US20050238718A1 - Modified-release tablet of bupropion hydrochloride - Google Patents

Modified-release tablet of bupropion hydrochloride Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050238718A1
US20050238718A1 US10/507,525 US50752504A US2005238718A1 US 20050238718 A1 US20050238718 A1 US 20050238718A1 US 50752504 A US50752504 A US 50752504A US 2005238718 A1 US2005238718 A1 US 2005238718A1
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Prior art keywords
modified
weight
release tablet
tablet
moisture barrier
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Werner Oberegger
Okponanabofa Eradiri
Fang Zhou
Paul Maes
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Valeant International Bermuda
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Priority to US10/507,525 priority Critical patent/US20050238718A1/en
Assigned to BIOVAIL LABORATORIES INC. reassignment BIOVAIL LABORATORIES INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAES, PAUL, OBEREGGER, WERNER, ERADIRI, OKPO, ZHOU, FANG
Publication of US20050238718A1 publication Critical patent/US20050238718A1/en
Priority to US11/451,496 priority patent/US7537784B2/en
Assigned to BIOVAIL LABORATORIES (2005) INC. reassignment BIOVAIL LABORATORIES (2005) INC. MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BIOVAIL LABORATORIES INCORPORATED
Assigned to BIOVAIL LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL SRL reassignment BIOVAIL LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL SRL OTHER TRANSFER OF RIGHTS BY CORPORATE DISSOLUTION Assignors: BIOVAIL LABORATORIES (2005) INC.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2886—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating having two or more different drug-free coatings; Tablets of the type inert core-drug layer-inactive layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2027—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
    • A61K9/2846—Poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a modified-release tablet of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of bupropion, preferably bupropion hydrochloride.
  • Bupropion is an antidepressant chemically unrelated to tricyclics, tetracyclics, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), or other known antidepressant agents.
  • the drug resembles a psycho stimulant in terms of its neurochemical and behavioral profiles in vivo, but it does not reliably produce stimulant-like effects in humans at clinically prescribed doses. Its structure closely resembles that of diethylpropion and it is related to phenylethylamines. It is designated as ( ⁇ )-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-1-propanone hydrochloride and by its generic name amfebutamone hydrochloride.
  • Bupropion hydrochloride is commercially available as an immediate release form (Wellbutrin®) and a sustained release form (Wellbutrin® SR and Zyban®). Both Wellbutrin® SR and Zyban® are chemically and pharmaceutically identical.
  • Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase. Bupropion affects chemicals within the brain that nerves use to send messages to each other. These chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters that are released by nerves are taken up again by the nerves that release them for reuse (This is referred to as reuptake). Many experts believe that depression is caused by an imbalance among the amounts of neurotransmitters that are released.
  • bupropion works by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, an action which results in more dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine made available to transmit messages to other nerves. Accordingly, bupropion is unique in that its major effect is on dopamine, an effect, which is not shared by the SSRIs (e.g. paroxetine (Paxil®), fluoxetine (Prozac®), sertraline (Zolof®)) or the tricyclic antidepressants or TCAs (e.g. amitriptyline (Elavil®), imipramine (Tofranil®), desipramine (Norpramin®)).
  • SSRIs e.g. paroxetine (Paxil®), fluoxetine (Prozac®), sertraline (Zolof®)
  • TCAs e.g. amitriptyline (Elavil®), imipramine (To
  • Wellbutrin® and Wellbutrin® SR are used for the management of depression.
  • Zyban® has been approved as an aid to patients wanting to quit smoking.
  • Wellbutrin® the immediate release formulation of bupropion, is dosed three times a day, preferably with 6 or more hours in between doses. For patients requiring more that 300 mg bupropion a day, each dose should not exceed 150 mg. This requires administration of the tablets at least 4 times a day with at least 4 hours in between doses.
  • the immediate release formulation results in more than a 75% release of the bupropion into the dissolution media in about 45 minutes, and one of the major side effects of bupropion has been the incidence of seizures, which in part appears to be strongly associated with the immediate release of the bupropion into the system. Accordingly, sustained release products were developed to avoid the incidence of seizures.
  • the sustained release products are dosed twice daily.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,687,660 discloses a tablet formed of a core and a coating, where the core comprises bupropion hydrochloride together with excipient(s) and optionally an osmotic enhancing agent and where the coating comprises a water-insoluble, water-permeable film-forming polymer (such as cellulose acetate), a pore-forming agent (such as impalpable lactose and sodium carbonate), and optionally a so-called water-permeability enhancing agent (such as polyethylene glycol) and again optionally a plasticizer.
  • a water-insoluble, water-permeable film-forming polymer such as cellulose acetate
  • a pore-forming agent such as impalpable lactose and sodium carbonate
  • water-permeability enhancing agent such as polyethylene glycol
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,358,970 and 5,427,798 describe a sustained release formulation of bupropion hydrochloride based on matrix technology.
  • matrix refers to a tablet where the drug is embedded in an excipient that makes a non-disintegrating core called a matrix. Drug diffusion occurs through this core.
  • bupropion hydrochloride is unstable, the product described in the above two patents requires a stabilizer to achieve sufficient stability. This stabilizer is an acidic compound, preferably cysteine hydrochloride.
  • the major disadvantage of matrix systems is that they generally display a first order release profile. That is, initially drug particles located at the surface of the tablet will be dissolved and drug released rapidly.
  • Zero order release system provides a constant rate of drug release over a defined period of time. It is used primarily for drugs with short half-lives so that constant blood levels of the active drug compounds can be maintained with fewer doses.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,553 and International Publication No. WO 02/062299 purportedly describes a once daily capsule formulation with two populations of coated pellets, each of which release bupropion hydrochloride at a different pH.
  • One population of pellets is coated to release the drug at a pH corresponding to about 4.8 and lower. The release of the drug from this population of pellets is expected to occur in the upper GI tract.
  • the other population of pellets is coated to release the drug at a pH of 7 and above. The release of bupropion from this population is expected to occur in the lower GI tract.
  • the relative bioavailability of bupropion to Zyban® was only 40% in terms of C max ratio and only 80% in terms of AUC 0-inf ratio. In another example shown, the relative bioavailability of bupropion to Zyban® was only 48% and 59% in terms of C max and AUC 0-inf .
  • the references further describe the introduction of a third population of uncoated active pellets, which purportedly result in a further modification and improvement of the bupropion release. Based on the mean plasma concentration-time profile shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 of these references it is not readily apparent that the introduction of the uncoated active pellets would result in a once daily bioequivalent formulation (reference product is Zyban®). Also, neither one of the two references present any drug stability data.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,686 describes a controlled release tablet, free of stabilizer and free of pore forming agent comprising a core consisting essentially of bupropion hydrochloride, a binder and a lubricant; and a coating comprising a water-insoluble, water-permeable film forming polymer, a plasticizer and a water-soluble polymer.
  • the product resulting from the '686 patent is a twice daily product.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,096,341 and 6,143,327 both relate to a delayed release formulation of bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the '341 patent provides for a controlled release tablet, free of stabilizer and free of pore forming agent comprising a core consisting essentially of bupropion hydrochloride, a binder and a lubricant; and a coating consisting essentially of a water-insoluble, water-permeable film forming polymer, a plasticizer and a water-soluble polymer.
