CN102811850A - 用于限定基体材料引入空间的柔性表面材料及其制造方法 - Google Patents

用于限定基体材料引入空间的柔性表面材料及其制造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102811850A
CN102811850A CN2011800133224A CN201180013322A CN102811850A CN 102811850 A CN102811850 A CN 102811850A CN 2011800133224 A CN2011800133224 A CN 2011800133224A CN 201180013322 A CN201180013322 A CN 201180013322A CN 102811850 A CN102811850 A CN 102811850A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
paste
tissue layer
foam
layer
matrix material
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Granted
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CN2011800133224A
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CN102811850B (zh
Inventor
W·克林斯
M·亨施
L·普里比尔
W·希尔哈默尔
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Airbus defense and Space Technology LLC
Trans-Textil GmbH
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ITZ DEUTSCHE AG
TRANS-TEXTIL GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
    • B29C70/12—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of short length, e.g. in the form of a mat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
    • B29C70/546—Measures for feeding or distributing the matrix material in the reinforcing structure
    • B29C70/548—Measures for feeding or distributing the matrix material in the reinforcing structure using distribution constructions, e.g. channels incorporated in or associated with the mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
    • B29C44/32—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements
    • B29C44/321—Incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. linings, inserts or reinforcements the preformed part being a lining, e.g. a film or a support lining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
    • B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
    • B29C70/443—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding and impregnating by vacuum or injection
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
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    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
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    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • Y10T442/2139—Coating or impregnation specified as porous or permeable to a specific substance [e.g., water vapor, air, etc.]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

