US20040225116A1 - Nucleic acid fragments encoding nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes from comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D and recombinant organisms expressing those enzymes useful for the production of amides and acids - Google Patents

Nucleic acid fragments encoding nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes from comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D and recombinant organisms expressing those enzymes useful for the production of amides and acids Download PDF

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US20040225116A1
US20040225116A1 US10/431,966 US43196603A US2004225116A1 US 20040225116 A1 US20040225116 A1 US 20040225116A1 US 43196603 A US43196603 A US 43196603A US 2004225116 A1 US2004225116 A1 US 2004225116A1
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seq
polypeptide
nitrile hydratase
ala
mgam
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Mark Payne
Robert DiCosimo
John Gavagan
Robert Fallon
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EIDP Inc
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Priority to KR1020057021109A priority patent/KR20050123180A/ko
Priority to EP04753075A priority patent/EP1627059A4/en
Priority to PCT/US2004/016184 priority patent/WO2004101768A2/en
Priority to CNA2004800193189A priority patent/CN1816621A/zh
Assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY reassignment E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FALLON, ROBERT D., DICOSIMO, ROBERT, GAVAGAN, JOHN E., PAYNE, MARK S.
Priority to US10/977,893 priority patent/US7153663B2/en
Publication of US20040225116A1 publication Critical patent/US20040225116A1/en
Priority to US11/601,156 priority patent/US7405064B2/en
Priority to US11/601,230 priority patent/US7285406B2/en
Priority to US11/601,186 priority patent/US7294493B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/78—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P13/02—Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol or polyamides; Imides or polyimides; Urethanes, i.e. compounds comprising N-C=O structural element or polyurethanes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
    • C12P17/10—Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom
    • C12P17/12—Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom containing a six-membered hetero ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
    • C12P21/02—Preparation of peptides or proteins having a known sequence of two or more amino acids, e.g. glutathione

Definitions

  • Nitrile hydratases catalyze the addition of one molecule of water to the nitrile, resulting in the formation of the corresponding amide according to Reaction 1:
  • amidases convert the amide product of Reaction 1 to the corresponding carboxylic acid plus ammonia according to Reaction 2:
  • nitrile hydratase and amidase activities include Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium , and Micrococcus (Martinkova and Kren, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 20:73-93 (2002); Cowan et al., Extremophiles, 2:207-216 (1998)).
  • nitrile hydratase enzymes have been isolated from Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23 (Nishiyama et al., J.
  • Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 Kelkaashi et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1129:23-33 (1991)
  • Brevibacterium sp. 312 Mayaux et al., J. Bacteriol., 172:6764-6773 (1990)
  • Rhodococcus sp. N-774 Rhodococcus sp. N-774
  • Pseudomonas putida 5B NRRL-18668 Payne et al., Biochemistry, 36:5447-5454 (1997)).
  • microbial catalysts containing a nitrile hydratase can be susceptible to inactivation by high concentrations of certain substrates such as acrylonitrile.
  • concentration of acrylonitrile was maintained at 1.5-2 wt % when using Brevibacterium R312 and P. chlororaphis B23 catalysts, while a concentration of up to 7 wt % was used with R. rhodochrous J1 (Nagasawa et al., supra).
  • Padmakumar and Oriel Appl.
  • Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744; U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,736 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,589).
  • Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D has been shown to contain thermally-stable, regiospecific nitrile hydratase (EC 4.2.1.84) and amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) activities useful in the conversion of a variety of nitriles to their corresponding amides and carboxylic acids.
  • thermally-stable, regiospecific nitrile hydratase (EC 4.2.1.84) and amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) activities useful in the conversion of a variety of nitriles to their corresponding amides and carboxylic acids.
  • the problem to be solved is to provide the genes and encoding for the thermally-stable, regio-selective nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D and to provide transformants expressing these catalysts.
  • Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D expresses a thermally-stable, regio-selective nitrile hydratase as well as a thermally-stable amidase.
  • An enzyme catalyst having only the nitrile hydratase activity of Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D would be highly useful in applications where only the amide product from nitrile hydration is desired.
  • the invention also encompasses 1) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having 90 to 98% indentity to a polypeptide alpha-subunit of the nitrile hydratase enzyme from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D as represented by SEQ ID No:4; 2) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having 80 to 90% indentity to a polypeptide beta-subunit of the nitrile hydratase enzyme from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D as represented by SEQ ID No:6; and 3) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having amidase activity and having 90-95% indentity to the polypeptide from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D as represented by SEQ ID No:17.
  • the invention further provides a region of the Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D genome encompassed within a 0.9 kb fragment (SEQ ID NO:9) which encodes a polypeptide (designated “PK7”; and represented by SEQ ID NO:14) that is necessary for optimum activity of the nitrile hydratase enzyme.
  • SEQ ID NO:9 which encodes a polypeptide (designated “PK7”; and represented by SEQ ID NO:14) that is necessary for optimum activity of the nitrile hydratase enzyme.
  • Transformants are provided which express either the nitrile hydratase or amidase enzymes separately or which co-express both enzymes. Also provided are methods to produce the nitrile hydratase and amidase catalysts in a recombinant host.
  • the present invention further provides recombinant hosts, transformed with the polynucleotides encoding the amidase and/or the nitrile hydratase in combination with the PK7 accessory protein.
  • a particular embodiment of the invention is Escherichia coli transformed with the nucleic acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:11.
  • the Applicants also provide methods for converting a variety of aliphatic or aromatic nitriles, unsaturated nitrites, aliphatic dinitriles, and 2-3-, or 4-hydroxynitriles to the corresponding amides using a transformed host cell expressing the nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D expresses a thermally-stable, regio-selective nitrile hydratase as well as a thermally-stable amidase.
  • the present application describes the preparation of microbial transformants that have only the nitrile hydratase activity of Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D for use in applications where the production of only the amide product from nitrile hydration would be desirable.
  • FIG. 1 shows the nucleic acid fragments inserted in several plasmids created for recombinant expression of genes cloned from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744).
  • SEQ ID NO:1 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ⁇ -subunit of a nitrile hydratase from Pseudomonas putida 5B (NRRL-18668) used to probe genomic DNA fragments from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744).
  • SEQ ID NO:2 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ⁇ -subunit of a nitrile hydratase from Pseudomonas putida 5B (NRRL-18668) used to probe genomic DNA fragments from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744).
