: m/z 484.1 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 116 was obtained by closely following the procedures for obtaining 100 and 114 using 7-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indole and 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid.
  • Compound 116 was obtained as a white solid. +ESI-MS: m/z 494.2 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 117 was obtained by closely following the procedures for obtaining 100 and 114 using 7-fluoro-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indole and 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid.
  • Compound 117 was obtained as a white solid. +ESI-MS: m/z 510.2 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 118 was prepared using 1-amino-2-(6-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol and 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid and 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 100 and 114.
  • Compound 120 was prepared using N-(2-(6-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzamide with MeMgBr in THF, and by closely following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 119.
  • LCMS m/z 505.15 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 121 was prepared using N-(2-(6-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methoxy-4-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethoxy)benzamide with MeMgBr in THF, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 119.
  • LCMS m/z 502.05 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 128 was prepared using N-(2-(6-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methoxy-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzamide with MeMgBr in THF, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 119.
  • Compound 130 was obtained following the procedure for obtaining 129 by using 10-2,1,3-dibromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine and 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane as the starting materials, and then the oxidizing reagent DMP. Compound 130 was obtained as a white solid. +ESI-MS: m/z 489.8 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 11-1 was prepared using 10-2,2,4,5-tribromo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazole and 3,4-dimethoxy-N-(2-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 129.
  • Compound 133 was prepared using 2,4,5-tribromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole and 3,4-dimethoxy-N-(2-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 129. +ESI-MS:m/z 455.9 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 134 was prepared using 2,4-dibromothiazole and 3,4-dimethoxy-N-(2-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 129. +ESI-MS: m/z 459.0 [M+H] + .
  • Dess-Martin periodinane (4.55 g, 10.7 mmol) was added to a solution of 12-2 (2.98 g, 7.16 mmol) in DCM (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1.5 h. A 1:1 mixture of 10% aq. Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution and sat. aq. NaHCO 3 solution was added, and the mixture was stirred for 40 mins. The layers were separated and the organic portion was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue (cyclohexane-EtOAc, 100:0 to 0:100) afforded 12-3 as a white solid (2.86 g, 96%).
  • n-Butyllithium (1.6M solution in hexane, 1.50 mL, 2.42 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 12-4 (760 mg, 2.42 mmol) in toluene (15 mL), which had been pre-cooled to ⁇ 78° C. After 20 mins, a solution of 12-3 (500 mg, 1.21 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 78° C. for 30 mins. The mixture was allowed to warm to r.t. and then quenched with MeOH. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and water.
  • Compound 13-1 was obtained following the procedure for obtaining 1 by using 2,4,6-trichloropyridine, 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid.
  • Compound 15-2 was prepared starting from 2-chloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-iodopyridin-3-ol (15-1) according to procedures provided in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/039366, published May 13, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of its disclosure of the preparation of 15-2.
  • Dess-Martin periodinane (172 mg, 0.404 mmol) was added to a solution of 15-6 (90 mg, 0.162 mmol) in DCM (4 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h. A 1:1 sat. aq. NaHCO 3 solution-sat. aq. Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution was added. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins and the layers were separated. The organic portion was washed with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue (cyclohexane-EtOAc, 50:50 to 10:90) afforded 15-7 as a pale yellow wax (70 mg, 78%).
  • Methylmagnesium bromide (0.33 mL, 0.46 mmol) was added to a solution of 18-9 (22 mg, 0.046 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at r.t., and then quenched with 1M HCl. The mixture was extracted with EA, washed with brine, dried and concentrated. The residue purified by reverse phase HPLC to give 144 (3.8 mg, 17%). LCMS: m/z 494.15 [M+H] + .
  • Methylmagnesium bromide (1.4 M in THF, 0.39 mL, 0.39 mmol) was added to a solution of 20-4 (20 mg, 0.039 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with quenched with 1N HCl and extracted with EA. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product purified by reverse phase HPLC to provide 146 (0.9 mg, 4%). LCMS: m/z 522.15 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 150 was prepared using 6-(2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethyl)-2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methoxypyridine, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 149.
  • Compound 157 was prepared using N-(2-(6-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and by following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for preparation of 156.
