Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/28—Halogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C25/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C25/18—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C251/00—Compounds containing nitrogen atoms doubly-bound to a carbon skeleton
  • C07C251/72—Hydrazones
  • C07C251/82—Hydrazones having doubly-bound carbon atoms of hydrazone groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
  • C07C43/02—Ethers
  • C07C43/18—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to a carbon atom of a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C43/192—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to a carbon atom of a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring containing halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
  • C07C49/587—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring
  • C07C49/687—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing halogen
  • C07C49/693—Unsaturated compounds containing a keto groups being part of a ring containing halogen polycyclic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for the preparation of pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid benzonorbornen-5-yl-amides and also to intermediates for use in such methods.
• Pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid benzonorbornen-5-yl-amides for example 3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (9-isopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalen-5-yl)-amide, are valuable fungicides. These are described in WO 04/035589.
• WO 04/035589 describes processes for the preparation of pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid benzonorbornen-5-yl-amides, as shown in schemes 1 and 2 below. Het, R′, R 1 R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , X and Y are as described in WO 04/035589.
• a compound of formula (Ia) may be prepared by reacting an ester of formula (IIa) with an aniline of formula (IIIa) in the presence of NaN(TMS) 2 .
• a compound of formula (Ia) may be prepared by reacting an acid of formula (II′a) with an aniline of formula (IIIa) in the presence of an activating agent, such as BOP—Cl, and two equivalents of a base, such as triethylamine.
• a halo-acid chloride of formula (II′′a) is obtained from an acid of formula (II′a) by treatment with a halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride, which is then reacted with an aniline of formula (IIIa) in the presence of a base to give a compound of formula (Ia).
• a halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride
• WO 2007/031323 describes improvements in the process for the preparation of the pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid benzonorbornen-5-yl-amides but the improvements relate to earlier steps of the synthetic pathway described in WO 04/035589.
• pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid benzonorbornen-5-yl-amides may be prepared in high yield by reacting an ortho-substituted benzonorbornene compound with a pyrazolyl-4-amide in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metal and a ligand.
• this invention relates to the synthesis of pyrazolyl-4-carboxylic acid benzonorbornen-5-yl-amides by reacting an ortho-substituted benzonorbornene compound with a pyrazolyl-4-amide in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metal.
• Y is CHCHR 6 (R 7 ), C ⁇ C(A)Z, CY 2 (R 2 )Y 3 (R 3 ), or C ⁇ N—NR 4 (R 5 );
• Y 2 and Y 3 are, independently, O, S, N; A and Z are, independently, C 1-6 alkyl;
• R 1 is CF 3 or CF 2 H
• R 2 and R 3 are, independently, C 1-8 alkyl, wherein R 2 and R 3 are optionally joined to form a 5-8 membered ring;
• R 4 and R 5 are, independently, C 1-8 alkyl;
• B is a single bond or a double bond;
• R 6 and R 7 are, independently, hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula (II):
• R 1 is as defined for the compound of formula (I); in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises copper and a ligand.
• the invention includes methods of preparing isomers of compounds of formula (I), including stereoisomers, geometric isomers and any tautomers.
• the invention includes methods of preparing the stereoisomers of compounds of the formula (I), e.g. compounds in which the Y moiety is above or below the plane of the aromatic ring.
• the invention also includes methods of preparing salts of the compound of formula (I).
• any reference to a particular compound includes references to any stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and salts of the compound unless otherwise stated.
• a and Z are each, independently, C 1-4 alkyl.
• a and Z are each, independently, CH 3 .
• Y 2 and Y 3 are each, independently, O or S.
• Y 2 and Y 3 are each, independently, O.
• B is a single bond.
• R 1 is CF 3 , CHF 2 or CH 2 F.
• R 1 is CF 3 or CHF 2 .
• R 1 is CHF 2 .
• R 2 and R 3 are each, independently, C 1-4 alkyl; or R 2 and R 3 are together a 4-6 membered ring.
• R 2 and R 3 are each, independently, methyl or ethyl; or R 2 and R 3 are together an ethylene or propylene group.
• R 2 and R 3 are each, independently, methyl or R 2 and R 3 are together an ethylene group.
• R 4 and R 5 are each, independently, C 1-4 alkyl.
• R 4 and R 5 are each, independently, methyl or ethyl, preferably methyl.