  • the '327 patent provides for a controlled release tablet, free of stabilizer and free of pore forming agent comprising a core consisting essentially of bupropion hydrochloride, a binder and a lubricant; and a control-releasing coat consisting essentially of a water-insoluble, water-permeable film forming polymer, a plasticizer and a water-soluble polymer and a second coat consisting essentially of a methacrylic polymer and a plasticizer.
  • the formulation as described in the '327 patent does not however, conform to the FDA's guidelines for bioequivalency (see Example 8 herein).
  • Modified release dosage forms are defined by the USP as those whose drug release characteristics of time course and/or location are chosen to accomplish therapeutic or convenience objectives not offered by conventional forms.
  • An extended-release dosage form allows a twofold reduction in dosing frequency or increase in patient compliance or therapeutic performance.
  • the USP considers that the terms controlled release, prolonged release and sustained release are interchangeable with extended release. Accordingly, the terms “modified-release”, controlled-release”, “prolonged-release”, “extended-release”, and “sustained-release” are used interchangeably herein.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion” includes salts that are physiologically tolerated by a patient. Such salts are typically prepared from inorganic acids or bases and/or organic acids or bases. Examples of such acids and bases are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The invention in particular contemplates the use of bupropion hydrochloride, although the use of other pharmaceutically acceptable salts is within the scope of the invention.
  • the term “effective amount” as used herein means a “pharmaceutically effective amount”.
  • a “pharmaceutically effective amount” is the amount or quantity of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion, which is sufficient to elicit an appreciable biological response when administered to a patient. It will be appreciated that the precise therapeutic dose will depend on the age and condition of the patient and the nature of the condition to be treated and will be at the ultimate discretion of the attendant physician.
  • moisture barrier is one, which impedes or retards the absorption of moisture. It is known that bupropion hydrochloride is highly hygroscopic and, as such, is relatively unstable and susceptible to decomposition over time especially under high humidity conditions. The proportion of the components of the moisture barrier and the amount of the moisture barrier applied onto the control-releasing coat is such that the moisture barrier does not fall within the USP definition and requirement for and enteric coat.
  • the moisture barrier is comprised of an enteric and/or acrylic polymer, preferably an acrylic polymer, optionally a plasticizer, and a permeation enhancer.
  • the permeation enhancer is a hydrophilic substance, which allows water to enter without physical disruption of the coating.
  • the moisture barrier may additionally contain other conventional inert excipients, which may improve processing of the modified-release formulation described herein.
  • total impurities mean all degradation products resulting from the degradation of bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the “degradation products” include those listed on page 281 of the 26 th edition of the USP and any other degradation products that may appear as peaks on a chromatogram during the assay.
  • the modified-release tablets of the invention comprising are bioequivalent to Wellbutrin® or Zyban®/Wellbutrin® SR tablets.
  • bioequivalent means the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives becomes available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions in an appropriately designed study. Where there is an intentional difference in rate (e.g., in certain extended release dosage forms), certain pharmaceutical equivalents or alternatives may be considered bioequivalent if there is no significant difference in the extent to which the active ingredient or moiety from each product becomes available at the site of drug action.
  • the present invention relates to a modified-release tablet of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion, preferably bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the advantage of the modified-release tablets of the invention not afforded by the prior art commercially available Wellbutrin® or Zyban®/Wellbutrin® SR tablets is that the modified-release tablets allow for a once daily administration regimen, is bioequivalent to the commercially available prior art tablets and do not exhibit a food effect.
  • a modified-release tablet comprising (i) a core comprising an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion, a binder, a lubricant; and (ii) a control-releasing coat surrounding said core; and (iii) a moisture barrier surrounding said control-releasing coat; and; wherein the modified-release tablet is bioequivalent and exhibits a dissolution profile such that after about 2 hours, no more than about 20%, preferably about 2% to about 18%, more preferably about 4% to about 8%, and most preferably about 5% of the bupropion hydrochloride content is released, after about 4 hours, about 15% to about 45%, preferably about 21% to about 37%, more preferably about 28% to about 34%, and most preferably about 32% of the bupropion hydrochloride content is released, after about 8 hours, about 40% to about 90%, preferably about 60% to about 85%, more preferably about 68% to about 74%, and most preferably about
  • the moisture barrier does not function as an enteric coat as defined by a USP test, which requires for an enteric layer coated tablet, when placed in 0.1N HCl for one hour, that the total amount of drug released does not exceed 10% and not less than 75% of the drug is released at 45 minutes in pH 6.8 buffer.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion is present at least at about 94% by weight of the dry core weight.
  • the modified-release tablet of the present invention contains from about 50 mg to about 450 mg of bupropion hydrochloride. Most preferably, the tablets of the invention contain about 150 mg or 300 mg bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the amount of binder is present preferably from about 1% to about 6% and more preferably at about 3% by weight of the dry core weight.
  • the binder is preferably polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the lubricant is present preferably from about 1% to about 6% and more preferably at about 3% by weight of the dry core weight.
  • the lubricants useful for the tablets of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of glyceryl behenate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oils and any combination thereof.
  • the preferred lubricant is glyceryl behenate.
  • control-releasing coat consists essentially of a water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer and the amount present may vary from about 35% to about 60% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • the amount of water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer is present at about 50% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight for the 150 mg dose and at about 45% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight for the 300 mg dose.
  • the water-insoluble water-permeable film forming polymers may be selected from the group consisting of cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, polyvinyl alcohol and any combination thereof.
  • the preferred water-insoluble water-permeable film forming polymers are the ethyl celluloses and may be selected from the group consisting of ethyl cellulose grade PR 100, ethyl cellulose grade PR 20 and any combination thereof.
  • the preferred water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer is ethyl cellulose grade PR 100.
  • the amount of plasticizer is present from about 6% to about 30% and more preferably at about 12% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • the plasticizers useful for the tablets of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of polyols, organic esters, oils/glycerides and any combination thereof.
  • the preferred plasticizer is polyethylene glycol 1450.
  • the amount of water-soluble polymer present may vary from about 25% to about 50% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight. Preferably, the water-soluble polymer is present at about 43% by weight of the control-releasing coat.
  • the water-soluble polymer may be selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and any combination thereof.
  • the preferred water-soluble polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • the ratio of the water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer:plasticizer:water-soluble polymer for the 150 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet of the invention may vary from about 3:1:4 to about 5:1:3 with the preferred ratio being 4:1:3.
  • the ratio of the water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer:plasticizer:water-soluble polymer for the 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet of the invention may vary from about 7:2:6 to about 19:5:18 with the preferred ratio being 13:4:12.
  • the weight gained after coating the tablet core with the control-releasing coat may vary from 3% to about 30% off the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the weight gained may vary from about 13% to about 16% of the dry tablet core weight with the preferred weigh gain being about 15% of the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the weight gained after application of the control-releasing coat may vary from about 8% to about 10% of the dry tablet core weight with a 9% weight gain being preferred.
  • the moisture barrier comprises an enteric and/or acrylic polymer, a plasticizer and a permeation enhancer and is present in a ratio of about 13:2:5.
  • the enteric and/or acrylic polymer is preferably an acrylic polymer, which in turn is preferably a methacrylic acid copolymer available commercially as Eudragit® L 30 D-55.
