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  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/02—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a three-membered ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
  • C07C2601/08—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being saturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
  • C07C2601/10—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
  • C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
  • C07C2602/04—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C2602/08—One of the condensed rings being a six-membered aromatic ring the other ring being five-membered, e.g. indane

Definitions

• the invention relates to compounds and compositions for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
• CNS central nervous system
• Psychiatric disorders are pathological conditions of the brain characterized by identifiable symptoms that result in abnormalities in cognition, emotion, mood, or affect. These disorders may vary in severity of symptoms, duration, and functional impairment. Psychiatric disorders afflict millions of people worldwide resulting in tremendous human suffering and economic burden due to lost productivity and dependent care.
• Depression is an affective disorder, the pathogenesis of which cannot be explained by any single cause or theory. It is characterized by a persistently low mood or diminished interests in one's surroundings, accompanied by at least one of the following symptoms: reduced energy and motivation, difficulty concentrating, altered sleep and appetite, and at times, suicidal ideation (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed. 4. Washington, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Major depression is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, with suicide rates of 10-25% (Kaplan H I, Sadock B J (eds): Synopsis of Psychiatry . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p. 866).
• the compounds of the invention may also be used to reduce fatigue commonly associated with depression (see, for example, “Bupropion augmentation in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome with coexistent major depression episode” Schonfeldt-Lecuona et al., Pharmacopsychiatry 39(4):152-4, 2006; “Dysthymia: clinical picture, extent of overlap with chronic fatigue syndrome, neuropharmacological considerations, and new therapeutic vistas” Brunello et al., J. Affect. Disord. 52 (1-3):275-90, 1999; “Chronic fatigue syndrome and seasonal affective disorder: comorbidity, diagnostic overlap, and implications for treatment” Terman et al., Am. J. Med. 105 (3A):115S-124S, 1998).
• Depression is believed to result from dysfunction in the noradrenergic or serotonergic systems, more specifically, from a deficiency of certain neurotransmitters (NTs) at functionally important adrenergic or serotonergic receptors.
• NTs neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters produce their effects as a consequence of interactions with specific receptors.
• Neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE) and/or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT), are synthesized in brain neurons and stored in vesicles. Upon a nerve impulse, NTs are released into the synaptic cleft, where they interact with various postsynaptic receptors. Regional deficiencies in the synaptic levels of 5-HT and/or NE are believed to be involved in the etiology of depression, wakefulness, and attention.
• NE norepinephrine
• 5-HT serotonin
• Norepinephrine is involved in regulating arousal, dreaming, and moods. Norepinephrine can also contribute to the regulation of blood pressure, by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate.
• Serotonin (5-HT) is implicated in the etiology or treatment of various disorders.
• the most widely studied effects of 5-HT are those on the CNS.
• the functions of 5-HT are numerous and include control of appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, mood, behavior (including sexual and hallucinogenic behavior), cardiovascular function, smooth muscle contraction, and endocrine regulation.
• 5-HT appears to play a major role in platelet homeostasis and motility of the GI tract.
• the actions of 5-HT are terminated by three major mechanisms: diffusion; metabolism; and reuptake.
• the major mechanism by which the action of 5-HT is terminated is by reuptake through presynaptic membranes.
• 5-HT acts on its various postsynaptic receptors, it is removed from the synaptic cleft back into the nerve terminal through an uptake mechanism involving a specific membrane transporter in a manner similar to that of other biogenic amines.
• Agents that selectively inhibit this uptake increase the concentration of 5-HT at the postsynaptic receptors and have been found to be useful in treating various psychiatric disorders, particularly depression.
• NE and 5-HT agents that increase the levels of NE and 5-HT, either by inhibiting their metabolism (e.g., monoamine oxidase inhibitors) or reuptake (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)).
• monoamine oxidase inhibitors e.g., monoamine oxidase inhibitors
• reuptake e.g., tricyclic antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• TCAs tricyclic antidepressants
• Fluoxetine PROZAC®
• sertraline ZOLOFT®
• paroxetine PAXIL®
• SSRIs are three examples of SSRIs currently on the U.S. market. These agents do not appear to possess greater efficacy than the TCAs, nor do they generally possess a faster onset of action; however, they do have the advantage of causing less side-effects.
• paroxetine is the most potent inhibitor of 5-HT uptake, fluoxetine the least.
• Sertaline is the most selective for 5-HT versus NE uptake, fluoxetine the least selective.
• Fluoxetine and sertraline produce active metabolites, while paroxetine is metabolized to inactive metabolites.
• the SSRIs in general, affect only the uptake of serotonin and display little or no affinity for various receptor systems including muscarinic, adrenergic, dopamine, and histamine receptors.
• SSRIs In addition to treating depression, several other potential therapeutic applications for SSRIs have been investigated. They include treatment of Alzheimer's disease, aggressive behavior, premenstrual syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, and alcohol abuse.
• fluoxetine is approved for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
• OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Venlafaxine (EFFEXOR®) is a dual-reuptake antidepressant that differs from the classical TCAs and the SSRIs chemically and pharmacologically in that it acts as a potent inhibitor of both 5-HT and NE uptake. Neither venlafaxine nor its major metabolite have a significant affinity for adrenergic alpha-1 receptors. Venlafaxine possesses an efficacy equivalent to that of the TCAs, and a benign side effect profile similar to those of the SSRIs.
• Dopamine is hypothesized to play a major role in psychosis and certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, where a deficiency in dopaminergic neurons is believed to be the underlying pathology.
• Dopamine affects brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain. Regulation of DA plays a crucial role in our mental and physical health. Certain drugs increase DA concentrations by preventing DA reuptake, leaving more DA in the synapse. An example is methylphenidate (RITALIN®), used therapeutically to treat childhood hyperkinesias and symptoms of schizophrenia. Dopamine abnormalities are believed to underlie some of the core attentional abnormalities seen in acute schizophrenics.
• a therapeutic lag is associated with the use of these drugs. Patients must take a drug for at least three (3) weeks before achieving clinically meaningful symptom relief. Furthermore, a significant number of patients do not respond to current therapies at all. For example, it is currently estimated that up to thirty percent (30%) of clinically diagnosed cases of depression are resistant to all forms of drug therapy.
• the present invention relates to novel cycloalkylamines and salts thereof. It further relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions, and their use in the treatment of CNS disorders such as depression (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder), fibromyalgia, pain (e.g., neuropathic pain), sleep apnea, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), restless leg syndrome, schizophrenia, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), premenstrual dysphoria as well as neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease).
• CNS disorders such as depression (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder), fibromyalgia, pain (e.g., neuropathic pain), sleep apnea, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), restless leg syndrome, schizophrenia, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, post
• the invention provides a compound having a structure according to Formula (I):
• n is an integer from 0 to 2; s is an integer from 1 to 3.
• the integer m is selected from 0 to 12. When n is 0, m is preferably not greater than 8; when n is 1, m is preferably not greater than 10.
• Ar is a member selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and a fused ring system.
• Each X is an independently selected alkyl group substitutent.
• each X is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, CF 3 , OR 5 , SR 5 , acyl, C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 6 R 7 , S(O) 2 R 5 , S(O) 2 NR 6 R 7 , NR 6 R 7 , NR 6 S(O) 2 R 5 , NR 6 C(O)R 5 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, wherein each R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroal
• Each R 1 and R 2 is an independently selected alkyl group substitutent.
• each R 1 and R 2 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, CF 3 , OR 8 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, wherein R 8 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• R 3 and R 4 are members independently selected from the group consisting of H, OR 9 , acyl, C(O)OR 9 , S(O) 2 R 9 , ⁇ N ⁇ N, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• the other member is preferably not present.
• R 9 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• At least two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and any of the substitutents X, together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting binding of a monoamine transporter ligand to a monoamine transporter, such as serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter.
• the method includes contacting the monoamine transporter and a compound of the invention.
• the monoamine transporter ligand is a monoamine, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting the activity of at least one monoamine transporter, such as serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter.
• the method includes contacting the monoamine transporter and a compound of the invention.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting uptake of at least one monoamine, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, by a cell.
• the method includes contacting the cell with a compound of the invention.
• the cell is a brain cell, such as a neuronal cell or a glial cell.
• the invention provides a method of treating depression by inhibiting the activity at least one monoamine transporter.
• the method includes administering to a mammalian subject a compound of the invention.
• the compound of the invention inhibits the activity of at least two different monoamine transporters.
• the mammalian subject is a human.
• the invention provides a method of treating a central nervous system disorder.
• the method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the subject is a human.
• alkyl by itself or as part of another substitutent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C 1 -C 10 means one to ten carbons).
• saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like.
• An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds.
• alkyl groups examples include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers.
