Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
  • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
  • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
  • B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
  • B29C70/12—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of short length, e.g. in the form of a mat
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
  • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
  • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
  • B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
  • B29C70/546—Measures for feeding or distributing the matrix material in the reinforcing structure
  • B29C70/548—Measures for feeding or distributing the matrix material in the reinforcing structure using distribution constructions, e.g. channels incorporated in or associated with the mould
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
  • B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
  • B29C44/32—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements
  • B29C44/321—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements the preformed part being a lining, e.g. a film or a support lining
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
  • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
  • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
  • B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
  • B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
  • B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
  • B29C70/443—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding and impregnating by vacuum or injection
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/024—Woven fabric
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
  • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/245—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
  • D06M15/233—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated aromatic, e.g. styrene
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/244—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • D06M15/256—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/327—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof
  • D06M15/333—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof of vinyl acetate; Polyvinylalcohol
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/564—Polyureas, polyurethanes or other polymers having ureide or urethane links; Precondensation products forming them
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06M15/643—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/70—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M15/705—Embossing; Calendering; Pressing
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
  • D06M23/04—Processes in which the treating agent is applied in the form of a foam
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0043—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers
  • D06N3/0045—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers obtained by applying a ready-made foam layer; obtained by compressing, crinkling or crushing a foam layer, e.g. Kaschierverfahren für Schaumschicht
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0043—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers
  • D06N3/0052—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers obtained by leaching out of a compound, e.g. water soluble salts, fibres or fillers; obtained by freezing or sublimation; obtained by eliminating drops of sublimable fluid
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/12—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins
  • D06N3/14—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. gelatine proteins with polyurethanes
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/04—Cellulosic plastic fibres, e.g. rayon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/06—Vegetal fibres
  • B32B2262/062—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
  • B32B2266/02—Organic
  • B32B2266/0207—Materials belonging to B32B25/00
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
  • B32B2266/02—Organic
  • B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
  • B32B2266/02—Organic
  • B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
  • B32B2266/0278—Polyurethane
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2205/00—Condition, form or state of the materials
  • D06N2205/24—Coagulated materials
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
  • Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
  • Y10T442/2139—Coating or impregnation specified as porous or permeable to a specific substance [e.g., water vapor, air, etc.]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a flexible sheet-like material for defining a matrix material feed space in the production of fibre-reinforced plastics material components from composite fibre semi-finished products.
• the invention also relates to a process for the production of a flexible sheet-like material of this type.
• dry composite fibre semi-finished products so-called preforms
• preforms dry composite fibre semi-finished products
• the dry composite fibre semi-finished product can be present as woven fabric, as multi-axial non-crimp fabric or as chain-reinforced unidirectional semi-finished product and consists in particular of carbon fibres, glass fibres, aramid fibres, boron fibres or hybrid materials.
• a process for the production of fibre-reinforced plastics material components is known as the resin-film-infusion (RFI) process.
• RFI resin-film-infusion
• a dry carbon fibre woven fabric or non-crimp fabric is deposited in a curing device and covered from outside with a defined amount of resin film.
• the plastics material component consisting of the carbon fibres and resin is cured under pressure and heat in an autoclave or in another pressure vessel.
• the use of pressure vessels and the complex moulds required for this purpose are very expensive.
• the available autoclaves restrict the size of the plastics material components to be produced.
• VAP Vauum Assisted Process
• This process uses a multi-layer, flexible sheet-like material which defines a matrix feed space in which the semi-finished product is arranged.
• the sheet-like material consists of a plurality of separate layers which are to be handled independently of one another, namely a membrane which is permeable to gas but impermeable to matrix material, a highly gas-permeable spacer layer and a gas-impermeable film. These layers are successively positioned individually over a flow-promoting layer which is applied onto the semi-finished product.
• VAP affords considerable advantages over processes which use autoclaves, it suffers from the particular problem that the individual layers of the sheet-like material, namely the membrane, the spacer layer and the gas-impermeable film have to be positioned very precisely and without tension in succession over the semi-finished product. Accordingly, this is time-consuming and, if not performed accurately, can adversely affect the process reliability and can result in non-uniform accumulations in the matrix material.
• a multi-functional laminate which is described in DE 10 2008 006 261 B3.
• a textile layer is laminated onto the membrane, which is permeable to gas but impermeable to matrix material, and furthermore the spacer layer is fixed to the textile layer.
• the gas-permeable film can either be positioned separately over the spacer layer or firmly joined to the spacer layer and, in the latter case, the film is also a fixed component of the multi-functional laminate.
• the object of the invention is to provide a flexible sheet-like material for defining a matrix material feed space of the type mentioned at the outset, which sheet-like material is particularly suitable for VAP. Furthermore, a process for the production of a flexible sheet-like material of this type is to be provided, by which it is possible to produce the sheet-like material in the simplest possible manner and particularly accurately in respect of its gas-permeability and matrix material-impermeability characteristics.