  • the amount of methacrylic acid copolymer present may vary from about 30% to about 90% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight, it is preferable that the amount of the methacrylic acid copolymer is present at about 66% of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the plasticizer may be selected from the group consisting of polyols, organic esters, oils/glycerides and any combination thereof.
  • the preferred plasticizer for use in the moisture barrier is a combination of a polyol and organic ester.
  • the preferred polyol in the combination is polyethylene glycol 1450 with triethyl citrate being the preferred organic ester.
  • the ratio of the organic ester to the polyol is preferably 1:2. It is preferable that the plasticizer be present from about 1% to about 30% and more preferably at about 10% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the permeation enhancer is a hydrophilic substance and may be selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, colloidal silicon, lactose, hydrophilic polymers, sodium chloride, aluminum oxide, colloidal aluminum oxide, silica, microcrystalline cellulose and any combination thereof.
  • the permeation enhancer is preferably silicon dioxide and is present from about 20% to about 40% and more preferably at about 25% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the moisture barrier is applied such that the weight gained after application of the moisture barrier is no more than about 6% and preferably no more than about 2.5% of the tablet dry weight for both the 150 mg and 300 mg dose modified-release tablets of the invention.
  • the modified-release tablet of the invention provides for a stable bupropion hydrochloride formulation such that at least about 95% and preferably at least about 97.5% and even: 98.5% or even 99% of the bupropion hydrochloride remains stable after about 12 months storage at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH.
  • the modified-release tablet of the invention provides for a stable bupropion hydrochloride formulation such that at least about 95% and preferably at least about 97.5% and even 98.5% or even 99% of the bupropion hydrochloride remains stable after about 18 months storage at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH
  • the modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets of the invention are bioequivalent to either Wellbutrin® or Zyban®/Wellbutrin® SR tablets and do not exhibit a food effect.
  • the moisture barrier substantially impedes or retards the absorption of moisture into the tablet, thereby increasing the stability of the bupropion hydrochloride
  • FIG. 1A is a graph illustrating the dissolution profile of a 150 mg dosage strength bupropion hydrochloride modified-release tablets with three different release rates according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1B is a graph illustrating the dissolution profile of a 300 mg dosage strength bupropion hydrochloride modified-release tablets with three different release rates according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2A is a graph illustrating the statistical analysis for Relative Response Factors (RRF) corrected total impurities content in the 150 mg dosage strength bupropion hydrochloride modified-release tablets according to an embodiment of the invention stored at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH in HDPE bottles (7 ct, 40 cc and 30 ct, 100 cc).
  • RRF Relative Response Factors
  • FIG. 2B is a graph illustrating the statistical analysis for Relative Response Factors (RRF) corrected total impurities content in the 300 mg dosage strength bupropion hydrochloride modified-release tablets according to an embodiment of the invention stored at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH in HDPE bottles (7 ct, 40 cc and 30 ct, 100 cc).
  • RRF Relative Response Factors
  • FIG. 3A is a graph illustrating the mean plasma bupropion concentrations of a dosage strength equivalency study after administration of 2 ⁇ 150 mg (q.d.) and 1 ⁇ 300 mg (q.d.) dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3B is a graph illustrating the mean plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations of a dosage strength equivalency study after administration of 2 ⁇ 150 mg (q.d.) and 1 ⁇ 300 mg (q.d.) dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3C is a graph illustrating the mean plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations of a dosage strength equivalency study after administration of 2 ⁇ 150 mg (q.d.) and 1 ⁇ 300 mg (q.d.) dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3D is a graph illustrating the mean plasma bupropion erythroamino alcohol concentrations of a dosage strength equivalency study after administration of 2 ⁇ 150 mg (q.d.) and 1 ⁇ 300 mg (q.d.) dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4A is a graph illustrating the effect of food on the mean plasma bupropion concentrations after a single dose administration of a 150 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4B is a graph comparing the mean plasma bupropion concentrations shown in FIG. 4A with the mean plasma bupropion concentrations after a single dose administration of the prior art 150 mg Zyban® tablet.
  • FIG. 4C is a graph comparing the mean plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after a single dose administration of a 150 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention with the mean plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after a single dose administration of the prior art 150 mg Zyban® tablet.
  • FIG. 4D is a graph comparing the mean plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations after a single dose administration of a 150 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention with the mean plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after a single dose administration of the prior art 150 mg Zyban® tablet.
  • FIG. 4E is a graph comparing the mean plasma bupropion erythroamino alcohol concentrations after a single dose administration of a 150 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention with the mean plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after a single dose administration of the prior art 150 mg Zyban® tablet.
  • FIG. 5A is a graph comparing the effect of food on the mean plasma bupropion concentrations of a single dose once-daily 300 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5B is a graph comparing the effect of food on the mean plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations of a single dose once-daily 300 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5C is a graph comparing the effect of food on the mean plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations of a single dose once-daily 300 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5D is a graph comparing the effect of food on the mean plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations of a single dose once-daily 300 mg dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6A is a graph illustrating the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention when administered to a patient in the fasted state.
  • FIG. 6B is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion concentrations shown in FIG. 5A with the mean steady state plasma bupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art Wellbutrin® tablet in the fasted state.
  • FIG. 6C is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention when administered to a patient in the fasted state with the mean steady state plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art Wellbutrin® tablet in the fasted state.
  • FIG. 6D is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention when administered to a patient in the fasted state with the mean steady state plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art Wellbutrin® tablet in the fasted state.
  • FIG. 6E is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion erythroamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention when administered to a patient in the fasted state with the mean steady state plasma bupropion erythroamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art Wellbutrin® tablet in the fasted state.
  • FIG. 7A is a graph illustrating the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention under fasted conditions.
  • FIG. 7B is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion concentrations shown in FIG. 7A with the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art 150 mg (b.i.d.) Zyban® tablets under fasted conditions.
  • FIG. 7C is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention under fasted conditions with the mean steady state blood plasma hydroxybupropion concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art 150 mg (b.i.d.) Zyban® tablets under fasted conditions.
  • FIG. 7D is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention under fasted conditions with the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion threoamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art 150 mg (b.i.d.) Zyban® tablets under fasted conditions.
  • FIG. 7E is a graph comparing the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion erythroamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of a once daily 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to an embodiment of the invention under fasted conditions with the mean steady state blood plasma bupropion erythroamino alcohol concentrations after multiple dosing of the prior art 150 mg (b.i.d.) Zyban® tablets under fasted conditions.
  • the invention described herein relates to a modified-release tablet having a core comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion and conventional excipients, surrounded by a control-releasing coat, which controls the release of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion, and a moisture barrier, which surrounds the control-releasing coat.
  • the modified-release tablet of the invention is bioequivalent.
  • the core of the modified-release tablet comprises an effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable slat of bupropion, a binder, and a lubricant and may contain other conventional inert excipients.
  • the amount of the active drug present may vary in an amount from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the tablet dry weight, and preferably from about 70% to about 90% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion is preferably bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the tablet comprises an amount of bupropion hydrochloride that can vary from about 50 mg to about 450 mg.
  • the tablet comprises 150 mg or 300 mg of bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the bupropion hydrochloride is about 78% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of bupropion hydrochloride is present at about 83% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of bupropion hydrochloride is present at about 94% by weight of the dry core for each dose.