柔性表面材料包括织物层，该织物层至少单侧面地用气体可透过但基体材料不可透过的、用作基体材料阻挡层的功能层来涂覆，所述功能层通过用泡沫或者糊剂直接涂覆织物层来制造。

Description

用于限定基体材料引入空间的柔性表面材料及其制造方法
本发明涉及在由纤维复合材料半成品制造纤维增强合成材料部件时用于限定基体材料引入空间的柔性表面材料。此外，本发明涉及制造此类柔性表面材料的方法。
在以已知方法制造纤维增强合成材料部件时，首先使用干燥的纤维复合材料半成品，即所谓的预成型，其以树脂形式的可流动的可硬化的基体材料浸渍。干燥的纤维复合材料半成品在这里能够以织物、多轴网格布或者经向增强单向半成品形式存在，特别是由碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维、硼纤维或混合材料构成。
已知制造纤维增强合成材料部件的一种方法是所谓的树脂薄膜注入法（RFI）。在此，干燥的碳纤维织物或网格布铺置在硬化设备中，并从外部铺置规定的树脂涂层量。随后，将由碳纤维和树脂组成的合成材料部件在高压釜或其他压力容器中加压加温硬化。然而使用压力容器以及为此所必须的复杂工具是非常耗费的。另外，鉴于温度和压力，此类方法难于操作。此外，供使用的高压釜限制了所生产合成材料部件的大小。
为了避免所述缺点，已经发展了DE 10013409C1中所描述的方法，被称为“VAP”（真空辅助工艺）。在该方法中使用多层柔性表面材料，以此来限定基体引入空间，半成品被设置在该空间中。在那里，表面材料由多个彼此分离的、操作上彼此独立的层（即气体可透过但基体材料不可透过的膜（Membran），高度透气的间隔层以及气体不可透过的薄膜（Folie））构成。所述层先后依次分别铺置在助流层上，该助流层铺置在半成品上。当在薄膜和膜之间的范围中抽真空并由此产生负压时，压力将通过膜并在位于内部的基体引入空间中相应降低，液态树脂（基体材料）由此从外部树脂容器被吸入进基体材料引入空间中。膜在此虽然实现了气体从基体引入空间中泄露进入间隔层但是也从那里向外，同时将基体材料引入空间中的树脂拦截，从而其能够渗入到半成品中。
虽然VAP法相比于使用高压釜的方法而言带来了显著的益处，但其中也存在某些问题，使得表面材料的各层，即膜、间隔层以及气体不可透过的薄膜彼此间必须十分精确并且无张力地铺置在半成品上。这相应地耗时，并且如果未精确实施，它有可能对过程的安全性带来负面影响，并且在基体材料中导致不均匀的积累。
所述问题将通过多功能层合体得以避免，这在DE 102008006261B3中有所描述。其中，在气体可透过但基体材料不可透过的膜上层合了织物层，此外还在织物层上固定有间隔层。气体可透过的薄膜或者能够单独铺置间隔层上，或者能够牢固地与间隔层结合，其中在后一种情况中，薄膜还是多功能层合体的固态组分。该多功能层合体已经为操作、工艺精度和工艺安全性带来了显著优点。然而在此类多层层合体中，所希望的力学材料特性以及关于气体透过性、基体材料不可透过性和膜及织物层的温度稳定性的特性并不能够以所希望的简单方式精确设置。另外对此的原因是，因为层合工艺并取决于层合时在膜和织物层之间所使用的粘合剂的种类、施涂方式和量，一方面膜另一方面织物层在层合前存在的特性不能够显著改变。其他缺点列举如下，即在已知实施方案中，因为前述的表面材料是不透明的，所以树脂的流动前沿不可见。
本发明的任务在于，构造柔性表面材料，其用于限定之前所述类型的基体材料引入空间，该材料尤其适用于VAP方法。此外应该建立一种制造此类柔性表面材料的方法，以此方法能够以尽可能简单的方式，并且关于其气体透过性和基体材料透过性的特性而可以尤其精确的方式制造表面材料。
该任务将根据本发明通过具有权利要求1特征的柔性表面材料以及通过具有权利要求5特征的方法得以完成。从属权利要求中描述本发明有益的实施方式。
根据本发明，柔性表面材料包括织物层，该织物层至少单侧面地以气体可透过但基体材料不可透过的、用作基体材料阻挡层的功能层来涂覆，所述功能层通过用泡沫或者糊剂的直接涂覆织物层来制造。
根据有益的实施方式，织物层是纺织物、针织物、编织物、非织造布或毡，并且至少主要由一种或多种如下材料构成：聚酯、聚酰胺、芳纶、玻璃纤维、丙纶，尤其是聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、粘胶、纤维素、棉。
织物层作为借助直接涂覆方式直接施涂在织物层上的功能层的载体，该功能层在涂覆过程中具有泡沫或糊剂结构，并且赋予制成的表面材料以所希望的、VAP方法所必须的特性，尤其与气体可透过性和基体材料不可透过性（树脂不透过性）有关。
根据有益的实施方式，由泡沫或糊剂制造功能层，所述泡沫或糊剂由至少主要具有一种或多种以下物质的水性聚合物分散体制造：聚氨酯、含氟聚合物，尤其是聚四氟乙烯、丙烯酸酯，尤其是苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、乳胶，尤其是腈-丁二烯-乳胶（NBR）或苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶（SBR）、有机硅、共聚物，分别具有填充料。
