US20120114795A1 - Dairy product and process - Google Patents

Dairy product and process Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120114795A1
US20120114795A1 US13/264,564 US201013264564A US2012114795A1 US 20120114795 A1 US20120114795 A1 US 20120114795A1 US 201013264564 A US201013264564 A US 201013264564A US 2012114795 A1 US2012114795 A1 US 2012114795A1
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Prior art keywords
wpc
protein
heat
wpi
canceled
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Palatasa Havea
John Edward Grant
Michael Jiu Wai Hii
Peter Gilbert Wiles
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Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd
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Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C1/00—Concentration, evaporation or drying
    • A23C1/04—Concentration, evaporation or drying by spraying into a gas stream
    • A23C1/05—Concentration, evaporation or drying by spraying into a gas stream combined with agglomeration granulation or coating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C19/00—Cheese; Cheese preparations; Making thereof
    • A23C19/06—Treating cheese curd after whey separation; Products obtained thereby
    • A23C19/068—Particular types of cheese
    • A23C19/08—Process cheese preparations; Making thereof, e.g. melting, emulsifying, sterilizing
    • A23C19/082—Adding substances to the curd before or during melting; Melting salts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C1/00—Concentration, evaporation or drying
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C1/00—Concentration, evaporation or drying
    • A23C1/14—Concentration, evaporation or drying combined with other treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C21/00—Whey; Whey preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C21/00—Whey; Whey preparations
    • A23C21/04—Whey; Whey preparations containing non-milk components as source of fats or proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
    • A23C9/13—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using additives
    • A23C9/1307—Milk products or derivatives; Fruit or vegetable juices; Sugars, sugar alcohols, sweeteners; Oligosaccharides; Organic acids or salts thereof or acidifying agents; Flavours, dyes or pigments; Inert or aerosol gases; Carbonation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/14—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations in which the chemical composition of the milk is modified by non-chemical treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
    • A23J1/20—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
    • A23J1/20—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey
    • A23J1/205—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from milk, e.g. casein; from whey from whey, e.g. lactalbumine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
    • A23J3/04—Animal proteins
    • A23J3/08—Dairy proteins

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process of making a whey protein concentrate (WPC) comprising denatured whey proteins.
  • WPC whey protein concentrate
  • Lactalbumin is long known as a commercial product prepared by heating whey until the protein coagulates and is rendered insoluble. The insoluble material is filtered off, washed and dried. Lactalbumin has found many uses ranging from stock food to enhancing the protein content of bread and bakery products. The protein depleted whey stream resulting from the recovery of the lactalbumin may also be used as a stock food, but is otherwise expensive to dispose of.
  • Heat-denatured (or modified) whey protein products have become a more recent category of products in the market. A number of methods for the manufacture of this category have been invented in recent years.
  • Whey protein will form a gel when ‘heated under appropriate conditions (>75° C., pH 6-8, >6 g TS/100 g) (Havea, P., Singh, H., Creamer, L. K. & Campanella, O. H.,
  • WO/2001/005247 disclose a process for preparing whey protein gels that include denatured particles. Initially the whey protein is treated to hydrolyse it using either acid or enzymes. After a heat treatment, the resulting turbid gels have an opaque milky-white appearance due to large aggregates scattering light. Mixed gels, the final subset, possess physical and functional properties of both fine-stranded and particulate and produced with intermediate salt concentrations (E. Foegeding et al., (1998)). The condensing of linear strands into larger aggregates is thought to be the causal mechanism for mixed gel formation. The gelled material may be dried to yield particles in the range 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m. Hudson et al teach little about their heating process (home manufacture is contemplated) beyond heating the dispersions in aluminum freeze-drier pans (13.5 cm ⁇ 13,5 cm) at 80° C. for 45 minutes or 3 hours. . . .
  • Huss and Spiegel in U.S. Pat. No. 6,767,575 disclose a process for producing micro-particulated whey protein using relatively dilute protein streams ( ⁇ 3% w/v protein), after heating and in contrast to the processes known to those skilled in the art, no further shearing operations are carried out, to the extent that the inventive process is carried out under essentially non-shearing conditions.
  • the shear rates occurring due to the unavoidable pumping and stirring operations mentioned are generally not greater than 2000 s ⁇ 1 to 1000 s ⁇ 1 , preferably not greater than 500 s ⁇ 1 .
  • the hot-holding of the raw material can also take place in complete absence of agitation.
  • WO/2007/039296 A1 disclose a proprietary mechanical device to affect the denaturing of protein solutions while applying heat.
  • Oudeman teaches a process for preparing a synthetic milk product using denatured whey proteins, wherein calcium ions are added to a whey protein concentrate having a protein content of 25-50%, relative to the solids, and a pH value of 5.9-6.7, the concentrate is subsequently subjected to a heat treatment and homogenization, whereafter the product is optionally evaporated and dried.
  • the flow rate is at least 2 m/s.
  • the liquid stream is dried.
  • the resulting powder is said to have particle sizes of around 30 to 60 ⁇ m.
