US20070041457A1 - Method and apparatus for providing antenna diversity in a wireless communication system - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for providing antenna diversity in a wireless communication system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070041457A1
US20070041457A1 US11/261,823 US26182305A US2007041457A1 US 20070041457 A1 US20070041457 A1 US 20070041457A1 US 26182305 A US26182305 A US 26182305A US 2007041457 A1 US2007041457 A1 US 2007041457A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
antennas
virtual
virtual antennas
transmit
processor
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Abandoned
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US11/261,823
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English (en)
Inventor
Tamer Kadous
Aamod Khadekar
Dhananjay Gore
Alexei Gorokhov
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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Priority to US11/261,823 priority Critical patent/US20070041457A1/en
Assigned to QUALCOMM INCORPORATED reassignment QUALCOMM INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KHANDEKAR, AAMOD, KADOUS, TAMER, GORE, DHANANJAY ASHOK, GOROKHOV, ALEXEI
Priority to CA2620067A priority patent/CA2620067C/en
Priority to KR1020087007017A priority patent/KR100962453B1/ko
Priority to KR1020087006878A priority patent/KR100954485B1/ko
Priority to TW095130842A priority patent/TWI358216B/zh
Priority to JP2008528102A priority patent/JP5405108B2/ja
Priority to TW095130918A priority patent/TWI337475B/zh
Priority to AU2006283166A priority patent/AU2006283166A1/en
Priority to BRPI0614854-9A priority patent/BRPI0614854B1/pt
Priority to JP2008528093A priority patent/JP4819897B2/ja
Priority to CN201510024569.6A priority patent/CN104618004B/zh
Priority to CN201510024446.2A priority patent/CN104601212B/zh
Priority to ES06789944.3T priority patent/ES2525474T3/es
Priority to CN201610030660.3A priority patent/CN105450278B/zh
Priority to CN201510024440.5A priority patent/CN104660317B/zh
Priority to CN201510024343.6A priority patent/CN104660316B/zh
Priority to CN200680038384.XA priority patent/CN101288245B/zh
Priority to ARP060103647A priority patent/AR055382A1/es
Priority to EP06789944.3A priority patent/EP1917736B1/en
Priority to HUE06802139A priority patent/HUE040634T2/hu
Priority to ES06802139.3T priority patent/ES2688275T3/es
Priority to NZ566171A priority patent/NZ566171A/en
Priority to EP06802139.3A priority patent/EP1917737B1/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/032860 priority patent/WO2007024913A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2006/032900 priority patent/WO2007024935A2/en
Priority to CN200680039275.XA priority patent/CN101292442B/zh
Publication of US20070041457A1 publication Critical patent/US20070041457A1/en
Priority to IL189635A priority patent/IL189635A0/en
Priority to NO20081228A priority patent/NO20081228L/no
Priority to CL2009000739A priority patent/CL2009000739A1/es
Priority to CL2009000738A priority patent/CL2009000738A1/es
Priority to JP2011153517A priority patent/JP5479411B2/ja
Priority to US13/271,121 priority patent/US9660776B2/en
Priority to US13/271,113 priority patent/US9860033B2/en
Priority to US13/271,108 priority patent/US20120140798A1/en
Priority to JP2011268078A priority patent/JP5389894B2/ja
Priority to JP2013150743A priority patent/JP2014003625A/ja
Priority to JP2014212940A priority patent/JP2015053704A/ja
Priority to JP2015105732A priority patent/JP6022641B2/ja
Priority to JP2016006115A priority patent/JP6195944B2/ja
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0671—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different delays between antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0023—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
    • H04L1/0026—Transmission of channel quality indication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0602—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using antenna switching
    • H04B7/0608—Antenna selection according to transmission parameters
    • H04B7/061—Antenna selection according to transmission parameters using feedback from receiving side
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0691—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using subgroups of transmit antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0697—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using spatial multiplexing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/20—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received using signal quality detector
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/42—TPC being performed in particular situations in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H04L27/26035—Maintenance of orthogonality, e.g. for signals exchanged between cells or users, or by using covering codes or sequences
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to transmission schemes for wireless communication.
  • a transmitter e.g., a base station or a terminal
  • the multiple transmit antennas may be used to increase system throughput by transmitting different data from these antennas and/or to improve reliability by transmitting data redundantly.
  • the transmitter may transmit a given symbol from all T transmit antennas, and the receiver may receive multiple versions of this symbol via the R receive antennas. These multiple versions of the transmitted symbol generally improve the receiver's ability to recover the symbol.
  • Transmission performance may be improved by exploiting the spatial dimension obtained with the multiple transmit antennas and, if present, the multiple receive antennas.
  • a propagation path exists between each pair of transmit and receive antennas.
  • T ⁇ R different propagation paths are formed between the T transmit antennas and the R receive antennas. These propagation paths may experience different channel conditions (e.g., different fading, multipath, and interference effects) and may achieve different signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios (SNRs).
  • SNRs signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios
  • the channel responses for the T ⁇ R propagation paths may vary from path to path and may further vary across frequency for a dispersive wireless channel and/or over time for a time-variant wireless channel.
  • a major drawback to using multiple transmit antennas for data transmission is that the channel response between each pair of transmit and receive antennas (or each propagation path) typically needs to be estimated in order to properly receive the data transmission. Estimation of the fall channel response for all T ⁇ R transmit and receive antenna pairs may be undesirable for several reasons. First, a large amount of link resources may be consumed in order to transmit a pilot used for channel estimation, which in turn reduces the link resources available to transmit data. Second, channel estimation for all T ⁇ R transmit and receive antenna pairs increases processing overhead at the receiver.
  • the spatial multiplexing order determines the number of symbols to send simultaneously on one subcarrier in one symbol period
  • the spatial diversity order determines the amount of spatial diversity observed by the transmitted symbols
  • the channel estimation overhead order determines the amount of pilot overhead.
  • the subcarriers assigned to the receiver and the spatial multiplexing order (M) for the receiver are determined, where M ⁇ 1.
  • M virtual antennas are selected from among V virtual antennas formed with V columns of an orthonormal matrix, where V ⁇ M. V may be selected to achieve the desired spatial diversity order and channel estimation overhead order.