• R 6 and R 7 are each, independently, methyl or ethyl, preferably methyl.
• Y is CHCHR 6 (R 7 ) or C ⁇ C(A)Z.
• Y is CHCH(CH 3 )CH 3 or C ⁇ C(CH 3 )CH 3 .
• Y is CHCH(CH 3 )CH 3 .
• X e.g. in formula (II)
• X is Cl, Br, or I, more preferably Cl, e.g. the compound of formula (II) may be a benzonorbornen-5-yl-chloride.
• R* is an electron pair, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl.
• X may be triflate, tosylate, mesylate, or nonaflate, e.g. it may be trifluoromethanesulfonate ester, p-toluenesulfonate ester, methanesulfonate, or nonafluorobutanesulfonate ester.
• X may be tosylate or mesylate.
• Carbon chains e.g. alkyl, may be branched or unbranched.
• Y is CHCHR 6 (R 7 ) or C ⁇ C(A)Z;
• B is a single bond or a double bond
• a and Z are, independently, C 1-6 alkyl
• R 1 is CF 3 or CF 2 H
• R 6 and R 7 are, independently, hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; comprising the step of reacting a compound of formula (IIA):
• R 1 is as defined for the compound of formula (IA); in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises copper and a ligand.
• the copper may be a copper atom or ion and, for example, may be derived from any copper salt, such as Cu(I) or Cu(II).
• the catalyst of the invention comprises CuCl, CuBr, CuI or a mixture of two or more thereof.
• the ligand comprised by the catalyst may be a chelating ligand, e.g. a bidendate ligand.
• the one or more atoms on the ligand mediating chelation usually Lewis basic atoms, may be independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or arsenic, and preferably are nitrogen.
• the catalyst may comprise more than one type of ligand.
• the catalyst may comprise one or more other types of ligand in addition to the ligand referred to.
• Suitable ligands include alkyl alcohol, aryl alcohol e.g. phenol, alkyl amine, diamine e.g. 1,2-diamine or 1,3-diamine, 1,2-aminoalcohol, 1,2-aminoether e.g. tris(3,6,-dioxaheptyl)amine, 1,2-aminoacid e.g. pipecolinic acid, 1,2-diol, imidazolium carbene, pyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 1,3-diketone e.g. 2,4-pentadione; each optionally substituted.
• the ligand is a diamine, e.g. an optionally substituted 1,2-diamine and/or an optionally substituted 1,10-phenanthroline.
• the ligand or ligands may be 1,2-diaminoalkane, 1,3-diaminoalkane, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,10-phenanthroline, 2-hydroxyethyl amine, or 1,2-diaminoethane, each optionally substituted.
• the ligand is optionally substituted 1,2-diaminocyclohexane or optionally substituted 1,2 ethylenediamine such as 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, N-tolyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,2 ethylenediamine, N,N′-dimethyl ethylenediamine.
• the ligand is N,N′ dimethyl 1,2 diamine cyclohexane, N,N′ dimethyl 1,2 diethylamine, or N1-methyl-propane-1,3-diamine.
• the ligand is N,N′ dimethyl 1,2 diamine cyclohexane or N,N′ dimethyl 1,2 diethylamine.
• Suitable ligands include 2-phenylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2-isopropylphenol, 1-naphthol, EDTA, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 8-aminoquinoline, DBU, 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol, ethylene glycol, N,N-diethylsalicylamide, 2-(dimethylamino)glycine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,2-diaminoethane, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine, (methylimino)diacetic acid, ethanolamine, 1,2-diaminoethane, N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-d
• the ligand is trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
• the molar ratio of trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane to cis-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane in the reaction mixture is at least 55% to 45%, at least 60% to 40%, at least 70% to 30%, at least 80% to 20%, at least 90% to 10%, at least 95% to 5%, at least 99% to 1%.
• the ligand may be substantially all trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, e.g. 100% trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane.
• optionally substituted means substituted or not substituted with one or more groups.
• optionally substituted 1,2-diamine means 1,2-diamine or substituted 1,2-diamine.
• Substituted 1,2-diamine includes 1,2-diamines substituted with one or more (functional) groups.
• the ligand may be one particular isomer, e.g. a cis or trans isomer, or a mixture of isomers may be employed.