• alkyl unless otherwise noted, is also meant to include those derivatives of alkyl defined in more detail below, such as “heteroalkyl.” Alkyl groups that are limited to hydrocarbon groups are termed “homoalkyl”.
• alkylene by itself or as part of another substitutent means a divalent radical derived from an alkane, as exemplified, but not limited, by —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, and further includes those groups described below as “heteroalkylene.”
• an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred in the present invention.
• a “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms.
• alkoxy alkylamino and “alkylthio” (or thioalkoxy) are used in their conventional sense, and refer to those alkyl groups attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, an amino group, or a sulfur atom, respectively.
• heteroalkyl by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
• the heteroatom(s) O, N and S and Si may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
• Examples include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—CH 3 , —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 , —S(O)—CH 3 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —S(O) 2 —CH 3 , —CH ⁇ CH—O—CH 3 , —Si(CH 3 ) 3 , —CH 2 —CH ⁇ N—OCH 3 , and —CH ⁇ CH—N(CH 3 )—CH 3 .
• heteroalkylene by itself or as part of another substitutent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH 2 —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —CH 2 — and —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —CH 2 —NH—CH 2 —.
• heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula —CO 2 R′— represents both —C(O)OR′ and —OC(O)R′.
• cycloalkyl and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or in combination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
• heterocycloalkyl examples include, but are not limited to, 1-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.
• halo or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substitutent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl,” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl.
• halo(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl is mean to include, but not be limited to, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.
• aryl means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, substitutent that can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings), which are fused together or linked covalently.
• heteroaryl refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain from one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, Si and B, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized.
• a heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom.
• Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinoly
• aryl when used in combination with other terms (e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) includes both aryl and heteroaryl rings as defined above.
• arylalkyl is meant to include those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like) including those alkyl groups in which a carbon atom (e.g., a methylene group) has been replaced by, for example, an oxygen atom (e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like).
• alkyl group e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like
• an oxygen atom e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridyloxymethyl, 3-(1-naph
• alkyl e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl” and “heteroaryl” are meant to include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical.
• Preferred substitutents for each type of radical are provided below.
• alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals are generically referred to as “alkyl group substitutents,” and they can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, —OR′, ⁇ O, ⁇ NR′, ⁇ N—OR′, —NR′R′′, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R′′R′′′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O
• R′, R′′, R′′′ and R′′′′ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups.
• each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R′′, R′′′ and R′′′′ groups when more than one of these groups is present.
• R′ and R′′ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
• —NR′R′′ is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
• alkyl is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 3 ) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , —C(O)CF 3 , —C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like).
• haloalkyl e.g., —CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 3
• acyl e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , —C(O)CF 3 , —C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like.
• substitutents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are generically referred to as “aryl group substitutents.”
• the substitutents are selected from, for example: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, —OR′, ⁇ O, ⁇ NR′, ⁇ N—OR′, —NR′R′′, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R′′R′′′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO 2 R′, —CONR′R′′, —OC(O)NR′R′′, —NR′′C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR′′R′′′, —NR′′C(O) 2
• Two of the substitutents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substitutent of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′) q —U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′— or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3.
• two of the substitutents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substitutent of the formula -A-(CH 2 ) r -D-, wherein A and D are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4.
• One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond.
• two of the substitutents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substitutent of the formula —(CRR′) s —X′′—(CR′′R′′′) d —, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X′′ is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or —S(O) 2 NR′—.
• the substitutents R, R′, R′′ and R′′′ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl.
• acyl describes a substitutent containing a carbonyl residue, C(O)R′.
• R include H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• fused ring system means at least two rings, wherein each ring has at least 2 atoms in common with another ring. “Fused ring systems may include aromatic as well as non aromatic rings. Examples of “fused ring systems” are naphthalenes, indoles, quinolines, chromenes and the like.
• heteroatom includes oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and boron (B).
• R is a general abbreviation that represents a substitutent group that is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl groups.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of a compound, or composition comprising a compound of the present invention which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect (e.g., by inhibiting uptake of a monoamine from the synaptic cleft of a mammal, thereby modulating the biological consequences of that pathway in the treated organism) at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
• phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means any pharmaceutically acceptable material, which may be liquid or solid.
• exemplary carriers include vehicles, diluents, additives, liquid and solid fillers, excipients, solvents, solvent encapsulating materials.
• Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydrox
• certain embodiments of the present compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification.
• Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, sulfamate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, ascorbate, palmitate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, hydroxymaleate, phenylacetate, glutamate, glucoheptonate, salicyclate, sulfanilate, 2-acetoxybenzoate, methanesulfonate, ethane disulfonate, oxalate, isothionate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
• salts includes salts of the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substitutents found on the compounds described herein.
• base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.
• pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or a similar salt.
• acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like.
• inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and
• salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66: 1-19 (1977)).
• Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.
• the neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner.
• the parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.
• the present invention provides compounds, which are in a prodrug form.
• Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of the present invention.
• prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.
• Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. “Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of a compound” intends the inclusive meaning of “or”, in that a material that is both a salt and a solvate is encompassed.
• Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers and individual isomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques.
• R optical centers
• S chiral reagents
• enantiomeric excess and “diastereomeric excess” are used interchangeably herein.
• Compounds with a single stereocenter are referred to as being present in “enantiomeric excess,” those with at least two stereocenters are referred to as being present in “diastereomeric excess.”
• the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
• the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• the term “monoamine transporter ligand” refers to any compound, which binds to a monoamine transporter.
• Ligands include endogenous monoamines, which are the natural ligands for a given monoamine transporter as well as drug molecules and other compounds, such as synthetic molecules known to bind to a particular monoamine transporter.
• the ligand includes a radioisotope, such as tritium or is otherwise (e.g., fluorescently) labeled. It is within the abilities of a skilled person to select an appropriate ligand for a given monoamine transporter.
• known ligands for the dopamine transporter include dopamine and WIN35428, known ligands for the serotonin transporter include 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and citalopram, and ligands for the norepinephrine transporter include norepinephrine and nisoxetine.
• central nervous system disorder refers to any abnormal condition of the central nervous system of a mammal.
• Central nervous system disorder includes neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g. schizophrenia), anxieties, sleep disorders, depression, dementias, movement disorders, psychoses, alcoholism, post-traumatic stress disorder and the like.
• Central nervous system disorder also includes any condition associated with the disorder, such as loss of memory and/or loss of cognition. For instance, a method of treating a neurodegenerative disease would also include treating or preventing loss of neuronal function characteristic of such disease.
• Central nervous system disorder also includes any disease or condition that is implicated, at least in part, in monoamine (e.g., norepinephrine) signaling pathways (e.g., cardiovascular disease).
• pain refers to all categories of pain, including pain that is described in terms of stimulus or nerve response, e.g., somatic pain (normal nerve response to a noxious stimulus) and neuropathic pain (abnormal response of a injured or altered sensory pathway, often without clear noxious input); pain that is categorized temporally, e.g., chronic pain and acute pain; pain that is categorized in terms of its severity, e.g., mild, moderate, or severe; and pain that is a symptom or a result of a disease state or syndrome, e.g., inflammatory pain, cancer pain, AIDS pain, arthropathy, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, cardiac ischaemia, and diabetic neuropathy (see, e.g., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, pp.
• “Pain” is also meant to include mixed etiology pain, dual mechanism pain, allodynia, causalgia, central pain, hyperesthesia, hyperpathia, dysesthesia, and hyperalgesia.
• depression includes all forms of depression, which include major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and dysthymia. “Major depressive disorder” is used herein interchangeably with “unipolar depression” and “major depression. “Depression” also includes any condition commonly associated with depression, such as all forms of fatigue (e.g., chronic fatigue syndrome) and cognitive deficits.
• MDD major depressive disorder
• SAD seasonal affective disorder
• Depression also includes any condition commonly associated with depression, such as all forms of fatigue (e.g., chronic fatigue syndrome) and cognitive deficits.
• An advantage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention is their ability to increase synaptic availability of at least two neurotransmitters (e.g., NE, 5-HT and DA) by inhibiting their (re)uptake from the synaptic cleft.
• NE, 5-HT and DA neurotransmitters
• Skolnick and coworkers report on a body of preclinical evidence suggesting that the therapeutic profile of an antidepressant concurrently increasing the synaptic availability of DA, NE and 5-HT will differ from a compound inhibiting only NE and/or 5-HT.
• Skolnick, P. et al. “Antidepressant-like actions of DOV-21,947: a “triple” reuptake inhibitor,” Eur. J. Pharm. 2003, 461, 103.
• DOV 21,947 ((+)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane)
• HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells expressing the corresponding human recombinant transporters (IC 50 values of 12, 23 and 96 nM, respectively).