  • a binder (also sometimes called adhesive) is added to a drug-filler mixture to ensure that granules and tablets can be formed with the required mechanical strength.
  • Binders can be added to the formulation in different ways: (1) as a dry powder, which is mixed with other ingredients before wet agglomeration, (2) as a solution, which is used as agglomeration liquid during wet agglomeration, and is referred to as a solution binder, and (3) as a dry powder, which is mixed with the other ingredients before compaction. In this form the binder is referred to as a dry binder.
  • Solution binders are generally considered the most effective, and this is therefore the most common way of incorporating a binder into granules.
  • the binder used herein is in the form of a solution binder.
  • binders useful for the core include water-soluble polymers such as modified starch, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose derivatives (such as for example hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)) and polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the amount of binder present may vary from about 0.5% to about 15% by weight of the tablet dry weight, preferably from about 1% to about 6% by weight of the tablet dry weight, and most preferably about 3% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of binder may be present preferably from about 1% to about 6% by weight of each dry core weight and more preferably at about 3% by weight of each dry core weight.
  • the preferred binder is polyvinyl alcohol.
  • Lubricants are added to pharmaceutical formulations to ensure that tablet formation and ejection can occur with low friction between the solid and the die wall. High friction during tabletting can cause a series of problems, including inadequate tablet quality (capping or even fragmentation of tablets during ejection, and vertical scratches on tablet edges) and may even stop production. Accordingly, lubricants are added to almost all tablet formulations including the bupropion hydrochloride tablet formulation described herein.
  • Non-limiting examples of lubricants useful for the core include glyceryl behenate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oils (such as hydrogenated cottonseed oil (Sterotex®), hydrogenated soybean oil (Sterotex® HM) and hydrogenated soybean oil & castor wax (Sterotex® K), stearyl alcohol, leucine and polyethylene glycol (MW 4000 and higher).
  • the lubricant is preferably glyceryl behenate.
  • the amount lubricant present may vary from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the tablet dry weight, preferably from about 2% to about 3% by weight of the tablet dry weight, and most preferably about 2.5% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the lubricant is present at about 2.5% by weight of the tablet dry weight and preferably from about 1% to about 6% by weight of the dry core weight and more preferably at about 3% by weight of the dry core weight for both dosages.
  • the core formulation is an immediate release formulation resulting in 100% dissolution of the bupropion hydrochloride within 1 hour (data not shown).
  • the core comprises only an effective pharmaceutical amount of pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion, a binder, preferably polyvinyl alcohol, and a lubricant, preferably glyceryl behenate.
  • additional inert excipients consistent with the objects of the invention may be added to the core formulation. The additional inert excipients may be added to facilitate the preparation and/or improve patient acceptability of the final modified-release bupropion hydrochloride dosage form as described herein.
  • inert excipients are well known to the skilled artisan and can be found in the relevant literature, for example in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients.
  • Non-limiting examples of such excipients include spray dried lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, and any cellulose derivative.
  • the granules to be compressed to form the core of the modified-release tablet of the invention described herein be manufactured by the wet granulation process.
  • wet granulation involves agitation of a powder (the active drug) by convention in the presence of a liquid (the solution binder) followed by drying.
  • the bupropion hydrochloride is first granulated, preferably with a solution binder, in a granulator, preferably but not necessarily a fluidized bed granulator such as for example a fluidized bed granulator manufactured by Glatt (Germany) or Aeromatic (Switzerland).
  • the binder preferably polyvinyl alcohol
  • a suitable solvent preferably water.
  • the solution binder is then top sprayed onto the drug in a granulator, preferably a fluidized bed granulator.
  • granulation can also be performed in a conventional or high shear mixer.
  • the additional inert excipients such as for example a filler can be mixed with the bupropion hydrochloride prior to the granulation step.
  • the granules formed are subsequently dried and then sieved prior to blending the granules with the lubricant.
  • the dried granules are sieved through a 1.4 mm mesh screen.
  • the sieved granules are then blended with the lubricant, and if necessary, any other additional inert excipients, which may improve processing of the modified-release tablets of the invention.
  • Blending of the granules with the lubricant, and if necessary, any additional inert excipients, such as for example a glidant may be performed in a V-blender or any other suitable blending apparatus. Glidants improve the flowability of the powder.
  • Tablet cores can be obtained by the use of standard techniques and equipment well known to the skilled artisan. Ideally, but not necessarily, the tablet cores are obtained by a rotary press (also referred to as a multi-station press) fitted with suitable punches.
  • the tablet cores are coated in two stages.
  • the control-releasing coating is applied directly onto the surface of the tablet cores and functions to control the release of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of bupropion.
  • the moisture barrier is applied directly onto the surface of the control-releasing coat to impede or retard the absorption of moisture
  • the control-releasing coat is a semi-permeable coat comprising a water-insoluble, water-permeable film-forming polymer, a plasticizer and a water-soluble polymer.
  • Non-limiting examples of water-insoluble, water-permeable film-forming polymers useful for the control-releasing coat include cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, and polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the preferred water-insoluble, water-permeable film forming polymers are the ethyl celluloses, and can be selected from the group consisting of ethyl cellulose grade PR100, ethyl cellulose grade PR20 and any combination thereof.
  • Ethyl cellulose grade PR 100 is the preferred water-insoluble, water-permeable film forming polymer.
  • the amount of the water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer may vary from about 1% to about 8% by weight of the tablet dry weight and preferably from about 2% to about 6% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of water-insoluble water permeable film-forming polymer may vary from about 3% to about 6% by weight of the tablet dry weight. Preferably, the amount of the water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer is present at about 6.3% by weight of the tablet dry weight. With k respect to the control-releasing coat itself, the amount of water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer may vary from about 35% to about 60% and by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight. Preferably, the amount of water-insoluble water-permeable polymer is present at about 50% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • the amount of water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer may vary from about 2% to about 5% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of water-insoluble water-permeable film forming polymer is present at about 3.6% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer is present at about 45% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • Plasticizers are generally added to film coating formulations to modify the physical properties of the polymer to make it more usable.
  • the amount and choice of the plasticizer contributes to the hardness of a tablet and may even affect its dissolution or disintegration characteristics, as well as its physical and chemical stability.
  • One important property of plasticizers is their ability to make a coat elastic and pliable, thereby decreasing the coat's brittleness.
  • Non-limiting examples of plasticizers useful for the control-releasing coat described herein include polyols, such as polyethylene glycol of various molecular weights, organic esters, such as diethyl phthalate or triethyl citrate, and oils/glycerides such as fractionated coconut oil or castor oil.
  • the amount of plasticizer for the control-releasing coat may vary in an amount from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the preferred plasticizer is polyethylene glycol 1450.
  • the amount of plasticizer present in the control-releasing coat may vary from about 1% to about 1.5% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of plasticizer is present at about 1.5% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of plasticizer present may vary from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the plasticizer is present preferably from about 6% to about 30% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight and more preferably at about 12% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • Non-limiting examples of water-soluble polymers useful for the control-releasing coat include polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • the preferred water-soluble polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone the amount of which may vary from about 1.5% to about 6% by weight of the tablet dry weight. With respect to the control-releasing coat itself, the amount of water-soluble polymer present may vary from about 25% to about 55% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • the amount of water-soluble polymer present may vary from about 3% to about 5% by weight of the tablet dry weight or from about 25% to about 50% by weight of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • the amount of water-soluble polymer present may vary from about 2% to about 5% of the tablet dry weight and about 43% of the control-releasing coat dry weight.