  • SEQ ID NO:3 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ⁇ -subunit of a nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:4 is the deduced amino acid sequence for the ⁇ -subunit of a nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:5 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ⁇ -subunit of a nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:6 is the deduced amino acid sequence for the ⁇ -subunit of a nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:7 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits of the nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D used in the creation of pSW131.
  • SEQ ID NO:8 is the first of two primers (“Primer 1”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:7) for creation of plasmid pSW131 and for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:11) for creation of pSW137.
  • SEQ ID NO:9 is the second of two primers (“Primer 2”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:7) for creation of plasmid pSW131.
  • SEQ ID NO:10 is the nucleic acid sequence of a 0.9 kb nucleic acid fragment from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D containing a small open reading frame (ORF) which encodes an accessory protein (denoted as “P7K”) useful in the expression of active nitrile hydratase.
  • SEQ ID NO:11 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits of the nitrile hydratase plus 0.9 kb of downstream DNA (SEQ ID NO. 10) encoding the accessory protein P7K from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D used in the creation of pSW132 and pSW137.
  • SEQ ID NO:12 is the second of two primers (“Primer 3”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:11) for creation of pSW137 and for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:23) for creation of pSW136.
  • SEQ ID NO:13 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the accessory protein P7K, and found within the 0.9 kb downstream DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:14 is the deduced amino acid sequence for the accessory protein P7K useful in the recombinant expression of Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D nitrile hydratase.
  • SEQ ID NO:15 is the nucleic acid sequence of a nucleic acid fragment comprising the first 0.6 kb of the pKP57 insert useful as a probe to identify an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:16 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:17 is the deduced amino acid sequence of an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:18 is the nucleic acid sequence of 7.4 kb nucleic acid fragment comprising the complete coding sequences for an amidase and a nitrile hydratase and the P7K accessory protein from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.
  • SEQ ID NO:19 is the first of two primers (“Primer 4”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment encoding an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D for creation of plasmid pKP60.
  • SEQ ID NO:20 is the second of two primers (“Primer 5”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment encoding an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D for creation of plasmid pKP60.
  • SEQ ID NO:21 is the first of two primers (“Primer 6”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment encoding an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D for creation of plasmid pSW133 and for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment (SEQ ID NO:23) for creation of pSW136.
  • SEQ ID NO:22 is the second of two primers (“Primer 7”) useful for amplifying a nucleic acid fragment encoding an amidase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D for creation of plasmid pSW133.
  • SEQ ID NO:23 is the nucleic acid fragment encoding an amidase, a nitrile hydratase ( ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits), and the accessory protein P7K from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D used in the creation of plasmid pSW136.
  • ATCC refers to the American Type Culture Collection International Depository Authority located at ATCC, 10801 University Boulevard., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA.
  • the “International Depository Designation” is the accession number to the culture on deposit with ATCC.
  • NRRL refers to the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection International Depository Authority located at 11815 N. University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604 U.S.A.
  • the “NRRL No.” is the accession number to cultures on deposit at the NRRL.
  • the present invention provides isolated polynucleotides and the nucleic acid sequences that encode three polypeptides ( ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits of a nitrile hydratase and an amidase) from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744) that act as catalysts. When coexpressed, the ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits of the nitrile hydratase selectively hydrate nitriles into the corresponding amides, and the amidase hydrolyzes amides into the corresponding carboxylic acids.
  • the invention also provides transformed microbial host cells expressing the polypeptides.
  • the invention further provides a method for producing the polypeptide catalysts using the transformed microbes and a method for using the catalysts for converting nitriles to the corresponding amides and/or carboxylic acids, or for converting amides to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
  • catalyst refers to polypeptides (or proteins) having a nitrile hydratase activity, an amidase activity, or having a combination of nitrile hydratase and amidase activities.
  • the catalyst may be in the form of an intact microbial cell, permeabilized microbial cell(s), one or more cell components of a microbial cell extract, partially purified enzyme(s), or purified enzyme(s).
  • thermoally-stable characterizes an enzyme that retains activity despite exposure to a given temperature.
  • Comamonas testosteroni and “ C. testosteroni ” are used interchangeably and refer to Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744).
  • Psuedomonas putida 5B and P. putida 5B are used interchangeably and refer to Psuedomonas putida NRRL-18668.
  • Escherichia coli SW132 and “ E. coli SW132” are used interchangeably and refer to an E. coli strain transformed with plasmid pSW132 and having ATCC accession number PTA-5073.
  • pSW132 refers to a plasmid containing a DNA fragment encoding the C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D nitrile hydratase ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits plus 0.9 kb of downstream DNA under the control of the T7 promoter.
  • the 0.9 kb of downstream DNA encodes an accessory protein (“P7K”) useful in recombinant expression of nitrile hydratase.
  • E. coli strain SW132 harbors plasmid pSW132 and has ATCC accession number PTA-5073.
  • Escherichia coli SW137 and “ E. coli SW137” are used interchangeably and refer to an E. coli strain transformed with plasmid pSW137 and having ATCC accession number PTA-5074.
  • ORF Open reading frame
  • PCR Polymerase chain reaction
  • an “isolated nucleic acid fragment” or “isolated polynucleotide” is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural, or altered nucleotide bases.
  • An isolated nucleic acid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA.
  • accessory nucleic acid refers to the 0.9 kb sequence (SEQ ID NO:10), located downstream of the nitrile hydratase ⁇ (alpha) and ⁇ (beta) subunit genes, which contains an open reading frame (SEQ ID NO:13) encoding a polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:14) useful in increased recombinant expression of the nitrile hydratase.
  • nucleotide bases that are capable to hybridizing to one another.
  • adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary to guanine.
  • the instant invention also includes isolated nucleic acid fragments that are complementary to the complete sequences as reported in the accompanying Sequence Listing.
  • identity is a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences.
  • identity also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences.
  • Identity and similarity can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to those described in: Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., ed.) Oxford University Press, NY (1988); Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D.
  • Codon degeneracy refers to the nature in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without effecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. Accordingly, the instant invention relates to any nucleic acid fragment that encodes all or a substantial portion of the amino acid sequence encoding the instant microbial polypeptides as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4, 6, 14, and 17.
  • the skilled artisan is well aware of the “codon-bias” exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a gene for improved expression in a host cell, it is desirable to design the gene such that its frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.