• the ligand comprised by the catalyst is 1,2-diaminocyclohexane
• the ligand may be cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, or a mixture of cis- and trans-1,2 diaminocyclohexane.
• the method may comprise initiating the reaction by providing the compound of formula III in liquid form prior to contacting the compound of formula III with the catalyst.
• the method may comprise initiating the reaction by contacting the copper with the ligand in the presence of the compound of formula III, the compound of formula III being present in liquid form when the copper is contacted with the ligand.
• the compound of formula III is in liquid form, for example, when dissolved in solvent or when melted.
• Experimental results suggest that heating the catalyst in the absence of the compound of formula III can reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst.
• the catalyst is not heated in the absence of the compound of formula III.
• the invention may comprise bringing the copper into contact with the ligand in the presence of the compound of formula III, e.g. to form the catalyst, wherein the compound of formula III is provided such that it is capable of forming a complex with the copper and/or catalyst, e.g. when the copper is brought into contact with the ligand to form the catalyst.
• the copper and ligand Prior to performing the step of bringing the copper into contact with the ligand the copper and ligand will be separate, i.e. not in contact.
• the period during which the reaction is initiated includes the period prior to the formation of the compound of formula I during which the reagents and catalyst are combined.
• the invention may comprise the steps:
• Step a) may comprise contacting, e.g. dissolving, the compound of formula III in solvent. This may or may not result in all the compound of formula III used being dissolved in the solvent. Providing at least some compound of formula III is dissolved in solvent the compound of formula III will then be available for complexing with the catalyst.
• At least 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, or even 5 molar equivalents of compound of formula III are dissolved, relative to the amount of copper, prior to contact of the compound of formula III with the catalyst. More preferably at least one molar equivalent of compound of formula III is dissolved relative to the amount of copper.
• Step a) may comprise heating the compound of formula III.
• the compound of formula III is heated to at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105, or even at least 110° C. in step a) e.g. prior to contacting the compound of formula III with both the copper and the ligand.
• the reaction may be performed in a solvent, preferably an organic polar solvent.
• a solvent preferably an organic polar solvent.
• the compound of formula II and/or the ligand may serve as the solvent, or the solvent may be a different component.
• the compound of formula III may serve as the solvent.
• the method may comprise contacting the compound of formula III with solvent, e.g. the compound of formula II, and heating prior to contacting both of the ligand and the copper with the solvent. Heating may facilitate solvation of the compound of formula III, thereby allowing more compound of formula III to be available for complexing with the catalyst.
• the solvent and compound of formula III is heated to at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or even at least 140° C., e.g. 50-200° C., 80 to 180° C. 100-170° C., 130-160° C.° C. in step a) e.g. prior to contacting both of the copper and ligand in the solvent.
• the solvent and compound of formula III may be heated at any of the foregoing temperatures for any desired length of time, e.g. 1 second to 24 hours, e.g. 1-1000 minutes, e.g. 10 to 500 minutes, e.g. 30 to 300 minutes.
• the solvent and compound of formula III may be heated at any of the foregoing temperatures for at least 1, 10, 30, 60, or even at least 200 minutes.
• the solvent with compound of formula III dissolved therein is heated at least at 100° C. for at least 100 minutes before the copper and ligand are both contacted with the solvent.
• the method may include the additional step of melting the compound of formula II prior to contacting with the compound of formula III.
• the compound of formula II may be combined with the other reagents at any stage.
• the molar ratio of ligand to copper in the catalyst may be at least 10 to 1, at least 5 to 1, at least 3 to 1, at least 2.5 to 1, at least 2 to 1, at least 1.5 to 1, at least 1 to 1, at least 0.5 to 1, at least 0.1 to 1.
• the molar ratio of ligand to copper in the catalyst may be less than 10 to 1, less than 5 to 1, less than 3 to 1, less than 2.5 to 1, less than 2 to 1, less than 1.5 to 1, or less than 1 to 1.
• the molar ratio of ligand to copper in the catalyst may be in the range from 10:0.1 to 0.1:10, 5:1 to 1:5, 3:1 to 1:3, 2.5:1 to 1:2.5, 2:1 to 1:2, or 1.5:1 to 1:1.5.
• the molar ratio of ligand to copper in the catalyst is preferably at least 1 to 1, e.g. at least 2 to 1, e.g. about 2.2 to 1.