  • the M virtual antennas for each assigned subcarrier may be selected in various manners, as described below.
  • Output symbols for the receiver are mapped to the M virtual antennas selected for each assigned subcarrier by applying the orthonormal matrix. Pilot symbols are also mapped to the V virtual antennas.
  • the mapped output symbols and pilot symbols (or transmit symbols) are provided for transmission from T physical transmit antennas, where T ⁇ V. Transmission symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols or SC-FDMA symbols) are generated for each transmit antenna based on the transmit symbols for that transmit antenna. Different cyclic delays may be applied to the transmission symbols for the T transmit antennas.
  • FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B show MISO and MIMO channels, respectively.
  • FIG. 3 shows a transmission scheme with virtual antennas.
  • FIG. 4 shows a transmission scheme with virtual antennas and cyclic delay diversity.
  • FIG. 5 shows a MIMO transmission by cycling through the virtual antennas.
  • FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6 C show three exemplary subcarrier structures.
  • FIG. 7 shows an exemplary frequency hopping scheme.
  • FIG. 8 shows an exemplary pilot scheme for symbol rate hopping.
  • FIG. 9A through 9D show four exemplary pilot schemes for block hopping.
  • FIG. 10 shows a process for transmitting data and pilot to one or more receivers.
  • FIG. 11 shows an apparatus for transmitting data and pilot to one or more receivers.
  • FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of a base station and two terminals.
  • FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system 100 with multiple base stations 110 and multiple terminals 120 .
  • a base station is a station that communicates with the terminals.
  • a base station may also be called, and may contain some or all of the functionality of, an access point, a Node B, and/or some other network entity.
  • Each base station 110 provides communication coverage for a particular geographic area 102 .
  • the term “cell” can refer to a base station and/or its coverage area depending on the context in which the term is used.
  • a base station coverage area may be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, e.g., three smaller areas 104 a, 104 b , and 104 c. Each smaller area is served by a respective base transceiver subsystem (BTS).
  • BTS base transceiver subsystem
  • the term “sector” can refer to a BTS and/or its coverage area depending on the context in which the term is used.
  • the BTSs for all sectors of that cell are typically co-located within the base station for the cell.
  • the transmission techniques described herein may be used for a system with sectorized cells as well as a system with un-sectorized cells.
  • the techniques may be used for the system described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. [Attorney Docket No. 05091].
  • the term “base station” is used generically for a BTS that serves a sector as well as a base station that serves a cell.
  • Terminals 120 are typically dispersed throughout the system, and each terminal may be fixed or mobile.
  • a terminal may also be called, and may contain some or all of the functionality of, a mobile station, a user equipment, and/or some other device.
  • a terminal may be a wireless device, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem card, and so on.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • Each terminal may communicate with zero, one, or multiple base stations on the downlink and uplink at any given moment.
  • the downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals
  • the uplink or reverse link refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations.
  • a system controller 130 couples to base stations 110 and provides coordination and control for these base stations.
  • the base stations may communicate with one another as needed.
  • the transmission techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication systems such as an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, a single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, a spatial division multiple access (SDMA) system, and so on.
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • K multiple
  • each subcarrier is associated with a respective subcarrier that may be modulated with data.
  • An SC-FDMA system may utilize interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) to transmit on subcarriers that are distributed across the system bandwidth, localized FDMA (LFDMA) to transmit on a block of adjacent subcarriers, or enhanced FDMA (EFDMA) to transmit on multiple blocks of adjacent subcarriers.
  • IFDMA interleaved FDMA
  • LFDMA localized FDMA
  • EFDMA enhanced FDMA
  • modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDMA.
  • An OFDM symbol may be generated for one transmit antenna in one symbol period as follows. N modulation symbols are mapped to N subcarriers used for transmission (or N assigned subcarriers) and zero symbols with signal value of zero are mapped to the remaining K ⁇ N subcarriers. A K-point inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) or inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) is performed on the K modulation symbols and zero symbols to obtain a sequence of K time-domain samples. The last Q samples of the sequence are copied to the start of the sequence to form an OFDM symbol that contains K+Q samples. The Q copied samples are often called a cyclic prefix or a guard interval, and Q is the cyclic prefix length. The cyclic prefix is used to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency selective fading, which is a frequency response that varies across the system bandwidth.
  • ISI intersymbol interference
  • An SC-FDMA symbol may be generated for one transmit antenna in one symbol period as follows.
  • N modulation symbols to be sent on N assigned subcarriers are transformed to the frequency domain with an N-point fast Fourier transform (FFT) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to obtain N frequency-domain symbols.
  • FFT fast Fourier transform
  • DFT discrete Fourier transform
  • K-point IFFT or IDFT is then performed on the K frequency-domain symbols and zero symbols to obtain a sequence of K time-domain samples.
  • the last Q samples of the sequence are copied to the start of the sequence to form an SC-FDMA symbol that contains K+Q samples.
  • a transmission symbol may be an OFDM symbol or an SC-FDMA symbol.
  • the K+Q samples of a transmission symbol are transmitted in K+Q sample/chip periods.
  • a symbol period is the duration of one transmission symbol and is equal to K+Q sample/chip periods.
  • the transmission techniques described herein may be used for the downlink as well as the uplink. For clarity, much of the following description is for downlink transmission from a base station (a transmitter) to one or more terminals (receivers). For each subcarrier, the base station may transmit to one terminal without SDMA or to multiple terminals with SDMA.
  • FIG. 2A shows a multiple-input single-output (MISO) channel formed by multiple (T) transmit antennas 112 a through 112 t at base station 110 and a single receive antenna 122 x at a terminal 120 x.
  • FIG. 2B shows a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel formed by the T transmit antennas 112 a through 112 t at base station 110 and multiple (R) receive antennas 122 a through 122 r at a terminal 120 y .
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • the transmitter may transmit one or more output symbols from the T transmit antennas on each subcarrier in each symbol period.
  • Each output symbol may be a modulation symbol for OFDM, a frequency-domain symbol for SC-FDMA, or some other complex value.
  • the data transmission may be quantified by the following metrics:
  • the transmitter transmits output symbols directly from the T transmit antennas
  • a receiver typically needs to estimate the full channel response for all T transmit antennas in order to recover the data transmission.