• the flexible sheet-like material comprises a textile layer which is coated on at least one side with a gas-permeable, but matrix material-impermeable function layer which acts as a barrier layer for the matrix material and is produced by the direct coating of the textile layer with a foam or a paste.
• the textile layer is a woven fabric, an interlaced fabric, a knitted fabric, a non-woven fabric or a felt and consists at least mainly of one or more of the following materials: polyester, polyamide, aramid, glass fibres, polyacrylic, in particular polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polyethylene, viscose, cellulose and cotton.
• This textile layer acts as a substrate for the function layer which is directly applied to the textile layer by the direct coating process and which, during the coating procedure, has a foam or paste structure and gives the finished sheet-like material the desired characteristics necessary for VAP, in particular characteristics with respect to gas permeability and matrix material impermeability (resin impermeability).
• the function layer is produced from a foam or a paste which is produced from an aqueous polymer dispersion with at least mainly one or more of the following substances: polyurethane, fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluorethylene, acrylate, in particular styrene acrylate, latex, in particular nitrile-butadiene latex (NBR) or styrene-butadiene latex (SBR), silicone, copolymers, in each case with additives.
• polyurethane fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluorethylene
• acrylate in particular styrene acrylate
• latex in particular nitrile-butadiene latex (NBR) or styrene-butadiene latex (SBR)
• NBR nitrile-butadiene latex
• SBR styrene-butadiene latex
• the function layer can also be produced from a paste which is produced from a solvent-containing polymer with at least mainly one or more of the following substances: polyurethane, fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluorethylene, acrylate, in particular styrene acrylate, latex, in particular nitrile-butadiene latex (NBR) or styrene-butadiene latex (SBR), ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, silicone, copolymers of the above-mentioned substances, in each case with additives.
• a solvent-containing polymer with at least mainly one or more of the following substances: polyurethane, fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluorethylene, acrylate, in particular styrene acrylate, latex, in particular nitrile-butadiene latex (NBR) or styrene-butadiene latex (SBR), ethylene vinyl acetate,
• the textile layer can be coated on one or both sides with the function layer.
• the textile layer is advantageously only coated on one side with the function layer, while provided on the opposite side of the textile layer is a spacer layer which keeps a gas-impermeable film, which can be arranged over the spacer layer, at a distance from the textile layer.
• the spacer layer is highly gas-permeable and, when a vacuum is produced in the space between the film and the textile layer, it keeps the film at a distance from the textile layer. Therefore, the spacer layer and the film are always located on the side of the textile layer remote from the matrix material feed space.
• the textile layer prefferably be directly coated on its side remote from the matrix material feed space with a spacer layer applied by the direct coating process.
• the spacer layer it is also possible for the spacer layer to be laminated onto the textile layer, before or after the textile layer has been coated on the opposite side with the function layer.
• the flexible sheet-like material according to the invention has the advantage that compared to known sheet-like materials, it can be produced more easily and more accurately in respect of the desired characteristics, particularly in respect of gas permeability and matrix material impermeability. Furthermore, the sheet-like material can be readily configured such that it is transparent or semi-transparent, thereby making it possible to observe the resin flow front in VAP.
• the textile layer is coated on at least one side by a direct coating process with a gas-permeable but matrix material-impermeable foam layer or paste layer which forms a barrier layer for the matrix material.
• a gas-permeable but matrix material-impermeable foam layer or paste layer which forms a barrier layer for the matrix material.
• the direct coating process affords advantages and greater variation possibilities in formulation and affords further possibilities in the pretreatment and aftertreatment of the textile layer, as a result of which the gas permeability and matrix material impermeability of the sheet-like material can also be controlled. It is also possible to produce the sheet-like material such that it is transparent or semi-transparent due to the choice of suitable coating materials and additives and by a targeted calendering of the applied coating material. Consequently, as stated above, it is possible to observe the resin flow front when the finished sheet-like material is used in VAP.
• woven fabric interlaced fabric, knitted fabric, non-woven fabric or felt which mainly consists of one or more of the following materials: polyester, polyamide, aramid, glass fibres, polyacrylic, polypropylene, polyethylene, viscose, cellulose and cotton. Mixtures of the above-mentioned materials are easily possible.
• the textile layer may be pretreated with additives prior to coating, which additives are produced from aqueous or organic solutions and comprise impregnating resins, surfactants, silica sol derivatives, additives for material protection, flame proofing, bonding agents or the like.
• the foam or paste can be applied to the textile layer by very diverse methods, for example by:
• the foam or paste layer is expediently compressed and smoothed by a calendering device under elevated temperature and elevated pressure in order to influence in a targeted manner the gas-permeability and/or matrix material—impermeability characteristics of the sheet-like material.
