Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D475/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems
  • C07D475/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems with a nitrogen atom directly attached in position 4
  • C07D475/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems with a nitrogen atom directly attached in position 4 with a nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds and to their use, for example, in the prophylaxis and or medical treatment of bacterial infections, and their use as antiseptics, sterilizants, or disinfectants.
• the invention relates to heterocyclic compounds, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compound compositions.
• the compounds and compositions comprising them are useful for treating disease or disease symptoms.
• the invention also provides for methods of making the compounds and methods for identifying compounds with desired biological activity.
• the invention is based on the discovery that certain heterocyclic compounds have potent antibacterial activity.
• this invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds and to their use in the prophylaxis and/or medical treatment of bacterial infections or as antiseptics, sterilizants, or disinfectants.
• the invention is further based on the discovery that certain heterocyclic compounds, including in general, substituted pteridinyl, quinazolinyl and pyrimidopyrimidinyl heterocycles, have potent antibacterial activity and are useful in the treatment of a variety of human diseases and microbial infections.
• heterocyclic compounds show selective inhibition of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (bDHFR) versus human DHFR (hDHFR)
• the compounds of the invention can be useful in the treatment of microbial infections without human toxicity associated with inhibition of hDHFR.
• A is N, CH, or CR 15 ;
• R 14 is —(CH 2 ) n —X—Y, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
• X is O, NH, or NR 15 ;
• Y is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein each Y is optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 .
• Each R 15 is independently lower alkyl; each R 16 is independently halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylenedioxo, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, C(O)R 15 , S(O) 2 NR 17 R 17 , S(O) 2 R 17 , C(O)OR 18 , C(O)NH 2 , or C(O)NR 19 R 20 ; each R 17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-4 independent halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluor
• this invention relates to a compound of the following formula:
• A is N, CH, or CR 15 ; each R 14 is independently —(CH 2 ) n —X—Y, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; X is O, NH, or NR 15 ; and Y is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein each Y is optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 .
• Each R 15 is independently lower alkyl; each R 16 is independently halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylenedioxo, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, C(O)R 15 , S(O) 2 NR 17 R 17 , S(O) 2 R 17 , C(O)OR 18 , C(O)NH 2 , or C(O)NR 19 R 20 ; each R 17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl, wherein each aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-4 independent halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluor
• halo refers to any radical of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• alkyl refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C 1 -C 10 indicates that the group may have from 1 to 10 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it.
• lower alkyl refers to a C 1 -C 8 alkyl chain.
• alkoxy refers to an —O-alkyl radical.
• alkylene refers to a divalent alkyl (i.e., —R—).
• alkylenedioxo refers to a divalent species of the structure —O—R—O—, in which R represents an alkylene.
• aminoalkyl refers to an alkyl substituted with an amino.
• mercapto refers to an —SH radical.
• thioalkoxy refers to an —S-alkyl radical.
• aryl refers to a 6-carbon monocyclic or 10-carbon bicyclic aromatic ring system wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl and the like.
• arylalkyl or the term “aralkyl” refers to alkyl substituted with an aryl.
• arylalkoxy refers to an alkoxy substituted with aryl.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic, 8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system comprising 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S, wherein 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 atoms of each ring may be substituted by a substituent.
• heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furyl or furanyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl or thienyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, and the like.
• heteroarylalkyl or the term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with a heteroaryl.
• heteroarylalkoxy refers to an alkoxy substituted with heteroaryl.
• a carbon-, nitrogen-, sulfur- halogen- and/or oxygen-containing function group is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear, branched, or cyclic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl group, or a derivative of one or more of these groups where heteroatoms are substituted for one or more of the carbon and/or hydrogen atoms (e.g., amino groups, alkylamino groups, hydroxyl and alkoxyl groups, thiol groups, halogens, nitro groups, phenolic groups, or other substituted aromatic or aliphatic groups)).