  • a subset of the T transmit antennas may be used to transmit fewer than T output symbols. However, this is undesirable since the transmit powers available for the unused transmit antennas are not judiciously employed for transmission.
  • the transmission schemes described herein allow for flexible selection of the three metrics M, D and C in order to achieve good performance for data transmission in different conditions. For example, a larger spatial multiplexing order M may be selected for good channel conditions with high SNRs, and a smaller spatial multiplexing order may be selected for poor channel conditions with low SNRs.
  • a lower channel estimation overhead order C may be selected, e.g., in scenarios where low throughput due to low SNRs does not justify a large channel estimation overhead.
  • the transmission schemes described herein can utilize all T transmit antennas for transmission, regardless of the number of output symbols being sent and regardless of which subcarriers are used for transmission.
  • This capability allows the transmitter to utilize all of the transmit power available for the T transmit antennas, e.g. by utilizing the power amplifiers coupled to each of the antennas, for transmission, which generally improves performance.
  • Employing fewer than T transmit antennas for transmission typically results in less than all of the available transmit power being used for the transmission, which would impact performance.
  • a MIMO transmission is a transmission of multiple output symbols from multiple virtual antennas to multiple receive antennas on one subcarrier in one symbol period.
  • a SIMO transmission is a transmission of a single output symbol from one virtual antenna to multiple receive antennas on one subcarrier in one symbol period.
  • a SISO transmission is a transmission of a single output symbol from one virtual antenna to one receive antenna on one subcarrier in one symbol period.
  • the transmitter may also send a combination of MIMO, SIMO and/or SISO transmissions to one or more receivers in one symbol period.
  • the transmitter may transmit M output symbols simultaneously from the T transmit antennas on one subcarrier in one symbol period using various transmission schemes.
  • the V columns of U are orthogonal to one another, and each column has unit power.
  • U is defined such that the sum of the squared magnitude of the V entries in each row is equal to a constant value. This property results in equal transmit power being used for all T transmit antennas.
  • the V columns of U are used to form V virtual antennas that may be used to send up to V output symbols on one subcarrier in one symbol period.
  • the virtual antennas may also be called effective antennas or by some other terminology.
  • a single orthonormal matrix U is used for all K total subcarriers in all symbol periods, so that U is not a function of subcarrier index k or symbol index n.
  • different orthonormal matrices are used for different subcarrier sets that may be assigned to different receivers.
  • different orthonormal matrices are used for different subcarriers.
  • different orthonormal matrices are used for different time intervals, where each time interval may span one or multiple symbol periods.
  • one or more orthonormal matrices are selected for use from among multiple orthonormal matrices, as described below.
  • data and pilot may be transmitted using one or more orthonormal matrices such that a receiver is able to estimate the channel response based on the pilot and use the channel response estimate to recover the data sent to the receiver.
  • the permutation matrix P(k) selects which M virtual antennas to use for subcarrier k from among the V virtual antennas available for use, or which M of the V columns of U.
  • the permutation matrix P(k) may be defined in various manners, and different permutation matrices may be used for different subcarriers, as described below.
  • FIG. 3 shows a model 300 for the transmission scheme given by equation (3).
  • the transmitter receives the data vector s(k) for each subcarrier and symbol period used for transmission.
  • a virtual antenna mapper 310 processes the data vector s(k) and generates the transmit vector x(k).
  • a symbol-to-virtual antenna mapping unit 312 multiplies the data vector s(k) with the permutation matrix P(k) and generates a V ⁇ 1 intermediate vector.
  • a spatial spreading unit 314 multiplies the intermediate vector with the orthonormal matrix U and generates the transmit vector x(k).
  • the transmit vector x(k) is transmitted from the T transmit antennas and via a MIMO channel 350 to R receive antennas at a receiver.
  • an effective MIMO channel with V virtual antennas is formed by the use of the orthonormal matrix U. Data is sent on all or a subset of the V virtual antennas.
  • a used MIMO channel is formed by the M virtual antennas used for transmission.
  • an R ⁇ T MIMO system is effectively reduced to an R ⁇ V MIMO system.
  • the transmitter appears as if it has V virtual antennas rather than T transmit antennas, where V ⁇ T.
  • the spatial multiplexing order is limited to V, or M ⁇ V
  • the spatial diversity order is also limited to V, or D ⁇ V.
  • the description above is for one subcarrier k.
  • the transmitter may perform the same processing for each subcarrier used for transmission.
  • the frequency diversity of each virtual antenna across subcarriers is the same as the frequency diversity of the physical transmit antennas. However, the spatial diversity is reduced from T to V.
  • a cyclic delay of X samples may be achieved by moving the last X samples in the sequence of K time-domain samples to the front of the sequence.
  • the time-domain samples for the T transmits antenna are cyclically delayed by different amounts.
  • a cyclic prefix may be appended after applying the cyclic delay in order to ensure orthogonality among the K total subcarriers.
  • Cyclic delay diversity may also be achieved in the frequency domain by applying a phase ramp (or a progressive phase shift) across the K total subcarriers for each transmit antenna. T different phase ramps are used for the T transmit antennas to achieve K different cyclic delays for these antennas.
  • transmit antenna 1 has a phase slope of 0 across the K total subcarriers
  • transmit antenna 2 has a phase slope of 2 ⁇ J/T across the K total subcarriers
  • transmit antenna T has a phase slope of 2 ⁇ (T ⁇ 1) ⁇ J/T across the K total subcarriers.
  • the diagonal matrix D(k) and the orthonormal matrix U may also be combined to obtain a new orthonormal
  • FIG. 4 shows a model 400 for the transmission scheme given by equation (7).
  • a symbol-to-virtual antenna mapping unit 412 multiplies the data vector s(k) with the permutation matrix P(k) and generates a V ⁇ 1 vector.
  • a spatial spreading unit 414 multiplies the V ⁇ 1 vector with the orthonormal matrix U and generates a T ⁇ 1 vector.
  • a cyclic delay diversity unit 416 multiplies the T ⁇ 1 vector with the diagonal matrix D(k) and generates the T ⁇ 1 transmit vector x(k).
  • the transmit vector x(k) is transmitted from the T transmit antennas and via a MIMO channel 450 to R receive antennas at a receiver.