• the textile layer can be coated with a foam or a paste based on an aqueous polymer dispersion, the foam or paste at least mainly consisting of one or more of the following substances: polyurethane, fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluorethylene, acrylate, in particular styrene acrylate, latex, in particular nitrile-butadiene latex or styrene-butadiene latex, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, silicone and copolymers of the above-mentioned substances.
• foaming agents such as foaming agents, defoamers, foam stabilisers, cross-linking reagents, fillers (inter alia kaolin, chalk, silicic acid derivatives) are added as required.
• polyurethane foam and paste coatings based on an aqueous dispersion can be used in a particularly advantageous and versatile manner.
• foams can be used which are either produced mechanically (“beaten foam”) or chemically (“blown foam”).
• beaten foam mechanically
• blown foam chemically
• microsphere capsules for example Expancel® by Akzo Nobel
• these capsules expand in volume by up to 40 times and form a foam-like structure in the matrix.
• the coating is compressed and smoothed at a specific temperature and at a specific pressure on calendering equipment.
• the calender temperature is precisely adjusted subject to the type of polymer and crosslinking, the degree of foaming, hardness modulus of the dispersion and depending on the other additives, so that optimum results are achieved in respect of gas permeability and matrix material impermeability (resin density) during injection according to VAP.
• the material to be foamed has a viscosity of 5-60 dPas (preferably 35-45 dPas) before foaming and, when applied to the textile layer, has a foam weight of 100 to 900 g/l (preferably 200-350 g/l), the dry layer weight amounting to 10-120 g/m 2 (preferably 30-40 g/m 2 ).
• a viscosity of 5-160 dPas (preferably 40-100 dPas) is advantageous depending on the application process.
• 60-80 dPas has proved to be particularly advantageous.
• the dry layer weight is 10-120 g/m 2 (preferably 35-45 g/m 2 ).
• pastes can also be used which are based on a solvent-containing polymer.
• the paste at least mainly consists of one or more of the following substances: polyurethane, fluoropolymers, in particular polytetrafluorethylene, acrylate, in particular styrene acrylate, latex, in particular nitrile-butadiene latex or styrene-butadiene latex, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate, silicone, copolymers of the above-mentioned substances and mixtures of these substances.
• the paste also contains the necessary additives.
• the solvent-containing paste has a viscosity of 5-60 dPas (preferably 35-45 dPas) when applied onto the textile layer, the dry layer weight amounting to 10-120 g/m 2 (preferably 40-50 g/m 2 ).
• the textile layer can also be coated by means of a so-called “coagulation coating” process or “extraction coating” process.
• electrolyte salts, chemical additives or ionic differential additives for example are applied to the textile layer to produce precipitation reactions in the paste or in the foam.
• electrolyte salts for example electrolyte salts, additives for thermosensitive precipitation or ionic differential additives are introduced into the coating medium (paste or foam) to produce precipitation reactions in the paste or in the mixture to be foamed.
• foam or paste is brought to precipitation/coagulation due to an arising instability while drying on the textile layer.
• An instability of this type arises in particular due to an incompatibility of individual constituents of the coating material as the temperature rises and/or when the pH changes.
• the paste or the material to be foamed contains additives which are partly or completely extracted again from the coating, are washed out or are released therefrom in another manner due to an aftertreatment of the coated sheet-like material.
• This is possible by an aftertreatment using aqueous-based products and solvent-based products, in particular by a perchloroethylene cleaning on continuous installations.
• the textile substrates which are used can be suitably pretreated so that, during the subsequent direct coating procedure onto this pre-finished textile layer, special effects are achieved for positively influencing, for example, coagulation, microporosity, gas permeability and resin density also at relatively high infiltration temperatures during VAP.
• An advantageous pretreatment of the textile layer consists of a separate pre-impregnation of the textile layer with FC resins for hydrophobisation, to reduce infiltration or also penetration of the paste or foam into the textile.
• Example 1 a textile substrate was coated with a foam based on an aqueous dispersion, while in Example 2, a textile substrate was coated with a solvent-containing paste. In both cases, it was possible to achieve very good results in respect of production accuracy, gas permeability and matrix material impermeability of the finished sheet-like material.
• Material of textile layer Polyester woven fabric Coating material (foam): Polyurethane-based aqueous dispersion with additives Viscosity of the material to be foamed: 35-45 dPas Foam weight: 200-240 g/l Dry layer weight: 35-40 g/m 2 Calender temperature 170-200° C., in particular 185° C. when pre-chintzing the textile: Application method: Doctor or stencil coating Foam drying temperatures: 80-130° C. Calender temperature during 170-200° C., in particular 180° C. compression:
• Polyester woven fabric Coating material (paste): Solution of Polyurethane with additives to achieve a micro-porosity by coagulation (selective drying) Viscosity: 35-45 dPas Dry layer weight: 40-50/m 2 Calender temperature 170-200° C., in particular 185° C. when pre-chintzing: Application method: Doctor or stencil coating Drying/condensation temperature: 20-225° C. Calender temperature during 120-190° C. compression (optional):

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