  • “Synthetic genes” can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocks that are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilled in the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form gene segments which are then enzymatically assembled to construct the entire gene. “Chemically synthesized”, as related to a sequence of DNA, means that the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro. Manual chemical synthesis of DNA may be accomplished using well-established procedures, or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a number of commercially available machines. Accordingly, the genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression based on optimization of nucleotide sequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisan appreciates the likelihood of successful gene expression if codon usage is biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination of preferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the host cell where sequence information is available.
  • Gene refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence.
  • “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences.
  • “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature.
  • Endogenous gene refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism.
  • a “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer.
  • Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes.
  • a “transgene” is a gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation procedure.
  • Coding sequence refers to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence.
  • Suitable regulatory sequences refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure.
  • Promoter refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling the expression of a coding sequence or functional RNA.
  • a coding sequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.
  • operably linked refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other.
  • a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter).
  • Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation.
  • expression refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.
  • Transformation refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the genome of a host organism, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or “transformed” organisms.
  • carbon substrate refers to a carbon source capable of being metabolized by host organisms of the present invention, and particularly refers to carbon sources selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of aliphatic carboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and one-carbon substrates or mixtures thereof.
  • Nitriles particularly pertinent to Applicants' invention are nitrites of
  • N Nitrogen
  • C Carbon
  • R is selected from the group consisting of: a) C 1 -C 9 alkyl, linear, branched or cyclic, optionally substituted; b) C 1 -C 9 alkenyl, linear, branched or cyclic, optionally substituted; and c) C 1 -C 9 aryl, optionally substituted.
  • the R of Formula 1 may be substituted with a hydroxyl group.
  • the R of Formula 1 is optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C 1 , C 2 , or C 3 position.
  • nitriles in the invention include, but are not limited to, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, 3-hydroxybutyronitrile, 3-hydroxyvaleronitrile, butyronitrile, adiponitrile, benzonitrile, and glycolonitrile.
  • Plasmid refers to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA fragments.
  • Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell.
  • Transformation cassette refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that facilitate transformation of a particular host cell.
  • Expression cassette refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow for enhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.
  • altered biological activity will refer to an activity, associated with a polypeptide (protein) encoded by a microbial nucleotide sequence which can be measured by an assay method, where that activity is either greater than or less than the activity associated with the native microbial sequence.
  • Enhanced biological activity refers to an altered activity that is greater than that associated with the native sequence.
  • Diminished biological activity is an altered activity that is less than that associated with the native sequence.
  • suitable aqueous reaction mixture or “suitable reaction mixture” refer to the materials and water in which the nitrile and/or amide substrate and enzyme catalyst come into contact.
  • suitable aqueous reaction mixtures are referred to herein and those skilled in the art appreciate the range of component variations suitable for this process.
  • sequence analysis software refers to any computer algorithm or software program that is useful for the analysis of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. “Sequence analysis software” may be commercially available or independently developed. Typical sequence analysis software will include but is not limited to the GCG suite of programs (Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis.), BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990), and DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc. 1228 S. Park St. Madison, Wis. 53715 USA), and the FASTA program incorporating the Smith-Waterman algorithm (W. R. Pearson, Comput.
  • GCG Genetics Computer Group
  • BLASTP BLASTP
  • BLASTN BLASTN
  • BLASTX Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)
  • DNASTAR DNASTAR, Inc. 1228 S. Park St. Madison, Wi
  • MEME refers to a software program used to identify conserved diagnostic motifs based on a hidden Markov model (Timothy L. Bailey and Charles Elkan, Fitting a mixture model by expectation maximization to discover motifs in biopolymers , Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, pp. 28-36, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif. (1994)).
  • MAST (Timothy L.
  • Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used here are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual , Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) (hereinafter “Maniatis”); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L. and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Press Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) (hereinafter “Silhavy”); and by Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , published by Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987) (hereinafter “Ausubel”).
  • the nitrile hydratase ⁇ -subunit was about 82.0% identical to the corresponding nitrile hydratase ⁇ -subunit from P. putida 5B.
  • the amidase was about 92.3% identical to the corresponding amidase from P. putida 5B.
  • the instant sequences may be employed as hybridization reagents for the identification of homologs.
  • the basic components of a nucleic acid hybridization test include a probe, a sample suspected of containing the gene or gene fragment of interest, and a specific hybridization method.
  • Probes of the present invention are typically single stranded nucleic acid sequences which are complementary to the nucleic acid sequences to be detected. Probes are “hybridizable” to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected.
  • the probe length can vary from 5 bases to tens of thousands of bases, and will depend upon the specific test to be done. Typically a probe length of about 15 bases to about 30 bases is suitable. Only part of the probe molecule need be complementary to the nucleic acid sequence to be detected. In addition, the complementarity between the probe and the target sequence need not be perfect. Hybridization does occur between imperfectly complementary molecules with the result that a certain fraction of the bases in the hybridized region are not paired with the proper complementary base.
  • Hybridization methods are well defined.
  • the probe and sample must be mixed under conditions which will permit nucleic acid hybridization. This involves contacting the probe and sample in the presence of an inorganic or organic salt under the proper concentration and temperature conditions.
  • the probe and sample nucleic acids must be in contact for a long enough time that any possible hybridization between the probe and sample nucleic acid may occur.
  • the concentration of probe or target in the mixture will determine the time necessary for hybridization to occur. The higher the probe or target concentration the shorter the hybridization incubation time needed.
  • a chaotropic agent may be added. The chaotropic agent stabilizes nucleic acids by inhibiting nuclease activity.
  • chaotropic agent allows sensitive and stringent hybridization of short oligonucleotide probes at room temperature (Van Ness and Chen, Nucl. Acids Res., 19:5143-5151, (1991)).
  • Suitable chaotropic agents include guanidinium chloride, guanidinium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachloroacetate, sodium perchlorate, rubidium tetrachloroacetate, potassium iodide, and cesium trifluoroacetate, among others.
  • the chaotropic agent will be present at a final concentration of about 3M. If desired, one can add formamide to the hybridization mixture, typically 30-50% (v/v).
  • hybridization solutions can be employed. Typically, these comprise from about 20 to 60% volume, preferably 30%, of a polar organic solvent.