  • an effective MIMO channel ⁇ tilde over (H) ⁇ eff (k) with V virtual antennas is formed by the use of the orthonormal matrix U and cyclic delay diversity.
  • a used MIMO channel ⁇ tilde over (H) ⁇ used (k) is formed by the M virtual antennas used for transmission.
  • Equations (3) and (7) assume that equal transmit power is used for the M output symbols being sent simultaneously on one subcarrier in one symbol period.
  • the transmit power available for each transmit antenna may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed across the subcarriers used for transmission.
  • the transmit powers available for the T transmit antennas for each subcarrier may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed to the M output symbols being sent on that subcarrier.
  • U may be formed based on a Fourier matrix, a Walsh matrix, or some other matrix.
  • Eq ⁇ ⁇ ( 12 ) Fourier matrices of any square dimension (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on) may be formed.
  • the orthonormal matrix U is equal to a matrix containing V columns of a T ⁇ T Fourier matrix or a T ⁇ T Walsh matrix.
  • the transmitter may send a MIMO, SIMO or SISO transmission to a receiver on a set of subcarriers, which are called the assigned subcarriers.
  • the K total subcarriers may be partitioned into multiple non-overlapping subcarrier sets.
  • the transmitter may transmit to multiple receivers simultaneously on multiple subcarrier sets.
  • the transmitter may send the same or different types of transmission to these multiple receivers. For example, the transmitter may send a MIMO transmission on a first subcarrier set to a first receiver, a SIMO transmission on a second subcarrier set to a second receiver, a SISO transmission on a third subcarrier set to a third receiver, and so on.
  • a SIMO or SISO transmission may be sent from a single virtual antenna formed with a single column of the orthonormal matrix U.
  • the data vector s(k) becomes a 1 ⁇ 1 vector containing a single output symbol
  • the permutation matrix P(k) becomes a 1 ⁇ 1 matrix containing a single ‘1’
  • the orthonormal matrix U becomes a T ⁇ 1 matrix containing a single column.
  • a MIMO transmission may be sent from multiple virtual antennas formed with multiple columns of the orthonormal matrix U. If the number of output symbols is less than the number of virtual antennas (or M ⁇ S), then M virtual antennas may be selected for use in various manners.
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment for transmitting output symbols cyclically from the V virtual antennas.
  • the first M output symbols are sent from virtual antennas 1 through M on the first assigned subcarrier
  • the next M output symbols are sent from virtual antennas 2 through M+1 on the next assigned subcarrier
  • the M virtual antennas used for subcarrier k+1 are offset by one from the M virtual antennas used for subcarrier k.
  • the selected virtual antennas wrap around to virtual antenna 1 upon reaching the last virtual antenna.
  • virtual antennas ((k ⁇ 1) mod V)+1 through ((k+M ⁇ 2) mod V)+1 are used for assigned subcarrier k, where “mod S” denotes a modulo-S operation and the “ ⁇ 1” and “+1” are due to the index for the assigned subcarriers and the index for the virtual antennas starting with 1 instead of 0.
  • the M columns of the permutation matrix P(k) for each assigned subcarrier k are the ((k ⁇ 1, k, k+1, . . . , k+M ⁇ 2).mod V)+1 columns of a V ⁇ V identify matrix.
  • the first M output symbols are sent from virtual antennas 1 through M on the first assigned subcarrier, the next M output symbols are sent from virtual antennas M+1 through ((2M ⁇ 1) mod V)+1 on the next assigned subcarrier, and so on.
  • the M virtual antennas used for subcarrier k+1 start after the last virtual antenna used for subcarrier k.
  • the M virtual antennas for each subcarrier are selected in a pseudo-random manner, e.g., based on a pseudo-random number (PN) generator or sequence that is also known to the receiver.
  • PN pseudo-random number
  • the virtual antennas are selected based on feedback from a receiver.
  • the feedback may indicate the specific virtual antennas to use for all assigned subcarriers, the specific virtual antennas to use for each assigned subcarrier, and so on.
  • the transmitter may select the virtual antennas based on a pilot or some other transmission received from the receiver.
  • the transmitter may estimate the uplink channel response based on the received pilot, estimate the downlink channel response based on the uplink channel response estimate, and select the virtual antennas based on the downlink channel response estimate.
  • the downlink and uplink channel responses may be similar, e.g., in a time division duplexed (TDD) system in which downlink and uplink transmissions are sent on the same frequency channel but in different time intervals.
  • TDD time division duplexed
  • the virtual antennas may be selected (1) by the transmitter in a deterministic manner (e.g., cyclically) or a pseudo-random manner without feedback from the receiver, (2) by the transmitter based on feedback from receiver, or (3) by the receiver and sent to the transmitter.
  • a deterministic manner e.g., cyclically
  • a pseudo-random manner without feedback from the receiver
  • the orthonormal matrix U may be fixed, and the V virtual antennas formed with U may be selected for use as described above.
  • one or more orthonormal matrices are selected for use from among a set of orthonormal matrices available for use.
  • the set of orthonormal matrices forms a codebook, and one or more entries of the codebook may be used for transmission.
  • the orthonormal matrices in the set are different (and may be pseudo-random) with respect to each other.
  • the orthonornal matrices may be defined to provide good performance for different channel conditions, e.g., low and high SNR conditions, low and high mobility, and so on.
  • One orthonormal matrix may be selected for all assigned subcarriers, for each assigned subcarrier, and so on.
  • the matrix selection may be made (1) by the transmitter with or without feedback from a receiver or (2) by the receiver and sent back to the transmitter.
  • the matrix selection may be made based on various factors such as, e.g., the channel conditions, mobility, uplink resources, and so on.
  • the particular entry or entries in the codebook to use for transmission may be selected either autonomously by the transmitter or based on feedback from the receiver.
  • the number of virtual antennas (V) may be selected to support the desired spatial multiplexing order (M), to achieve the desired spatial diversity order (D), and to obtain the desired channel estimation overhead order (C).
  • the number of virtual antennas may be selected autonomously by the transmitter or based on a feedback from the receiver.
  • the desired number of virtual antennas may readily be obtained by defining the orthonormal matrix U with the proper number of columns.
  • the spatial multiplexing order is limited by the number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas, or M ⁇ min ⁇ T, R ⁇ .