• Skolnick, P. et al. “Antidepressant-like actions of DOV-21,947: a “triple” reuptake inhibitor,” Eur. J. Pharm. 2003, 461, 99.
• DOV 21,947 reduces the duration of immobility in the forced swim test (in rats) and also produces a dose-dependent reduction in immobility in the tail suspension test. Additional evidence can be found in preclinical data for new triple reuptake inhibitors such as DOV 21,947 in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,919, wherein DOV 21,947 was disclosed as having a significantly greater affinity for the norepinephrine and serotonin uptake sites than the racemic compound, ( ⁇ )-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane.
• the invention provides a compound having a structure according to Formula (I):
• n is an integer from 0 to 2.
• the invention provides cyclopentyl-, cyclohexyl- and cycloheptylamines.
• the integer s is selected from 0 to 3, preferably from 1 to 2.
• s is 1.
• the integer m is selected from 0 to 12. When n is 0, m is preferably not greater than 8; when n is 1, m is preferably not greater than 10.
• Ar is a member selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and a fused ring system.
• Each X is a member independently selected from an alkyl group substitutent.
• each X is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, CF 3 , OR 5 , SR 5 , acyl, C(O)OR 5 , C(O)NR 6 R 7 , S(O) 2 R 5 , S(O) 2 NR 6 R 7 , NR 6 R 7 , NR 6 S(O) 2 R 5 , NR 6 C(O)R 5 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• Each R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein two of R 5 , R 6 and R 7 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring.
• Each R 1 and R 2 is an independently selected alkyl group substitutent.
• each R 1 and R 2 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, CF 3 , OR 8 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, wherein R 8 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• R 3 and R 4 are members independently selected from the group consisting of H, OR 9 , acyl, C(O)OR 9 , S(O) 2 R 9 , ⁇ N ⁇ N, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• the other member is preferably not present.
• R 9 is a member selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• At least two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and any substitutent X, together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring.
• two substitutents X, together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring.
• R 3 and R 4 are joined to form a ring, such as a morpholine, N-methyl-piperazine and the like.
• R 1 and R 3 are joined to form a ring, such as a pyrrolidine ring.
• At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is optionally joined with the Ar group or a substitutent on the Ar group to form a 5- to 7-membered ring.
• An exemplary structure, in which Ar-s substituted phenyl and R 3 is joined with Ar to form a 6-membered ring is provided below: wherein Y and Z are as defined below.
• the integer s in Formula (I) is 1.
• Exemplary compounds according to this embodiment have a Formula, which is a member selected from Formula (II) and Formula (III):
• the cycloalkyl ring is mono- or disubstituted at either the 2-, 3-, or 4-position.
• Exemplary compounds according to this embodiment have a Formula, which is a member selected from the group consisting of: wherein X 1 and X 2 are alkyl group substitutents. In an exemplary embodiment, X 1 and X 2 are each defined as the substitutent X, above.
• X 1 and X 2 are members independently selected from the group consisting of H, OR 5 , SR 5 , halogen, CN, CF 3 , S(O) 2 R 5 , NR 6 R 7 , NR 6 S(O) 2 R 5 , NR 6 C(O)R 5 , acyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl, wherein at least two of R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , X 1 and X 2 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring.
• X 1 and X 2 are members independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, OR 5 (e.g., OH, OMe, OEt, OPh), CH 2 OR 5 (e.g., CH 2 OH), halogen substituted alkyl (e.g., CF 3 , CH 2 F), halogen (e.g., F or Cl) and CN.
• R 1 is a member selected from H and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
• R 3 and R 4 are members independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, such as substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl.
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, are joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring, such as a morpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine or N-alkyl-piperazine moiety.
• the compound of the invention includes a cyclobutyl ring.
• An exemplary structure is provided below in Formula (IV): wherein the integer q is selected from 0 to 6.
• Ar is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and a fused ring system.
• Ar is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl, including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl analogs.
• Ar is a member selected from: wherein Y, Z, Y 1 and Z 1 are members independently selected from aryl group substitutents.
• Y, Z, Y 1 and Z 1 are members independently selected from H, halogen, CF 3 , CN, OR 11 , SR 11 , NR 12 R 13 , NR 12 S(O) 2 R 11 , NR 12 C(O)R 11 , S(O) 2 R 11 , acyl, C(O)OR 11 , C(O)NR 12 R 13 , S(O) 2 NR 12 R 13 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
• Each R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is a member independently selected from the group consisting of H, acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, wherein two of R 11 , R 12 and R 13 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionally joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring.
• Y, Z, Y 1 and Z 1 are members independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, CN, halogen substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CF 3 ) and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy (e.g., OMe, OEt, OCF 3 ).
• Ar is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl moiety and has the structure:
• Y and Z in the structure above, are members independently selected from H, halogen, CN, CF 3 and OR 16 (e.g., OMe, OEt, OCF 3 ). In a particular preferred embodiment, Y and Z are both halogen.
• Ar in any of the structures above is 3,4-dichlorophenyl.
• R 1 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from H and C 1 to C 4 alkyl (e.g., methyl) and X 1 and X 2 are independently selected from H, OH, OMe, methyl, ethyl, CH 2 OH, halogen (e.g., Cl and F), CN and CF 3 .
• the compounds of the invention include an amine moiety (e.g., a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group) and as such can be converted into a salt form by contacting the compound (e.g., the free base) with an acid.
• the salt form is generated to convert an otherwise oily or viscous compound into a solid substance for easier handling.
• converting the free base of a compound of the invention into a corresponding salt increases solubility of the compound in aqueous media, which can effect biological characteristics, such as bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
• any salt forms such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including salts of inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloride salts) or organic acids, of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the current invention.
• any prodrugs of the compounds of the invention are also within the scope of the invention.
• R 3 and R 4 can be any group, which is cleavable in vivo to result in an amine, such as a primary or secondary amine.
• the invention provides synthetic precursors for the cycloalkylamines of the invention.
• a large subset of the currently provided amines can be synthesized via the corresponding nitrile (e.g., by reduction) or the corresponding aldehyde (e.g., by reductive amination).
• the invention provides compounds having a structure selected from the following Formulae: wherein p is an integer selected from 0 to 2.
• Ar, R 1 , R 2 , X and the integers m and n are as defined above. In a preferred embodiment p is 0.
• the invention provides cycloalkylamines, wherein the cycloalkyl ring includes one or more double bonds.
• Exemplary compounds are shown below: wherein the integer r is selected from 0 to 8 and t is selected from 0 to 6.
• the compound of the invention can include one or more stereocenter and may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
• Compounds can be chiral, racemic or be present in a composition including one or more stereoisomer.
• the current invention encompasses any enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic mixtures, enantiomerically enriched mixtures, and diastereomerically enriched mixture as well as any enantiomerically or diastereomerically (essentially) pure forms of the compounds of the invention.
• the invention contemplates cis- and trans-isomers, ( ⁇ )- and (+)-enantiomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substitutent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
• a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivatization with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
• diastereomeric salts may be formed with an appropriate optically active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
• separation of enantiomers and diastereomers is frequently accomplished using chromatography employing chiral, stationary phases, optionally in combination with chemical derivatization (e.g., formation of carbamates from amines).
• enantiomerically enriched or “diastereomerically enriched” refers to a compound having an enantiomeric excess (ee) or a diastereomeric excess (de) greater than about 50%, preferably greater than about 70% and more preferably greater than about 90%. In general, higher than about 90% enantiomeric or diastereomeric purity is particularly preferred, e.g., those compositions with greater than about 95%, greater than about 97% and greater than about 99% ee or de.
• enantiomeric excess and “diastereomeric excess” are used interchangeably herein.
• Compounds with a single stereocenter are referred to as being present in “enantiomeric excess”, those with at least two stereocenters are referred to as being present in “diastereomeric excess”.
• ee a ( conc . ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ a - conc . ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ b conc . ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ a + conc . ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ b ) ⁇ 100
• enantiomeric excess is related to the older term “optical purity” in that both are measures of the same phenomenon.
• the value of ee will be a number from 0 to 100, zero being racemic and 100 being enantiomerically pure.
• a compound which in the past might have been called 98% optically pure is now more precisely characterized by 96% ee.
• a 90% ee reflects the presence of 95% of one enantiomer and 5% of the other(s) in the material in question.
• the invention provides a composition including a first stereoisomer and at least one additional stereoisomer of a compound of the invention.
• the first stereoisomer may be present in a diastereomeric or enantiomeric excess of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 90% and more preferably at least about 95%.
• the first stereoisomer is present in a diastereomeric or enantiomeric excess of at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or at least about 99.5%.
• Enantiomeric or diastereomeric excess may be determined relative to exactly one other stereoisomer, or may be determined relative to the sum of at least two other stereoisomers.