• Additional ligand may be added to the reaction mixture after the reaction has commenced, e.g. at one or more time points after commencement. Additional ligand may be added batch-wise, continuously or by a combination of both methods. Additional ligand may be added, for example, after at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, or at least 60 minutes, e.g. after at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5, hours after commencement.
• the molar amount of additional ligand added during the course of the reaction may be at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 8, or even at least 10 times the molar amount of copper present at reaction commencement.
• the ligand may be present at about the same molar concentration as the copper, with additional ligand added during the reaction so that the final molar concentration of the ligand is at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 8, or even at least 10 times the molar concentration of the copper.
• additional copper may be added to the reaction mixture after the reaction has commenced, e.g. at one or more time points after commencement.
• Additional copper may be added batch-wise, continuously or by a combination of both methods. Additional copper may be added, for example, after at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, or at least 60 minutes, e.g. after at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5, hours after commencement.
• the molar amount of additional copper added during the course of the reaction may be at least 0.1, at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 8, or even at least 10 times the amount of copper present at commencement of the reaction.
• the final molar concentration of the copper may be at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 8, or even at least 10 times the molar concentration of the copper at reaction commencement.
• additional copper and ligand may be added to the reaction mixture after the reaction has commenced, e.g. simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
• the compound of formula (II) may be slowly added to the reaction.
• the solvent and/or water may be distilled off during the reaction.
• the solvent may then be recharged, e.g. to maintain reaction mobility.
• the reaction of the invention may be performed in a solvent, particularly solvents in which the reactants and catalyst are substantially soluble.
• solvents include ethers, such as diethylether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethoxymethane, diglyme, t-butyl methyl ether, THF, 2-methyl-THF, dioxane; halogenated solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, 4-fluorotoluene; aliphatic (linear branched or cyclic) or aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, xylene, toluene, benzene, ligroin, octane, heptane, hexane, pentane, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexane; esters and ketones such as ethyl
• the solvent is an organic polar solvent, i.e. the solvent contains at least one carbon atom.
• the solvent may be protic or aprotic.
• solvents include ethers, such as diethylether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethoxymethane, diglyme, t-butyl methyl ether, THF, 2-methyl-THF, dioxane; halogenated solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, 4-fluorotoluene; esters and ketones such as ethyl acetate, acetone 2-butanone, methylisobutylketone; amines such as anisole, polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide; and alcohols, such as
• the solvent may be one in which halide salts have low solubility, e.g. the non-polar solvents mentioned above in which salts are substantially insoluble so that the halide ions released during the reaction are substantially removed from the reaction solution.
• a combination of solvents may be used to tune the bulk solvent polarity verses halide salt solvation whereby one or more polar solvents, particularly polar aprotic solvents, and one or more non-polar solvent from the list above are combined.
• An example is a mixture of DMF with xylene, which may in some cases contain about 50% v/v of each solvent.
• the solvent may, for example, be DMF, diglyme, xylene, or mixtures thereof, e.g. diglyme and xylene.
• the reaction of the invention may be performed using a solvent that has a boiling point (as determined under standard conditions) above 100° C., above 110° C., above 120° C., above 130° C., above 140° C., above 150° C., above 160°, or even above 170° C., particularly when the copper is copper.
• the reaction of the invention is performed using a solvent that has a boiling point above 150° C.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature of 0 to 200° C., in particular at least 100° C., at least 110° C., at least 120° C., at least 130° C., at least 140° C., at least 150° C., at least 160° C., at least 170° C., at least 180° C., or even at least 190° C.
• the reaction may be performed in the range of from 0° C.-200° C., 100° C.-200° C., 110-200° C., 120° C.-200° C., 130° C.-200° C., 140° C.-200° C., 150° C.-200° C., 160° C.-200° C., 170° C.
• the reaction of the invention may be performed at a higher pressure than atmospheric pressure.
• the reaction may be performed at a pressure of about 1 bar or at least 1.1 bar, at least 1.2 bar, at least 1.3 bar, at least 1.4 bar, at least 1.5 bar, at least 1.6 bar, at least 1.7 bar, at least 1.8 bar, at least 1.9 bar, at least 2 bar, at least 3 bar, at least 4 bar, or even at least 5 bar, e.g. less than 10 bar, less than 5 bar, less than 2 bar, e.g.