• heteroatoms e.g., amino groups, alkylamino groups, hydroxyl and alkoxyl groups, thiol groups, halogens, nitro groups, phenolic groups, or other substituted aromatic or aliphatic groups
• Other embodiments include compounds of any of the formulae described herein wherein A is N; those wherein n is 1; those wherein Y is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein Y is phenyl; those wherein Y is phenyl substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein Y is
• each R 16 is halo, alkyl, alkylenedioxo, aryl, aralkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amine, alkoxy, arylalkoxy, or heteroarylalkoxy; those wherein Y is
• each R 16 is independently C(O)NR 19 R 20
• each R 19 is independently aminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl
• each R 20 is independently aminoalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl
• each aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-4 independent halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylenedioxo, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, C(O)R 15 , C(O)OR 21 , C(O)NR 21 R 21 , S(O) 2 NR 21 R 21 ,
• n 1, and X is O; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 , and R 15 is CH 3 ; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (R 15 is CH 3 ), and Y is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 , and R 15 is CH 3 , and Y is
• each R 16 being halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, C(O)OR 18 , C(O)NH 2 , or C(O)NR 19 R 20 ; and those wherein Y is phenyl (optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ) and A is N.
• n 1, X is O, and A is N; those wherein n is 1, X is O, Y is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein n is 1, X is O, Y is phenyl substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (wherein R 15 is CH 3 ), A is N; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (wherein R 15 is CH 3 ), A is N, Y is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (wherein R 15 is CH 3 ), A is N, Y is phenyl; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (wherein R 15 is CH 3 ), A is N, Y is phenyl; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (wherein R 15 is CH 3
• n 1, X is O, A is N, Y is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-4 independent R 16 ; those wherein n is 1, X is O, A is N, Y is
• each R 16 is independently halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, C(O)OR 18 , C(O)NH 2 , or C(O)NR 19 R 20 ; those wherein n is 1, X is O, A is N, and Y is
• n 1, X is NH or NR 15 (R 15 is CH 3 ), A is N, Y is
• each R 16 being halo, cyano, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, alkoxy, trifluoromethoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylalkoxy, heteroarylalkoxy, C(O)OR 18 , C(O)NH 2 , or C(O)NR 19 R 20 ; those wherein n is 1, X is NH or NR 15 (R 15 is CH 3 ), A is N, Y is
• the invention relates to a compound having the formula:
• a and B are independently selected from the group consisting of N and CR 7 , wherein R 7 is hydrogen or a carbon-, nitrogen-, sulfur- halogen- and/or oxygen-containing function group;
• R 1 and R 2 are —NR 5 R 6 groups, wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen or carbon-containing functional groups;
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 4 is a carbon-, nitrogen-, sulfur-, halogen-, and/or oxygen-containing functional group
• R 4 is not —NH 2 , —N(H)(methyl), —N(H)(butyl), —N(H)(hexyl), —N(H)(phenyl), —N(H)(benzyl), —N(H)(NH 2 ), —N(H)(CH 2 CH 2 OH), —N(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 2 , phenyl, N-piperidinyl, or —S(ethyl);
• R 4 is not methyl, isobutyl, phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethyl, or —CH(OCH 3 ) 2 ;
• R 4 is an amino group other than —NH 2 , (3,4-dichlorophenyl)methylamino, or (3,4-dichlorophenyl)methyleneimino.
• R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen
• a and B are each independently N;
• R 4 is NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 4 is NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with aryl or heteroaryl
• R 8 is C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with alkenyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, or aryl;
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with aryl
• R 8 is C1-C6 alkyl
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with heteroaryl
• R 8 is C1-C6 alkyl
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with aryl
• R 8 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydroxyl or alkoxy
• R 4 is NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 4 is NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl
• R 8 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with cycloalkyl
• R 4 is NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 7 is independently C1-C6 alkyl substituted with aryl
• R 8 is independently C1-C6 alkyl substituted with aryl
• R 7 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, halogen, thioalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, alkyl, or NR 5 R 6 ; wherein each R 5 and R 6 on the nitrogen atom independently is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, or alkylcarbonyl;
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with naphthyl, which is optionally substituted with alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, thioalkyl, or amino;
• R 8 is methyl or ethyl
• R 7 is C1-C6 alkyl substituted with benzothienyl, which is optionally substituted with alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, thioalkyl, or amino;
• compositions having a compound of any of the formulae described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; or a compound of any of the formulae described herein, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; or a compound of any of the formulae described herein, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an antibacterial agent.
