US20090120619A1 - Method for exchanging heat in vapor compression heat transfer systems - Google Patents

Method for exchanging heat in vapor compression heat transfer systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090120619A1
US20090120619A1 US12/119,023 US11902308A US2009120619A1 US 20090120619 A1 US20090120619 A1 US 20090120619A1 US 11902308 A US11902308 A US 11902308A US 2009120619 A1 US2009120619 A1 US 2009120619A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
butene
chf
trifluoromethyl
cfcf
working fluid
Prior art date
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Abandoned
Application number
US12/119,023
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English (en)
Inventor
Allen Capron Sievert
Mario Joseph Nappa
Barbara Haviland Minor
Thomas J. Leck
Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao
Ekaterina N. SWEARINGEN
Corneille Schmitz
Nandini C. Mouli
Deepak Perti
Denis Clodic
Mary E. Koban
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=39870623&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20090120619(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from PCT/US2007/025675 external-priority patent/WO2008085314A2/en
Application filed by EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co filed Critical EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
Priority to US12/119,023 priority Critical patent/US20090120619A1/en
Assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY reassignment E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SWEARINGEN, EKATERINA N, CLODIC, DENIS, SCHMITZ, CORNEILLE, SIEVERT, ALLEN CAPRON, KOBAN, MARY E, LECK, THOMAS J, MINOR, BARBARA HAVILAND, MOULI, NANDINI C, NAPPA, MARIO JOSEPH, PERTI, DEEPAK, RAO, VELLIYUR NOTT MALLIKARJUNA
Publication of US20090120619A1 publication Critical patent/US20090120619A1/en
Priority to US13/207,557 priority patent/US20110290447A1/en
Priority to US15/939,644 priority patent/US11624534B2/en
Priority to US18/084,201 priority patent/US11867436B2/en
Priority to US18/512,520 priority patent/US20240125524A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B40/00—Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B40/00—Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
    • F25B40/02—Subcoolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
    • F25B49/027—Condenser control arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/0408—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
    • F28D1/0426—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids with units having particular arrangement relative to the large body of fluid, e.g. with interleaved units or with adjacent heat exchange units in common air flow or with units extending at an angle to each other or with units arranged around a central element
    • F28D1/0452—Combination of units extending one behind the other with units extending one beside or one above the other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/05316—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05333—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05383—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F28D1/05391—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits combined with a particular flow pattern, e.g. multi-row multi-stage radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
    • F25B2339/04—Details of condensers
    • F25B2339/046—Condensers with refrigerant heat exchange tubes positioned inside or around a vessel containing water or pcm to cool the refrigerant gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/12—Inflammable refrigerants
    • F25B2400/121—Inflammable refrigerants using R1234
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0068—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles
    • F28D2021/007—Condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0068—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles
    • F28D2021/0071—Evaporators

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a method for exchanging heat in a vapor compression heat transfer system.
  • it relates to use of an intermediate heat exchanger to improve performance of a vapor compression heat transfer system utilizing a working fluid comprising at least one fluoroolefin.
  • Applicants have found that the use of an internal heat exchanger in a vapor compression heat transfer system that uses a fluoroolefin provides unexpected benefits due to sub-cooling of the working fluid exiting out of the condenser.
  • subcooling is meant the reduction of the temperature of a liquid below that liquid's saturation point for a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which the vapor usually would condense to a liquid, but subcooling produces a lower temperature vapor at the given pressure.
  • Sub-cooling thereby improves cooling capacity and energy efficiency of a system, such as vapor compression heat transfer systems, which comprise fluoroolefins.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of exchanging heat in a vapor compression heat transfer system, comprising:
  • the fluorolefin is a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • sub-cooling has been found to enhance the performance and efficiency of systems which use cross-current/counter-current heat exchange, such as those which employ either a dual-row condenser or a dual-row evaporator.