  • Hoist et al declare: It is surprising that the new, partially denatured whey protein product with a denaturation level of preferably about 80% and a mean particle diameter in the range of preferably 40 to 50 ⁇ m has such good organoleptic properties and is free of any sandy or gritty aftertaste, whereas denatured whey proteins with similar particle sizes, as known, because of their bad organoleptic properties, particularly their sandy sensation in the mouth, are unsuitable of use as an additive to mayonnaise which is produced cold.
  • US 2006/0204643 disclose a heat denaturation process for whey protein concentrates where: the initial slurry containing native whey protein is heated to denature at least some of the protein. As noted above, the slurry may be heated to a temperature of about 140° F. to about 300° F., for a period of about 10 to about 60 seconds. The slurry may be mixed during at least a portion of the heating period to reduce, and/or prevent, denatured whey protein from coagulating around the heating elements in cooker.
  • One exemplary device for performing this operation is a single or twin-screw mixer or a twin-screw extruder, either fitted for steam injection or having a heated jacket, or a combination of both.
  • the screws When using a twin-screw mixer or extruder to perform the heating and mixing the screws (i.e., augers) are typically arranged so they overlap, to insure thorough mixing.
  • the slurry is subjected to high shear conditions, which reduces the coagulants that may have formed as the whey protein denatures.
  • High shear conditions as used herein generally refer to conditions in which 10,000 to 500,000 s ⁇ 1 of shear is applied
  • the slurry is typically sheared by a high-shear mixer or colloid mill, at a temperature of about 90 to 300° F. for about 0.01 to 0.5 seconds.
  • WO 2008/063115 A1 [Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA] disclosed a process where a protein solution is heated using a tubular heater under pressure (40 to 80 bar) followed by mechanical shearing in a homogenizer to break down the protein aggregates to form fine particles (3 to 10 ⁇ m diameter).
  • WO2006057968 discloses a cream cheese process where a whey protein concentrate stream of 11 to 12% protein is heat treated in a tubular heater using turbulent conditions to yield a stream of particles of which 90% (d90) are less than 95 ⁇ m and half the particles (d50) are less than 12 ⁇ m. Further shear may then be applied (homogenization) to achieve considerably finer particles with d90 ⁇ 9 ⁇ m.
  • Borgwardt et al disclose that whey protein concentrate solutions with a protein content of 8-11%, a solids content of 16-22% and a pH of 4.2-5.2, can be treated by heating at 85-95° C. for 5 to 20 minutes under turbulent flow conditions to yield thermally stable non-agglomerating colloidal, whey protein suspensions. The suspension is stabilised by instantaneous cooling. The suspension of protein particles may be dried. Borgwardt also teach that although the Reynolds number must exceed 2000, the wall shear stress must also exceed 12 kg/ms 2 . The art teaches that heat treated protein slurries are shear thinning (pseudoplastic liquid). For a person skilled in hydrodynamics, it is unclear how to interpret (hence implement) Borgwardt et al's shear stress condition without more detailed information of their fluid's flow characteristics.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a dried modified whey protein concentrate (WPC) or whey protein isolate (WPI), comprising:
  • heat-treated WPC or WPI is not subjected to a mechanical shear process prior to drying other than where liquid is converted into droplets to facilitate drying.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a heat-treated whey protein concentrate (WPC) or whey protein isolate (WPI), comprising:
  • step (c) at the end of the heat treatment directly transferring the heat treated material either to a drier to be dried or to a mixer to be mixed with other ingredients; and the heat treated WPC or WPI is not subjected to particle size reduction prior to step (c).
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a dried modified whey protein concentrate (WPC) or whey protein isolate (WPI), comprising:
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a mixture comprising a liquid whey protein concentrate (WPC) or whey protein isolate (WPI), comprising:
  • the pH of the WPC concentrate prior to heating is adjusted to between 5.0 and 8.5, more preferably between 5.5 and 8.5 and most preferably 6.0 and 8.0, most preferably 6.5-7.5.
  • the protein concentration of the WPC concentrate prior to heating is 16-40%, more preferably 17-30%.
  • the WPC concentrate prior to heating may be adjusted for its calcium concentration.
  • the calcium adjustment may include depletion by any convenient process i.e. ion exchange, or may be increased by the addition of a calcium salt e.g. calcium chloride.
  • the heating medium is preferably steam or heated water.
  • the heat treating occurs as the
  • WPC or WPI solution passes along a heated flow path, preferably a tube with ah inside diameter greater that 5 mm and less than 150 mm.
  • a long tubular thermal reactor is used.
  • the thermal reactor has a length based on its nominal hold up time of between 1 second and 1000 seconds.
  • the temperature of the solution at the end of reactor may be between 45° C. and 150° C., preferably between 50° C. and 130° C. and more preferably between 60° C. and 110° C.
  • the thermal reactor may be fed using a pump with a pressure rating of between 3 Bar and 1000 Bar, preferably between 5 Bar and 500 Bar and more preferably between 10 Bar and 350 Bar.
  • a supplementary pump may be useful to feed the high pressure pump.
  • the product exiting the flow path is used as an ingredient in preparing a food product.