  • the ratio of water-insoluble water-permeable film forming polymer:plasticizer:water-soluble polymer for the 150 mg dose of the modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet of the invention described herein may vary from about 3:1:4 to about 5:1:3. The preferred ratio is about 4:1:3.
  • the ratio of the water-insoluble water-impermeable film-forming polymer:plasticizer:water-soluble polymer may vary from about 7:2:6 to about 19:5:18. The preferred ratio is about 13:4:12.
  • control-releasing coat preparation and application of the control-releasing coat is as follows.
  • the water-insoluble water-permeable film-forming polymer, preferably ethylcellulose, and the plasticizer, preferably polyethylene glycol 1450, are dissolved in an organic solvent such as a mixture of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol.
  • the plasticizer, preferably polyvinyl pyrrolidone is next added until a homogenous mixture is achieved.
  • the resulting control-releasing coat solution is then sprayed onto the tablet cores using a tablet coater, fluidized bed apparatus or any other suitable coating apparatus known in the art until the desired weight gain is achieved.
  • the tablet cores coated with the control-releasing coat are subsequently dried before the moisture barrier is applied.
  • controlling the permeability can control the release of the bupropion hydrochloride and/or the amount of coating applied to the tablet cores.
  • the permeability of the control-releasing coat can be altered by varying the ratio of the water-insoluble, water-permeable film-forming polymer:plasticizer:water-soluble polymer and/or the quantity of coating applied to the tablet core. A more extended release is generally obtained with a higher amount of water-insoluble, water-permeable film forming polymer.
  • the addition of other excipients to the tablet core may also alter the permeability of the control-releasing coat.
  • the amount of plasticizer in the control-releasing coat should be increased to make the coat more pliable as the pressure exerted on a less pliable coat by the expanding agent would rupture the coat.
  • the proportion of the water-insoluble water-permeable film forming polymer and water-soluble polymer may also have to be altered depending on whether a faster or slower dissolution and/or release profile is desired.
  • the weight gained after coating the tablet core with the control-releasing coat might vary from about 3% to about 30% of the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the weight gain may vary from about 13% to about 16% of the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the weight gain is about 15% of the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the weight gain may vary from about 8% to about 10% of the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the weight gain is about 9% of the weight of the dry tablet core.
  • the moisture barrier is applied directly onto the control-releasing coat and comprises an enteric and/or an acrylic polymer, a permeation enhancer and optionally a plasticizer.
  • the enteric polymer is preferably an acrylic polymer.
  • the acrylic polymer is preferably a methacrylic acid copolymer type C [poly(methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate) 1:1] available commercially under the trade name Eudragit® (e.g. Eudragit L 30 D-55).
  • the methacrylic acid copolymer is present in an amount, which may vary from about 1% to about 3% of the tablet dry weight and from about 55% to about 70% of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the methacrylic acid copolymer may vary from about 2% to about 3% of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of the methacrylic acid copolymer is present at about 2.5% of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of the methacrylic acid copolymer is present preferably from about 30% to about 90% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight and more preferably at about 66% of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the amount of the methacrylic acid copolymer may vary from about 1.5% to about 3% of the tablet dry weight.
  • the amount of methacrylic acid copolymer is present at about 2% by weight of the tablet dry weight.
  • the methacrylic acid copolymer is present preferably from about 30% to about 90% of the moisture barrier dry weight and more preferably at about 66% of the moisture barrier dry weight for the 300 mg dose modified-release tablet of the invention.
  • plasticizers useful for the control-releasing coat described herein include polyols, such as polyethylene glycol of various molecular weights, organic esters, such as diethyl phthalate or triethyl citrate, and oils/glycerides such as fractionated coconut oil or castor oil.
  • the preferred plasticizer comprises a combination of triethyl citrate and polyethylene glycol 1450. The ratio of triethyl citrate to polyethylene glycol 1450 is about 1:2.
  • the plasticizer is present in an amount, which may vary from about 0.2% to about 0.5% and preferably from about 0.2% to about 0.4% of the tablet dry weight.
  • the plasticizer is present at about 0.35% of the tablet dry weight for the 150 mg tablet and from about 0.2% to about 0.4% of the tablet dry weight for the 300 mg tablet.
  • the plasticizer is present preferably from about 1% to about 30% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight and more preferably at about 10% of the moisture barrier dry weight for both the 150 mg and 300 mg dose modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet of the invention.
  • excipients to be used in tablets are subcategorized into different groups. However, one excipient can affect the properties of a drug or the tablet as a whole in a series of ways, and many substances used in tablet formulations can therefore be described as multifunctional.
  • the polyethylene glycol 1450 used in the plasticizer combination for the moisture barrier serves not only to increase the hydrophilicity of the moisture barrier, but also acts as a glidant.
  • the permeation enhancer also acts as a glidant and also increases the hydrophilicity of the moisture barrier.
  • the permeation enhancer is hydrophilic substance and may be selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, colloidal silicon, lactose, hydrophilic polymers, sodium chloride, aluminum oxide, colloidal aluminum oxide, silica, microcrystalline cellulose and any combination thereof. Silicon dioxide is the preferred permeation enhancer.
  • the amount of permeation enhancer present may vary from about 0.5% to about 1% by weight of the tablet dry weight and is about 25% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the permeation enhancer is present in an amount of about 0.9% of the tablet dry weight and from about 20% to about 40% and preferably about 25% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the permeation enhancer is present in an amount, which may vary from about 0.5% to about 1% by weight of the tablet dry weight and is present preferably from about 20% to about 40% and preferably at about 25% by weight of the moisture barrier dry weight.
  • the ratio of the methacrylic acid copolymer:plasticizer:permeation enhancer is preferably about 13:2:5.
  • the preparation and application of the moisture barrier process is as follows.
  • the plasticizer preferably a combination of polyethylene glycol 1450 and triethyl citrate, is first added to water and the mixture mixed to homogeneity.
  • the methacrylic acid co-polymer preferably Eudragit® L 30 D-55, is next sieved and added to the plasticizer mixture and mixed to homogeneity.
  • the permeation enhancer preferably silicon dioxide is dissolved in water until a homogeneous mixture is achieved.
  • the plasticizer and methacrylic acid copolymer mixture is then combined with the permeation enhancer solution and mixed to homogeneity.
  • the resulting moisture barrier solution is then sprayed onto the tablet cores coated with the control-releasing coat using a tablet coater, fluidized bed apparatus or any other suitable coating apparatus known in the art until the desired weight gain is achieved.
  • the tablets coated with the moisture barrier are subsequently dried prior to packaging.
  • the moisture barrier is applied to the control-releasing coated tablet cores such that the weight gain is no more than about 6% and preferably no more than about 2.5% of the tablet dry weight of both the 150 mg and 300 mg modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablets of the invention.
  • the amount of the moisture barrier applied does not render the bupropion hydrochloride modified release tablet described herein resistant to gastric fluid and has no significant impact on the drug release characteristics.
  • the moisture barrier as used herein does not function as an enteric coat.