  • Dess-Martin periodinane (1.49 g, 3.52 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 32-1 (300 mg, 1.40 mmol) in dry DCM (6.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h and quenched with a 1:1 mixture of 2M aq. Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution and sat. aq. NaHCO 3 solution (10 mL). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 mins and the layers were separated. The organic portion was washed with brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude aldehyde was progressed to the next step without further purification.
  • 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole (1.17 g, 7.21 mmol) was added to a solution of 32-2 (250 mg) in THF (9.6 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins and then nitromethane (671 mg, 11.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (608 mg, 4.40 mmol) were added. After 3 h, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken up with EtOAc. The organic portion was washed with water, dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Crude 32-3 (300 mg) was progressed to the next step without further purification. UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 271.05 [M+H] + .
  • Methylmagnesium bromide (3M solution in Et 2 O, 204 uL, 0.612 mmol) was added to a solution of 32-3 (300 mg) in THF (8 mL), which had been pre-cooled to ⁇ 40° C. The mixture was stirred at ⁇ 40° C. for 1 h, allowed to reach r.t. and then quenched with 1M aq. HCl solution. The aqueous portion was extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organic portions were dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Crude 32-4 was progressed to the next step without further purification. UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 287.10 [M+H] + .
  • Compound 170 was prepared using 2,6-dichloro-3-methylpyridine, 2-(7-fluorobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, and by closely following a synthetic route, which closely follows that described for the preparation of 1. +ESI-MS:m/z 464.9 [M+H] + .
  • Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (1.19 g, 5.41 mmol) was added to a solution of potassium tert-butoxide (551 mg, 4.92 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins.
  • a solution of N- ⁇ 2-[6-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl]-2-oxoethyl ⁇ -3-methoxy-4- ⁇ 2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethoxy ⁇ benzamide (1, 3.00 g, 4.92 mmol) in DMSO (20 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at r.t.
  • Epoxide 2 UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 623.40 [M+H + ].
  • epoxide 2 quantitatively rearranged to oxazoline 3 (1.92 g recovered from 3 g of crude 2).
  • Oxazoline 3 UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 623.29 [M+H + ].
  • TEA 270 uL, 1.93 mmol
  • MsCl 150 uL, 1.93 mmol
  • 3 600 mg, 0.964 mmol
  • DCM 4 mL
  • the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h.
  • the mixture was poured into 1M aq. HCl solution and extracted with DCM.
  • the combined organic portions were dried with Na 2 SO 4 and filtered.
  • the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to afford the crude mesylate 4, which was directly used in the next step.
  • a mixture of 4 (80 mg) and an amine (50 uL) in MeOH (2 mL) was heated to 85° C. in a sealed vial. When complete, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Epoxide 2 (200 mg, crude) was dissolved in a 1:1 MeOH:6M aq. HCl solution (2 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The mixture was basified with 6M aq. NaOH solution and purified by reverse phase chromatography (water:CH 3 CN, 100:0 to 50:50) to afford 176 as an off-white solid (40.2 mg).
  • n-BuLi (1.6M solution in hexanes, 650 ⁇ L, 1.04 mmol) was added to a suspension of tert-butyl 3-oxopiperazine-1-carboxylate (160 mg, 0.800 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL), which had been pre-cooled to 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 5 mins at 0° C. and then warmed to r.t. After 5 mins, a solution of epoxide 2 (200 mg, crude) in THF (1 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to 50° C. and stirred at 50° C. for 12 h. Water and EtOAc were added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous portion was extracted with EtOA.
  • Dess-Martin periodinane (6.8 g, 16.0 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-4 (1.97 g, 6.40 mmol) in dry DCM (28 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. under N 2 atmosphere for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with a 1:1 2M aq. Na 2 S 2 O 3 :sat. aq. NaHCO 3 solution (30 mL), the mixture was vigorously stirred for 30 mins. The layers were separated, and the organic portion was washed with brine, dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • TMSCF 3 (810 uL, 5.50 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-5 (1.40 g, 4.60 mmol) in dry DCM (25 mL). The mixture was cooled 0° C. and TBAF (1M sol in THF, 5.5 mL, 5.50 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to gradually reach r.t. and stirring was continued for 1 h. Water and DCM were added. The layers were separated, and the organic portion was dried with Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue (cyclohexane:EtOAc 100:0 to 80:20) afforded 2-6 (1.43 g, 82%). UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 376.16 [M+H] + .