  • a common hybridization solution employs about 30-50% v/v formamide, about 0.15 to 1 M sodium chloride, about 0.05 to 0.1 M buffers, such as sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about 6-9), about 0.05 to 0.2% detergent, such as sodium dodecylsulfate, or between 0.5-20 mM EDTA, FICOLL (about 300-500 kilodaltons), polyvinylpyrrolidone (about 250-500 kdal), and serum albumin.
  • buffers such as sodium citrate, Tris-HCl, PIPES or HEPES (pH range about 6-9)
  • detergent such as sodium dodecylsulfate
  • FICOLL about 300-500 kilodaltons
  • polyvinylpyrrolidone about 250-500 kdal
  • unlabeled carrier nucleic acids from about 0.1 to 5 mg/mL, fragmented nucleic DNA, e.g., calf thymus or salmon sperm DNA, or yeast RNA, and optionally from about 0.5 to 2% wt./vol. glycine.
  • Other additives may also be included, such as volume exclusion agents which include a variety of polar water-soluble or swellable agents, such as polyethylene glycol, anionic polymers such as polyacrylate or polymethylacrylate, and anionic saccharidic polymers, such as dextran sulfate.
  • Nucleic acid hybridization is adaptable to a variety of assay formats.
  • One of the most suitable is the sandwich assay format.
  • the sandwich assay is particularly adaptable to hybridization under non-denaturing conditions.
  • a primary component of a sandwich-type assay is a solid support.
  • the solid support has adsorbed to it or covalently coupled to it immobilized nucleic acid probe that is unlabeled and complementary to one portion of the sequence.
  • genes and gene products of the instant sequences may be produced in heterologous host cells, particularly in the cells of microbial hosts.
  • Expression in recombinant microbial hosts may be useful for the expression of various pathway intermediates; for the modulation of pathways already existing in the host, or for the synthesis of new products heretofore not possible using the host.
  • Preferred heterologous host cells for expression of the instant genes and nucleic acid fragments are microbial hosts that can be found broadly within the fungal or bacterial families and which grow over a wide range of temperature, pH values, and solvent tolerances.
  • microbial hosts that can be found broadly within the fungal or bacterial families and which grow over a wide range of temperature, pH values, and solvent tolerances.
  • any of bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi will be suitable hosts for expression of the present nucleic acid fragments. Because of transcription, translation and the protein biosynthetic apparatus is the same irrespective of the cellular feedstock, functional genes are expressed irrespective of carbon feedstock used to generate cellular biomass.
  • microbial growth and functional gene expression may utilize a wide range of simple or complex carbohydrates, organic acids and alcohols, saturated hydrocarbons such as methane or carbon dioxide in the case of photosynthetic or chemoautotrophic hosts.
  • the functional genes may be regulated, repressed or depressed by specific growth conditions, which may include the form and amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, oxygen, carbon or any trace micronutrient including small inorganic ions.
  • the regulation of functional genes may be achieved by the presence or absence of specific regulatory molecules that are added to the culture and are not typically considered nutrient or energy sources.
  • Examples of host strains include but are not limited to bacterial, fungal or yeast species such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, Salmonella, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Zymomonas, Agrobacterium, Erythrobacter Chlorobium, Chromatium, Fiavobacterium, Cytophaga, Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Corynebacteria, Mycobacterium, Deinococcus, Escherichia, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, Methylomicrobium, Methylocystis, Methylobacterium, Alcaligenes, Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Anabaena
  • Microbial expression systems and expression vectors containing regulatory sequences that direct high level expression of foreign proteins are well known to those skilled in the art. Any of these could be used to construct chimeric genes for expression of the present nitrile hydratase, amidase, and PK7. These chimeric genes could then be introduced into appropriate microorganisms via transformation to provide high-level expression of the enzymes Accordingly it is expected, for example, that introduction of chimeric genes encoding the instant bacterial enzyme under the control of the appropriate promoter, will demonstrate increased nitrile to amide and/or carboxylic acid conversion. It is contemplated that it will be useful to express the instant genes both in natural host cells as well as in a heterologous host.
  • Vectors or cassettes useful for the transformation of suitable host cells are well known in the art.
  • the vector or cassette contains sequences directing transcription and translation of the relevant gene, a selectable marker, and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration.
  • Suitable vectors comprise a region 5′ of the gene which harbors transcriptional initiation controls and a region 3′ of the DNA fragment which controls transcriptional termination. It is most preferred when both control regions are derived from genes homologous to the transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such control regions need not be derived from the genes native to the specific species chosen as a production host.
  • Initiation control regions or promoters which are useful to drive expression of the instant ORF in the desired host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of driving these genes is suitable for the present invention including but not limited to CYC1, HIS3, GAL1, GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI (useful for expression in Saccharomyces ); AOX1 (useful for expression in Pichia ); and lac, ara, tet, trp, IP L , IP R , T7, tac, and trc (useful for expression in Escherichia coli ) as well as the amy, apr, npr promoters and various phage promoters useful for expression in Bacillus.
  • Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts.
  • a termination site may be unnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included.
  • a key genetic pathway may be up-regulated to increase the output of the pathway.
  • additional copies of the targeted genes may be introduced into the host cell on multicopy plasmids such as pBR322.
  • the target genes may be modified so as to be under the control of non-native promoters.
  • regulated or inducible promoters may be used to replace the native promoter of the target gene.
  • the native or endogenous promoter may be modified to increase gene expression.
  • endogenous promoters can be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868).
  • Antisense technology is another method of down regulating genes where the sequence of the target gene is known. To accomplish this, a nucleic acid segment from the desired gene is cloned and operably linked to a promoter such that the anti-sense strand of RNA will be transcribed. This construct is then introduced into the host cell and the antisense strand of RNA is produced. Antisense RNA inhibits gene expression by preventing the accumulation of mRNA which encodes the protein of interest.
  • the person skilled in the art will know that special considerations are associated with the use of antisense technologies in order to reduce expression of particular genes. For example, the proper level of expression of antisense genes may require the use of different chimeric genes utilizing different regulatory elements known to the skilled artisan.
  • transposable elements are genetic elements that insert randomly in DNA but can be latter retrieved on the basis of sequence to determine where the insertion has occurred.
  • Transposable elements are genetic elements that insert randomly in DNA but can be latter retrieved on the basis of sequence to determine where the insertion has occurred.