  • the condensing step may comprise:
  • the evaporating step may comprise:
  • a vapor compression heat transfer system for exchanging heat comprising an intermediate heat exchanger in combination with a dual-row condenser or a dual-row evaporator, or both.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a vapor compression heat transfer system including an intermediate heat exchanger, used to practice the method of circulating a working fluid comprising a fluoroolefin through this system according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an intermediate heat exchanger.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a dual-row condenser which can be used with the vapor compression heat transfer system of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a dual-row evaporator used which can be used with the vapor compression heat transfer system of FIG. 1 .
  • One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method of circulating a working fluid comprising a fluoroolefin through a vapor compression heat transfer system.
  • a vapor-compression heat transfer system is a closed loop system which re-uses working fluid in multiple steps producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step.
  • Such a system generally includes an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser and an expansion device, and is known in the art. Reference will be made to FIG. 1 in describing this method. With reference to FIG. 1 , liquid working fluid from a condenser 41 flows through a line to an intermediate heat exchanger, or simply IHX.
  • the intermediate heat exchanger includes a first tube 30 , which contains a relatively hot liquid working fluid, and a second tube 50 , which contains a relatively colder gaseous working fluid.
  • the first tube of the IHX is connected to the outlet line of the condenser.
  • the liquid working fluid then flows through an expansion device 52 and through a line 62 to an evaporator 42 , which is located in the vicinity of a body to cooled. In the evaporator, the working fluid is evaporated, and the vaporization of the working fluid provides cooling.
  • the expansion device 52 may be an expansion valve, a capillary tube, an orifice tube or any other device where the working fluid may undergo an abrupt reduction in pressure.
  • the evaporator has an outlet, through which the cold gaseous working fluid flows to the second tube 50 of the IHX, wherein the cold gaseous working fluid comes in thermal contact with the hot liquid working fluid in the first tube 30 of the IHX, and thus the cold gaseous working fluid is warmed somewhat.
  • the gaseous working fluid flows from the second tube of the IHX through a line 63 to the inlet of a compressor 12 .
  • the gas is compressed in the compressor, and the compressed gaseous working fluid is discharged from the compressor and flows to the condenser 41 through a line 61 wherein the working fluid is condensed, thus giving off heat, and the cycle then repeats.
  • the first tube containing the relatively hotter liquid working fluid and the second tube containing the relatively colder gaseous working fluid are in thermal contact, thus allowing transfer of heat from the hot liquid to the cold gas.
  • the means by which the two tubes are in thermal contact may vary.
  • the first tube has a larger diameter than the second tube, and the second tube is disposed concentrically in the first tube, and a hot liquid in the first tube surrounds a cold gas in the second tube. This embodiment is shown in FIG. 1A , where the first tube ( 30 a ) surrounds the second tube ( 50 a ).
  • the working fluid in the second tube of the internal heat exchanger may flow in a countercurrent direction to the direction of flow of the working fluid in the first tube, thereby cooling the working fluid in the first tube and heating the working fluid in the second tube.
  • Cross-current/counter-current heat exchange may be provided in the system of FIG. 1 by a dual-row condenser or a dual-row evaporator, although it should be noted that this system is not limited to such a dual-row condensers or evaporators.
  • Such condensers and evaporators are described in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/875,982, filed Dec. 19, 2006 (now International Application PCT/US07/25675, filed Dec. 17, 2007), and may be designed particularly for working fluids that comprise non-azeotropic or near-azeotropic compositions.
  • a vapor compression heat transfer system which comprises either a dual-row condenser, or a dual-row evaporator, or both.
  • a vapor compression heat transfer system which comprises either a dual-row condenser, or a dual-row evaporator, or both.
  • FIG. 2 A dual-row condenser is shown at 41 in FIG. 2 .
  • a hot working fluid enters the condenser through a first, or back row 14 , passes through the first row, and exits the condenser through a second, or front row 13 .
  • the working fluid enters first row 14 via a collector 6 inside a first pass 2 of the first row.
  • the working fluid is cooled in a counter current manner by air, which has been heated by the second, or front row 13 of this dual-row condenser.