• Yet another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating a subject (e.g., mammal) infected with one or more bacteria (including, but not limited to urinary tract infections, systemic and topical infections, sepsis, antibiotic mediated colitis, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, topical disinfectant, antiseptic, sterilizant, wound care, and surgical cleansing).
• the method includes administering to the subject (including a subject identified as in need of such treatment) an effective amount of a compound described herein, or a composition described herein to produce such effect.
• the compounds and compositions herein are also useful as antiparasitic agents.
• Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating a subject (e.g., a mammal) infected with one or more parasites.
• the method includes administering to the subject (including a subject identified as in need of such treatment) an effective amount of a compound described herein, or a composition described herein to treat parasites, or disease, infection, or symptoms thereof.
• the invention also relates to a method of making a compound described herein.
• the method includes taking a 2,4-diamino pteridinyl (or a 2,4-diaminopyrimidopyrimidinyl) compound and reacting it with one or more chemical reagents in one or more steps to produce a compound described herein.
• the method includes taking any one of the intermediate compounds described herein and reacting it with one or chemical reagents in one or more steps to produce a compound described herein.
• the invention further relates to a product (i.e., a compound of any of the formulae) made by the method described above.
• a method for identifying a compound having antibacterial activity which includes: a) assessing the structure of a compound of a formula herein; b) procuring a derivative compound of the compound from step a); and c) assessing the antibacterial activity of the derivative compound; and a method for identifying a compound having antibacterial activity which includes: a) taking a candidate compound; b) assessing the binding affinity of the candidate compound in a model of the DHFR (e.g., bDHFR, hDHFR) enzyme; and c) assessing the antibacterial activity of the candidate compound. Assessing antibacterial activity can be performed by a variety of procedures known in the art, including those delineated herein.
• a compound that can inhibit bacterial DHFR selectively over human DHFR can provide an advantageous treatment option for bacterial disease or disease symptoms.
• 6-substituted pteridines have been described in the literature as potent inhibitors of either human DHFR (e.g. methotrexate, used as anti-cancer agent) or bacterial DHFR (e.g. Trimetrexate used for treatment of bacterial and parastic infections),
• bacterial DHFR e.g. Trimetrexate used for treatment of bacterial and parastic infections
• Existing treatments with compounds such as trimetrexate have severe side effects and toxicities associated with inhibition of DHFR.
• the compounds in this invention are potent bDHFR inhibitors and significantly less active against hDHFR.
• These compounds can therefore selectively affect (e.g., kill, inhibit growth/proliferation of) microorganisms through the inhibition of bDHFR with reduction or elimination of substantial side effects to the subject (e.g., human, animal, mammal), including those associated (in whole or in part) with inhibition of hDHFR.
• the invention also relates to the specific compounds exemplified herein.
• one embodiment of the invention is any compound specifically delineated herein, including the exemplary compounds listed below: TABLE 1 Compounds and their IDs ID STRUCTURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
• the following table of compounds of one aspect of the invention have potent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus bacteria and are anticipated to have physical-chemical properties similar to those of orally absorbed and bioavailable drugs and drug-like compounds. Antibacterial activity for a variety of bacterial species are shown ( S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, M. catarrhalis , and H. influenzae ).
• the yeast cell ( S. cerevisiae ) in this panel of organisms is an indicator of potential cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. All analogs assayed showed “toxicity” at higher concentrations than 32 ug/mL.
• the compounds of this invention may be synthesized using conventional techniques. Advantageously, these compounds are conveniently synthesized from readily available starting materials. In general, the compounds of the formulae described herein are conveniently obtained via methods illustrated in the schemes and the Examples herein.
• one embodiment relates to a method of making a compound of the formulae described herein, comprising synthesizing any one or more intermediates illustrated in the synthetic schemes herein and then converting that intermediate(s) to a compound of the formulae described herein.