在此可选地，功能层还可由糊剂制造，所述糊剂由至少主要具有一种或多种以下物质的含溶剂的聚合物制造：聚氨酯、含氟聚合物，尤其是聚四氟乙烯、丙烯酸酯，尤其是苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、乳胶，尤其是腈-丁二烯-乳胶（NBR）或苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶（SBR）、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、有机硅、以上所述物质的共聚物，分别具有填充料。
织物层可单侧面或双侧面用功能层涂覆。有益地是织物层仅仅单侧面用功能层涂覆，与此同时，在织物层的相对侧面上设有间隔层，该间隔层将可设置在间隔层上的、气体不可透过的薄膜与织物层保持一定距离。间隔层在此是高度透气的，并且当在薄膜和织物层之间的中间空间中形成负压时，将薄膜与织物层保持一定距离。间隔层和薄膜因此始终位于织物层的如下侧面上，该面背离基体材料引入空间。
还有可能的是，织物层在其背离基体材料引入空间的侧面上用借助直接涂覆方法施涂的间隔层直接涂覆。在此可选地还可能的是，在将织物层在位于相对侧面上用功能层涂覆之前或之后，将间隔层层合在织物层上。
根据本发明的柔性表面材料表面材料具有如下优点，即其相比于已知的表面材料关于所希望的特征，尤其是关于透气性和基体材料不可透过性可更简单更精确地制造。此外，表面材料能够毫无问题地构造为透明的或半透明的，由此能够在VAP方法中观察到树脂流动前沿。
在依据本发明的方法中，织物层至少单侧面借助直接涂覆方法用泡沫层或糊剂层涂覆，该泡沫层或糊剂层形成气体可透过的但基体材料不可透过的基体材料阻挡层。因此这对于根据本发明的方法是具有特征性的，即气体可透过的但基体材料不可透过的功能层不再以分开制造的膜的形式层合在织物层上，而是将由泡沫或糊剂构成的功能层借助直接涂覆施涂在织物层上，所述织物层形成用于泡沫层或糊剂层的载体。借助所述直接涂覆方法能够十分精确地设定所希望的材料特性，尤其是透气性程度和基体材料不透过程度。此外，直接涂覆方法提供了优点和配方设计中较大的变化可能性，并提供了织物层预处理和后处理的其他可能性，由此同样可以控制表面材料的气体可透过性和基体材料不可透过性。另外还有可能，通过选择相应的涂层材料和填充料，以及通过对施涂的涂层材料的有目的压延，将表面材料制造成透明的或半透明的。如前所述，当在VAP方法中使用制成的表面材料时，由此能够观察到树脂流动前沿。
正如前面已经提及过的，适用于本发明方法中使用的织物层的有纺织物、针织物、编织物、非织造布或毡，它们至少主要由一种或多种如下材料组成：聚酯、聚酰胺、芳纶、玻璃纤维、丙纶、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、粘胶、纤维素、棉。上述材料的混合物毫无疑问也是可能的。
为了控制泡沫或者糊剂渗透进入织品，以改善附着力、牢固性和磨损，在化学、化学-热力学以及物理机械学基础上存在大量的装配可能性。例如可以有目的地将织物层在其涂覆之前借助添加剂进行预处理，所述添加剂由水性或有机溶剂制造，并包括浸渍树脂、表面活性剂、硅溶胶-衍生物、用于材料保护、防火的添加剂、增附剂等。
在织物层上应用泡沫或糊剂可借助不同技术实现，例如通过
●用刮刀刀具的刮涂技术
●用薄软绸辊的浸涂技术
●借助凹版辊或丝网印刷刮板的压力或扫描技术。
●浇铸技术（例如帘幕涂覆）
在将泡沫或糊剂施涂在织物层上之后，以及随后在适度的温度下干燥之后，将泡沫或者糊剂层有目的地在升高的温度和升高的压力下借助压延设备压实并平整，以便有目的地影响表面材料的透气性和/或基体材料的不可透过性。由此在很大程度上得到控制可能性以实现所希望的材料特性。
对于所述纺织载体材料的直接涂覆，有益的是使用基于水性的泡沫，基于水性的糊剂或者基于含溶剂的糊剂。尤其是可以将织物层用基于水性聚合物分散体的泡沫或糊剂涂覆，其中，泡沫或者糊剂至少主要由一种或多种如下物质组成：聚氨酯、含氟聚合物，尤其是聚四氟乙烯、丙烯酸酯，尤其是苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、乳胶，尤其是腈-丁二烯-乳胶或苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、有机硅、以上所述物质的共聚物。以上所述物质的混合物也有可能。根据需要添加额外的填充料，例如起泡剂、消泡剂、泡沫稳定剂、交联剂、填料（尤其是高岭土、白垩、硅酸衍生物……）。
基于水性分散体的聚氨酯-泡沫涂覆和糊剂涂覆在此是特别有益的并且可多样应用。
对于泡沫涂覆可以使用泡沫，该泡沫或者机械（“打泡沫”）制造或者化学（“发泡沫”）制造。作为化学的-实际上更好的是物理的-起泡的具体领域，要提及借助所谓微球-包囊（例如Akzo Nobel的
Figure BDA00002121452900051
）制造泡沫。该包囊在温度升高时膨胀到最大40倍的体积，并在基体中形成泡沫状结构。
当使用糊剂或机械制造的泡沫时，为了获得所希望的特性，有目的地加入特殊添加剂以影响粘度以及加入填料、颜料、交联剂等。另外，在泡沫制造中为了影响泡沫密度而有目的地加入一些试剂。
对于化学或热学泡沫的制造同样可以加入特殊的添加剂以影响粘度和泡沫的单位体积重量，以及加入稳定剂、填料、交联剂等。
在将此类涂层施涂在织物层上并随后干燥之后，将涂层在确定的温度下并以确定的压力在压延设备上压实和平整。在此，压延温度将根据聚合和交联的类型、起泡度、分散体的固化模块并取决于其他的添加剂来精确调节，由此在注入时在透气性和基体材料不可透过性（树脂密度）方面根据VAP方法得到最佳结果。