  • a higher spatial multiplexing order may be desirable in certain scenarios (e.g., high SNR conditions) and if supported by the receiver.
  • the spatial multiplexing order may be dynamically selected based on the channel conditions and/or other factors.
  • the spatial multiplexing order may be set to one if the SNR is less than a first threshold, set to two if the SNR is between the first threshold and a second threshold, set to three if the SNR is between the second threshold and a third threshold, and so on.
  • the number of virtual antennas is selected to be equal to or greater than the spatial multiplexing order, or V ⁇ M.
  • a higher spatial diversity order is desirable in order to improve performance
  • a lower channel estimation overhead order is desirable in order to reduce the amount of link resources used to transmit a pilot for channel estimation.
  • the channel estimation overhead order is closely related to the spatial diversity order, and both are determined by the number of virtual antennas. Hence, the number of virtual antennas may be dynamically selected based on the desired spatial diversity order, the desired channel estimation overhead order, the channel conditions, and/or other factors.
  • the number of virtual antennas may be selected in various manners.
  • the number of virtual antennas is set to a largest possible value such that the link resources used for pilot transmission is maintained within a predetermined percentage of the total link resources.
  • the number of virtual antennas is set based on the channel conditions. For example, one virtual antenna may be defined if the SNR is less than a first value, two virtual antennas may be defined if the SNR is between the first value and a second value, and so on.
  • the transmission schemes described herein may be used with various subcarrier structures, some of which are described below.
  • the following description assumes that the K total subcarriers are usable for transmission and are given indices of 1 through K.
  • FIG. 6A shows an interlace subcarrier structure 600 .
  • Interlace u contains subcarrier u as the first subcarrier, where u ⁇ ⁇ 1, . . . , S ⁇ .
  • FIG. 6B shows a block subcarrier structure 610 .
  • Block v contains subcarriers v ⁇ N+1 through (v+1) ⁇ N, where v ⁇ ⁇ 1, . . . , S ⁇ .
  • FIG. 6C shows a group subcarrier structure 620 .
  • the K total subcarriers may be partitioned into G frequency ranges, with each frequency range containing S ⁇ L consecutive subcarriers.
  • Each frequency range is further partitioned into S subgroups, with each subgroup containing L consecutive subcarriers.
  • the first L subcarriers are allocated to group 1
  • the next L subcarriers are allocated to group 2
  • so on and the last L subcarriers are allocated to group S.
  • each subcarrier set may include any number of subcarriers that may be arranged in any manner.
  • a subcarrier set may be equal to an interlace, a subcarrier block, a subcarrier group, and so on.
  • the subcarriers in the set may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed across the system bandwidth, (2) the subcarriers in the set may be adjacent to one another in one group, or (3) the subcarriers in the set may be distributed in multiple groups, where each group may be located anywhere within the system bandwidth and may contain one or multiple subcarriers.
  • different receivers may be assigned different subcarrier sets, and the transmitter may transmit data to each receiver on its assigned subcarrier set.
  • the transmitter may use the same orthonormal matrix U for all receivers, a different orthonormal matrix for each receiver, a different orthonormal matrix for each subcarrier set, a different orthonormal matrix for each subcarrier, and so on.
  • the transmission techniques described herein may be used with or without frequency hopping.
  • frequency hopping the data transmission hops from subcarrier to subcarrier in a pseudo-random or deterministic manner over time, which allows the data transmission to better withstand deleterious channel conditions such as narrowband interference, jamming, fading, and so on.
  • Frequency hopping can provide frequency diversity and interference randomization.
  • a receiver may be assigned a traffic channel that is associated with a hop pattern that indicates which subcarrier set(s), if any, to use in each time slot.
  • a hop pattern is also called a frequency hopping pattern or sequence.
  • a time slot is the amount of time spent on a given subcarrier set and is also called a hop period. The hop pattern may select different subcarrier sets in different time slots in a pseudo-random or deterministic manner.
  • FIG. 7 shows an exemplary frequency hopping scheme 700 .
  • traffic channel 1 is mapped to a specific sequence of time-frequency blocks. Each time-frequency block is a specific subcarrier set in a specific time slot.
  • traffic channel 1 is mapped to subcarrier set 1 in time slot 1 , subcarrier set 4 in time slot 2 , and so on.
  • Traffic channels 2 through S may be mapped to vertically and circularly shifted versions of the time-frequency block sequence for traffic channel 1 .
  • traffic channel 2 may be mapped to subcarrier set 2 in time slot 1 , subcarrier set 5 in time slot 2 , and so on.
  • Frequency hopping may be used with any of the subcarrier structures shown in FIGS. 6A through 6C .
  • a symbol rate hopping scheme may be defined in which each time-frequency block is a specific interlace in one symbol period.
  • the assigned subcarriers span across the entire system bandwidth and change from symbol period to symbol period.
  • a block hopping scheme may be defined in which each time-frequency block is a specific subcarrier block in a time slot of multiple symbol periods.
  • the assigned subcarriers are contiguous and fixed for an entire time slot but changes from time slot to time slot.
  • the spatial multiplexing order may be set equal to the number of virtual antennas, so that constant interference may be observed on any given time-frequency block in any sector for a system with synchronous sectors.
  • Other hopping scheme may also be defined.
  • Pilot may be transmitted in various manners with the subcarrier structures described above. Some exemplary pilot schemes for symbol rate hopping and block hopping are described below.
  • FIG. 8 shows an exemplary pilot scheme 800 for symbol rate hopping.
  • the transmitter transmits a common pilot on one interlace from virtual antenna 1 in each symbol period.
  • the transmitter may transmit the common pilot on different interlaces in different symbol periods, as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • Such a staggered pilot allows a receiver to sample the frequency spectrum on more subcarriers and to derive a longer channel impulse response estimate.
  • the transmitter may also transmit an auxiliary pilot on one or more interlaces from the remaining virtual antennas to allow MIMO receivers to estimate the channel response for all virtual antennas used for transmission.
  • the transmitter transmits the auxiliary pilot on one interlace in each symbol period and cycles through virtual antennas 2 through V in V ⁇ 1 different symbol periods.