• Another embodiment relates to a method of making a compound of the formulae described herein, comprising synthesizing any one or more intermediates illustrated in the examples herein and then converting that intermediate(s) to a compound of the formulae described herein.
• Another embodiment relates to a method of making a compound of the formulae described herein, comprising synthesizing any one or more intermediates illustrated in the synthetic schemes herein and then converting that intermediate(s) to a compound of the formulae described herein utilizing one or more of the chemical reactions described in the synthetic schemes or examples herein.
• Nucleophilic agents are known in the art and are described in the chemical texts and treatises referred to herein.
• the chemicals used in the aforementioned methods may include, for example, solvents, reagents, catalysts, protecting group and deprotecting group reagents and the like.
• the methods described above may also additionally comprise steps, either before or after the steps described specifically herein, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the compound of the formulae described herein.
• Pyrimidopyrimdine compounds of the invention can be prepared using a variety of synthetic strategies.
• the pyrimidopyrimidine ring system can be synthesized in a multi-step reaction sequence starting from an appropriately substituted amidine (R7-C ⁇ NHNH2) and an R5-substituted alkoxylmethylenemalonitrile.
• the resulting cyanoaminopyrimidine can be condensed with guanidine to form the pyrimidopyrimine ring system.
• R7 in the cyanoaminopyrimidine is either —Cl, —Br, —S-lower alkyl
• these leaving groups can be substituted with substituted nitrogen or oxygen nucleophiles to provide R7-N(or O)-substituted alkyl or aryl intermediates.
• These intermediates can be cyclized to their corresponding pyrimidopyrimidines with appropriately substituted at the 7-position.
• Another method to synthesize 7-aminosubstituted pyrimidopyrimidines is through the nucleophilic attack of amines on 6-amino-2-bromopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (chloro or thiomethyl, or thioethyl can also be used as leaving groups at the 2-position), and subsequent cyclization of the resulting, appropriately substituted cyanoaminopyrimidine with guanidine.
• the attacking, appropriately substituted nucleophilic amine is not commercially available, then it can be prepared using standard methods in organic chemistry.
• One such standard method used in preparing compounds in this application is by reductive-amination.
• Compounds of the invention can also be prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement of leaving groups on the 7-position of 2,4-diaminopyrimidopyrimidine.
• These leaving groups [LG] include, but are not limited to: —Cl, —Br, —SCH 3 , —SC 2 H 5 , and —N(CH3) 3 .
• the nucleophile used in the displacement reaction can be —N-alkyl, —N-aryl, or substituted alkyl or aryl amines, or —O-alkyl, —O-aryl, or substituted alcohols or phenols.
• either 6- or 7-substituted pterin analogs can be prepared by the reaction of an activated reagent such as 6- or 7-chloromethyl pterin with nucleophiles such as amines, and by various other methods described in the literature other functional groups at the 6- and 7-position of pterin such as bromomethyl, iodomethyl, hydroxymethyl, activated hydrodroxymethyl, carbonyl, activated carbonyl, hydroxy, chloro, bromo, or methyl can be used as synthetic reagents for the preparation of 6- or 7-substitued analogs.
• an activated reagent such as 6- or 7-chloromethyl pterin
• nucleophiles such as amines
• the above general reaction pathway can be used to synthesize a broad range of 7-substituted pteridine analogs.
• 7-chloromethyl and an appropriate amine are reacted in an appropriate solvent such as DMF or 2-methoxyethanol for as long as needed as determined by analysis of the reaction mixture by HPLC, TLC, or NMR.
• the solvent is then removed and the product purified by an appropriate method, usually in the form of precipitation, recrystallization, re-precipitation of the salt by base, or through chromatography.
• 2,4-Diamino pteridinyl substituted at C-6 with a leaving group-containing alkyl in a suitable solvent is coupled with an amine, aniline, phenol, or alkoxide, which functions as a nucleophile, in the presence of a suitable base.
• a leaving group is a chemical group that can be detached from a molecule during a reaction.