  • Dess-Martin periodinane (3.25 g, 7.68 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-6 (1.43 g, 3.84 mmol) in dry DCM (17 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h. A 1:1 2M aq. Na 2 S 2 O 3 :sat. aq. NaHCO 3 solution was added. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins. The layers were separated, and the aqueous portion was extracted with DCM (2 ⁇ ). The combined organic portions were dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (695 mg, 3.16 mmol) was added to a solution of potassium tert-butoxide (354 mg, 3.16 mmol) in DMSO (6 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins. A solution of 2-7 (1.18 g, 3.16 mmol) in DMSO (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins. EtOAc and water were added, and the layers were separated. The aqueous portion was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried with Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
  • DIPEA (281 uL, 1.62 mmol) was added to a solution of acid (1.06 mmol) and HATU (461 mg, 1.21 mmol) in dry DMF (5 mL). After 20 mins, a solution of 2-9 (330 mg, 0.81 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at r.t. until complete. EtOAc and sat. aq. NH 4 Cl solution were added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous portion was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic portions were dried with Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue afforded the product.
  • 2-9a and 2-9b were separately coupled with 2-10 according to Method B. Each diastereomeric mixture was resolved by chiral HPLC.
  • 2-9b provided a mixture of 201 and 203 (t R 6.4 min and 12.3 min) [Whelk 01 (R,R) (25 ⁇ 2.0 cm), 5 g, mobile phase: n-Hexane/(Ethanol+0.1% isopropylamine) 30/70% v/v, flow rate: 17 mL/min, UV detection DAD 220 nm].
  • Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (258 mg, 6.10 mmol) was added to a suspension of 2-13 (1.50 g, 5.60 mmol) in a 1:1:6 THF:MeOH:H 2 O mixture (40 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 h, loaded on a reverse phase cartridge and eluted with water to afford 2-10 as a white solid (1.10 g, 78%).
  • Crotonaldehyde (4.01 g, 48.9 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (5.00 g, 33.1 mmol) and 6M aq. HCl solution (60 mL, 360 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 18 h. After cooling to r.t. a precipitate formed. The solid was filtered off, dried and collected. Acid 2-21 (3.44 g) was used in the next step without further purification. UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 204.10 [M+H] + .
  • Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.272 g, 6.49 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-22 (500 mg, 2.16 mmol) in a 2:1:2 THF:MeOH:H 2 O mixture. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (water:CH 3 CN 100:0 to 0:100) to afford 2-20 (291 mg). UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 218.10 [M+H] + .
  • Ester 2-22 (1.50 g, 6.48 mmol) was added to a suspension of selenium dioxide (1.44 g, 13.0 mmol) in pyridine (24 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was triturated with EtOAc. The solid was dried and collected to provide 2-24 (595 mg, 35%).
  • Oxalyl chloride (100 uL, 1.14 mmol) and DMF (1 drop) were added to a solution of 2-24 (230 mg, 0.880 mmol) in DCM (7 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 mins. HMDS (400 uL, 1.89 mmol) and then MeOH were added. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Chromatography of the residue (EtOAc-DCM, 100:0 to 0:100) afforded 2-25. UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 261.10 [M+H] + .
  • Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (44.0 mg, 1.05 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-25 (91.0 mg, 0.350 mmol) in a 2:1:2 THF:MeOH:H 2 O mixture. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (water:CH 3 CN 100:0 to 0:100) to afford 2-23 (76 mg, 89%). UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 247.20 [M+H] + .
  • Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (21.0 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 2-27 (100 mg, 0.413 mmol) in a 2:2:1 THF:MeOH:H 2 O mixture (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude 2-26 was used in the next step without further purification. UPLC/MS(ES + ): m/z 229.14 [M+H] + .

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US20190263754A1 (en) 2019-08-29
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US20180065932A1 (en) 2018-03-08
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