  • the flow path supplies a drier to convert the solution containing denatured whey protein complexes into a dried product.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a dried modified WPC or WPI with at least 20% (w/w) of the TS as whey protein, preferably at least 40%, more preferably over 50%, and even more preferably 50-95% protein, most preferably 52-90%, comprising:
  • the heat treatment zone is coupled directly to the inlet of the drier.
  • a “WPC” is a fraction of whey from which lactose has been at least partially removed to increase the protein content to at least 20% (w/w).
  • the WPC has at least 40%, more preferably at least 55% (w/w), even more preferably at least 65% and most preferably at least 75% of the TS as whey protein.
  • the proportions of the whey proteins are substantially unaltered relative to those of the whey from which the WPC is derived.
  • the WPC is an evaporated whey protein retentate.
  • WPC includes WPIs when the context allows.
  • a “WPI” is a WPC having at least 90% of the TS as whey protein.
  • the invention provides products of each method of the invention.
  • retentate means the repined fraction after ultrafiltration of whey or a source or whey, milk or skim milk. Such fractions have increased percentage protein and lower percentage lactose as total solids than does the starting material.
  • promptly means in less than 2 minutes, preferably less than 1 minute, more preferably less than 30 seconds, most preferably less than 10 seconds.
  • the WPC starting material in (a) may be prepared by ultrafiltration of a raw whey at a pH of about 4.0-6.4, preferably pH 4.0-6.2, more preferably pH 4.0-6.2 and most preferably pH 4.6-6.0. Using ultrafiltration, water, lactose and minerals are removed, resulting in a retentate stream. Diafiltration may be applied during ultrafiltration to further reduce the level of dialyzable components. The ultrafiltration is typically carried out at 10-50° C. Ion exchange may be used to manipulate the ionic content of the proteinaceous stream. The level of calcium ions may be manipulated in some embodiments by ion exchange and replaced with monovalent cations.
  • the level of calcium may be increased by the addition of a soluble food approved calcium salt e.g. calcium chloride.
  • the protein concentration of the WPC is preferably further increased by evaporation.
  • the starting material may be a reconstituted whey protein prepared from a dried WPC or WPI.
  • the whey for the preparation of the WPC is preferably acid whey or cheese whey.
  • Acid whey has a pH of about 4.6
  • cheese whey has a pH of about 5.6-6.4.
  • the pH of the concentrate at heating can be varied depending on the desired functional properties of the final modified whey protein concentrate or powder. Those who are skilled in the art would know that heat treatment of whey protein under different pHs would result in modifying the protein-protein interactions in the heated system, giving rise to final products with varied functional properties. (Hudson et al in WO/2001/005247 discuss some of the art of manipulating the properties of whey protein streams relating to their denaturation/gelation characteristics.)
  • the protein concentration of the whey or WPC for the purposes of this specification are determined using the Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis method and the application of a Kjeldahl factor of 6.38.
  • the use of a high pressure tubular heater is preferred as a flow conduit, mainly because of its simplicity.
  • the heating time varies according to the temperature used. At higher temperatures, for example 100° C., only a few seconds may be required. At 70° C., heating for a longer period may be required. It is also important to note that the degree of heating is a way of modifying the functional properties of the final powder. In different food applications, a wide range of modified WPCs with varied levels of protein denaturation may be required, and this invention provides a simple means of making these, just by modifying the protein concentration, pH, ionic environment, heating time and/or heating temperature.
  • High pressure heater refers to a shell and tube heater in which the product is fed through a tube that is enclosed in a heating chamber (shell).
  • the heating medium which is preferably steam or water, is, fed into the heating chamber.
  • the WPC is fed into the heating tube using a high pressure pump.
  • the heating medium e.g. steam
  • the heating medium may be pressurized to achieve higher heating temperatures.
  • Other heating methods may include ohmic and microwave etc.
  • Direct steam injection is a preferred heating method.
  • the heat treatment zone is coupled directly to a spray drier fitted with a nozzle or a cluster of nozzles or a rotary atomiser or an ultrasonic atomiser for the purpose of producing a stream of droplets.
  • the heat treatment is usually to be of sufficient duration to denature a proportion of the whey proteins into insoluble aggregates.
  • the heat treatment is at least 60° C. and more preferably at least 70° C. 70° C-150° C. is a preferred range.
  • the solution is heated at 75-90° C.
  • lower temperatures may be used (for example, 50-70° C. and preferably 60-70° C.).
  • the heating times vary according not only to the temperature but also to the protein content and the ion and lactose content. Typically, the heating time is from 30 s to 15 min for temperatures in the range 70-80° C., from 10 s to 10 min for temperatures in the range 80-90° C.
  • the times may be reduced to, for example, 1-10 s.
  • the denaturation percentage in the context of this specification means the percentage as determined by HPLC and calculation of the reduction of the peak area for undenatured whey proteins relative to that for unheated controls. This method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,767,575.
  • a feature of the current invention is that the whey protein concentrate, at high total solids (e.g. >20%), is heated under turbulent flow. Because of the turbulent flow, the heat transfer coefficient is very high, resulting in fast heating. Effectively, the process of this invention offers a very efficient way of manufacture of micro-particulated whey protein products.