• enantiomeric or diastereomeric excess is determined relative to all other detectable stereoisomers, which are present in the mixture.
• Stereoisomers are detectable if a concentration of such stereoisomer in the analyzed mixture can be determined using common analytical methods, such as chiral HPLC.
• Stereoisomers may be separated at an appropriate synthetic stage, for example, by chiral column chromatography, such as HPLC to give enantiomerically/diastereomerically enriched or enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure forms of the respective stereoisomers.
• Cis and trans assignments may be made on the basis of NMR coupling patterns optionally in conjunction with literature values. Absolute configurations can be determined by synthesis from chiral precursor of known configuration, or by X-ray crystallographic determination using crystallized materials.
• Cis- and trans-configurations are defined according to the relative configuration of the amine-bearing side chain and the substitutent on the cyclalkyl ring. When more than one substitutent is present, the higher order (IUPAC) substitutent is used for the determination of cis- and trans-configuration. Examples are Outlined below
• the compounds of the invention are synthesized from the corresponding nitrile C as shown in Scheme 1, below.
• Synthesis of the nitrile C and the carboxylic acid intermediate E can, for example, be accomplished as described by Calderon et al., J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2285, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the reduction of the nitrile C to the corresponding primary amine D can be accomplished by borane reduction, for example, as described by Nagarathnam et al., J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 5320, which is also incorporated herein by reference.
• alkylation of the acetonitrile A with dibromoalkane B gives the nitrile C, which is subsequently converted to acid E (e.g., NaOH, 1,3-propanediol).
• the dibromoalkane can optionally be substituted to afford a substituted cycloalkane analog of the invention.
• the integer n may be selected from 0 to 2, resulting in cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl intermediates, respectively.
• substituted or unsubstituted 1,3-dibromopropane may be used to prepare a cyclobutyl analog of the invention.
• Coupling of acid E with either a primary amine (R 4 ⁇ H) or a secondary amine is performed using peptide coupling reagents known in the art resulting in the corresponding amide (not shown).
• the amide is formed using EDCI and HOBt in DMF as the coupling reagents.
• the amide is formed using PyBOP in DMF as the coupling reagent. Exemplary coupling procedures are described in General Procedures G to G3.
• the amide is then reduced using a reducing agent, such as borane.
• a reducing agent such as borane.
• exemplary borane reagents include BH 3 .THF and borane.dimethylsulfide complexes.
• the resulting amine may be converted to the corresponding salt form.
• treatment of the amine with HCl in Et 2 O affords the HCl salt, which may be recrystallized to give the amine F as a solid.
• the nitrile C can be reduced to the primary amine D using a reducing agent, such as borane (e.g., BH 3 .THF).
• a reducing agent such as borane (e.g., BH 3 .THF).
• the amine may be converted to the corresponding salt form.
• treatment of the amine with HCl in Et 2 O affords the HCl salt, which may be recrystallized to give a pure solid.
• the primary amine may be converted to a secondary or tertiary amine by alkylation of the amino group as described below.
• the carboxylic acid intermediate E can be activated by formation of an acid chloride, which may then be reacted with a primary or secondary amine to give the amide, as outlined for an exemplary cyclopentylamine in Scheme 2, below.
• the nitrile C can be converted to the corresponding aldehyde G using a reducing agent, such as DIBAL (Scheme 3).
• the aldehyde can then be converted to an amine, for example, through reductive amination.
• This synthetic route is particularly useful for the preparation of secondary amines of the invention (R 4 ⁇ H), as the amination of the aldehyde with a secondary amine to form a tertiary amine may be sluggish.
• the nitrile H may be synthesized from dibromobutene and an appropriate aryl acetonitrile and can be converted to the racemic cis and trans hydroxylamines I and J via reduction of the nitrile and hydroboration of the alkene with BH 3 /H 2 O 2 , NaOH.
• reduction of H to the aldehyde K, followed by reductive amination affords the ene-amine L.
• the double bond of L may be used to introduce a substitutent (X) into the 5-membered ring structure.
• the synthesis of secondary amines from primary amines can, for example, be accomplished using the method described by De Luca et al., Synlett 2004, 2570, which is incorporated herein by reference. The method is outlined in Scheme 5, below.
• the primary amine is converted to the N-formylated intermediate M, which may be reduced to the corresponding methyl amine.
• N-formylation followed by borane reduction led to clean mono-methylated products.
• Dialkylamine analogs of the invention can be synthesized according to Scheme 6 below. In this method, a secondary amine is reacted with formaldehyde and concentrated formic acid to form a methylated tertiary amine.
• cycloalkylamines of the invention are substituted at the 2-position.
• Such compounds may be synthesized according to Scheme 8, below.
• the method outlined above for an exemplary 3,4-diphenyl cyclohexylamine of the invention, is applicable to the synthesis of 2-substituted cycloalkylamines.
• Reaction of ethyl 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate N with an aryl-lead triacetate (e.g., 3,4-dichlorophenyllead triacetate) affords the ethyl 1-aryl)-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate O.
• NaBH 4 mediated reduction of the keto-ester yields the alcohol P, which is subsequently saponified to afford the acid Q as a mixture of diastereomers.
• hydroxyl group of S may be functionalized (e.g., alkylation) or replaced by another substitutent (X), such as a halogen atom (e.g., Cl or F) to yield compound T.
• X a substitutent
• the hydroxyl group may be converted to a leaving group, which can subsequently be replaced with a selected nucleophile.
• Corresponding dialkylamines of S or another hydroxyamine can be prepared from the corresponding primary amine or mono-alkylated analog (R 4 ⁇ H) when using an appropriate base, such as DIEA.
• an appropriate base such as DIEA
• synthesis of the N,N-dimethyl amino-alcohols is prepared via alkylation of the N-methyl amines with methyl iodide and DIEA in acetone, as shown in Scheme 9, below.
• the invention provides compounds, which include a substituted alkyl-substitutent within in the cycloalkyl ring structure.
• hydroxymethyl analogs may be synthesized according to Scheme 10 below.
• the hydroxyl group may optionally be replaced with another substitutent, such as a halogen atom.
• the cycloalkyl lactone U is converted to the aryl derivative V.
• the lactone is then reacted with a lithium salt of a selected amine (e.g., dimethylamine) to give the amido-alcohol W, which is subsequently reduced to the amine.
• a selected amine e.g., dimethylamine
• LAH LAH
• the compounds of the invention are substituted at the 3-position of the cycloalkyl ring.
• Exemplary synthetic approaches for the preparation of such compounds are outlined below. Referring to Scheme 11, treatment of ketone X with an aryl Grignard reagent, followed by acidic hydrolysis and Michael addition of the cyanide (e.g., following the procedure described by Callis et al., J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4634) gives the cyano-ketone Y. Addition of an alkyl lithium reagent to the carbonyl group affords the alcohol Z. In one example, this addition is stereoselective and racemic cis Z is formed selectively.
• the cyano group of the alcohol Z can be reduced with a reducing agent, such as borane, and the resulting amine can be N—BOC protected to give the racemic alcohol AA.
• Chiral chromatography followed by removal of the BOC group e.g., by TFA gives the enantiomeric cis amino-alcohols BB and CC.
• the amines can then be converted to the corresponding alkyl amines (e.g., N-Me and NMe 2 derivatives) as described herein, above.
• the ketone Y can be treated with sodium borohydride to afford DD as a mixture of cis- and trans-diastereomers (Scheme 12).
• the cis-diastereomer of DD was formed primarily. Reduction of the nitrile and BOC protection of the resulting amino group affords the amine EE.
• the stereoisomers may be separated by chiral chromatography to give two pairs of enantiomers derived from cis EE and trans EE.
• the hydroxyl group of any of the above analogs can be functionalized or replaced to generate further 3-substituted cyclohexyl amine analogs.
• alkylation of the hydroxyl group of DD with methyl iodide gave the methoxy nitrile FF as described in Scheme 13, below.
• Stereoisomers of FF may be isolated through chiral chromatography.
• the nitrile is further processed to generate an amine.
• the nitrile group is reduced (e.g., borane reduction) to afford the corresponding amine, which may then be converted to the corresponding alkylamine (e.g., methylamine or dimethylamine) as described above.
• 3,3-difunctionalized cycloalkylamine derivatives are synthesized from the ketonitrile Y according to the procedure outlined in Scheme 14, below.
• the 3,3-difluoro-cyclohexylamine GG is synthesized by treatment of the ketonitrile Y with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), followed by reduction of the nitrile group.
• DAST diethylaminosulfur trifluoride
• Treatment of GG with methyl iodide and Hunig's base leads to a separable mixture of the corresponding N-methyl amine HH and N,N-dimethyl amine II.
• the enantiomers of both HH and II can be resolved by chiral chromatography.