• 1 bar to 10 bar in the range of from 1 bar to 10 bar, 1 bar to 5 bar, 1 bar to 4 bar, 1 bar to 3 bar, 1 bar to 2 bar, 1 bar 1.9 bar, 1 bar to 1.8 bar, 1 bar to 1.7 bar, 1 bar to 1.6 bar, 1 bar to 1.5 bar, 1 bar to 1.4 bar, 1 bar to 1.3 bar, 1 bar to 1.2 bar, or even from 1 bar to 1.1 bar.
• a higher pressure than 1 bar may be used when the solvent chosen has a boiling point less than the desired reaction temperature.
• 1 bar may be generally considered to represent atmospheric pressure.
• the reaction is performed in the presence of a base.
• the base may be any Bronsted base, e.g. a carbonate, carboxylate, phosphate, oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, aryloxide, amine, copper amide, fluoride, or guanidine, or a mixture of one or more thereof.
• the base may be a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, e.g. sodium acetate, potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, caesium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, sodium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable bases include K 3 PO 4 , K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , Ti 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , K(OtBu), Li(OtBu), Na(OtBu), K(OPh), Na(OPh), or mixtures thereof.
• the base is a carbonate, e.g. potassium carbonate.
• a suitable method is azeotropic removal of water.
• Suitable apparatus for conducting azeotropic removal of water will be known to those skilled in the art.
• the amount of copper employed may be less than 50 mol % based on the amount of compound (II), e.g. less than 25 mol %, less than 20 mol %, less than 10 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 2 mol %, less than 1 mol %, less than 0.5 mol %, or less than 0.1 mol % based on the amount of compound (II).
• the amount of copper employed may be at least 0.01 mol % based on the amount of compound (II), e.g. at least 0.1 mol %, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, or at least 10 mol % based on the amount of compound (II).
• the amount of copper employed may be in the range from 0.01 to 50 mol % based on the amount of compound (II), in the range from 0. 1 to 25 mol %, 1 to 20 mol %, or in the range from 5 to 15 mol % based on the amount of compound (II).
• the amount of copper is about 1 mol % based on the amount of compound (II), but may be up to 10 mol %.
• the amount of copper employed may be less than 50 mol % based on the amount of compound (III), e.g. less than 25 mol %, less than 20 mol %, less than 10 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 2 mol %, less than 1 mol %, less than 0.5 mol %, or less than 0.1 mol % based on the amount of compound (III).
• the amount of copper employed may be at least 0.01 mol % based on the amount of compound (III), e.g. at least 0.1 mol %, at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, or at least 10 mol % based on the amount of compound (III).
• the amount of copper employed may be in the range from 0.01 to 50 mol % based on the amount of compound (III), in the range from 0. 1 to 25 mol %, 1 to 20 mol %, or in the range from 5 to 15 mol % based on the amount of compound (III).
• the amount of copper is about 1 mol % based on the amount of compound (III), but may be up to 10 mol %.
• the amount of ligand employed may be less than 100 mol %, based on the amount of compound (II), e.g. less than 50 mol %, less than 25 mol %, less than 20 mol %, less than 10 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 2 mol %, less than 1 mol %, less than 0.5 mol %, or even less than 0.1 mol % based on the amount of compound (II).
• the amount of ligand employed may be at least 0.01 mol % based on the amount of compound (II), e.g.
• the amount of ligand employed may be in the range from 0.01 to 100 mol % based on the amount of compound (II), in the range from 1 to 50 mol %, 5 to 40 mol %, 10 to 30 mol %, or in the range from 15 to 25 mol % based on the amount of compound (II).
• the amount of ligand employed may be less than 100 mol %, based on the amount of compound (III), e.g. less than 50 mol %, less than 25 mol %, less than 20 mol %, less than 10 mol %, less than 5 mol %, less than 2 mol %, less than 1 mol %, less than 0.5 mol %, or even less than 0.1 mol % based on the amount of compound (III).
• the amount of ligand employed may be at least 0.01 mol % based on the amount of compound (III), e.g.
• the amount of copper employed may be in the range from 0.01 to 100 mol % based on the amount of compound (III), in the range from 1 to 50 mol %, 5 to 40 mol %, 10 to 30 mol %, or in the range from 15 to 25 mol % based on the amount of compound (III).