  • the transmitter transmits the auxiliary pilot from virtual antenna 2 in symbol period n+1, then from virtual antenna 3 in symbol period n+2, then from virtual antenna 4 in symbol period n+3, then from virtual antenna 2 in symbol period n+4, and so on.
  • the transmitter may transmit the common and auxiliary pilots in other manners.
  • the auxiliary pilot is staggered and sent on different sets of subcarriers.
  • the common pilot is sent on one or more subcarrier sets that are pseudo-random (or have random offsets) with respect to the one or more subcarrier sets used for the auxiliary pilot.
  • the transmitter may transmit the common pilot for MIMO, SIMO and SISO receivers and may transmit the auxiliary pilot only when MIMO receivers are present.
  • the MIMO, SIMO and SISO receivers may use the common pilot to derive a channel estimate for the K total subcarriers of virtual antenna 1 .
  • a MIMO receiver may use the auxiliary pilot to derive channel estimates for virtual antennas 2 through V.
  • FIG. 9A shows an exemplary pilot scheme 910 for block hopping.
  • a time-frequency block is composed of 16 adjacent subcarriers k+1 through k+16 and further spans 8 symbol periods n+1 through n+8.
  • the transmitter transmits a dedicated pilot on subcarriers k+3, k+9 and k+15 in each of symbol periods n+1 through n+3 and n+6 through n+8, or six strips of three pilot symbols.
  • Each pilot symbol may be sent from any virtual antenna.
  • the transmitter may transmit the pilot from virtual antenna 1 in symbol periods n+1 and n+6, from virtual antenna 2 in symbol periods n+2 and n+7, and from virtual antenna 3 in symbol periods n+3 and n+8.
  • FIG. 9B shows an exemplary pilot scheme 920 for block hopping.
  • the transmitter transmits a dedicated pilot on subcarriers k+3, k+9 and k+15 in each of symbol periods n+1 through n+8, or three strips of eight pilot symbols.
  • FIG. 9C shows an exemplary pilot scheme 930 for block hopping.
  • the transmitter transmits a dedicated pilot on subcarriers k+1, k+4, k+7, k+10, k+13 and k+16 in each of symbol periods n+1, n+2, n+7 and n+8.
  • Each pilot symbol may be sent from any virtual antenna.
  • the transmitter may transmit the pilot from virtual antenna 1 in symbol period n+1, from virtual antenna 2 in symbol period n+2, from virtual antenna 1 or 3 in symbol period n+7, and from virtual antenna 2 or 4 in symbol period n+8.
  • FIG. 9D shows an exemplary pilot scheme 940 for block hopping.
  • the transmitter transmits a staggered pilot on three subcarriers in each symbol period and on different pilot subcarriers in different symbol periods.
  • Each pilot symbol may be sent from any virtual antenna.
  • the transmitter may transmit the pilot from a different virtual antenna in each symbol period and may cycle through the V virtual antennas in V symbol periods.
  • the transmitter may transmit a pilot in each time-frequency block such that a receiver is able to derive a channel estimate for each virtual antenna used for transmission.
  • FIGS. 9A through 9D show four exemplary pilot patterns that may be used. Other pilot patterns may also be defined and used for pilot transmission.
  • the transmitter may transmit the pilot from any number of virtual antennas, may use any number of pilot subcarriers for each virtual antenna, and may use any amount of transmit power for each virtual antenna. If the pilot is sent from multiple virtual antennas, then the transmitter may use the same or different numbers of subcarriers for these virtual antennas and may transmit the pilot at the same or different power levels for the virtual antennas. The transmitter may or may not stagger the pilot for each virtual antenna. The transmitter may transmit the pilot on more subcarriers to allow a receiver to obtain more “look” of the wireless channel in the frequency domain and to derive a longer channel impulse response estimate. The transmitter may transmit the pilot on all pilot subcarriers from one virtual antenna in each symbol period, as described above. Alternatively, the transmitter may transmit the pilot from multiple virtual antennas on multiple subsets of subcarriers in a given symbol period.
  • the transmitter transmits the pilot from the virtual antennas, as described above for FIGS. 8 through 9 D.
  • the transmitter transmits the pilot from the physical antennas, without applying the orthonormal matrix U or the permutation matrix P(k).
  • a receiver may estimate the actual channel response based on the pilot and may then derive an effective channel response estimate based on the actual channel response estimate and the orthonormal and permutation matrices.
  • FIG. 10 shows a process 1000 for transmitting data and pilot to one or more receivers.
  • the processing for each receiver may be performed as follows.
  • the set of subcarriers assigned to the receiver and the spatial multiplexing order (M) for the receiver are determined, where M ⁇ 1 (block 1012 ).
  • M virtual antennas are selected for use from among V virtual antennas formed with V columns of the orthonormal matrix U, where V ⁇ M (block 1014 ).
  • the M virtual antennas for each assigned subcarrier may be selected in various manners, as described above.
  • the output symbols for the receiver are mapped to the M virtual antennas selected for each assigned subcarrier by applying the orthonormal matrix (block 1016 ).
  • the mapped output symbols (or transmit symbols) are provided for transmission from T transmit antennas, where T ⁇ V (block 1018 ).
  • Pilot symbols are also mapped to the virtual antennas used for transmission (block 1020 ). For example, pilot symbols for a common pilot may be mapped to the first virtual antenna on a first set of pilot subcarriers, and pilot symbols for an auxiliary pilot may be mapped to the remaining virtual antennas on a second set of pilot subcarriers.
  • data may be sent simultaneously on different subcarrier sets to multiple receivers. For example, data may be sent from one virtual antenna on a first subcarrier set to a SIMO or SISO receiver, from multiple virtual antennas on a second subcarrier set to a MIMO receiver, and so on.
  • the transmit symbols for all receivers are demultiplexed to the T transmit antennas (block 1022 ). For each transmit antenna, the transmit symbols for each receiver are mapped to the subcarriers assigned to that receiver (also block 1022 ).
  • Transmission symbols are then generated for each transmit antenna based on the transmit symbols for that transmit antenna and using, e.g., OFDM or SC-FDMA (block 1024 ).
  • Different cyclic delays may be applied for the T transmit antennas, e.g., by circularly delaying the transmission symbols for each transmit antenna by a different amount (block 1026 ).