  • Turbulent flow is defined as having sufficient mass flow rate in the heating tubes to provide a Reynolds number in excess of 500, more preferably in excess of 1000, even more preferably in excess of 1500, and most preferably in excess of 2000.
  • Reynolds-numbers are a characteristic of turbulent flow and are known in the art of hydrodynamics.
  • the determination of the Reynolds number depends on the mass velocity of the fluid and its viscosity, which is defined as the nominal viscosity determined using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation from a measurement of the pressure drop along a known length of horizontal pipe of known uniform circular cross section at a known flowrate of the heat treated fluid at a uniform temperature before it is dried.
  • a Reynolds number in the range 2,000-50,000 is preferred for use in the invention, preferably 5,000-30,000.
  • not subjected to a mechanical shear process means that the material is not subject to a process in which a mechanical device such as a homogeniser, colloid mill, high pressure pump, scraped surface heat exchanger, high shear mixer or the like is used to mix the solution or break up particles within it.
  • a mechanical device such as a homogeniser, colloid mill, high pressure pump, scraped surface heat exchanger, high shear mixer or the like is used to mix the solution or break up particles within it.
  • the products of the invention have a wide range of utilities. They can be used in applications where a high protein content is required but without incurring undesirable changes in the texture of the product to which they are added.
  • the WPCs of the invention are suitable for use in processed cheese, yoghurt and whey crisps (WO/2006/019320).
  • the WPCs of the invention are useful in applications in which the addition of high whey protein levels without undesirable alteration of the final product qualities may be required.
  • the present WPC allows the incorporation of whey protein into snacking and convenience foodstuffs without producing undesirable textures or flavours.
  • the WPC may be used to add protein to the ingredients for a snack bar that also comprises a carbohydrate source and fat. Such snack bars may be prepared by melting fat, if melting is required, and mixing fat or oil with carbohydrate and WPC and then allowing the mixture to set.
  • the advantage of the process of this invention is that it has only a simple heating step in addition to the standard processing of methods for dairy protein streams. Those who are skilled in the art would understand that the ability to heat treat whey protein at high TS is highly desirable for economic reasons.
  • One use of the invention is for making high protein yoghurts.
  • the process comprises preparing a high protein yoghurt milk having at least 7% (w/v), preferably 8-20% (w/v), more preferably 10-16% (w/v) protein by mixing a dried WPC or WPI of the invention with a milk comprising casein, and acidifying the high protein yoghurt milk to a pH of 3.8-5.5, preferably 4.0-5.0, most preferably 4.2-4.7.
  • processes for preparing high protein yoghurt drinks where the yoghurt milk has a protein content of 1.5-15% (w/v), but with 30-90%, preferably 40-80% of the protein being whey protein of the invention.
  • the yoghurt milk may include dried or liquid milk, milk retentate, milk protein concentrate (MPC), cream, or milk fat that are combined (with water if required) to form a reconstituted milk or a standardised milk composition.
  • Skim milk is a preferred ingredient.
  • Milk streams may be pasteurised as required by local regulations.
  • the high protein yoghurt milk is generally heat treated prior to acidification, preferably at 70-100° C., more preferably 80-90° C., most preferably 85-95° C., preferably for 5-20 minutes.
  • the acidification is most preferably carried out by fermentation using mixed cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus . Cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and any Lactobacillus species are also preferred as are cultures of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus . Where acidification is by chemical acidification, addition of glucono-delta-lactone is preferred.
  • Yoghurt (yogurt) refers to an acidic or fermented food or beverage product prepared from a dairy resource, and either viable micro-organisms or chemical acidulants or both.
  • yoghurt also refers to yoghurt-like products that may include non-dairy derived lipids, flavourings and food-approved stabilisers, acids and. texturizers. Heat treated yoghurt and yoghurt-like products are also included by the term yoghurt.
  • the term “yoghurt” includes yoghurts (either set or stirred), yoghurt drinks and Petitieri.
  • the products of the invention are good substrates for producing whey protein hydrolysates with minimal content of particles with molecular weight greater than 20 kD.
  • the-invention provides a method of preparing a whey protein hydrolysate comprising preparing a heat-treated WPC or WPI by the method of the invention and contacting it with a protease.
  • Such hydrolysates have applications in nutritional compositions, including infant formulas.
  • the WPCs and WPIs produced by methods of this invention are also useful for preparing nutritional products, including nutritional beverages, and specialist nutritional products including meal replacement products.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention comprises adding a heat-treated WPC or WPI prepared by a method of the invention or a hydrolysate prepared by a method of the invention as an ingredient in a mixture to form a nutritional product also comprising water and soluble carbohydrate, preferably also comprising oil or fat.
  • the mixture further comprises sodium and potassium salts and a source of lipids and vitamins.
  • the mixture is heated to a temperature above 70° C., preferably above 100° C., more preferably under at least commercial sterilising conditions.
  • the mixture also includes a magnesium salt.
  • Commercial sterilising conditions are conditions achieved using the application of heat or high pressure to render a product free of microorganisms capable of growing in the product at non refrigerated conditions (over 10° C. at which the product will be held during distribution and storage.