• the molar ratio of compound (II) to (III) may be in the range of from 10:1 to 1:10, 5:1 to 1:5, 2:1 to 1:2 or 1.2:1 to 1:1.2.
• the molar ratio of compound (II) to compound (III) may be in the range of from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1, e.g. about 1:1.
• the reactant ratio will be about 1:1.
• a slight excess of the amide may be desired to ensure the entire norbornene compound has reacted as it is harder to separate from the product in subsequent work up.
• the reactants may be fed one to the other over the course of the reaction in which case the ratio of reactants may vary considerably during the course of the reaction.
• an aqueous workup may be achieved by the addition of water (or other aqueous solution), and filtering the product as a precipitate or extraction of the desired product with a suitable organic solvent.
• the product may be isolated by removing any solvent present by distillation, e.g. under reduced pressure.
• Purification of the product may be achieved by any one of a number of methods, e.g. distillation, recrystallization and chromatography.
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate, preferably Cl; in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises a copper and a ligand.
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate, preferably Cl; in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises a copper and a ligand.
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate, preferably Cl; in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises a copper and a ligand.
• X is F, Cl, Br, I or a sulphonate, preferably Cl; in the presence of a catalyst, which catalyst comprises a copper and a ligand.
• a compound of formula (II) may be a compound of formula (XXII), (XXIII) or (XXIV):
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate, preferably Cl;
• a and Z are independently, hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl.
• Examples of the compounds of formula (XXII), (XXIII) and (XXIV) are the compounds of formula (XII) and (XV) and (XVIII) respectively:
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate, preferably Cl.
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate; using a suitable protecting reagent; (b) reacting the compound produced in step (a) with a compound of formula (XI):
• Suitable protecting groups will be apparent to the skilled person and include, for example, alcohols, such as 1,2 alcohols, thiols, such as 1,2 thiols, amines, such as 1,2 amines and hydrazines.
• step (a) may be a compound of formula (XXXII) or (XXXIII):
• Y 2 and Y 3 are independently O, S, N; R 2 and R 3 are independently C 1-8 alkyl, wherein R 2 and R 3 are optionally joined to form a 5-8 membered ring; R 4 and R 5 are independently C 1-8 alkyl; X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate.
• step (b) may be a compound of formula (XXXV) or a compound of formula (XXXVI):
• the method may comprise
• the invention also provides a method of preparing a compound of formula (XXXV) or (XXXVI) as described in step (b).
• the present invention also relates to compounds of the formula (XXXI), (XXXII), (XXXIII), (XXVII), (XVIII), (XXXV) or (XXXVI):
• Y 2 and Y 3 are independently O, S, N; R 2 and R 3 are independently C 1-8 alkyl, wherein R 2 and R 3 are optionally joined to form a 5-8 membered ring; R 4 and R 5 are independently C 1-8 alkyl;
• X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a sulphonate; excluding the following compounds of formula (XXXV): i. Y 2 is O, Y 3 is O, R 2 is C 3 H 7 -(n), R 3 is C 3 H 7 -(n); ii. Y 2 is O, Y 3 is O, R 2 is C 2 H 5 , R 3 is C 2 H 5 ; iii. Y 2 is O, Y 3 is O, R 2 and R 3 are together —CH 2 -CH 2 —.
• X is Cl.
• Aqueous or gaseous ammonia may be used, or an ammonium salt, such as ammonium acetate.
• Suitable solvents e.g. THF, and reaction conditions may be selected by the person skilled in the art.
• the acid chloride may be prepared as described, for example, in WO 04/035589.
• the amide may be prepared by reacting ammonia with the ester of the corresponding heterocycle.
• Compounds of formula (II) may be prepared using the methodology described in WO 04/035589, and WO 2007/068417, for example.
• Compounds of formula (XII) may be prepared according to the following scheme:
• the compounds of formula (XV), (XII) and (XVIII) may be prepared using methodology as described in WO 2007/068417.
• Reactions a and c may be performed as described in WO 2007/068417, e.g. using a hydrogenation catalyst such as 5% Pd/C, 5% Raney Nickel, or 5% Rhodium on carbon, in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, THF or ethyl acetate.
• Reactions b may also be performed using the methodology described in WO 2007/068417 for the corresponding nitro/amine substituted norbornenes.