  • in vivo and in vitro transposition methods are known. Both methods involve the use of a transposable element in combination with a transposase enzyme. When the transposable element or transposon, is contacted with a nucleic acid fragment in the presence of the transposase, the transposable element will randomly insert into the nucleic acid fragment.
  • the technique is useful for random mutagenesis and for gene isolation, since the disrupted gene may be identified on the basis of the sequence of the transposable element.
  • Kits for in vitro transposition are commercially available (see for example The Primer Island Transposition Kit, available from Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems, Branchburg, N.J., based upon the yeast Ty1 element; The Genome Priming System, available from New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.; based upon the bacterial transposon Tn7; and the EZ::TN Transposon Insertion Systems, available from Epicentre Technologies, Madison, Wis., based upon the Tn5 bacterial transposable element).
  • biocatalyst for preparing amides using transformants harboring the nitrile hydratase catalyst disclosed herein encoded by genes for the ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits, and optionally, accessory protein P7K
  • carboxylic acids from amides using the amidase catalyst disclosed herein may be conducted using a variety of culture methodologies. Large-scale production of a specific gene product may be produced by both batch and continuous culture methodologies.
  • a classical batch culturing method is a closed system where the composition of the media is set at the beginning of the culture and not subject to artificial alterations during the culturing process.
  • the media is inoculated with the desired organism or organisms and growth or metabolic activity is permitted to occur adding nothing to the system.
  • a “batch” culture is batch with respect to the addition of carbon source and attempts are often made at controlling factors such as pH and oxygen concentration.
  • the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the culture is terminated.
  • cells moderate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die.
  • Cells in log phase are often responsible for the bulk of production of end product or intermediate in some systems. Stationary or post-exponential phase production can be obtained in other systems.
  • a variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system.
  • Fed-Batch culture processes are also suitable in the present invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exception that the substrate is added in increments as the culture progresses.
  • Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is apt to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the media. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in Fed-Batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO 2 .
  • Batch and Fed-Batch culturing methods are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Brock (supra) and Deshpande (supra).
  • Continuous cultures are an open system where a defined culture media is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous cultures generally maintain the cells at a constant high-liquid-phase density where cells are primarily in log phase growth.
  • Continuous or semi-continuous culture allows for the modulation of one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration.
  • one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate.
  • a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by media turbidity, is kept constant.
  • Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to media being drawn off must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the culture.
  • Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous culture processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology and a variety of methods are detailed by Brock, supra.
  • Fermentation media in the present invention must contain suitable carbon substrates.
  • suitable substrates may include but are not limited to aliphatic carboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acids (such as lactic acid or succinic acid), glycerol, monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as lactose or sucrose), oligosaccharides (such as soluble starch), polysaccharides (such as starch or cellulose or mixtures thereof), and unpurified mixtures from renewable feedstocks (such as cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt).
  • aliphatic carboxylic acid and dicarboxylic acids such as lactic acid or succinic acid
  • glycerol monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as lactose or sucrose), oligosaccharides (such as soluble starch), polysaccharides (such as star
  • the carbon substrate may also be one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide, methane or methanol for which metabolic conversion into key biochemical intermediates has been demonstrated.
  • methylotrophic organisms are also known to utilize a number of other carbon-containing compounds such as methylamine, glucosamine, and a variety of amino acids for metabolic activity.
  • methylotrophic yeast are known to utilize the carbon from methylamine to form trehalose or glycerol (Bellion et al., Microb. Growth C 1-Compd., [Int. Symp.], 7th (1993), 415-32. Editor(s): Murrell, J. Collin; Kelly, Don P. Publisher: Intercept, Andover, UK).
  • Candida will metabolize alanine or oleic acid (Sulter et al., Arch. Microbiol. 153:485-489 (1990)). Therefore, it is contemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon-containing substrates and will only be limited by the microorganism employed. Biocatalvtic Conversion of Nitriles to Amides or Carboxylic Acids
  • An aqueous reaction mixture containing the aliphatic or aromatic nitrile is prepared by mixing the nitrile with an aqueous suspension of the appropriate enzyme catalyst.
  • Intact microbial cells can be used as catalyst without any pretreatment, such as permeabilization or heating.
  • the cells can be immobilized in a polymer matrix (e.g., alginate, carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol, or polyacrylamide gel (PAG)) or on a soluble or insoluble support (e.g., celite, silica) to facilitate recovery and reuse of the catalyst.
  • a polymer matrix e.g., alginate, carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol, or polyacrylamide gel (PAG)
  • PAG polyacrylamide gel
  • soluble or insoluble support e.g., celite, silica
  • the enzyme can also be isolated from the microbial cells and used directly as catalyst, or the enzyme can be immobilized in a polymer matrix or on a soluble or insoluble support. These methods have also been widely reported and are well known to those skilled in the art ( Methods in Biotechnoloqy, Vol. 1: Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells; Gordon F. Bickerstaff, Editor; Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., USA; 1997).
  • Intact microbial cells either immobilized or unimmobilized, containing genes that encode a polypeptide having nitrile hydratase activity or amidase activity, or containing genes that encode a combination of polypeptides separately having nitrile hydratase and amidase activities, can be used as catalyst without any pretreatment, such as permeabilization, freeze thawing or heating.
  • the microbial cells may be permeabilized by methods familiar to those skilled in the art (e.g., treatment with toluene, detergents, or freeze-hawing) to improve the rate of diffusion of materials into and out of the cells. Methods for permeabilization of microbial cells are well-known to those skilled in the art (Felix, H., Anal. Biochem., 120:211-234 (1982)).
  • Some of the aliphatic or aromatic nitrites used as starting material in the present invention are only moderately water soluble. Their solubility also depends on the temperature of the solution and the salt concentration in the aqueous phase; the optional inclusion of a buffer, or the production of the ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid by hydrolysis of the corresponding amide are two possible sources of salt in a reaction mixture.
  • producing a hydrated or hydrolyzed reaction product at a concentration greater than the solubility limit of the starting aliphatic or aromatic nitrile is accomplished using a reaction mixture that is initially composed of two phases: an aqueous phase (containing the enzyme catalyst and dissolved aliphatic or aromatic nitrile) and an organic phase (the undissolved aliphatic or aromatic nitrile, optionally dissolved in an organic solvent not miscible with the aqueous phase).