  • the output symbol(s) for each subcarrier assigned to each receiver are mapped to the T transmit antennas based on M mapping patterns selected from among V mapping patterns available for use.
  • Each mapping pattern indicates a specific mapping of an output symbol to the T transmit antennas.
  • the V mapping patterns may be formed by V columns of an orthonormal matrix or in other manners. Different mapping patterns may be selected for different subcarriers in a given symbol period and/or different symbol periods, e.g., based on a predetermined pattern.
  • the predetermined pattern may be defined by a permutation matrix or in some other manner. The predetermined pattern may cycle through the V available mapping patterns in different subcarriers and/or symbol periods.
  • FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of an apparatus 1100 for transmitting data and pilot to one or more receivers.
  • Apparatus 1100 includes means for determining the set of subcarriers assigned to each receiver and the spatial multiplexing order (M) for each receiver (block 1112 ), means for selecting M virtual antennas for use from among V virtual antennas for each subcarrier assigned to each receiver (block 1114 ), means for mapping the output symbols for each receiver to the virtual antennas selected for each subcarrier assigned to the receiver (e.g., by applying selected columns of an orthonormal matrix or selected mapping patterns) (block 1116 ), means for providing the mapped output symbols (or transmit symbols) for transmission from T transmit antennas (block 1118 ), means for mapping pilot symbols to the virtual antennas used for transmission (block 1120 ), means for demultiplexing the transmit symbols for each receiver to the assigned subcarriers of the T transmit antennas (block 1122 ), means for generating transmission symbols for each transmit antenna, e.g., using OFDM or SC-FDMA (block 1124 ),
  • FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of base station 110 , single-antenna terminal 120 x, and multi-antenna terminal 120 y.
  • a transmit (TX) data processor 1210 receives data for one or more terminals, processes (e.g., encodes, interleaves, and symbol maps) the data based on one or more coding and modulation schemes, and provides modulation symbols.
  • TX data processor 1210 typically processes the data for each terminal separately based on a coding and modulation scheme selected for that terminal. If system 100 utilizes SC-FDMA, then TX data processor 1210 may perform FFT/DFT on the modulation symbols for each terminal to obtain frequency-domain symbols for that terminal.
  • TX data processor 1210 obtains output symbols for each terminal (which may be modulation symbols for OFDM or frequency-domain symbols for SC-FDMA) and multiplexes the output symbols for the terminal onto the subcarriers and virtual antennas used for that terminal. TX data processor 1210 further multiplexes pilot symbols onto the subcarriers and virtual antennas used for pilot transmission.
  • a TX spatial processor 1220 receives the multiplexed output symbols and pilot symbols, performs spatial processing for each subcarrier, e.g., as shown in equation (3) or (7), and provides transmit symbols for the T transmit antennas.
  • a modulator (Mod) 1222 processes the transmit symbols for each transmit antenna, e.g., for OFDM, SC-FDMA, or some other modulation technique, and generates an output sample stream for that transmit antenna. Since TX spatial processor 1220 performs spatial processing for each subcarrier, the SC-FDMA modulation is divided into two parts that are performed by TX data processor 1210 and modulator 1222 . Modulator 1222 provides T output sample streams to T transmitter units (TMTR) 1224 a through 1224 t.
  • TMTR T transmitter units
  • Each transmitter unit 1224 processes (e.g., converts to analog, amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts) its output sample stream and generates a modulated signal.
  • T modulated signals from transmitter units 1224 a through 1224 t are transmitted from T antennas 112 a through 112 t, respectively.
  • each terminal 120 one or multiple antennas 122 receive the modulated signals transmitted by base station 110 , and each antenna provides a received signal to a respective receiver unit (RCVR) 1254 .
  • Each receiver unit 1254 processes (e.g., amplifies, filters, frequency downconverts, and digitalizes) its receive signal and provides received samples to a demodulator (Demod) 1256 .
  • Demodulator 1256 processes the received samples for each receive antenna 122 (e.g., based on OFDM, SC-FDMA, or some other modulation technique), obtains frequency-domain received symbols for the K total subcarriers, provides received symbols for the assigned subcarriers, and provides received pilot symbols for the subcarriers used for pilot transmission.
  • a data detector 1260 x obtains received symbols from demodulator 1256 x, derives channel estimates for the assigned subcarriers based on the received pilot symbols, and performs data detection (e.g., equalization) on the received symbols based on the channel estimates to obtain detected symbols, which are estimates of the output symbols transmitted to terminal 120 x.
  • a receive (RX) spatial processor 1260 y obtains received symbols from demodulator 1256 y, derives channel estimates for the assigned subcarriers based on the received pilot symbols, and performs receiver spatial processing on the received symbols based on the channel estimates to obtain detected symbols.
  • RX spatial processor 1260 y may implement a minimum mean square error (MMSE) technique, a zero-forcing (ZF) technique, a maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique, a successive interference cancellation technique, or some other receiver processing technique.
  • MMSE minimum mean square error
  • ZF zero-forcing
  • MRC maximal ratio combining
  • an RX data processor 1262 processes (e.g., symbol demaps, deinterleaves, and decodes) the detected symbols and provides decoded data for the terminal.
  • the processing by each terminal 120 is complementary to the processing by base station 110 .
  • Each terminal 120 may generate feedback information for the data transmission to that terminal. For example, each terminal 120 may estimate the SNRs for the virtual antennas, e.g., based on the received pilot symbols. Each terminal 120 may select one or more coding and modulation schemes, one or more packet formats, one or more virtual antennas to use for data transmission, one or more orthonormal matrices, and so on based on the SNR estimates and/or other information. Each terminal 120 may also generate acknowledgments (ACKs) for correctly received data packets.
  • the feedback information may include the SNR estimates, the selected coding and modulation schemes, the selected virtual antenna(s), the selected orthonormal matrix(ces), the selected subcarrier(s), ACKs, information used for power control, some other information, or any combination thereof.
  • the feedback information is processed by a TX data processor 1280 , further processed by a TX spatial processor 1282 if multiple antennas are present, modulated by a modulator 1284 , conditioned by transmitter unit(s) 1254 , and transmitted via antenna(s) 122 to base station 110 .