• the invention further provides cycloalkylamines, in which the 4-position of the cycloalkyl ring is derivatized.
• An exemplary method for the synthesis of 4-substituted cycloalkyl amines was adapted from a procedure described in WO 03/063797, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The method is outlined in Scheme 15, below.
• the acetonitrile JJ is condensed with methyl acrylate to give the di-ester KK, which is cyclized via Dieckmann condensation to give the cyclic hydroxy ester LL.
• Conversion of LL to the key intermediate MM can, for example, be affected by heating the compound in the microwave to about 160° C.
• Addition of an alkyl nucleophile (such as MeLi or EtLi) gives a mixture of the hydroxynitriles cis NN and trans NN, which may be separated by silica gel column chromatography.
• the intermediate nitrile alcohol NN can be reacted with an alkyl lithium reagent (such as MeLi/NaBH 4 ) to add an R 1 group (e.g., a methyl group) before further processing as shown in Scheme 16, below, to afford the racemic amine PP.
• an alkyl lithium reagent such as MeLi/NaBH 4
• R 1 group e.g., a methyl group
• the enantiomers of PP can be separated by chiral chromatography.
• the ketonitrile MM is converted to chiral 4-hydroxy cyclohexylamines as shown in Scheme 17, below. Reduction of the carbonyl group (e.g., NaBH 4 ), followed by reduction of the nitrile group (e.g., borane) affords the primary amine QQ, which typically has cis configuration. Alternatively, the keto group of the ketonitrile MM is reduced (e.g., NaBH 4 ) and the stereocenter carrying the resulting hydroxyl group is inverted under Mitsonobu conditions to afford the hydroxynitrile RR, which is further processed to the corresponding primary amine SS or to the respective alkyl amine as described herein, above.
• the carbonyl group e.g., NaBH 4
• the nitrile group e.g., borane
• the keto group of the ketonitrile MM is reduced (e.g., NaBH 4 ) and the stereocenter carrying the resulting hydroxyl group is inverted under Mitsonobu
• the hydroxyl group of the intermediate hydroxynitrile RR is replaced or functionalized before further processing to the amine.
• synthesis of O-alkylated or O-arylated species is accomplished through alkylation of the hydroxynitrile as shown in Scheme 18, below. Alkylation with methyl iodide followed by borane reduction of the nitrile provides the primary amine TT.
• a Mitsonobu protocol utilizing an alcohol, such as phenol, followed by borane reduction can be used to convert RR to the trans-analog UU, with inverted stereochemistry at the 4-position.
• the intermediate hydroxyl nitrile RR can be monofluorinated, for example, with morpholino sulfurtrifluoride or DAST to give the 4-fluoro species W, which may be obtained along with the elimination product WW (Scheme 19), which can be separated chromatographically.
• the 4-fluoro nitrile VV and the alkene WW can be converted to the corresponding primary amines or alkyl amine species as described herein, above.
• the double bond can optionally be used to introduce a substitutent in to the cycloalkyl ring (e.g., by hydroboration).
• the ketonitrile MM is converted to a 4,4-disubstituted cycloalkylamine.
• synthesis of the 4,4-difluoro amine XX could be affected via the action of morpholino sulfurtrifluoride or diethylamino trifluoride (DAST), followed by reduction of the nitrile group (e.g., by borane) as outlined in Scheme 19, below.
• DAST diethylamino trifluoride
• the resulting primary amine may be converted to the corresponding alkyl amines as described herein.
• the 4-position of the present cycloalkylamines can also be derivatized via the formation of an intermediate epoxide, as shown in Scheme 21, below.
• epoxidation of the ketonitrile MM using trimethylsulfonium iodide/KO t Bu affords diastereomeric epoxides, which may be separated by column chromatography.
• the epoxide ring can be opened in a regioselective reaction with an appropriate nucleophile, such as TBAF/HF to give the corresponding hydroxyl derivative and subsequent reduction of the nitrile group affords the primary amine, such as the fluoromethyl analog YY.
• the primary amine is optionally converted to corresponding alkylamine species as described herein.
• the invention provides cycloalkylamines with an additional amino group substitutent in the cycloalkyl ring structure.
• the amine substitutent is located at the 4-position of the cycloalkyl ring.
• the ketonitrile MM can be converted to a 4-amino-cyclohexylamine using the exemplary synthetic conversions outlined in Scheme 22, below. Protection of the keto group of MM (e.g., through formation of a dioxolane), reduction of the nitrile group (e.g., with borane), alkylation of the primary amine (e.g., methylation with methyl iodide) and deprotection of the ketone functionality affords the analog ZZ.
• the invention further provides cycloalkylamines, in which the amine-bearing side chain is substituted with substitutents R 1 and R 2 .
• R 1 is a short alkyl group, such as C 1 - to C 4 -alkyl. Introduction of a R 1 group can, for example, be accomplished using the synthetic procedure outlined in Scheme 23, below.
• the invention further provides cycloalkylamines, in which the amine nitrogen is part of a ring.
• R 1 and R 3 together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined to form a 3- to 7-membered ring, such as a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidine or piperidine ring.
• An exemplary synthetic method for the preparation of pyrrolidine analogs according to this embodiment is outlined in Scheme 24, below.
• an acetal Grignard reagent for example, addition of an acetal Grignard reagent to an aryl (e.g. 3,4-dichlorophenyl or 2-naphthyl) (R)-sulfinamine leads to the corresponding sulfinamide CCC as mixtures of diastereomers.
• aryl e.g. 3,4-dichlorophenyl or 2-naphthyl
• R sulfinamide
• hydrolysis e.g., 6M HCl in acetone
• Intramolecular reductive amination e.g., using polymer bound sodium cyanoborohydride affords the racemic pyrollidine DDD.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including a compound of the invention (e.g., a compound of Formulae (I) to (IV)) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for oral administration, e.g., tablets, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), parenteral administration (including intravenous and intramuscular), or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained release formulation.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be specifically formulated for administration transdermally.
• compositions of the invention may be administered orally, parenterally, subcutaneously, transdermally, nasally, or by anal suppository.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be administered using controlled delivery devices.
• Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral and parenteral administration, particularly intramuscular, intravenous and subcutaneous administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular mode of administration.
• the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect, without being toxic to the patient. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient.
• a formulation of the present invention comprises an excipient selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, liposomes, micelle forming agents, e.g., bile acids, and polymeric carriers, e.g., polyesters and polyanhydrides; and a compound of the present invention.
• an aforementioned formulation renders orally bioavailable a compound of the present invention.
• Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, caplets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia), each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
• a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example
• compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be formulated for rapid release, e.g., freeze-dried.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and
• the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
• compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
• polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
• vegetable oils such as olive oil
• injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject compounds may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
• Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
• Pharmaceutical compositions or unit dosage forms of the present invention in the form of prolonged-action tablets may comprise compressed tablets formulated to release the drug substance in a manner to provide medication over a period of time.
• Compounds of the invention can be also administered by controlled release means or by delivery devices that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; and 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591,767, 5,120,548, 5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Such dosage forms can be used to provide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
• Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the compounds of this invention.
• the invention thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled-release.
• controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts.
• the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time.
• Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance.
• controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug, and can thus affect the occurrence of side (e.g., adverse) effects.
• Controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain this constant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted from the body.
• Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.
• Transdermal dosage forms include, but are not limited to, ophthalmic solutions, sprays, aerosols, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, or other forms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th and 18th eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1980 & 1990); and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1985).
• Transdermal dosage forms include “reservoir type” or “matrix type” patches, which can be applied to the skin and worn for a specific period of time to permit the penetration of a desired amount of active ingredients.
• Suitable excipients e.g., carriers and diluents
• other materials that can be used to provide transdermal, topical, and mucosal dosage forms encompassed by this invention are well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular tissue to which a given pharmaceutical composition or dosage form will be applied.
• additional components may be used prior to, in conjunction with, or subsequent to treatment with active ingredients of the invention.
• penetration enhancers can be used to assist in delivering the active ingredients to the tissue.
• the pH of a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form, or of the tissue to which the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is applied may also be adjusted to improve delivery of one or more active ingredients.
• the polarity of a solvent carrier, its ionic strength, or tonicity can be adjusted to improve delivery.
• Compounds such as stearates can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms to advantageously alter the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of one or more active ingredients so as to improve delivery.
• stearates can serve as a lipid vehicle for the formulation, as an emulsifying agent or surfactant, and as a delivery-enhancing or penetration-enhancing agent.
• Different salts, hydrates or solvates of the active ingredients can be used to further adjust the properties of the resulting composition.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the preparations of the present invention may be given orally and parenterally. They are of course given in forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, and by intravenous administration. In one embodiment, oral administrations are preferred.
• parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, intravenous, intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient will range from about 0.005 mg per kilogram to about 5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.
• treatment or “treating” is intended to encompass therapy, preventing (prophylaxis), preventing relapse, and amelioration of acute symptoms.
• “treating” refers to either or both of the amelioration of symptoms and the resolution of the underlying condition.
• the administration of a compound or composition of the invention may act not directly on the disease state, but rather on some pernicious symptom, and the improvement of that symptom leads to a general and desirable amelioration of the disease state
• the patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, including primates, in particular humans, and other mammals such as equines, cattle, swine and sheep, as well as poultry and pets in general.
• compositions of the invention can be administered in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents, for instance antimicrobial agents, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides.
• Conjunctive therapy thus includes sequential, simultaneous and separate administration of the active compound in a way that the therapeutic effects of the first administered agent have not entirely disappeared when the subsequent agent is administered.
• the invention provides a method of binding a compound of the invention to a monoamine transporter.
• the method includes contacting the monoamine transporter and a compound of the invention.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting binding of a monoamine transporter ligand to a monoamine transporter (such as serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter).
• the method includes contacting the monoamine transporter and a compound of the invention.
• the monoamine transporter ligand is an endogenous monoamine, such as serotonin, dopamine or norepinephrine.
• the ligand is a drug molecule or another small molecule known to have binding affinity to a monoamine transporter.
• the monoamine transporter ligand is a radioactively labeled compound, known to bind to the monoamine transporter.
• inhibition of ligand binding is shown using an ex vivo binding assay, such as those described herein, below in Example 7.
• the compound of the invention inhibits mean binding by between about 1% and about 100%, preferably by between about 10% and about 100%, more preferably by between about 20% and about 90% when compared to vehicle. Inhibition of mean binding is preferably dose dependent.
• the invention provides a method of modulating (e.g., inhibiting, augmenting) the activity of at least one monoamine transporter, such as serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter.
• the method includes contacting the monoamine transporter and a compound of the invention.
• the monoamine transporter is contacted with a compound of the invention by administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention, e.g., a compound according to Formulae (I) to (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the subject is a human.
• the monoamine transporter is dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT) or norepinephrine transporter (NET).
• DAT dopamine transporter
• SERT serotonin transporter
• NET norepinephrine transporter
• the compound of the invention inhibits the activity of at least two different monoamine transporters. Inhibition of monoamine transporter activity may be measured using assays known in the art. Exemplary assay formats include in vitro functional uptake assays (Example 6).
• the functional uptake assay utilizes an appropriate cell-line expressing a desired monoamine transporter.
• the functional uptake assay utilizes synaptosomes isolated from brain tissue of an appropriate organism.
• inhibition of monoamine transporter activity may be assessed using receptor binding experiments known in the art, e.g., utilizing appropriate membrane preparations.
• Another assay involves treatment of a test subject (e.g., a rat) with a compound of the invention as well as a reference compound, followed by isolation of brain tissue and ex vivo analysis of receptor occupancy, as described herein.
• the invention provides a method of inhibiting uptake of at least one monoamine (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) by a cell.
• the method includes contacting the cell with a compound of the invention.
• the cell is a brain cell, such as a neuron or a glial cell.
• inhibition of monoamine uptake occurs in vivo.
• neuronal uptake also termed reuptake
• a monoamine such as dopamine or serotonin occurs, for example, from the synaptic cleft.
• the neuronal cell is in contact with a synaptic cleft of a mammal.
• inhibition of monoamine uptake occurs in vitro.
• the cell may be a brain cell, such as a neuronal cell or a cell-type, which expresses a recombinant monoamine transporter.
• the compound inhibits uptake of at least two different monoamines.
• This can, for example, be shown by performing various in vitro functional uptake assays utilizing a cell-type, which simultaneously expresses multiple different monoamine transporters (such as isolated synaptosomes), or may be shown by using two different cell types, each expressing a different monoamine transporter, such as a recombinant dopamine transporter, together with an appropriate, labelled monoamine (Example 6).
• the inhibitor e.g., a compound of the invention
• the inhibitor has an IC 50 of between about 0.1 nM and about 10 ⁇ M, preferably between about 1 nM and about 1 ⁇ M, more preferably between about 1 nM and about 500 nM, and even more preferably between about 1 nM and about 100 mM in a functional monoamine uptake assay, such as those described herein below.
• the invention provides a method of treating depression by inhibiting the activity at least one monoamine transporter.
• the method includes administering to a mammalian subject a compound of the invention.
• the mammalian subject is a human.
• the compound of the invention inhibits the activity of at least two different monoamine transporters.
• the compound of the invention inhibits the activity of at least two of serotonin transporter, dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter. Inhibition of monoamine transporter activity may be shown by functional monoamine uptake assays as described herein below (Example 6).
• Demonstration of anti-depressant activity of a compound of the invention may be shown by utilizing an appropriate animal model of depression, such as the Rat Forced Swim Test, the Mouse Tail Suspension Test and Rat Locomotor Activity Analyses (Example 8).
• the Rat Forced Swim Test is also suitable for the analysis of compounds having activities against more than one monoamine transporter (mixed monoamine transporter activity). For example, an increase in swimming activity is indicative of serotonin reuptake inhibition, while an increase in climbing activity is indicative of norepinephrine reuptake inhibition.
• the compounds of the invention are active in at least one animal model, which can be used to measure anti-depressant-like activities, for instance those assessing immobility.
• the compounds of the invention are active when they inhibit mean immobility by between about 5% and about 90%, preferably between about 10% and about 70% and more preferably between about 10% and about 50% in at least one animal model, when compared to vehicle.
• the invention provides a method of effecting an anti-depressant-like effect.
• the method includes administering to a mammalian subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention, e.g., a compound according to Formulae (I) to (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• Anti-depressant-like effects may be measured using an animal model of disease, such as those described herein.
• the invention provides a method of treating a central nervous system disorder.
• the method includes administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition or compound of the invention, e.g., a compound according to Formulae (I) to (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• a composition or compound of the invention e.g., a compound according to Formulae (I) to (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• the subject is a human.
• the central nervous system disorder is a member selected from the group consisting of depression (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, unipolar disorder, dysthymia and seasonal affective disorder), cognitive deficits, fibromyalgia, pain (e.g., neuropathic pain), sleep related disorders (e.g., sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, cataplexy) including those sleep disorders, which are produced by psychiatric conditions, chronic fatigue syndrome, attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), restless leg syndrome, schizophrenia, anxieties (e.g., ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), restless leg syndrome, schizophrenia, anxieties (e.g.
• depression e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, unipolar disorder, dysthymia and seasonal affective disorder
• cognitive deficits e.g., fibromyalgia
• pain e.g., neuropathic pain
• sleep related disorders e
• the CNS disorder is depression, such as major depressive disorder.
• the compounds of the invention are useful to treat two conditions/disorders, which are comorbid, such as cognitive deficit and depression.
• Central nervous system disorder includes cerebral function disorders, including without limitation, senile dementia, Alzheimer's type dementia, cognition, memory loss, amnesia/amnestic syndrome, epilepsy, disturbances of consciousness, coma, lowering of attention, speech disorders, Lennox syndrome, autism, and hyperkinetic syndrome.
• Neuropathic pain includes without limitation post herpetic (or post-shingles) neuralgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy/causalgia or nerve trauma, phantom limb pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy (such as diabetic neuropathy or neuropathy arising from chronic alcohol use).
• exemplary diseases and conditions include obesity; migraine or migraine headache; urinary incontinence, including without limitation involuntary voiding of urine, dribbling or leakage of urine, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urge incontinence, urinary exertional incontinence, reflex incontinence, passive incontinence, and overflow incontinence; as well as sexual dysfunction, in men or women, including without limitation sexual dysfunction caused by psychological and/or physiological factors, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, vaginal dryness, lack of sexual excitement, inability to obtain orgasm, and psycho-sexual dysfunction, including without limitation, inhibited sexual desire, inhibited sexual excitement, inhibited female orgasm, inhibited male orgasm, functional dyspareunia, functional vaginismus, and atypical psychosexual dysfunction.
• SUVI stress urinary incontinence
• urge incontinence urinary exertional incontinence
• reflex incontinence reflex incontinence
• passive incontinence passive incon
• Reverse phase HPLC purification was performed on a Gilson system using a Phenomenex 5 ⁇ C18 (50 ⁇ 21.2 mm) column.
• the standard separation method was: 10 minute gradient of 10 ⁇ 100% B (acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid) in solvent A (water/0.1% formic acid). Crude samples were typically dissolved in MeOH. Fractions were concentrated by Genovac (centrifugation at low pressure).
• the crude salt (e.g., HCl salt) was loaded into a microwave vessel with a stir bar.