  • the aliphatic or aromatic nitrile dissolves into the aqueous phase, eventually yielding a product mixture which may be a single phase, depending on the solubility of the products in water, and on the presence or absence of an optional organic solvent not miscible with water.
  • the aqueous phase of a two-phase reaction mixture can contain, at a minimum, only as much water as is sufficient to result in a) complete conversion of the aliphatic or aromatic nitrile to the corresponding amide or carboxylic acid (dependent on whether only active nitrile hydratase or a combination of active nitrile hydratase and amidase enzyme are present), and b) maintenance of the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme catalyst.
  • the reaction may also be run by adding the aliphatic or aromatic nitrile to the reaction mixture at a rate approximately equal to the enzymatic hydration or hydrolysis reaction rate, thereby maintaining a single-phase aqueous reaction mixture, thereby avoiding the potential problem of substrate inhibition of the enzyme at high starting material concentrations.
  • the final concentration of aliphatic or aromatic amide or carboxylic acid in solution in the product mixture at complete conversion of the corresponding aliphatic or aromatic nitrile may range from 0.001 M to the solubility limit of the aliphatic or aromatic nitrile in the product mixture.
  • Product may precipitate from the reaction mixture during the course of the reaction, allowing for the production of amide or carboxylic acid in excess of the solubility of said product in the reaction mixture.
  • the concentration of the aliphatic or aromatic amide or carboxylic acid product in solution in the product mixture ranges from 0.001 M to 7.0 M.
  • the aliphatic or aromatic amide or carboxylic acid may also be isolated from the product mixture (after removal of the catalyst) by optionally adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture to between 2.0 and 2.5 with concentrated HCl when the product of the reaction is a carboxylic acid, saturating the resulting solution with sodium chloride, and extracting the aliphatic or aromatic amide or carboxylic acid with a suitable organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone or dichloromethane.
  • a suitable organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone or dichloromethane.
  • the organic extracts are then combined, stirred with a suitable drying agent (e.g., magnesium sulfate), filtered, and the solvent removed (e.g., by rotary evaporation) to produce the desired product in high yield and in high purity (typically 98-99% pure). If desired, the product can be further purified by recrystallization or distillation.
  • a suitable drying agent e.g., magnesium sulfate
  • the solvent e.g., by rotary evaporation
  • the product can be further purified by recrystallization or distillation.
  • the concentration of enzyme catalyst in the reaction mixture depends on the specific catalytic activity of the enzyme catalyst and is chosen to obtain the desired rate of reaction.
  • the wet cell weight of the microbial cells used as catalyst in hydrolysis reactions typically ranges from 0.001 grams to 0.300 grams of wet cells per mL of total reaction volume, preferably from 0.002 grams to 0.050 grams of wet cells per mL; the cells may be optionally immobilized as described above.
  • the specific activity of the microbial cells (IU/gram dry cell weight) is determined by measuring the rate of conversion of a 0.10-0.50 M solution of a nitrile substrate to the desired amide or carboxylic acid product at 25° C., using a known weight of microbial cell catalyst.
  • An IU of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme activity required to convert one micromole of substrate to product per minute.
  • the temperature of the hydrolysis reaction is chosen to optimize both the reaction rate and the stability of enzyme catalyst.
  • the temperature of the reaction may range from just above the freezing point of the reaction mixture (ca. 0° C.) to 65° C., with a preferred range of reaction temperature of from 5° C. to 45° C.
  • An enzyme catalyst solution or suspension may be prepared by suspending the unimmobilized or immobilized cells in distilled water, or in an aqueous reaction mixture of a buffer that will maintain the initial pH of the reaction between 5.0 and 10.0, preferably between 6.0 and 8.0, or by suspending the immobilized enzyme catalyst in a similar mixture, or by preparing a solution of a cell extract, partially purified or purified enzyme(s), or a soluble form of the immobilized enzymes in a similar mixture.
  • the pH of the reaction mixture may change due to the formation of an ammonium salt of the carboxylic acid from the corresponding nitrile functionality of the aliphatic or aromatic nitrile (when using a combination of nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes).
  • the reaction can be run to completely convert the nitrile with no pH control, or a suitable acid or base can be added over the course of the reaction to maintain the desired pH.
  • Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D (ATCC 55744) was grown in LB media at 37° C. with shaking. Genomic DNA was prepared using a Puregene DNA Isolation Kit according to the manufacturer (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). A Southern analysis (Southern et al., J. Mol. Biol., 98:503 (1975)) was performed on EcoRI restricted genomic DNA using Psuedomonas putida NRRL-18668 genes (SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2) encoding nitrile hydratase alpha and beta subunits (U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,286) as probes.
  • Probe labeling, hybridization, and detection were done using ECL random prime labeling and detection systems version II according to the manufacturer (Amersham International, Buckinghamshire, UK).
  • the alpha (SEQ ID NO:1) and beta (SEQ ID NO:2) probes each showed positive hybridization to the same 5.7 kb EcoRI DNA fragment.
  • Genomic DNA from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D was prepared (Example 1), restricted with EcoRI, and subjected to standard agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments in the size range of approximately 5-7 kb were isolated and ligated to EcoRI restricted pUC19 (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). This plasmid library was plated and screened with the P. putida NRRL-18668 nitrile hydratase ⁇ -subunit gene probe (SEQ ID NO:1). Probe labeling, hybridization and detection were done using ECL random prime labeling and detection systems version 11 according to the manufacturer (Amersham International). A positively hybridizing colony was isolated and determined to contain an insert of 5.7 kb (pKP57).
  • the nucleotide sequence of the pKP57 (EXAMPLE 2) insert was determined using an ABI 377-XL DNA sequencer and BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing chemistry.
  • a BlastN analysis (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402 (1997)) of the obtained sequence to the GenBank® database confirmed the presence of complete genes encoding nitrile hydratase a and ⁇ -subunits and a partial gene encoding amidase.
  • Nucleotide sequences of the pKP57 insert encoding nitrile hydratase ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits are given in SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5, respectively.
  • Deduced amino acid sequences of the pKP57 insert for the ⁇ - and ⁇ -subunits are given in SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:6, respectively.
  • a DNA fragment encoding the nitrile hydratase alpha and beta subunits from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D was obtained from pKP57 by standard PCR via a GeneAmp Kit according to the manufacturer (Roche, Branchburg, N.J.) using Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO:8) and Primer 2 (SEQ ID NO:9) and subcloned into PGEM-T (Promega, Madison, Wis.) under control of the T7 promoter to generate pSW131.