  • the working fluid goes from first pass 2 of the first row 14 , to a pass 3 of the second, or front row 13 by a connection 7 .
  • the working fluid then flows from pass 3 to a pass 4 in second row 13 through a connection 8 , and then flows from pass 4 to a pass 5 through a connection 9 .
  • the sub-cooled working fluid exits the condenser by a connection 10 .
  • Air is circulated in a counter-current manner relative to the working fluid flow, as indicated by the arrow having points 11 and 12 of FIG. 2 .
  • the design shown in FIG. 2 is generic and can be used for any air-to-refrigerant condenser in stationary applications as well as in mobile applications.
  • FIG. 3 A dual-row evaporator is shown at 42 in FIG. 3 .
  • working fluid enters the evaporator through a first, or front row 17 , passes through the first row, and exits the condenser through a second, or back row 18 .
  • the working fluid enters the evaporator 19 at the lowest temperature through a collector 24 as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the working fluid flows downwards through a tank 20 to a tank 21 through a collector 25 , then from tank 21 to a tank 22 in the back row through a collector 26 .
  • the working fluid then flows from tank 22 to a tank 23 through a collector 27 , and finally exits the evaporator through a collector 28 .
  • Air is circulated in a cross-countercurrent arrangement as indicated by the arrow having points 29 and 30 , of FIG. 3 .
  • the connecting lines between the components of the vapor compression heat transfer system, through which the working fluid may flow may be constructed of any typical conduit material known for such purpose.
  • metal piping or metal tubing such as aluminum or copper or copper alloy tubing
  • hoses constructed of various materials, such as polymers or elastomers, or combinations of such materials with reinforcing materials such as metal mesh etc, may be used in the system.
  • a hose design for heat transfer systems, in particular for automobile air conditioning systems is provided in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/841,713, filed Sep.
  • compressors may be used in the vapor compression heat transfer system of the embodiments of the present invention, including reciprocating, rotary, jet, centrifugal, scroll, screw or axial-flow, depending on the mechanical means to compress the fluid, or as positive-displacement (e.g., reciprocating, scroll or screw) or dynamic (e.g., centrifugal or jet).
  • positive-displacement e.g., reciprocating, scroll or screw
  • dynamic e.g., centrifugal or jet
  • the heat transfer systems as disclosed herein may employ fin and tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers and vertical or horizontal single pass tube or plate type heat exchangers, among others for both the evaporator and condenser.
  • the closed loop vapor compression heat transfer system as described herein may be used in stationary refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pumps or mobile air-conditioning and refrigeration systems.
  • Stationary air-conditioning and heat pump applications include window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, chillers and light commercial and commercial air-conditioning systems, including packaged rooftop.
  • Refrigeration applications include domestic or home refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, walk-in coolers and freezers and supermarket systems, and transport refrigeration systems.
  • Mobile refrigeration or mobile air-conditioning systems refer to any refrigeration or air-conditioning system incorporated into a transportation unit for the road, rail, sea or air.
  • apparatus which are meant to provide refrigeration or air-conditioning for a system independent of any moving carrier, known as “intermodal” systems, are included in the present invention.
  • intermodal systems include “containers” (combined sea/land transport) as well as “swap bodies” (combined road and rail transport).
  • the present invention is particularly useful for road transport refrigerating or air-conditioning apparatus, such as automobile air-conditioning apparatus or refrigerated road transport equipment.
  • the working fluid utilized in the vapor compression heat transfer system comprises at least one fluoroolefin.
  • fluoroolefin is meant any compound containing carbon, fluorine and optionally, hydrogen or oxygen that also contains at least one double bond. These fluoroolefins may be linear, branched or cyclic.
  • Fluoroolefins have a variety of utilities in working fluids, which include use as foaming agents, blowing agents, fire extinguishing agents, heat transfer mediums (such as heat transfer fluids and refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, heat pumps, chillers, and the like), to name a few.