  • the inventive ingredient has been found to be surprisingly advantageous in the preparation of processed cheese and processed cheese foods and processed cheese-like foods.
  • a processed cheese may be prepared by a method comprising preparing a whey protein ingredient by the method of the invention, mixing the ingredient with other ingredients including cheese and water, cooking to form a molten processed cheese, and allowing to cool.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic layout of the whey protein heater-reactor system
  • FIG. 2 reveals the relationship between apparent viscosity and combinations of holding time and treatment temperature for 27% whey protein feedstock
  • FIG. 3 shows the relationship between bar hardness (Model nutrition bar samples prepared using samples of dried ingredient from the inventive process and the particle size of the ingredient samples D[4,3] ( ⁇ m).
  • FIG. 4 shows the relationship between model nutrition bar hardness (as measured by penetration force) and the particle size distribution of the slurry stream prior to drying as represented by D[4,3] ( ⁇ m).
  • FIG. 5 shows bar texture expressed as penetration force versus heating temperature and holding tube time (s) and perceived grittiness in informal sensory (proportional to bubble size).
  • FIG. 6 shows a scheme for the process for making yoghurts.
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the High Protein Drinking Yoghurt Manufacture Process.
  • FIG. 8 shows the viscosity in cP @ 100 s ⁇ 1 for the Modified WPC before heating, Modified WPC after heating, Control WPC before heating and Control WPC after heating (from left to right).
  • FIG. 9 shows photos of a nutritional food formulation before (I) or after (II) heating.
  • A formulation containing standard WPC;
  • B formulation containing modified WPC;
  • H heated:
  • FIG. 10 shows particle sizes prepared ex the tubular reactor.
  • FIG. 11 shows a graph of percentage denaturation versus exit temperature at different holding times
  • Fresh cheese whey was prepared using standard commercial ultrafiltration/diafiltration techniques to produce a retentate of about 20% total solids, of which 83% was protein. This concentrate stream was then adjusted to pH 6.9 using dilute NaOH and then further concentrated to about 33% solids using a falling film evaporator to produce a concentrate with an exit temperature of 45° C.
  • the warm concentrate (27% w/w protein) was fed at a flow rate of 6.3 m 3 /h to two high pressure steam heated shell and tube heat exchangers in series using a high pressure pump with a delivery pressure of 250-300 bar.
  • the concentrate exits the first high pressure heater (length 60 m) at ⁇ 70° C. and exits the second high pressure heater at 80° C.
  • the heater exchangers have a combined length of 120 in with an internal pipe diameter of 18.85 mm.
  • the steam pressure supplied to the first heater was 0.6 bar (g) and the second heater pressure was 0.96 bar (g).
  • the high pressure tubing was Schedule 80 rated, 316 alloy stainless steel pipe.
  • the heat treated concentrate After emerging from the second heater, the heat treated concentrate passed through an experimental holding period of either 0 s (no tube section), 45 s (54.8 m), or 90 s (107.3 m) of 24 mm diameter pipe. Following the variable duration holding section, the heat treated concentrate was transported to the nozzle bank at the top of the spray drier; this section of pipe was about 56 m in length with an internal diameter of about 24 mm and provided a further residence time of about 23 s.
  • the high pressure pump delivered the protein concentrate stream through the heaters and holding tube if present) to the drier without the additional need for a mechanical shear inducing device post the heater reactor system and prior to spray drying.
  • the heat-treated concentrate was delivered to a bank of 8 nozzles and was atomised into a droplet spray at a pressure greater than 200 bar.
  • An inlet air temperature of 210° C. and a chamber outlet temperature of about 83° C. was used.
  • the powder was further dried and then cooled in a vibrating fluidised bed prior to sifting and packaging of the material to produce a powder of about 3.5% moisture with a bulk density of about 0.57 g/mL.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic layout of the whey protein heater-reactor system. The points at which the system pressures were monitored are shown (D1, DP2 & DP3).
  • Samples of nutrition bars (batches of 1-2 kg) were prepared and evaluated for hardness using a model recipe.
  • the recipe comprised 37.3% heat treated WPC of this invention (or a control using undenatured WPC392, Fonterra), 34.4% glucose syrup Penford A2150, 17.2% glycerine (Bronson & Jacobs Australia and supplied by Bronson & Jacobs NZ), 2.9% Maltodextrin, MALTRIN M180, DE 23-27, (GPC Grain Processing Co.
  • FIG. 2 reveals the relationship between apparent viscosity and combinations of holding time and treatment temperature for 27% whey protein feedstock. It is known in the art that the denaturation of whey proteins by heat progresses sequentially via a chain of processes to ultimately yield insoluble aggregates that if allowed to reach a few tens of micrometre in size have a gritty texture in the mouth.
  • FIG. 2 reveals that when the heat denaturation was conducted at very high protein concentrations (%), the process could be surprisingly controlled to reveal a novel set of products at temperatures in the range 65°-80° C. with holding time of order 1 minute or less, and a further set of novel products at temperatures in excess of 80° C. and holding times less than about 120 s.