• the recrystallization solvent was added and the vessel was heated at the target temperature for a given time.
• the vessel was cooled to 50° C. in the reactor, was then removed and allowed to slowly cool to RT.
• N,N-dimethyl amines were typically recrystallized in EtOAc or EtOAc:CH 3 CN (2:1).
• N-Me or primary amines were typically recrystallized in CH 3 CN.
• the amine free base was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 at approximately 0.4 M and concentrated formic acid (1.0 eq relative to the amine), 1-chloro-3,5-dimethoxytriazine (1.1 eq), DMAP (0.03 eq) and N-methylmorpholine (1.1 eq) were added in this order.
• the solution was heated in the ⁇ W (60° C., 10 min.) and cooled to RT.
• the reaction was monitored by HPLC. When the starting material was consumed, the crude reaction mixture was diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (15 mL) and washed with aqueous HCl (twice), saturated aqueous K 2 CO 3 and brine. The crude product was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• the crude N-formyl amide was dissolved in anhydrous THF at approximately 0.2 M and borane-THF (e.g., 1.0 M in THF, 3 eq) was added dropwise.
• the clear solution was heated via ⁇ W (150° c., 30 min, FHT), cooled to RT and quenched with 6M HCl (e.g., 10 mL).
• the solution washed twice with Et 2 O (e.g., 20 mL).
• the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 12 with 3M NaOH and was then washed three times with EtOAc (e.g., 20 mL).
• the combined organic layers were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• the crude amine was dissolved in Et 2 O (e.g., 3 mL) and HCl (e.g., 3-5 mL, 2.0 M in Et 2 O). The solution was stirred for 1 h and evaporated twice from CH 2 Cl 2 (e.g., 20 mL). The crude HCl salt was recrystallized in the indicated solvent, filtered and dried in vacuo.
• the amine free base (up to 100 mg) was suspended in 37% aqueous formaldehyde (3 mL) and concentrated formic acid (3 mL) was added. The yellowish solution was heated at 100° c. for 1 h and cooled to RT. The clear solution was poured into saturated aqueous K 2 CO 3 (20 mL) and washed with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 20 mL). The organic washes were combined, washed with brine (1 ⁇ 10 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated. The crude amine was dissolved in Et 2 O (3 mL) and HCl (3-5 mL, 2.0 M in Et 2 O) was added.
• the crude amine was purified by column chromatography and/or isolated as the HCl salt after precipitation from ether (e.g., Et 2 O) and HCl (e.g., 2.0 M in Et 2 O).
• ether e.g., Et 2 O
• HCl e.g., 2.0 M in Et 2 O
• the crude HCl salt was optionally recrystallized from the indicated solvent.
• the clear solution was stirred at RT for 1-5 h and monitored by HPLC. Longer reaction times favor the formation of the N,N-dimethyl amines; shorter reaction times favor formation of the N-methyl amines.
• the reaction was checked by HPLC and quenched with MeOH (5 mL) when the desired ratio of N-methyl:N,N-dimethyl amines was reached.
• the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and loaded directly onto a Biotage samplet. Purification by silica gel column chromatography used hexane/0.1% DEA as the non-polar phase and ethyl acetate as the polar phase. The following gradient was employed: equilibration with hexane/0.1% DEA, 3 column volumes (CV), linear 0-50% ethyl acetate over 7 CV, hold at 50% ethyl acetate for 5.5 CV. Fractions were checked by HPLC and LCMS. Product fractions eluted around fractions 7-15. Positive fractions were concentrated and converted into HCl salts.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarbonitrile (920 mg, 3.62 mmol).
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from 1:5 CH 3 CN/IPA (10 mL) to give pure [1-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-cyclohexyl]-methylamine hydrochloride as an off-white solid.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile.
• a solution of the crude product in MTBE was basicified at 0° C. with KOH, extracted with MTBE and evaporated. The residue was diluted in DCM, filtered through an aminopropyl column and evaporated to give the primary amine (64.1 mg, 25%) as an oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-cyclohexanecarbonitrile (127 mg, 0.50 mmol).
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 10%) to give (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)methanamine (62 mg, 48%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (115 mg, 0.50 mmol).
• the crude product was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 10%) to give ( ⁇ ) (1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methanamine (58 mg, 50%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-cyclohexanecarbonitrile (127 mg, 0.50 mmol).
• the crude product was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 10%) to give ( ⁇ ) (1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-cyclohexyl)methanamine (26 mg, 20%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (102 mg, 0.50 mmol).
• the crude product was purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 10%) to give ( ⁇ ) (1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)methanamine (32 mg, 31%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was synthesized from 4-fluoro-naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid (2.0 g, 10.3 mmol) according to the synthetic procedures described above for the synthesis of 39 (Scheme 25).
• the amide was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (232 mg, 0.85 mmol) and diethyl amine using General Procedure G and was isolated in 13% yield as a white solid.
• the amide was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (182 mg, 0.67 mmol) and dimethyl amine using General Procedure G and isolated in 36% yield as a white solid.
• the amide was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (218 mg, 0.80 mmol) and methyl amine using General Procedure G and was isolated in 35% yield as a white solid.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide (80 mg, 0.28 mmol) using General Procedure E followed by HCL salt formation.
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from CH 3 CN (3 mL) to give pure 1-(1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as an off-white solid.
• the amide was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (390 mg, 1.43 mmol) and ethylmethylamine using General Procedure G and was isolated in 30% yield as a white solid.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide (130 mg, 0.414 mmol) using General Procedure E followed by HCl salt formation.
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from CH 3 CN (3 mL) to give pure N-((1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-methylethanamine as white crystals.
• the amide was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (280 mg, 1.03 mmol) and ethylamine using General Procedure G and was isolated in 28% yield as a white solid.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-ethylcyclohexanecarboxamide (86 mg, 0.286 mmol) using General Procedure E followed by HCl salt formation.
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from CH 3 CN (4.5 mL) to give pure ( ⁇ ) N-((1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-methyl)ethanamine hydrochloride as colorless crystals.
• the tile compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (372 mg, 1.37 mmol) and cyclopropylamine using General Procedure G and was isolated in 25% yield as a white solid.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-cyclopropylcyclohexane carboxamide (108 mg, 0.35 mmol) using General Procedure E followed by HCl formation.
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from 3:1 EtOAc:CH 3 CN (4 mL) and 1:1 EtOAc:CH 3 CN (3 mL) to give pure N-((1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-methyl)cyclopropanamine hydrochloride as white crystals.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-phenylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde (126 mg, 0.67 mmol) and methyl amine (370 ⁇ L, 0.73 mmol, 2.0 M in THF) according to General Procedure H, followed by HCl salt formation.
• the HCl salt was recrystallized from CH 3 CN to give pure N-methyl(1-phenylcyclohexyl)methanamine hydrochloride (8 mg, 6%) as colorless crystals.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (131 mg, 0.58 mmol) and methyl amine (320 ⁇ L, 0.64 mmol, 2.0 M in THF) according to General Procedure H, followed by HCl salt formation.
• the HCl salt was recrystallized from CH 3 CN to give pure (1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanamine hydrochloride as colorless crystals.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylcyclohexanecarboxamide (191 mg, 0.72 mmol) using General Procedure E, followed by HCl salt formation.
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from 2:1 CH 3 CN:EtOAc (4.5 mL) to give pure (1-(3-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine hydrochloride as an off-white solid (21 mg, 12%).
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylcyclohexanecarboxamide (241 mg, 0.91 mmol) according to General Procedure E.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexane-carboxylic acid (222 mg, 1 mmol) and methylamine (1 mL, 1M in THF, 1 eq) according to General Procedure G.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the amide (202.6 mg, 86%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde and dimethyl amine using General Procedure H1 and was obtained in 88% yield as an oily solid.
• the title compound was also synthesized from 1-(1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanamine according to General Procedure C.
• the title compound was synthesized from 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-acetonitrile (4.11 g, 22.2 mmol) and 1,5-dibromopentane (3.324 ml, 24.4 mmol) according to General Procedure J and was obtained as a clear oil (4.98 g, 89%).
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexane-carbaldehyde (128 mg, 0.50 mmol) and dimethylamine (2.0 M in THF, 0.5 ml, 1.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give N,N-dimethyl-1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-cyclohexyl)methanamine (47 mg, 33%).
• the title compound was prepared from the above nitrile according to General Procedure M.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes, EtOAc from 0% to 25%) to give 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (1.65 g, 56%) as a white solid.
• the title compound was prepared from the above 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (232 mg, 1.0 mmol) and dimethylamine (2.0 M in THF, 1.0 ml, 2.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give 1-(1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (47 mg, 33%) as clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (232 mg, 1.0 mmol) and methylamine (2.0 M in THF, 3 ml, 6.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (SiO 2 , MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 20%) to give 1-(1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanamine (218 mg, 88%).