  • the modulated signals transmitted by terminals 120 x and 120 y are received by antennas 112 , conditioned by receiver units 1224 , and processed by a demodulator 1240 , an RX spatial processor 1242 , and an RX data processor 1244 to recover the feedback information sent by the terminals.
  • a controller/processor 1230 uses the feedback information to determine the data rates and coding and modulation schemes to use for the data transmission to each terminal as well as to generate various controls for TX data processor 1210 and TX spatial processor 1220 .
  • Controllers/processors 1230 , 1270 x and 1270 y control the operation of various processing units at base station 110 and terminals 120 x and 120 y, respectively.
  • Memory units 1232 , 1272 x and 1272 y store data and program codes used by base station 110 and terminals 120 x and 120 y, respectively.
  • Controller/processor 1230 may implement parts of FIGS. 10 and 11 and may (1) assign subcarriers and select the spatial multiplexing order for each terminal (block 1012 in FIG. 10 ) and (2) select the virtual antennas for each subcarrier assigned to each terminal (block 1214 in FIG. 10 ).
  • TX data processor 1220 may implement parts of FIGS. 10 and 11 and perform the processing shown in blocks 1116 through 1126 in FIG. 10 .
  • k in the description above may be an index for symbol period instead of subcarrier.
  • the processing units at a transmitter may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • DSPDs digital signal processing devices
  • PLDs programmable logic devices
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • processors controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • the processing units at a receiver may also be implemented within one or more ASICs, DSPs, processors, and so on.
  • the transmission techniques may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
  • the software codes may be stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1230 , 1272 x or 1272 y in FIG. 12 ) and executed by a processor (e.g., processor 1232 , 1270 x or 1270 y ).
  • the memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Transceivers (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
US11/261,823 2005-08-22 2005-10-27 Method and apparatus for providing antenna diversity in a wireless communication system Abandoned US20070041457A1 (en)

Priority Applications (39)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/261,823 US20070041457A1 (en) 2005-08-22 2005-10-27 Method and apparatus for providing antenna diversity in a wireless communication system
ES06802139.3T ES2688275T3 (es) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Procedimiento y aparato para la selección de antenas virtuales
NZ566171A NZ566171A (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for selection of virtual antennas
CN200680039275.XA CN101292442B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 通信方法和通信装置
KR1020087006878A KR100954485B1 (ko) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 무선 통신 시스템에서 안테나 다이버시티를 제공하기 위한방법 및 장치
TW095130842A TWI358216B (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for providing antenna diversi
JP2008528102A JP5405108B2 (ja) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 無線通信システムにおけるアンテナダイバーシティを与える方法および装置
TW095130918A TWI337475B (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Selective virtual antenna transmission
HUE06802139A HUE040634T2 (hu) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Eljárás és berendezés virtuális antennák kiválasztására
BRPI0614854-9A BRPI0614854B1 (pt) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Método e equipamento para seleção de antenas virtuais
JP2008528093A JP4819897B2 (ja) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 仮想アンテナを選択する方法および装置
CN201510024569.6A CN104618004B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 用于多输入多输出系统中的天线选择的方法和设备
CN201510024446.2A CN104601212B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 用于多输入多输出系统中的天线选择的方法和设备
ES06789944.3T ES2525474T3 (es) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Procedimiento y aparato de selección de antenas en un sistema de MIMO
CN201610030660.3A CN105450278B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 虚拟天线选择方法和装置
CN201510024440.5A CN104660317B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 用于多输入多输出系统中的天线选择的方法和设备
CN201510024343.6A CN104660316B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 用于多输入多输出系统中的天线选择的方法和设备
KR1020087007017A KR100962453B1 (ko) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 가상 안테나 선택을 위한 방법 및 장치
ARP060103647A AR055382A1 (es) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Transmision mediante antena virtual selectiva
CA2620067A CA2620067C (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for selection of virtual antennas
AU2006283166A AU2006283166A1 (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for selection of virtual antennas
CN200680038384.XA CN101288245B (zh) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 用于多输入多输出系统中的天线选择的方法和设备
EP06789944.3A EP1917736B1 (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for antenna selection in a mimo system
EP06802139.3A EP1917737B1 (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for selection of virtual antennas
PCT/US2006/032860 WO2007024913A1 (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for selection of virtual antennas
PCT/US2006/032900 WO2007024935A2 (en) 2005-08-22 2006-08-22 Method and apparatus for antenna selection in a mimo system
IL189635A IL189635A0 (en) 2005-08-22 2008-02-20 Method and apparatus for selection of virtual antennas
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CL2009000739A CL2009000739A1 (es) 2005-08-22 2009-03-26 Un aparato para proporcionar diversidad de antena en un sistema de comunicaciones inalambricas. (divisional solicitud 2204-06)
CL2009000738A CL2009000738A1 (es) 2005-08-22 2009-03-26 Un aparato para transmitir con configuraciones de antenas virtuales en un sistema de comunicaciones inalambricas. (divisional solicitud 2204-06)
JP2011153517A JP5479411B2 (ja) 2005-08-22 2011-07-12 仮想アンテナを選択する方法および装置
US13/271,108 US20120140798A1 (en) 2005-08-22 2011-10-11 Method and apparatus for antenna diversity in multi-input multi-output communication systems
US13/271,113 US9860033B2 (en) 2005-08-22 2011-10-11 Method and apparatus for antenna diversity in multi-input multi-output communication systems
US13/271,121 US9660776B2 (en) 2005-08-22 2011-10-11 Method and apparatus for providing antenna diversity in a wireless communication system
JP2011268078A JP5389894B2 (ja) 2005-08-22 2011-12-07 無線通信システムにおけるアンテナダイバーシティを与える方法および装置
JP2013150743A JP2014003625A (ja) 2005-08-22 2013-07-19 無線通信システムにおけるアンテナダイバーシティを与える方法および装置
JP2014212940A JP2015053704A (ja) 2005-08-22 2014-10-17 無線通信システムにおけるアンテナダイバーシティを与える方法および装置
JP2015105732A JP6022641B2 (ja) 2005-08-22 2015-05-25 無線通信システムにおけるアンテナダイバーシティを与える方法および装置
JP2016006115A JP6195944B2 (ja) 2005-08-22 2016-01-15 無線通信システムにおけるアンテナダイバーシティを与える方法および装置

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