  • the higher temperature (second) set of products are likely to be associated with the formation of insoluble aggregates or colloidal particles of increasing size as the heat treatment conditions progress further: (Note that an additional holding time of about 23 s occurs after the experimental holding time in FIG. 2 , to convey the fluid into the drier.)
  • FIG. 3 shows the relationship between bar hardness (model nutrition bar samples, after one week, prepared using samples of dried ingredient from the inventive process) and the volume weighted mean particle size of the ingredient samples D[4,3] ( ⁇ m).
  • the points plotted on the figure represent the sensory texture (graininess score) of the bar samples as given by the size of the circles. (The graininess score was determined by informal sensory using a scale 1-9, where 1-smooth, 3-powdery, 6-sandy & 8-grainy.)
  • Texture analysis was performed using a TA.HDplus Texture Analyser from Stable Micro Systems, Godalming, England.
  • the texture measurements were performed by compression. Forces were measured against a set distance (mm). A 5 mm stainless steel cylindrical probe was pushed into the bar at a constant rate of 1 mm/s to a compression depth of 12 mm, and was then withdrawn at a rate of 10 mm/s.
  • FIG. 3 reveals that there were a set of process conditions wherein it was possible to produce coarse heat aggregated whey protein particles e.g. >100 ⁇ m that were not gritty in the mouth in a nutrition bar application without homogenization following or during the heat treatment and before drying. The process conditions required to prepare this advantageous ingredient were then examined more closely.
  • FIG. 4 shows the relationship between model nutrition bar hardness (as measured by penetration force) and the particle size distribution of the slurry stream prior to drying as represented by D[4,3].
  • the secondary variable plotted in FIG. 4 is the grittiness score of the bar samples as indicated by the size of the circle.
  • FIG. 4 shows that softer bars result from larger colloidal particles which might generally be expected to be the result of more extensive heat treatments.
  • FIG. 4 indicates that there exists a novel set of conditions where an ingredient can be prepared (after drying) from coarse particles that do not result in grittiness in the mouth as expected from prior art whey protein aggregates of similar size.
  • the control was a bar sample prepared using an unheat-treated (native) whey protein powder, WPC392 (Control 392), Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland.
  • Table 1 d shows that when the various sets of data are combined (Tables 1a, 1b & 1c), it is revealed surprisingly that there is a set of optimal conditions for preparation of the denatured whey protein ingredient with unique properties for nutrition bar applications of ⁇ 45s seconds holding time and a final heater temperature of 80°-85° C., using the present heater design.
  • the inventive protein ingredient was prepared using the method previously disclosed using a whey protein feed stream containing approximately 80% protein on a solids basis and a solids concentration of 32%, a processing flow rate of 6.4 m 3 /h, a high pressure preheater outlet temperature of 58° C., a final high pressure heater outlet temperature of 80° C. and a residence time from the heater exit to the dryer of 23 seconds i.e. 0 s holding tube plant configuration.
  • Table 2 details the formulations and top-up ingredients for the high protein yoghurts. These are compared with a standard 4.5% protein yoghurt (0% fat) sensory control yoghurt.
  • the ingredients (other than the culture) were dispersed in warm water and allowed to stand for a period to allow proper hydration.
  • the solutions were heated to about 55° C. and then homogenised 150/50 Bar.
  • the samples were then batch heat treated in a water-bath at 90° C. for 10 minutes.
  • the samples were cooled to incubation temperature and the culture added and dispersed.
  • the syneresis values of the 12% protein yoghurt (3.5% protein SMP base) and the 2 two yoghurts containing ‘WPC392 were very high (>90%).
  • the inventive 15% protein yoghurt and 12% protein yoghurts (4.5% protein SMP base) were lower or similar to a standard 4.5% protein yoghurt.
  • the samples were evaluated informally by 5 members of the cultured foods team.
  • the flavour of the inventive high protein yoghurts were perceived to have less “protein” flavour than the samples containing WPC392.
  • the inventive protein ingredient was prepared using the method of Example 1 using a whey protein feed stream containing approximately 80% protein on a solids basis and a solids concentration of 32%, a processing flow rate of 6.4 m 3 /h, a high pressure preheater outlet temperature of 58° C., a final high pressure heater outlet temperature of 80° C. and a residence time from the heater exit to the dryer of 23 seconds i.e. 0 s holding tube plant configuration.
  • Trials were carried out to manufacture high protein drinking yoghurt with viscosity low enough for the final product to be consumed as a beverage.
  • the ingredients (other than the culture) were dispersed in warm water and allowed to stand for a period to allow proper hydration.
  • the milk was heated to about 55° C. and 2-stage homogenised 150/50 Bar.
  • the homogenised milk was heated to 95° C. for 8 minutes by circulating in a plate heat exchanger (PHE) then cooled to incubation temperature in a further PHE and finally discharged into small vat.
  • Culture was added and dispersed and the milk was incubated at 42° C. until pH of about 4.6 was reached.
  • the incubation time was around 5.5 hours. Despite the high protein content, the fermentation time was surprisingly typical of much lower protein (e.g. 4.6%) yoghurts.