  • methacrylic acid copolymer Eudragit® L 30 D-55
  • enteric coating formulations in the art its functionality is formulation dependent and on the quantity of the material applied.
  • an enteric coating is applied where a drug may be destroyed or inactivated by gastric juice or where the drug may irritate the gastric mucosa.
  • the test as described in the USP stipulates that after 2 hours in acidic media (0.1N HCl), no individual values of at least six experiments exceed 10% of the active drug dissolved and not less than 75% dissolved at 45 minutes in pH 6.8.
  • the moisture barrier does not meet this requirement for the following reasons even though the bupropion hydrochloride is not negatively affected in acidic media nor is it irritating the gastric mucosa: (1) to obtain enteric integrity with a film containing Eudragit® L 30 D-55, a weight gain of between about 6% to about 8% based on the dry polymer per dosage unit is recommended.
  • the amount of Eudragit® L 30 D-55 solid applied onto the control-releasing coated tablet cores is no more than 6% and preferably no more than 2.5%, (2) if enteric integrity would be required, the dissolution test for the finished product (i.e., the moisture barrier coated tablet cores) at the 2 hour time point would not stipulate a limit of no more than 20%, and (3) analytical tests performed on the final two coat product indicate that the product does not meet all the test requirements as an enteric coated product as defined by USP test methods. Since the moisture barrier is applied directly onto the control release coat, tests were conducted to determine if the moisture barrier applied directly onto the immediate release tablet cores function as an enteric coat.
  • the tablet of the invention provides for an extended-release of the bupropion hydrochloride though no pore forming agent is present in the formulation.
  • the above formulation also provides for a stable bupropion hydrochloride formulation such that after about 2 hours, no more than about 20%, preferably about 2% to about 18%, more preferably about 4% to about 8%, and most preferably about 5% of the bupropion hydrochloride content is released, after about 4 hours, about 20% to about 45%, preferably about 21% to about 37%, more preferably about 28% to about 34%, and most preferably about 32% of the bupropion hydrochloride content is released, after about 8 hours, about 40% to about 90%, preferably about 60% to about 85%, more preferably about 68% to about 74%, and most preferably about 74% of the bupropion hydrochloride content is released and after about 16 hours no less than about 80%, preferably no less than about 93%, more preferably no less than about 96%, and most preferably no less than about 99% of the bupro
  • the positive impact on stability of the modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet of the formulation described herein is evident in the tests performed to evaluate the total impurities present in either the 150 mg or 300 mg dosage forms through 6 months under accelerated conditions (40° C. ⁇ 2° C./75% RH ⁇ 5% RH) as well as through 12 months and 18 months of long-term stability at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH.
  • the stability tests showed reduced values (relative to Wellbutrin SR) in total impurities in tablets.
  • the total impurities present should be no more than about 2.5% by weight of the amount of bupropion hydrochloride in the tablet, preferably no more that about 1.5%, and most preferably no more that about 0.6% through at least 12 months of long-term stability at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH.
  • the total impurities present should be no more than about 2.5% by weight of the amount of bupropion hydrochloride in the tablet, preferably no more than about 1.5%, and most preferably no more than about 0.7% by weight of the amount of bupropion hydrochloride in the tablet.
  • the modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet according to the present invention contains at least about 95% w/w and more preferably at least 98% or even at least 99% of undegraded bupropion hydrochloride after storage for 12 or 18 months of long-term stability under the humidity and temperature conditions usually encountered in pharmacies and medicine cabinets i.e. room temperature and 35-60% humidity.
  • a tablet when used in a pharmaceutical preparation for example, a tablet, it will still retain at least 95% of its potency and preferably at least 98% or even 99% of its potency after one year of storage at room temperature (15°-25° C.) at 35-60% humidity.
  • the tablet initially contains 300 mg bupropion hydrochloride (labeled amount) at time of preparation, after one-year storage at least 285 mg of bupropion hydrochloride and preferably at least 294 mg or more will remain in the tablet.
  • the KF moisture content and the total amount of impurities of bupropion hydrochloride for the 150 mg dosage strength tablets of the invention when stored under accelerated conditions through at least 6 months for the 7 count, 40 cc HDPE bottle configurations should be no more than about 1%.
  • the same bottle and tablet configuration for the 300 mg dosage strength stored under the same accelerated conditions should have a KF moisture content of no more than about 1% and total impurities of no more than about 0.6% through at least 6 months.
  • the 150 mg tablets stored in the 30 count, 100 cc HDPE bottle configuration should have a KF moisture content of no more than about 1% and total impurities of no more than about 1.2% when stored under accelerated conditions through at least 6 months.
  • the 300 mg dosage strength tablets stored in the same configuration under the same conditions for the same amount of time should have a KF moisture content of no more than about 1% and total impurities of no more than about 0.8%.
  • the KF moisture content of a 300 mg dosage strength modified-release tablet of the invention should be no more than about 0.8% after 3 days and preferably no more than 0.45% after 10 days when stored under accelerated conditions.
  • the KF moisture content should be no more than 0.45% after 3-days and preferably no more than about 0.4% after 10 days.
  • the water is first heated to 60 ⁇ 5° C.
  • the binder polyvinyl alcohol
  • the binder polyvinyl alcohol
  • Bupropion hydrochloride is placed in the top spraying chamber of a fluidized bed apparatus, such as for example a Glatt GPCG1 fluidized bed apparatus.
  • the solution binder i.e., the polyvinyl alcohol solution
  • the solution binder is sprayed onto the bupropion hydrochloride, with the in-process parameters shown in Table 2: TABLE 2 GRANULATION PROCESS PARAMETERS Air flow (m 3 /h) 2000-2500 Pump flow rate (g/min) 150-250 Inlet temperature 50° C.-70° C. Outlet temperature 30° C.-50° C. Spraying pressure (Bar) 3-5 Product temperature 35° C.-50° C.
  • the granules are allowed to dry and then cooled to a temperature of no more than about 35° C.
  • the bupropion hydrochloride granules are then passed through a 1.4 mm mesh sieve.
  • the lubricant (glyceryl behenate) together with the sieved granules is then blended in a V-Blender until the mixture is uniformly mixed.
  • the resulting mixture is pressed into tablet cores using a rotary tablet press (Manesty Unipress) with an average hardness from about 8 Sc to about 25 Sc and an average thickness from about 3.9 mm to about 4.5 mm for the 150 mg tablet cores, and an average hardness from about 12 Sc to about 33 Sc, and an average thickness from about 4.8 mm to about 5.4 mm for the 300 mg tablet cores.
  • the friability of the tablet cores for both dosage strengths is no more than 0.8%.
  • the plasticizer polyethylene glycol 1450
  • the water-insoluble water permeable film-forming polymer ethylcellulose 100
  • the solution is mixed to homogeneity.
  • the remainder of the denatured ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol is then added to the coating mixture and mixing is continued until a homogeneous solution is achieved.
  • the coating solution is then passed through a DeBee Homogenizer (nozzle size 7, process pressure at 8500 ⁇ 2000 psi and back pressure at 1000 ⁇ 250 psi).