  • E. coli BL21(DE3) Novagen, Madison, Wis. was transformed with pSW131 using standard procedures. Growth and induction of E.
  • coli BL21(DE3) harboring pSW131 was carried out essentially as recommended by Novagen. Modifications included the addition of cobalt chloride and sodium citrate at the time of induction to a final concentration of 0.01 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml respectively. Induction was carried out at 30 C for 16 hrs. Production of alpha (23 kDa) and beta (24 kDa) proteins was confirmed by standard SDS-PAGE analysis.
  • E. coli BL21(DE3) cells harboring pSW131 was carried out as described in EXAMPLE 4. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation, washed twice in buffer (0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 7.0) and suspended at 100 mg wet cells/ml in buffer. The nitrilase activity assay mix included cells (50 mg/mL), 3-hydroxyvaleronitrile (0.3 M) and buffer (0.1 M potassium phosphate, pH 7.0) stirred at ambient temperature. HPLC analysis demonstrated 17% conversion of 3-HVN to the corresponding amide (3-hydroxyvaleramide) in 15 min.
  • a plasmid (pSW132; ATCC PTA-5073), containing a DNA fragment encoding the C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D nitrile hydratase alpha and beta subunits plus 0.9 kb of downstream DNA encoding the accessory protein P7K (SEQ ID NO:11) under control of the T7 promoter was constructed by replacing the smaller BamHI/PstI fragment in pSW131 with the corresponding BamHI/PstI fragment from pKP57.
  • E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen) was transformed with pSW132 using standard procedures. Growth and induction of E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring pSW132 (“ E. coli strain SW132”) was carried out as described in EXAMPLE 4, and production of alpha and beta proteins was confirmed by standard SDS-PAGE analysis.
  • a DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 11) encoding the C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D nitrile hydratase alpha and beta subunits plus 0.9 kb of downstream DNA encoding the accessory protein P7K was also obtained from pKP57 by standard PCR via a GeneAmp Kit according to the manufacturer (Roche) using Primer 1 (SEQ ID NO:8) and Primer 3 (SEQ ID NO:12) and subcloned into pTrcHis2-TOPO under control of the trc promoter to generate pSW137 in E. coli TOP10 according to the manufacturer (Invitrogen). Growth and induction of E.
  • E. coli TOP10 harboring pSW137 was carried out as described in EXAMPLE 4, and production of alpha and beta proteins was confirmed by standard SDS-PAGE analysis. Production of the alpha and beta proteins in E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring pSW132 and in E. coli TOP10 harboring pSW137 was qualitatively indistinguishable to that obtained from E. coli BL21 (DE3) harboring pSW131 (EXAMPLE 4).
  • E. coli BL21(DE3) harboring pSW132 was carried out as described in EXAMPLE 4. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation, washed twice in buffer (0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 7.0) and suspended at 100 mg wet cells/ml in buffer. The nitrile hydratase activity assay mix included cells (2 mg/mL), 3-hydroxyvalerontrile (0.3 M) and buffer (0.1 potassium phosphate, pH 7.0) stirred at ambient temperature. HPLC analysis demonstrated 100% conversion of 3-hydroxyvaleronitrile to 3-hydroxyvaleramide in 5 min. Similarly, nitrile hydratase activity assay of E.
  • coli TOP10 harboring pSW137 demonstrated 100% conversion of 3-hydroxyvaleronitrile to 3-hydroxyvaleramide in 5 min. Comparing these results to those obtained from pSW131 (Example 5) demonstrated the importance of the DNA downstream of the nitrile hydratase beta gene, in obtaining maximal nitrile hydratase activity (Table 2).
  • the downstream nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) contains a small open reading frame, the sequence of which is given in SEQ ID NO:13.
  • the deduced amino acid sequence (called P7K) is given in SEQ ID NO:14.
  • Genomic DNA from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM 4D was prepared (EXAMPLE 1), restricted with PstI, and subjected to Southern analysis using a standard PCR product comprising the first 0.6 kb of the pKP57 (EXAMPLE 2) insert as a probe (SEQ ID NO:15). Probe labeling, hybridization and detection were done using ECL random prime labeling and detection systems version 11 according to the manufacturer (Amersham International). This probe gave hybridized to a 2.4 kb PstI fragment. Genomic DNA digested with PstI was subjected to standard agarose gel electrophoresis.
  • DNA fragments in the size range of approximately 2-4 kb were isolated and ligated into PstI restricted pUC1 g.
  • This plasmid library was plated and screened with the same 0.6 kb probe (SEQ ID NO:15). Probe labeling, hybridization and detection were done using ECL random prime labeling and detection systems version II according to the manufacturer (Amersham International). A positively hybridizing colony was isolated and determined to contain an insert of 2.4 kb (pKP59).
  • nucleotide sequencing confirmed that the insert is a DNA fragment that overlaps the EcoRI DNA fragment previously cloned (pKP57). Thus, by combining the nucleotide sequences from pKP57 and pKP59, the complete nucleotide sequence for the amidase gene was determined (SEQ ID NO:16). The deduced amidase amino acid sequence is given in SEQ ID NO:17. The nucleotide sequence of a 7.4 kb DNA fragment from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D comprising complete coding sequences for amidase and nitrile hydratase is given in SEQ ID NO:18.
  • a DNA fragment encoding the amidase from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D was obtained from genomic DNA by standard PCR via a GeneAmp Kit according to the manufacturer (Roche), using Primer 4 (SEQ ID NO:19) and Primer 5 (SEQ ID NO:20) and subcloned into pGEM-T (Promega) under control of the T7 promoter to generate pKP60.
  • E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen) was transformed with pKP60 using standard procedures. Growth and induction of E.
  • coli BL21 (DE3) harboring pKP60 was carried out according to Novagen, and production of amidase protein was confirmed by standard SDS-PAGE analysis
  • a DNA fragment encoding the amidase from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D was also obtained by standard PCR using Primer 6 (SEQ ID NO:21) and Primer 7 (SEQ ID NO:22) and subcloned into pTrcHis2 TOPO under control of the trc promoter to generate pSW133 in E. coli TOP10 according to the manufacturer (Invitrogen). Growth and induction of E. coli TOP10 harboring pSW133 was carried out according to Invitrogen, and production of amidase protein was confirmed by standard SDS-PAGE analysis.