  • the high protein drinking yoghurt was cooled to approximately 20° C. by pumping it through a PHE, then sheared (smoothed) by passing it through a back pressure valve (BPV) or orifice with a pressure drop of 3 Bars
  • BPV back pressure valve
  • the viscosity of the high protein thinking yoghurt was less than half that of a 4.5% (low fat) skim milk yoghurt control making the product surprisingly suitable as a yoghurt beverage.
  • Lactalbumin 8254 (control 2), available Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland.
  • Lactalbumin 8254 is 100% denatured.
  • WPC80 (WPC392) available from Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, Auckland.
  • WPC392 is essentially native whey protein i.e. 0% denatured.
  • WPC392 and lactalbumin 8254 A range of inventive denatured WPC powders (denaturation >95%) were reacted with Alcalase and Thermoase (together) using the same recipe (1% Alcalase and 1% Thermoase) and known art control whey protein ingredients used for comparison were WPC392 and lactalbumin 8254.
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 7.5 using NaOH and KOH if required
  • the pH of the reaction mixture was maintained at 7.5 during the course of the digestion by adding alkali as indicated in Table 3
  • the hydrolysis was for 5 hrs total reaction time.
  • the reacted solution was heated at 85° C. for 20 min to inactivate the enzymes.
  • the molecular weight profile was analysed using size-exclusion chromatography using the method disclosed at ANZSMS22 (Australia and New Zealand Society for Mass Spectrometry 22nd annual conference) in Sydney, January2009.
  • the ingredient of this invention advantageously gave a desired MWP, which is ⁇ 1% of material in the >20 kDa region.
  • the same recipe (enzyme combination) for hydrolysis of the T13, T14 and T21 powders was used.
  • the ingredients of this invention were prepared according to the heat treatment procedures specified below.
  • T13 85° C. 0 s no supplementary tube holding time
  • T14 90° C. 0 s supplementary tube holding time
  • T21 85° C. 45 s supplementary tube holding time
  • a variety of enzymes including proteolytic enzymes, are used in the preparation of human nutrition products. Different nations have differing regulations. The European Union appears to be evolving regulations towards lists of specifically approved enzymes. http://www.amfep.org/documents/Amfep%2009%2001%20-%20Amfep%20Statement%20on%20Food%20Enzymes%20Regulation%20-%20FIAP%20-JAN.09.pdf
  • the enzymes used were supplied by:
  • Enzidase TSP Concentrate (TSP)—Zymus International Ltd (www.zymus.net),
  • Thermoase PC10F Daiwa Kasei K.K (Shiga, Japan).
  • Enzymes TSP and Pancreatin were used individually in substitution of the pair of enzymes used in Table 7 to prepare a further series of hydrolysates according to the details given in Table 9.
  • Table 10 summarises the MWP resulting from the hydrolysates prepared using the
  • the ingredient of this invention when treated with TSP gave a more preferred MWP that avoided the need for ultrafiltration to remove excess >20 kDa material.
  • the un-dried ingredient version of this invention (liquid stream) again gave a preferred MWP that avoided the cost of drying and the need for subsequent treatment to remove unwanted content >20 kDa.
  • the following two examples illustrate the use of the inventive whey protein ingredient to prepare model beverages with the special properties useful in a variety of nutritional and medical foods.
  • the beverage had a calorific value of 1 kcal/g.
  • the beverage had a calorific value of 1.5 kcal/g.
  • the minerals were pre-dissolved in 50° C. in a small amount of water and mixed for 5 min
  • the mineral solution was added to the ingredients into the Cowles Dissolver and mixed for 5 min
  • the oil-lecithin mixture was added to the Cowles Dissolver solution and thoroughly dispersed
  • the dispersed and still warm solution was two-stage homogenised
  • the homogenised solution was cooled to 25° C. and the pH adjusted to target pH 6.8. with KOH
  • the solution was transferred to the UHT plant and UHT processed at 140° C. for 4 sec using direct steam injection heating packed aseptically into 250 mL glass bottles and capped.
  • Formulation (a) differed from formulation (b) in that a replicate batch of inventive ingredient was prepared for use.
  • Formulation (c) used the ingredient from the second batch.
  • the formulations are detailed in Table 16.
  • a protein concentrate solution was obtained by reconstituting a 25 kg cheese WPC 392 powder in 70 litres of chlorinated water.
  • the WPC powder had 81% protein, 5.7% fat, 3.4% ash, 4% lactose, and 4% moisture. After reconstitution the whey protein solution was continuously mixed at 50° C. for 2 hours to allow complete hydration of the protein.
  • the whey protein solution (pH 6.8) was pumped through a pilot plant product line at 152.5 kg/h ( ⁇ 137.4 L/h , product density of 1.11 kg/L) where it was heated by direct injection of steam at ⁇ 170° C. and ⁇ 7 bar gauge via a steam injection valve.
  • the product line was a 5 m long, 10 mm i.d. stainless steel tube.
  • the steam pressure was adjusted to between 5-7 bar gauge so that the product temperature was maintained at about 90° C.