  • the homogenized coating solution is then sprayed onto the tablet cores in a tablet coater (O'Hara 36 Side Vent) with the process parameters shown in Table 4: TABLE 4 CONTROL-RELEASING COAT PROCESS PARAMETERS 300 mg Process Parameters 150 mg tablet cores tablet cores Pan Speed (rpm) 5-15 5-15 Exhaust Air Temperature (° C.) 25 ⁇ 40 25 ⁇ 40 Inlet Air Temperature (° C.) 300 ⁇ 60 30 ⁇ 60 Spray Rate (g/min) 160-400 160-400 Atomizing Air Pressure (psi) 30-50 30-50 Pattern Air Pressure (psi) 20-40 20-40 Air Flow (CFM) 800-1100 800-1100
  • Coating of the tablet cores with the control-releasing coat solution is continued until a weight gain of about 24 mg (wet coating range of about 22 to about 26 mg) and a weight gain of about 29 mg (wet coating range of about 27 to about 31 mg) is achieved for the 150 mg and 300 mg tablet cores respectively. Once the desired weight gain is reached, the coating is stopped and the coated tablet cores are dried at an inlet air temperature of about 35 ⁇ 2° C. with a pan speed set at about 2 rpm.
  • the plasticizer combination preferably polyethylene glycol 1450 and triethyl citrate, are first dissolved in a portion of the purified water and mixed to homogeneity. While the plasticizer solution is being mixed, the methacrylic acid copolymer, preferably Eudragit® L 30 D-55, is passed through a 0.3 mm mesh screen in a separate container. The plasticizer solution is next added to the methacrylic acid copolymer and mixed until a homogenous solution is achieved. While the methacrylic acid copolymer/plasticizer solution is being mixed, the permeation enhancer, preferably, silicon dioxide, is dissolved in the remainder of the water and mixed with a high shear mixer until the suspension is homogenous.
  • the methacrylic acid copolymer preferably Eudragit® L 30 D-55
  • the final moisture barrier solution is obtained by mixing the permeation enhancer solution with the methacrylic acid copolymer/plasticizer mixture.
  • the homogenized moisture barrier solution is then sprayed onto the control release coated tablet cores in a coating pan with the process parameters as shown in Table 6: TABLE 6 MOISTURE BARRIER PROCESS PARAMETERS 300 mg Process Parameters 150 mg tablet cores tablet cores Pan Speed (rpm) 5-15 5-15 Exhaust Air Temperature (° C.) 25-40 25-40 Inlet Air Temperature (° C.) 30-60 30-60 Spray Rate (g/min) 160-400 160-400 Atomizing Air Pressure (psi) 30-50 30-50 Pattern Air Pressure (psi) 20-40 20-40 Air Flow (CFM) 800-1100 800-1100
  • the moisture barrier is applied until a weight gain of about 7 mg (wet coating tablet range of about 6.3 to about 7.7 mg) and about 10.5 mg (wet coating tablet range of about 9.5-11.5 mg) is achieved for the 150 mg and 300 mg dose modified release tablets respectively. Once the desired weight gain is reached, the coating is stopped and the coated tablets are dried at an inlet air temperature of about 35 ⁇ 2° C. with a pan speed set at about 2 rpm.
  • the coated tablets are finally printed with suitable indicia using suitable black ink, such as for example Opacode® S-1-8090 black ink, using a tablet printer (Print International).
  • suitable black ink such as for example Opacode® S-1-8090 black ink
  • the dissolution profile for each of the three 150 mg and 300 mg doses was determined under the following dissolution conditions:
  • the mean dissolution profile for the three different 150 mg and 300 mg modified release bupropion hydrochloride tablets is shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B respectively.
  • Formulation C and C′ for the 150 mg and 300 mg dosage forms were selected for all further tests and manufacturing.
  • the formulations are free of a stabilizer.
  • stability tests were conducted both under accelerated conditions over 6 months at 40° C. ⁇ 2° C./75% RH ⁇ 5% RH and under long-term conditions over 12 and 18 months at 25° C. ⁇ 2° C./60% RH ⁇ 5% RH.
  • the tablets were analyzed for impurities resulting from the degradation of bupropion hydrochloride by HPLC.
  • the degradation products included those listed in the USP (26 th edition, pg 281) and any other peaks that appeared on the chromatogram.
  • the Moisture Barrier is not an Enteric Coat
  • the modified release bupropion hydrochloride tablets of the invention are not enteric coated.
  • the modified release formulation is based on a tablet core comprising bupropion hydrochloride, a binder and a lubricant.
  • the tablet core is coated with a control-releasing coat, which functions to control the release of the bupropion hydrochloride.
  • the control-releasing coated tablet cores are subsequently coated with a moisture barrier, which substantially impedse or retards absorption of moisture.
  • the modified release tablet of the invention does not meet the USP requirement of an enteric-coated tablet i.e., after 2 hours in acidic media (0.1N HCl) no individual values exceed 10% dissolved active drug and not less than 75% dissolved at 45 minutes in pH 6.8 buffer.
  • a buffer test was not performed due to the high release in the acidic medium.
  • the Moisture Barrier Functions to Substantially Impede or Retard the Absorption of Moisture.
  • the objective of this study was to investigate the dosage strength equivalency of the following test 150 mg and 300 mg product strengths of Bupropion HCl modified-release tablets under fasting conditions.
  • a two-way, crossover, open-label, single-dose, fasting, dosage strength equivalency study of two strengths (150 mg and 300 mg) of bupropion HCl modified-release tablets of the invention was conducted.
  • the modified-release tablets of the invention were administered once daily in normal healthy non-smoking male and female subjects.
  • the study design involved a 2-period, 2-treatment, single-dose crossover design under fasting conditions.
  • the study periods were separated by a 3-week washout period.
  • Subjects were administered the following treatments:
  • the graphical mean plasma-concentration (ng/ml) profiles of bupropion and its metabolites hydroxybupropion, bupropion threoamino alcohol, and erythroamino alcohol over a 120-hour time period after administration of the 2 ⁇ 150 mg once daily and the 1 ⁇ 300 mg once daily dosage forms are shown in FIGS. 3 A-D respectively.
  • a four-way, crossover, open-label, single-dose, fasting and food-effect comparative bioavailability study of bupropion hydrochloride modified-release 150 mg tablets as described herein and in Example 1 and Zyban® 150 mg tablets in normal healthy non-smoking male and female subjects were conducted. This study was designed to evaluate the rate and extent of absorption of bupropion in the fed and fasted state after administration of 150 mg dosage strength bupropion hydrochloride modified-release tablets as described herein and in Example 1. In parallel, the rate and extent of absorption of bupropion in the fed and fasted state after administration of 150 mg dosage strength Zyban® tablets was also evaluated in this study.
  • the study design followed a 2-period, 2-treatment, single-dose crossover design under fasting and fed conditions.
  • the study periods were separated by a 2-week washout period.
  • a total of 35 subjects 24 Male, 11 Female
  • 32 of the subjects 22 Male, 10 Female
  • Subjects were administered the following treatments:
  • the graphical mean plasma-concentration (ng/ml) profiles of bupropion and its metabolites hydroxybupropion, bupropion threoamino alcohol, and erythroamino alcohol over a 72-hour time period after administration of the 1 ⁇ 150 mg once daily modified-release tablets of the invention and the 1 ⁇ 150 mg once daily dosage form of Zyban® are shown in FIGS. 4 A-E.
  • the study was designed to evaluate the effect of food on the rate and extent of absorption of the once-daily 300 mg dosage strength bupropion hydrochloride modified-release tablets of the invention under single-dose conditions.