• the extent of hydrogenation may also be controlled e.g. by using Wilkinson's catalyst (RhC1(PPh 3 ) 3 ).
• Compound (XXVII) may be produced during the course of reaction a or b.
• the compounds may be isolated according to known procedures, e.g. HPLC.
• the invention provides the above methods in which the catalyst is replaced by a catalyst comprising iron and a ligand or palladium and a ligand.
• the palladium may be a palladium atom or ion, and, for example, may be derived from any palladium salt, such as Pd(0) or Pd(II).
• Suitable ligands include carbene and phosphene ligands.
• the ligand or ligands maybe selected from the wide range of known phosphene or carbene ligands.
• the ligand may be a xantphos ligand, a ferrocine biphosphine ligand, a JosiPhos ligand, a biaryl monophosphine ligand, and each may be optionally substituted.
• the ligand may one described in Ikawa et al. J. Am. chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 13001-13007, e.g.
• the ligand is A or D, more preferably D. It has been found herein that ligand D is an effective ligand when the catalyst comprises palladium and is relatively cheap.
• Suitable ligands when the catalyst comprises palladium include those described in Singer et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 2006, 47, 3727-3731, e.g. one selected from ligands F, G, H, and I:
• R z may be t-Bu or cyclohexyl; in compound G, R, may be t-Bu or i-Pr.
• the ligand may be I when the catalyst comprises palladium.
• the iron may be an iron atom or ion, and, for example, may be derived from any iron salt, e.g. Fe(II) or Fe(III), including iron oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , FeO, iron halides such as FeCl 3 , iron oxohalides, e.g. Fe(ClO 4 ) 2 , salts such as Fe(acac) 3 .
• iron salt e.g. Fe(II) or Fe(III
• iron oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , FeO
• iron halides such as FeCl 3
• iron oxohalides e.g. Fe(ClO 4 ) 2
• salts such as Fe(acac) 3
• iron catalysts to form aryl C—N has been reported in the literature, e.g. Correa and Bolm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 8862-8865; Taillefer et al., Angew.
• Suitable ligands include diamines, amino acids, amino alcohols, and phosphines.
• the ligand or ligands may be one described in any of Correa and Bolm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 8862-8865; Taillefer et al., Angew. Chem., 2007, 119, 952-954; Correa et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2008, 37, 1108-1117, e.g. an optionally substituted 1,2-dimaine, e.g. N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine(DMEDA), a dione, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione, or acetylacetonate.
• DMEDA N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine
• the catalyst may comprise a mixture of different types of metals, such as a mixture of two or all of Fe, Pd and Cu.
• the catalyst may comprise a mixture of Cu and Fe, Cu and Pd, Pd and Fe, or Pd, Fe and Cu, in particular a mixture of Cu and Fe.
• reaction conditions described above for copper based catalysts are also appropriate for catalysts comprising palladium or ion.
• the blue suspension was stirred at room temperature, whilst adding 3-Difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid amide (1.76 g, 10 mmol), potassium carbonate (2.9 g, 21 mmol) and 5-Chloro-9-isopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene (2.20 g, 10 mmol).
• the resulting blue suspension was stirred overnight at 150° C. After this time, the suspension was cooled and diluted with acetone (15 mL), and the reaction mass filtered through a pad of Celite, washing with acetone (25 mL). The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo to give a pale brown-brown solid.
• the product yield was 80%; the solid strength was 92%.
• the in situ product yield was 88% when 5-Chloro-9-isopropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene added last and 26% when 3-Difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid amide added last, the remainder being starting materials.
• Example 3 The method described in Example 3 was repeated in a range of solvents at different temperatures, see Table 1.
• the suspension was heated with stirring to 150° C., and allowed to stir at this temperature for 2 hours prior to adding ligand N1-methyl-propane-1,3-diamine (0.31 mL, 44 mol %) and stirring at 150° C. overnight. After this time, a sample was removed for analysis by HPLC. Conversion was 64% as measured by HPLC.
• Residual starting material can be recovered via extraction of the filtrate into diethyl ether followed by concentration in vacuo (150 mg, 4%).
• n is for example 1 to 4.
• Examples 10a, 10b and 10c can readily be telescoped into a single stage with protection/deprotection done in situ.

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