• the title compound was prepared from the above 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexane-carbonitrile (5.60 g, 22.1 mmol) according to General Procedure M.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes, EtOAc from 0% to 25%) to give 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (3.85 g, 68%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexane-carbaldehyde (116 mg, 0.5 mmol) and methylamine (2.0 M in THF, 2.5 ml, 5.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give N-methyl-1-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)methanamine (50 mg, 45%).
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexane-carbaldehyde (128 mg, 0.50 mmol) and dimethylamine (2.0 M in THF, 2.5 ml, 5.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give N,N-dimethyl-1-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)methanamine (74 mg, 52%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 2-(3-fluorophenyl)acetonitrile (2.58 ml, 22.2 mmol) and 1,5-dibromopentane (3.324 ml, 24.4 mmol) according to General Procedure J to yield 1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (4.43 g, 97%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (3.52 g, 17.32 mmol) according to General Procedure M.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes, EtOAc from 0% to 25%) to give 1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (2.01 g, 56%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from the above 1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexane-carbaldehyde (103 mg, 0.5 mmol) and methylamine (2.0 M in THF, 2.5 ml, 5.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give 1-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-N-methylmethanamine (50 mg, 45%).
• the title compound was prepared from 1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexane-carbaldehyde (103 mg, 0.50 mmol) and dimethylamine (2.0 M in THF, 2.5 ml, 5.0 mmol) according to General Procedure H2.
• the crude product was purified by column chromatography (SiO 2 , MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give 1-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (46 mg, 39%) as a clear oil.
• Cis 121 E2 was synthesized from cis 120 E2 (31 mg, 0.124 mmol) according to General Procedure P to give the primary amine (21 mg, 72%) as a clear oil.
• the title compound was prepared from trans-2-(bromomethyl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cyclohexanol (103 mg, 0.305 mmol) and sodium azide (59 mg, 1.314 mmol) according to General Procedure O to give the azide (70 mg, 76%) as a clear oil.
• Trans 121 E1 and trans 121 E2 were prepared from trans 120 E1 and trans 120 E2, respectively, according to General Procedure P.
• the crude products were purified by chromatography (SiO 2 , MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 , MeOH from 0% to 15%) to give the primary amines (about 15 mg each, 65%) as clear oils.
• the absolute configurations of the chiral centers were not determined.
• the following compounds were prepared from the respective monomethyl amine according to General Procedure F.
• the crude products were purified by silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol, 0-5% MeOH) to give the desired dimethyl amine.
• ( ⁇ ) cis 125 was prepared from ( ⁇ ) cis 124 (54 mg, 83%, clear oil).
• Trans 125 E1 and trans 125 E2 were prepared from trans 124 E1 and trans 124 E2, respectively.
• Arylhydroxyacids is outlined in Scheme 27, below.
• Commercial arylboronic acids 126 were converted to the aryllead intermediates 127 using lead acetate and mercuric acetate.
• Compounds 127 were used in situ to ⁇ -arylate 2-ethylcyclohexanonecarboxylate to provide ketoesters 128 as racemic mixtures in 32-71% overall yield.
• Reduction of racemic ketones 128 with sodium borohydride produced four isomeric hydroxyester products, 129 ( ⁇ ) cis and 129 ( ⁇ ) trans in 29% to quantitative yields.
• the pair of cis isomers were separated from the pair of trans isomers to give the enantiomeric mixtures 129 ( ⁇ ) cis and 129 ( ⁇ ) trans using a Biotage chromatography system (Sorbent Technologies, 800 g, 40-75 ⁇ m SiO 2 , heptane/ether).
• 129 ( ⁇ ) cis and 129 ( ⁇ ) trans were saponified with sodium hydroxide in methanol/water to provide the hydroxyacids 130 ( ⁇ ) cis and 130 ( ⁇ ) trans, respectively, in 55% to quantitative yield after extraction.
• a mixture of the respective carboxylic acid 130 (e.g., 3.56 g, 12.3 mmol), PyBOP (e.g., 7.04 g, 13.5 mmol), methylamine (e.g., 2 M in THF, 37.0 mL, 74.0 mmol), and triethylamine (e.g., 1.24 g, 12.3 mmol) was stirred at room temperature overnight.
• the mixture was acidified with 2 N HCl and was then extracted with ethyl acetate (e.g., 3 ⁇ 60 mL).
• the organic layers were combined, optionally washed with NaHCO 3 solution, washed with brine (e.g., 50 mL), dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
• the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using hexane/ethyl acetate or CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH gradients and/or optionally triturated with e.g., diethyl ether to give the respective N-methyl amine 131.
• a mixture of respective carboxylic acid 130 e.g., 9.50 g, 37.3 mmol
• PyBOP e.g., 19.4 g, 37.3 mmol
• methylamine e.g., 2 M in THF, 20.5 mL, 41.0 mmol
• N-methylmorpholine e.g., 4.50 mL, 41.0 mmol
• DMAP e.g., 5.00 g, 41.0 mmol
• N-methylcarboxamide 131 e.g., 2.70 g, 8.93 mmol
• borane.dimethylsulfide 2 M in THF, 13.4 mL, 26.8 mmol
• the mixture was stirred 48 hours at reflux. After cooling, the mixture was acidified by careful addition of 2 N HCl.
• the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was washed with diethyl ether (e.g., 60 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was made basic through addition of 2 N NaOH and was then extracted with ethyl acetate (e.g., 3 ⁇ 150 mL).
• the title compound can be prepared from the above amide, for example, according to General Procedure E.
• the title compound can be prepared from the above amide, for example, according to General Procedure E.
• methylamines 132 Treatment of the respective methylamines 132 (Scheme 29) with a methylating reagent, e.g., iodomethane and N,N′-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in acetone or CH 2 Cl 2 (modified General Procedure F) gave the dimethylamines cis 151 E1, c is 151 E2, trans 151 E1, and trans 151 E2.
• a methylating reagent e.g., iodomethane and N,N′-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in acetone or CH 2 Cl 2
• a solution of the respective methylamine 132 (e.g., 26.5 mg, 0.0919 mmol) in formaldehyde (e.g., 37%, 2 ml) and formic acid (e.g., 96%, 2 ml) was heated at 100° C. for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was washed with hexanes (e.g., 3 ⁇ 4 ml). The aqueous solution was then made basic with 5 N KOH solution to pH 12. The mixture was extracted with t-butyl methylether (e.g., 3 ⁇ 5 ml) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C-18 column, CH 3 CN/water, CH 3 CN from 5% to 100%) to give the respective oxazine.
• formaldehyde e.g., 37%, 2 ml
• formic acid e.g., 96%, 2 m
• the title compound was prepared from racemic 7a-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)hexahydroisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one and ethylamine according to General Procedures AA, followed by General Procedure E.
• the title compound was prepared from racemic 7a-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-hexahydroisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one and methylamine according to General Procedures AA and E.
• the amide was synthesized from the above lactone according to General Procedure AA.
• the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a clear oil (239 mg, 100%).
• the title compound was prepared from lactone (630 mg, 5 mmol) and dichlorophenylbromide (1.69 g, 1.5 eq) according to General Procedure K.
• the crude product was separated by silica gel column chromatography to give the lactone (578 mg, 44%) as a pale-brown oil.
• TLC R f (25% EA/hex) 0.34.
• the title compound was synthesized from 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methylcyclohexanecarbonitrile (159 mg, 0.60 mmol) according to General Procedure E, followed by HCl salt formation.
• the crude HCl salt was recrystallized from CH 3 CN (1.5 mL) to give the title compound as white crystals.
• the crude amine was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with 3M NaOH (2 ⁇ 20 mL) and brine (20 mL), then dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• the crude amine was purified by PTLC with 10% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 to give the title compound as a clear oil.
• the ketone was reduced to the alcohol 181 using NaBH 4 in ethanol at 0° C.
• the major product was the cis diastereomer and the minor product was the trans diastereomer.
• the amine 182 was formed through reduction of the nitrile with BH 3 .THF at room temperature overnight in 83% yield. Protection of the amino group with Boc-anhydride afforded 183.
• the diastereomers were then separated using reverse phase HPLC.
• the primary amine 182 (mixture of cis and trans diastereomers, 1.8 g, 6.57 mmol) was added to a 10% triethylamine solution in MeOH (40 ml). To this mixture was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.72 g, 7.88 mmol) with vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The solvent was then removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (70 ml), washed with saturated K 2 CO 3 solution (3 ⁇ 40 ml), 5% HCl (2 ⁇ 40 ml), brine (40 ml), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and evaporated.
• the absolute configuration of the chiral centers was not determined.

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