  • the study design followed a 2-period, 2-treatment, single-dose crossover design under fasting and fed conditions.
  • the study periods were separated by a 2-week wash out period.
  • a total of 36 subjects (26 Male, 10 Female) were enrolled in the study of which 32 of the subjects (23 Male, 9 Female) completed the study. Subjects were administered the following:
  • FIGS. 5 A-D The graphical mean plasma-concentration (ng/ml) profiles of bupropion and its metabolites hydroxybupropion, bupropion threoamino alcohol, and erythroamino alcohol over a 120-hour time period after administration of the 1 ⁇ 300 mg once daily modified-release tablets of the invention under fed and fasting conditions are shown in FIGS. 5 A-D respectively.
  • a two-way, crossover, steady state, multiple-dose, open-label, fasting, comparative bioavailability study of a once-daily bupropion hydrochloride 300 mg modified-release tablet of the invention versus the immediate release thrice daily Wellbutrin® 100 mg tablets in normal healthy non-smoking male and female subjects was conducted. This study was designed to evaluate the bioavailability of a once daily 300 mg dosage strength of the modified-release tablets of the invention relative to the commercially available prior art thrice daily immediate release Wellbutrin® tablets under steady-state, fasting conditions.
  • the study was designed as a 2-period, 2-treatment, dose escalated, multiple-dose crossover study under fasting conditions with a 2-week washout period between the two study periods.
  • a total of 40 subjects (27 Males, 13 Females) were enrolled in the study of which 30 subjects (22 Males, 8 Females) completed the study.
  • Subjects were administered the following dosing regimen:
  • FIGS. 6 A-E The graphical mean plasma-concentration (ng/ml) profiles of bupropion and its metabolites hydroxybupropion, bupropion threoamino alcohol, and erythroamino alcohol over the study period after administration of the 1 ⁇ 300 mg once daily modified-release tablets of the invention and the Wellbutrin® 3 ⁇ 100 mg tablets are shown in FIGS. 6 A-E respectively.
  • Tables 21 and 22 show that a 300 mg dosage strength modified-release tablet of the invention administered once daily is bioequivalent to the 100 mg dosage strength immediate release Wellbutrin® administered thrice daily.
  • the study design followed a 2-period, 2-treatment, multiple-dose crossover design under fasting conditions.
  • the study periods were separated by a 2-week washout interval.
  • a total of 54 subjects 40 Male, 14 Female
  • 49 of the subjects 37 Male, 12 Female
  • Subjects were administered 150 mg q.d.
  • Zyban® tablets from days 1-3 of the study. Days 4-17 were followed by:
  • the graphical mean plasma-concentration (ng/ml) profiles of bupropion and its metabolites hydroxybupropion, bupropion threoamino alcohol, and erythroamino alcohol over the study period after administration of the 1 ⁇ 300 mg once daily modified-release tablets of the invention and the 2 ⁇ 150 mg (b.i.d.) Zyban® tablets under fasting conditions are shown in FIGS. 7 A-E respectively.
  • Tables 23 and 24 show that a 300 mg (q.d.) dosage strength modified-release bupropion hydrochloride tablet of the invention is bioequivalent to the 150 mg b.i.d sustained-release commercially available prior art Zyban® tablet.
  • a 150 mg and 300 mg bupropion hydrochloride formulation was prepared as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,327 and the pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability data assessed for bioequivalency.
  • the proportions of the components in the core, first and second coat formulations used are as shown in Table 25: TABLE 25 150 mg 300 mg Components Mg % of core mg % of core CORE Bupropion HCI 150.00 93.75 300.00 93.75 Binder 1 5.30 3.31 10.6 3.31 Lubricant 2 4.70 2.94 9.40 2.94 Purified Water 3 110.00 * 220.00 * Total core weight 160.00 100 320.00 100.00 FIRST COAT Water-insoluble water 10.96 60.8 14.40 60.00% permeable film forming polymer 4 Water-soluble polymer 5 4.70 26.10 6.47 26.96 Plasticizer 6 2.34 13.01 3.13 13.04 Ethyl Alcohol 3 190.00 * 230.50 * Isopropyl Alcohol 99% 3 10.00 * 12.35 * Total dry first coat 18.00 100.00
  • the purpose of the study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of bupropion hydrochloride 150 mg of the 327 formulation (2 ⁇ 150 mg q.d.) relative to Zyban® 150 mg sustained-release tablets (1 ⁇ 150 mg b.i.d) and Wellbutrin® 100 mg tablets (1 ⁇ 100 mg t.i.d.) under single dose or steady-state fasting conditions.
  • Table 26 shows the mean ( ⁇ SD) plasma concentration-time profiles for bupropion (ng/ml) under single dose conditions: TABLE 26 Sample 2 ⁇ 150 mg (q.d.) Zyban 150 mg Wellbutrin ® tablet Time tablet of the ‘327 SR tablets 100 mg (3 ⁇ 100 mg (hours) patent (A) (1 ⁇ 150 mg b.i.d.) (B) t.i.d) (C) 0.0 11.71 ⁇ 3.55 8.25 ⁇ 2.74 30.01 ⁇ 17.82 1.0 11.08 ⁇ 2.90 53.87 ⁇ 14.58 113.91 ⁇ 40.96 2.0 12.95 ⁇ 4.38 75.96 ⁇ 13.83 104.04 ⁇ 20.62 4.0 60.60 ⁇ 24.59 83.71 ⁇ 12.49 58.45 ⁇ 12.90 5.0 ND ND 45.92 ⁇ 10.65 6.0 98.23 ⁇ 31.28 64.03 ⁇ 13.95 85.54 ⁇ 80.91 7.0 ND 104.45 ⁇ 39.11
  • Table 29 shows the mean ( ⁇ SD) steady-state plasma concentration-time profiles for bupropion (ng/ml) for the tablet composition shown in Table 25: TABLE 29 Sample 2 ⁇ 150 mg Zyban 150 mg Wellbutrin ® tablet Time (q.d.) tablet SR tablets 100 mg (3 ⁇ 100 mg (hours) of the ′327 patent (1 ⁇ 150 mg b.i.d.) t.i.d) 0.0 0.00 ⁇ 0.00 0.00 ⁇ 0.00 ⁇ 0.00 0.0 11.71 ⁇ 3.55 8.25 ⁇ 2.74 30.01 ⁇ 17.82 0.0 20.21 ⁇ 5.28 27.81 ⁇ 7.77 24.14 ⁇ 6.03 0.0 22.22 ⁇ 5.80 34.12 ⁇ 8.51 27.11 ⁇ 8.31 0.0 21.58 ⁇ 6.21 32.70 ⁇ 9.94 27.33 ⁇ 8.79 0.0 23.44 ⁇ 8.31 31.96 ⁇ 8.83 28.71 ⁇ 11.05 1.0 21.47 ⁇ 7.06 64.22 ⁇ 18.93
  • the pharmacokinetic and relative bioavailability data show that the 90% CI for the formulation as taught in the '327 patent does not fall within the FDA suggested 80%-125% range for a product to be bioequivalent. Accordingly, the data show that the '327 patent formulation is not bioequivalent to the commercially available Zyban®/Wellbutrin® SR or Wellbutrin® tablets.

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