  • a DNA fragment encoding the amidase, NHase alpha and beta, and accessory protein P7K from C. testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D was obtained from genomic DNA by standard PCR via a GeneAmp Kit according to the manufacturer (Roche), using Primer 6 (SEQ ID NO:21) and Primer 3 (SEQ ID NO:12), and subcloned into pTrcHis2-TOPO (Invitrogen) under control of the Trc promoter to generate pSW136.
  • vessel medium was prepared in an initial batch of 7.5 L containing 32 g KH 2 PO 4 , 8.0 g MgSO 4 *7H 2 O, 8.0 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 50 g yeast extract, and 10 mL Mazu DF204 antifoam (BASF Corporation, Mount Olive, N.J.). Following sterilization, 369 g glucose solution (60% w/w), 160 mL trace element solution (Table 3), and 100 mg/L ampicillin were added. NH 4 OH (40% w/v) and 20% w/v H 2 SO 4 were used for pH control. The set points for agitation, aeration, pH, pressure, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), and temperature are described in Table 4 below.
  • the dissolved oxygen concentration was controlled at 25% of air saturation with the agitation to rise first with increase oxygen demand and the aeration to follow.
  • additional AMP was added to 100 mg/L.
  • IPTG was added to 1 mM at culture densities of 30-35 OD.
  • Glucose feed was started at ⁇ 5 g/L and the scheduled rates are described in Table 5. Glucose feed rate was reduced if glucose accumulated above 2 g/L. Five hours after IPTG addition the cells were chilled to 5-10° C.
  • E. coli SW132 cells (0.4874 g) were suspended in 2.0 mL of cold breaking buffer consisting of 1 mM DTT and 0.1 mM PMSF in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7). The suspension (200 mg wet cell weight/mL) was loaded in a French Pressure Mini Cell, and the cells were ruptured at 16000-17000 psi. Cell debris was removed from the resulting mixture by centrifugation at 38000 RCF for 15 min. Approximately 1.68 mL of extract supernatant was recovered, having a nitrile hydratase activity equivalent to a 199 mg wet cell weight/mL cell suspension.
  • a 44 mg dry cell weight/mL suspension of either E. coli SW30 wet cells (having active nitrile hydratase from Pseudomonas putida 5B) or E. coli SW132 wet cells (having active nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D) in 0.50 M phosphate buffer was heated to 50° C. in a water bath. At predetermined times, aliquots of the 50° C. cell suspensions were rapidly cooled to 25° C.
  • the cell/alginate mixture was added dropwise by syringe to 640 mL of 0.20 M calcium acetate buffer (pH 7.0) at 25° C. with stirring. After stirring for 2 h, the buffer was decanted from the resulting beads (82 g), which were resuspended in 200 mL of 0.20 M calcium acetate buffer (pH 7.0) at 25° C. With stirring, 4.10 g of 25 wt % glutaraldehyde (GA) in water was added and the beads mixed for 1.0 h at 25° C. To the suspension was then added 16.4 g of 12.5 wt % polyethylenimine (PEI) (BASF Lupasol® PR971L, average molecular weight ca.
  • PEI polyethylenimine
  • the product mixture was decanted from the biocatalyst beads, and additional distilled, deionized water, 0.2 mL of 0.20 M calcium acetate buffer (pH 7.0, 2.0 mM final calcium ion concentration in reaction mixture) and 10, 20, 40 or 60 mmol of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, or 3-hydroxy-valeronitrile mixed with the reaction heel (immobilized-cell catalyst and remaining product mixture from the first reaction) at 25° C. or 35° C.
  • the product mixture was decanted and a third reaction performed as before.
  • oxirane acrylic beads (Sigma). To the flask is then added ca. 7.5 mL of a solution containing potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 8.0), and the oxirane acrylic beads suspended in the buffer by briefly mixing the contents of the flask. After cessation of mixing, the beads settle to the bottom of the flask, and the fine particles which float to the top of the mixture are removed by pipette, along with as much of the supernatant which can be removed without disturbing the settled beads. This washing procedure is repeated a second time. To the flask is then added 1.0 mL of the E.
  • potassium phosphate buffer 50 mM, pH 8.0
  • Example 12 coli SW132 cell extract supernatant described in Example 12 and the final volume of the mixture adjusted to 10 mL with additional potassium phosphate buffer.
  • the resulting mixture is mixed on a rotary platform shaker for 16 h at 25° C.
  • the mixture is then transferred to a chromatography column equipped with a fritted bed support, and the immobilized nitrile hydratase washed three times with 10 mL of potassium phosphate buffer and stored at 5° C. in this same buffer.

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KR1020057021109A KR20050123180A (ko) 2003-05-08 2004-05-07 재조합 코마모나스 테스토스테로니 5-ｍｇａｍ-4ｄ 아미드및 카르복실산 생산
EP04753075A EP1627059A4 (en) 2003-05-08 2004-05-07 COMAMONAS TESTOSTERONI 5-MGAM-4D RECOMBINS; PRODUCTION OF AMIDES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
PCT/US2004/016184 WO2004101768A2 (en) 2003-05-08 2004-05-07 Recombinant comamonas testosreroni 5-mgam-4d amids and carboxylic acid production
CNA2004800193189A CN1816621A (zh) 2003-05-08 2004-05-07 来自睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌5－magam－4d的编码腈水合酶和酰胺酶的核酸片段以及表达所述可用于生产酰胺和酸的酶的重组微生物
US10/977,893 US7153663B2 (en) 2003-05-08 2004-10-29 Nucleic acid fragments encoding nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D and recombinant organisms expressing those enzymes useful for the production of amides and acids
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WO2011020025A1 (en) * 2009-08-14 2011-02-17 Loyola University Of Chicago Composition for catalytic amide production and uses thereof
CN104531654A (zh) * 2011-06-07 2015-04-22 三菱丽阳株式会社 改良型腈水合酶
CN104450657A (zh) * 2014-11-06 2015-03-25 浙江大学 腈水合酶及其编码基因和应用
WO2019019529A1 (zh) * 2017-07-25 2019-01-31 华南理工大学 一株睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌及其在 5- 羟甲基糠酸合成中的应用
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