  • working fluids include use as foaming agents, blowing agents, fire extinguishing agents, heat transfer mediums (such as heat transfer fluids and refrigerants for use in refrigeration systems, refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, heat pumps, chillers, and the like), to name a few.
  • heat transfer compositions may comprise fluoroolefins comprising at least one compound with 2 to 12 carbon atoms, in another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in yet another embodiment the fluoroolefins comprise compounds with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • Representative fluoroolefins include but are not limited to all compounds as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.
  • the present methods use working fluids comprising fluoroolefins having the formula E- or Z-R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 (Formula I), wherein R 1 and R 2 are, independently, C 1 to C 6 perfluoroalkyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 groups include, but are not limited to, CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) 2 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 )CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF 2 CF 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 , C(CF 3 ) 2 C 2 F 5 , CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , CF(CF 3 ) CF 2 CF 2 C 2 F 5 , and C(CF 3 ) 2 CF 2 C 2 F 5 .
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule. In another embodiment, the fluoroolefins of Formula I have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Exemplary, non-limiting Formula I compounds are presented in Table 1.
  • Compounds of Formula I may be prepared by contacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R 11 with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 to form a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R 1 CH 2 CHIR 2 . This trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane can then be dehydroiodinated to form R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 .
  • the olefin R 1 CH ⁇ CHR 2 may be prepared by dehydroiodination of a trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane of the formula R 1 CHICH 2 R 2 formed in turn by reacting a perfluoroalkyl iodide of the formula R 21 with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin of the formula R 1 CH ⁇ CH 2 .
  • Said contacting of a perfluoroalkyl iodide with a perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may take place in batch mode by combining the reactants in a suitable reaction vessel capable of operating under the autogenous pressure of the reactants and products at reaction temperature.
  • suitable reaction vessels include fabricated from stainless steels, in particular of the austenitic type, and the well-known high nickel alloys such as Monel® nickel-copper alloys, Hastelloy® nickel based alloys and Inconel® nickel-chromium alloys.
  • reaction may take be conducted in semi-batch mode in which the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin reactant is added to the perfluoroalkyl iodide reactant by means of a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
  • a suitable addition apparatus such as a pump at the reaction temperature.
  • the ratio of perfluoroalkyl iodide to perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin should be between about 1:1 to about 4:1, preferably from about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1. Ratios less than 1.5:1 tend to result in large amounts of the 2:1 adduct as reported by Jeanneaux, et. al. in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry , Vol. 4, pages 261-270 (1974).
  • Preferred temperatures for contacting of said perfluoroalkyl iodide with said perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are preferably within the range of about 150° C. to 300° C., preferably from about 170° C. to about 250° C., and most preferably from about 180° C. to about 230° C.
  • Suitable contact times for the reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin are from about 0.5 hour to 18 hours, preferably from about 4 to about 12 hours.
  • the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane prepared by reaction of the perfluoroalkyl iodide with the perfluoroalkyltrihydroolefin may be used directly in the dehydroiodination step or may preferably be recovered and purified by distillation prior to the dehydroiodination step.
  • the dehydroiodination step is carried out by contacting the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane with a basic substance.
  • Suitable basic substances include alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), alkali metal oxide (for example, sodium oxide), alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., calcium hydroxide), alkaline earth metal oxides (e.g., calcium oxide), alkali metal alkoxides (e.g., sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide), aqueous ammonia, sodium amide, or mixtures of basic substances such as soda lime.
  • Preferred basic substances are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
  • Solvents suitable for the dehydroiodination step include one or more polar organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and tertiary butanol), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, or adiponitrile), dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, or sulfolane.
  • solvent may depend on the boiling point product and the ease of separation of traces of the solvent from the product during purification.
  • ethanol or isopropylene glycol e.g., ethanol or isopropanol
  • isopropanol e.g., isopropanol
  • isobutanol e.g., isobutan
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out by addition of one of the reactants (either the basic substance or the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane) to the other reactant in a suitable reaction vessel.
  • Said reaction may be fabricated from glass, ceramic, or metal and is preferably agitated with an impeller or stirring mechanism.