在此特别有益的是，在泡沫涂覆时，待起泡的材料在起泡之前具有5-60dPas（优选35-45dPas）的粘度，并且在织物层上施涂时具有100至900g/L（优选200-350g/L）的泡沫重量，其中，干燥涂覆层为10-120g/m2（优选30-40g/m2）。
在水性糊剂的情况下，根据施涂方法，粘度有益的是5-160dPas（优选40-100dPas）。在经典的刮刀方法中表明特别优选的是60-80dPas。在此干燥涂覆层为10-120g/m2（优选35-45g/m2）。
总体上关于前述发明给出的粘度值涉及用“Haake Viskotester 2plus”，测量体1或2的测量。
如上所述，代替水性分散体泡沫或糊剂还可以使用基于含有溶剂的聚合物的糊剂。在这种情况下，糊剂至少主要由一种或多种以下物质构成：聚氨酯、含氟聚合物，尤其是聚四氟乙烯、丙烯酸酯，尤其是苯乙烯丙烯酸酯、乳胶，尤其是腈-丁二烯-乳胶或苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、有机硅、以上所述物质的共聚物、所述物质的混合。此外，糊剂包含所必须的填充料。
在此特别有益的是，含有溶剂的糊剂施涂在织物层上时具有5-60dPas（优选的35-45dPas）的粘度，其中，干燥涂覆层为10-120g/m2（优选40-50g/m2）。
织物层的涂覆还可以借助所谓的“凝结涂覆”或“萃取涂覆”实现。
在凝结涂覆方法中，在织物层上在涂覆之前例如施涂电解质盐、活性添加剂或离子差异添加剂，以引起糊剂或泡沫中的沉积反应。在凝结涂覆的其他方法中，在涂覆介质（糊剂或泡沫）中引入例如电解质盐、添加剂以热敏沉积，或引入离子差异添加剂以在糊剂或待起泡混合物中引起沉积反应。可选地或者附加地，在凝结涂覆的情况下还有可能，为了在聚合物膜中引起孔的形成，将经涂覆的表面材料随后借助碱化或酸解由水性漂染液进行后处理。
可能的是，泡沫或糊剂通过在干燥期间出现的不稳定性在织物层上带来沉积/凝结。出现此类不稳定性尤其是因为在升高温度和/或改变pH值时涂层材料各个组分的不相容性。
在萃取涂覆中，糊剂或待起泡的材料含有添加剂，该添加剂通过经涂覆的表面材料的后处理而部分地或者全部地再次从涂层中萃取出、洗出或以其他方式溶出。这将通过既借助在水性基础上又在溶剂基础上的产物后处理来实现，尤其是通过在连续设备上的四氯乙烯净化来实现。
为了在VAP方法中较高浸渗温度下使随后在预上浆的织物层上的直接涂覆中达到有利影响例如凝结、微孔性、透气性和树脂密度的特殊效果，可以以合适的方式对所使用的织物载体进行预处理，这适用于所有实施的直接涂覆方法。为了减少糊剂或泡沫渗入或渗透进织物中，织物层的有益预处理由织物层用FC树脂的独立预浸渍以疏水化而组成。
本发明以下依据两个实施例进一步阐明，从中能够得到特别有益的结果。在实施例1中织物载体用基于水性分散体的泡沫涂覆，而在实施例2中，织物载体用含有溶剂的糊剂涂覆。在两种情况中，关于制成表面材料的制造精确性、透气性和基体材料不透过性上能够得到非常好的结果。
实施例1（泡沫）：
材料织物层：        聚酯织物
涂层材料（泡沫）：        具有填充料的聚氨酯基的水
                          性分散体
                          待发泡材料的粘度：
                          35-45dPas
                          泡沫重量：200-240g/L
                          干燥涂覆层：35-40g/m2
织物预上蜡时的压延温度：  170-200℃，尤其是185℃
施涂技术：                刮刀涂覆或刮板涂覆
泡沫干燥温度：            80-130℃
压制时的压延温度：        170-200℃，尤其是180℃
实施例2（糊剂）：
材料织物层：              聚酯织物
涂层材料（糊剂）：        具有填充料的聚氨酯溶液，为
                          了通过凝结得到微孔（选择性
                          干燥）
                          粘度：35-45dPas
                          干燥涂覆层：40-50g/m2
预上蜡时的压延温度：      170-200℃，尤其是185℃
施涂技术：                刮刀或刮板涂覆
干燥/冷凝温度：           20-225℃
压制时的压延温度（任选）：120-190℃

Claims (20)

1.柔性表面材料，其在由纤维复合材料半成品制造纤维增强合成材料部件时用于限定基体材料引入空间，其特征在于，所述柔性表面材料包括织物层，该织物层至少单侧面地以气体可透过但基体材料不可透过的、用作基体材料阻挡层的功能层来涂覆，所述功能层通过用泡沫或者糊剂的直接涂覆织物层来制造。
2.根据权利要求1所述的柔性表面材料，其特征在于，所述织物层是纺织物、针织物、编织物、非织造布或毡，并且至少主要由一种或多种如下材料构成：
聚酯
聚酰胺
芳纶
玻璃纤维
丙纶
聚丙烯
聚乙烯
粘胶
纤维素
棉。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的柔性表面材料，其特征在于，所述功能层由泡沫或糊剂制造，所述泡沫或糊剂由至少主要具有一种或多种以下物质的水性聚合物分散体制造：
聚氨酯
含氟聚合物
丙烯酸酯
苯乙烯丙烯酸酯
腈-丁二烯-乳胶
苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶
乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯
聚醋酸乙烯酯
有机硅
上述物质的共聚物，
包括填充料。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的柔性表面材料，其特征在于，所述功能层由糊剂制造，所述糊剂由至少主要具有一种或多种以下物质的含溶剂的聚合物制造：
聚氨酯
含氟聚合物
丙烯酸酯
苯乙烯丙烯酸酯
腈-丁二烯-乳胶
苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶
乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯
聚醋酸乙烯酯
有机硅
上述物质的共聚物，
包括填充料。
5.制造用于限定基体材料引入空间的柔性表面材料的方法，其中所述表面材料包括织物层，其特征在于，所述织物层至少单侧面借助直接涂覆方法用泡沫层或糊剂层涂覆，所述泡沫层或糊剂层形成气体可透过的但基体材料不可透过的基体材料的阻挡层。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫层或者糊剂层在升高的温度和升高的压力下借助压延设备压实，以便有目的地影响表面材料的透气性和/或基体材料的不可透过性。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述织物层用基于水性聚合物分散体的泡沫或糊剂涂覆，其中，所述泡沫或糊剂至少主要由一种或多种以下物质制造：
聚氨酯
含氟聚合物
丙烯酸酯
苯乙烯丙烯酸酯
NBR
SBR
乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯
聚醋酸乙烯酯
有机硅
上述物质的共聚物，
包括填充料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫在施涂在织物层上时具有100-900g/L的泡沫重量，其中，干燥涂覆层为10-120g/m2。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫在施涂在织物层上时具有200-350g/L的泡沫重量，其中，干燥涂覆层为30-40g/m2。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述织物层用水性糊剂涂覆，其干燥涂覆层为10-120g/m2。
11.根据权利要求7或10所述的方法，其特征在于，所述织物层用水性糊剂涂覆，其干燥涂覆层为35-45g/m2。
12.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述织物层用基于含溶剂的聚合物糊剂涂覆，其中，所述糊剂至少主要由一种或多种以下物质制造：
聚氨酯
含氟聚合物
丙烯酸酯
苯乙烯丙烯酸酯
腈-丁二烯-乳胶
苯乙烯-丁二烯-乳胶
乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯
聚醋酸乙烯酯
有机硅
上述物质的共聚物，
包括填充料。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，所述织物层用含溶剂的糊剂涂覆，其干燥涂覆层为10-120g/m2。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述织物层用含溶剂的糊剂涂覆，其干燥涂覆层为40-50g/m2。
15.根据权利要求5至14中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在将所述织物层涂覆前将其用添加剂预处理，所述添加剂由水性或有机溶剂制造，并包括一种或多种如下物质：
氟碳树脂
浸渍树脂
表面活性剂
硅溶胶-衍生物
增附剂。
16.根据权利要求5至15中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述织物层用水性分散体糊剂、泡沫或基于溶剂的糊剂凝结涂覆，其中，涂层前在所述织物层上施涂电解质盐、化学添加剂或离子差异添加剂以在涂层材料中引起沉积反应。
17.根据权利要求5至15中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述织物层用水性分散体糊剂、泡沫或基于溶剂的糊剂凝结涂覆，其中为了在聚合物膜中产生多孔性，将经涂覆的表面材料随后借助碱化或酸解由水性漂染液进行后处理。
18.根据权利要求5至15中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述织物层用水性分散体糊剂、泡沫或基于溶剂的糊剂萃取涂覆，其中，涂层材料含有添加剂，通过对经涂覆的表面材料的后处理将所述添加剂再次从涂层材料中部分或者完全地萃取出来。
19.根据权利要求5至17中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫或糊剂热敏地施涂在所述织物层上以沉积/凝结。
20.根据权利要求5至17中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫或糊剂通过干燥期间出现的不稳定性施涂在所述织物层上以沉积/凝结。
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