  • the product flow through the DSI unit had a calculated Reynolds number of 599.
  • the heated liquid was collected via product valve ⁇ 5 m after the DSI point. It took ⁇ 3 s for the product to travel from the steam injection point to the collection point.
  • the heated stream was 89.1° C. at the exit of the DSI.
  • the heated stream was collected into a container and it became a semisolid paste upon cooling to room temperature. This heated stream was used as a protein and water source in making the model nutritional food formulation shown in the Table 19 below. A sample of the original WPC powder was used in preparation of another sample of the nutritional food formulation as a control.
  • the preparation of the nutritional formulations involved reconstitution of the protein ingredient with water at 55° C. for 30 min using an overhead stirrer.
  • the sucrose, maltrin, and minerals were added while mixing and then the mixing continued for further 10 minutes.
  • the mixture was heated to 70° C. then the oil (with lecithin already dissolved in it by mixing at ⁇ 70° C.) was added then mixing continued for further 10 min.
  • the mixture was then two-stage homogenised (200/50 bars) using a bench-top homogeniser (NIRO-SOAVI, Panda No 2638, Niro Group, Parma-Italy).
  • the homogenised formulation was then placed in 10 ml retortable glass bottles then heated at 121° C. for 10 min in an oil bath.
  • the heated samples were cooled immediately to ⁇ 20° C. in cold water.
  • the viscosities of the homogenised formulations before and after heating were measured using a Paar Physica rheometer (model UDS200, Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria) with a cone and plate geometry, shear sweep 0.1 to 500 s-1, at 20° C.
  • FIG. 8 shows the effect of the modified WPC on the viscosity of the model nutritional food formulation before and after heating. (121° C., 10 min). The viscosities of both formulations before heating were similar. After heating, the viscosity of the formulation containing modified WPC increased to about 84 cP. The inventive product remained a smooth free flowing drinkable product. However, after heating the control formulation containing standard WPC had formed a gel making the viscosity measurement impossible.
  • FIG. 9 shows photographs of the formulations before and after heating. It is clear that the formulation containing modified WPC remained a smooth free flowing liquid while that containing standard WPC formed a gel.
  • Nutritional formulations are used as meal replacers for a wide range of consumers to meet various nutritional and/or lifestyle requirements. These foods are aimed to provide the full nutritional requirements in small packs of drink. As such they often contain high fat, carbohydrate, and protein such as those in the model formulation given in Table 19 above. Their processing always involved severe heat treatment (e.g. 121° C. for 10 min) because of the need to be microbiologically safe. In such heat treatment it is important to have robust ingredients that are able to withstand the severe heat treatment conditions without gelling or forming solid lumps. This example demonstrated that using the inventive heat modified WPC of this invention allowed addition of whey protein at high level (>9%) in a nutritional formulation that remained smooth liquid (low viscosity) after its final product heat treatment.
  • Rennet casein, WPC, trisodium citrate, salt and water were mixed together and allowed to hydrate for 40 minutes in an aluminium RVA canister. Grated cheese, salted butter, lactose, citric acid and potassium sorbate were added and mixed in.
  • the cheese blends were cooked in the RVA for 10 min.
  • the temperature was increased from 25° C. to 87° C. over the first 4 minutes and held for the remaining 6 minutes at 87° C.
  • the stirring speed was increased from 0 to 800 rpm over the first 4 min and held at 800 rpm for the remaining 6 min.
  • the hot processed cheese sample was poured onto a polypropylene sheet, covered with another polypropylene sheet, and rolled into a slice.
  • the slice was sealed in a zip-lock plastic bag and quickly cooled on an aluminium tray in a fridge. 6 slices were made for each run. The viscosity was recorded on the RVA immediately prior to forming each slice.
  • the slices were held at 5° C. for 3 days prior to testing.
  • 4 slices were stacked together, cut in half, and the two halves stacked.
  • the test stack was 8 slices thick.
  • the moisture and pH data is shown in Table 21.
  • the moisture and pH of the samples are very consistent. This means that differences in texture and melt properties are likely to be due to differences in ingredient performance rather than compositional variation.
  • the final viscosity is clearly different with the processed cheese containing WPC392 higher than that containing inventive heat denatured whey protein ingredient.
  • the firmness results are recorded in Table 21.
  • the firmness of the IWS made from standard WPC392 appears to be lower than the IWS made from the inventive heat denatured whey protein ingredient. As the moisture and pH of the samples are almost identical (and the protein and fat content by inference) then the difference in firmness is due to the WPC ingredients.
  • the Vane stress results are tabulated in Table 21.
  • the pattern of the stress data matches the firmness data with the stress of the processed cheese made from WPC392 being lower than the inventive ingredient.
  • the Vane strain results are tabulated in Table. 21.
  • the strain data from the IWS made from standard WPC392 is lower than that made from the inventive ingredient.
  • FIG. 10 shows that very fine particle dispersions can be prepared ex the tubular reactor of this invention.
  • FIG. 11 shows that the extent of denaturation can be finely controlled in the liquid Stream emerging from the tubular reactor by adjusting the combinations of the temperature and holding times.

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