  • Temperatures suitable for the dehydroiodination reaction are from about 10° C. to about 100° C., preferably from about 20° C. to about 70° C.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be carried out at ambient pressure or at reduced or elevated pressure.
  • dehydroiodination reactions in which the compound of Formula I is distilled out of the reaction vessel as it is formed.
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted by contacting an aqueous solution of said basic substance with a solution of the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane in one or more organic solvents of lower polarity such as an alkane (e.g., hexane, heptane, or octane), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., toluene), halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or perchloroethylene), or ether (e.g., diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, or tetraglyme) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.
  • an alkane e.g., hexane, heptane, or oc
  • Suitable phase transfer catalysts include quaternary ammonium halides (e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride), quaternary phosphonium halides (e.g., triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride), or cyclic polyether compounds known in the art as crown ethers (e.g., 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5).
  • quaternary ammonium halides e.g., tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium hydrosulfate, triethylbenzylammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and tricaprylylmethylam
  • the dehydroiodination reaction may be conducted in the absence of solvent by adding the trihydroiodoperfluoroalkane to a solid or liquid basic substance.
  • Suitable reaction times for the dehydroiodination reactions are from about 15 minutes to about six hours or more depending on the solubility of the reactants. Typically the dehydroiodination reaction is rapid and requires about 30 minutes to about three hours for completion.
  • the compound of formula I may be recovered from the dehydroiodination reaction mixture by phase separation after addition of water, by distillation, or by a combination thereof.
  • fluoroolefins comprise cyclic fluoroolefins (cyclo-[CX ⁇ CY(CZW) n —] (Formula II), wherein X, Y, Z, and W are independently selected from H and F, and n is an integer from 2 to 5).
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula II have at least about 3 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula II have at least about 4 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • the fluoroolefins of Formula II have at least about 5 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Representative cyclic fluoroolefins of Formula II are listed in Table 2.
  • compositions of the present invention may comprise a single compound of Formula I or formula II, for example, one of the compounds in Table 1 or Table 2, or may comprise a combination of compounds of Formula I or formula II.
  • fluoroolefins may comprise those compounds listed in Table 3.
  • 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CHFCF 3 ) by dehydrofluorination over solid KOH in the vapor phase at room temperature.
  • CHF 2 CH 2 CHFCF 3 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane
  • the synthesis of 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluorobutane is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,768, incorporated herein by reference.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared from 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C.
  • the synthesis of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-iodobutane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoromethyl iodide (CF 3 I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (CF 3 CH ⁇ CH 2 ) at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • 3,4,4,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane (CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) using solid KOH or over a carbon catalyst at 200-300° C.
  • 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane may be prepared by hydrogenation of 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene (CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ).
  • 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,3,3,4-heptafluorobutane (CH 2 FCF 2 CHFCF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,2,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CHF 2 CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4,4-heptafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CHF 2 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluorobutane (CH 2 FCH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 2 F) using solid KOH.
  • 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene may be prepared by reacting 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (CF 3 CH 2 CF 2 CH 3 ) with aqueous KOH at 120° C.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene may be prepared from (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C.
  • the synthesis of 4-iodo-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,5-octafluoropentane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF 3 CF 2 I) and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene may be prepared from 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane (CF 3 CF 2 CHICH 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) by reaction with KOH using a phase transfer catalyst at about 60° C.
  • the synthesis of 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-iodohexane may be carried out by reaction of perfluoroethyliodide (CF 3 CF 2 I) and 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene (CF 3 CF 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ) at about 200° C. under autogenous pressure for about 8 hours.
  • 1,1,1,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene may be prepared by the dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1,2,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)-pentane (CF 3 CHICH 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 ) with KOH in isopropanol.
  • CF 3 CHICH 2 CF(CF 3 ) 2 is made from reaction of (CF 3 ) 2 CFI with CF 3 CH ⁇ CH 2 at high temperature, such as about 200° C.
  • 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-2-hexene may be prepared by the reaction of 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (CF 3 CH ⁇ CHCF 3 ) with tetrafluoroethylene (CF 2 ⁇ CF 2 ) and antimony pentafluoride (SbF 5 ).
  • 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluorobutane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
  • 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ocatafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over solid KOH.
  • 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1-pentene may be prepared by dehydrofluorination of 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentane over fluorided alumina at elevated temperature.
  • the working fluid may further comprise at least one compound selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether (DME), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and iodotrifluoromethane (CF 3 I).
  • DME dimethyl ether
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • NH 3 ammonia
  • CF 3 I iodotrifluoromethane
  • the working fluid may further comprise hydrofluorocarbons comprising at least one saturated compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine.
  • hydrofluorocarbons comprising at least one saturated compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine.
  • hydrofluorocarbons having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and having a normal boiling point of from about ⁇ 90° C. to about 80° C.
  • Hydrofluorocarbons are commercial products available from a number of sources or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • hydrofluorocarbon compounds include but are not limited to fluoromethane (CH 3 F, HFC-41), difluoromethane (CH 2 F 2 , HFC-32), trifluoromethane (CHF 3 , HFC-23), pentafluoroethane (CF 3 CHF 2 , HFC-125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CHF 2 CHF 2 , HFC-134), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CF 3 CH 2 F, HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF 3 CH 3 , HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF 2 CH 3 , HFC-152a), fluoroethane (CH 3 CH 2 F, HFC-161), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CF 3 CF 2 CHF 2 , HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropan
  • working fluids may further comprise fluoroethers comprising at least one compound having carbon, fluorine, oxygen and optionally hydrogen, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • fluoroethers are commercially available or may be produced by methods known in the art.
  • fluoroethers include but are not limited to nonafluoromethoxybutane (C 4 F 9 OCH 3 , any or all possible isomers or mixtures thereof); nonafluoroethoxybutane (C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 , any or all possible isomers or mixtures thereof); 2-difluoromethoxy-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFOC-236eaE ⁇ , or CHF 2 OCHFCF 3 ); 1,1-difluoro-2-methoxyethane (HFOC-272fbE ⁇ , CH 3 OCH 2 CHF 2 ); 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(fluoromethoxy)propane (HFOC-347 mmzE ⁇ , or CH 2 FOCH(CF 3 ) 2 ); 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane (HFOC-356 mmzE ⁇ , or CH 3 OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ); 1,1,1,
  • working fluids may further comprise hydrocarbons comprising compounds having only carbon and hydrogen.
  • hydrocarbons comprising compounds having only carbon and hydrogen.
  • Hydrocarbons are commercially available through numerous chemical suppliers. Representative hydrocarbons include but are not limited to propane, n-butane, isobutane, cyclobutane, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, cyclopentane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 3-methylpentane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, and cycloheptane.
  • the working fluid may comprise hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms, such as dimethylether (DME, CH 3 OCH 3 ).
  • DME dimethylether
  • CH 3 OCH 3 dimethylether
  • working fluids may further comprise carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which is commercially available from various sources or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • working fluids may further comprise ammonia (NH 3 ), which is commercially available from various sources or may be prepared by methods known in the art.
  • NH 3 ammonia
  • the working fluid further comprises at least one compound selected from hydrofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether (DME), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), and iodotrifluoromethane (CF 3 I).
  • the working fluid comprises 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye). In another embodiment, the working fluid further comprises difluoromethane (HFC-32). In yet another embodiment, the working fluid further comprises 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a).
  • the working fluid comprises 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf). In another embodiment, the working fluid comprises HFC-1225ye and HFC-1234yf.
  • the working fluid comprises 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234ze). In another embodiment, the working fluid comprises E-HFC-1234ze (or trans-HFC-1234ze).
  • the working fluid further comprises at least one compound from the group consisting of HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-152a, and CF 3 I.
  • working fluids may comprise a composition selected from the group consisting of:
  • HFC-32, HFC-134a, and HFC-1225ye are HFC-32, HFC-134a, and HFC-1225ye;
  • HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-1225ye
  • HFC-32, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-1234yf
  • HFC-125, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-1234yf are HFC-125, HFC-1225ye, and HFC-1234yf;
  • HFC-134a HFC-1225ye, and HFC-1234yf
  • HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-1234yf
  • HFC-152a n-butane, and HFC-1234yf
  • HFC-134a propane, and HFC-1234yf
  • HFC-125, HFC-152a, and HFC-1234yf are HFC-125, HFC-152a, and HFC-1234yf;
  • HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-1234yf are HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-1234yf;
  • HFC-32, HFC-1234ze, and HFC-1234yf are HFC-32, HFC-1234ze, and HFC-1234yf;
  • HFC-125, HFC-1234ze, and HFC-1234yf are HFC-125, HFC-1234ze, and HFC-1234yf;
  • HFC-134a HFC-1234ze, and HFC-1234yf
  • HFC-32, HFC-134a, and HFC-1234ze
  • HFC-152a, HFC-134a, and HFC-1234ze
  • HFC-152a n-butane, and HFC-1234ze
  • HFC-134a propane, and HFC-1234ze
  • HFC-125, HFC-152a, and HFC-1234ze are HFC-125, HFC-152a, and HFC-1234ze.
  • HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-1234ze are HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-1234ze.
  • the working fluid was a blend of 95% by weight HFC-1225ye and 5% by weight of HFC-32.
  • Each system had a condenser, evaporator, compressor and a thermal expansion device.
  • the ambient air temperature was 30° C. at the evaporator and the condenser inlets. Tests were performed for 2 compressor speeds, 1000 and 2000 rpm, and for 3 vehicle speeds: 25, 30, and 36 km/h.
  • the volumetric flow rate of air on the evaporator was 380 m 3 /h.
  • the cooling capacity for the system with an IHX shows an increase of 4 to 7% as compared to the system with no IHX.
  • the COP also showed an increase of 2.5 to 4% for the system with the IHX as compared to a system with no IHX.
  • Cooling performance is calculated for HFC-134a and HFC-1234yf both with and without an IHX.
  • the conditions used are as follows:
  • the subcool difference arises from the differences in molecular weight, liquid density and liquid heat capacity for HFC-1234yf as compared to HFC-134a. Based on these parameters it was estimated that there would be a difference in subcool achieved with the different compounds. When the HFC-134a subcool was set to 5° C., the corresponding subcool for HFC-1234yf was calculated to be 5.8° C.

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US15/939,644 US11624534B2 (en) 2007-05-11 2018-03-29 Method for exchanging heat in vapor compression heat transfer systems and vapor compression heat transfer systems comprising intermediate heat exchangers with dual-row evaporators or condensers
US18/084,201 US11867436B2 (en) 2007-05-11 2022-12-19 Method for exchanging heat in vapor compression heat transfer systems and vapor compression heat transfer systems comprising intermediate heat exchangers with dual-row evaporators or condensers
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CA2944695C (en) 2018-06-12
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CA2944695A1 (en) 2008-11-20
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US20240125524A1 (en) 2024-04-18
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US11624534B2 (en) 2023-04-11
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WO2008140809A3 (en) 2009-04-30
EP3091320A1 (de) 2016-11-09
CA3002834C (en) 2020-04-07
CN101680691A (zh) 2010-03-24
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US11867436B2 (en) 2024-01-09
JP2010526982A (ja) 2010-08-05
US20180231281A1 (en) 2018-08-16
EP4160127B1 (de) 2024-02-28
EP2145150A2 (de) 2010-01-20
EP4349694A2 (de) 2024-04-10
EP3091320B1 (de) 2022-11-30
AR066522A1 (es) 2009-08-26
BRPI0810282A2 (pt) 2017-09-26
EP2145150B8 (de) 2016-08-10
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CA3002834A1 (en) 2008-11-20
CN105333653A (zh) 2016-02-17

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