• the leaving group may be of an ionic form after detachment from the original molecule (e.g., —OH, —SMe, —OAc, —OTosyl, Cl—, Br—, I—) or can be of neutral form (e.g., H 2 O, HOAc).
• the resulting product is then isolated and purified using standard and known techniques.
• a diaminopyrimidinyl pyridinyl compound can be treated using similar methodology to prepare a compound herein in which A is CH or C-lower alkyl.
• the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention.
• the compounds of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms (see illustration), in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein (e.g., alkylation of a ring system may result in alkyation at multiple sites, the invention expressly includes all such reaction products). All such isomeric forms of such compounds are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the present invention.
• Substituents on ring moieties may be attached to specific atoms, whereby they are intended to be fixed to that atom, or they may be drawn unattached to a specific atom (see below), whereby they are intended to be attached at any available atom that is not already substituted by an atom other than H (hydrogen).
• ring moieties e.g., phenyl, thienyl, etc.
• the compounds of this invention including the compounds of formulae described herein, are defined to include pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives or prodrugs thereof.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or prodrug” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivative of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention.
• Particularly favored derivatives and prodrugs are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention when such compounds are administered to a mammal (e.g., by allowing an orally administered compound to be more readily absorbed into the blood) or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a biological compartment (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system) relative to the parent species.
• Preferred prodrugs include derivatives where a group which enhances aqueous solubility or active transport through the gut membrane is appended to the structure of formulae described herein.
• the compounds of this invention may be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties.
• modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological compartment (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
• suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate,
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N-(alkyl) 4 + salts.
• alkali metal e.g., sodium
• alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
• ammonium e.g., ammonium
• N-(alkyl) 4 + salts e.g., sodium
• alkali metal e.g., sodium
• alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
• ammonium e.g., sodium
• N-(alkyl) 4 + salts e.g., sodium
• the compounds can be screened for antibacterial activity using standard methods.
• broth microdilution techniques are used to measure in vitro activity of the compounds against a given bacterial culture, to yield minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data.
• MIC minimum inhibitory concentration
• Table 2 TABLE 2 MIC ( ⁇ g/mL) of some compounds for various bacteria (data given in mg/l n.t.: not tested).
• ID coli aureus faecalis pneumoniae catarrhalis influenzae aeruginosa cerevisiae 1 >64 16-64 16-64 ⁇ 2 2-8 2-8 >64 >64 3 >64 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8 >64 >64 4 >64 16-64 2-8 2-8 16-64 2-8 >64 >64 5 >64 16-64 2-8 2-8 2-8 >64 >64 6 >64 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8 >64 >64 >64 7 >64 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 >64 >64 8 >64 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8 >64 >64 9 >64 2-8 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 2-8 ⁇ 2 >64 >64 10 >64 2-8 ⁇ 2 2-8 ⁇ 2 16-64 >64 16-64 11 >64 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 >64 >64 >64 12 >64 >64 >64 n.t.
• Bacterial inocula were prepared from overnight culture (i.e., one fresh colony from agar plate in 5 ml MHB; H. influenzae was grown in MHB with the addition of yeast extract, haematin, and NAD), centrifuged 2 ⁇ 5 min/3000 rpm (for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, 2 ⁇ 10 min/3000 rpm), and dispensed in 5 ml of fresh MHB each time, such that the bacterial suspension is diluted to obtain 100 colony forming units (cfu) in a microplate well (100 ⁇ l total volume).
• Microplate wells were filled with two-fold dilutions of test compound (50 ⁇ l), starting with 64 ⁇ g/ml. Wells were then filled with 50 ⁇ l of bacterial inoculum (final volume: 100 ⁇ l/well). The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 18-24 hours ( S. pneumoniae was grown in a CO 2 -enriched atmosphere).
• E. coli DHFR was kindly provided by Eric Brown of MacMaster University.
• the human DHFR cDNA was cloned by PCR from the Human Universal Quick-cloneTM cDNA purchased from Clontech. PCR primers were designed from the human sequence deposited in GenBank (1) under Accession number XM — 003991. The primer sequences are as follows and result in the amplification of a 186 amino acid hDHFR coding region:
• the PCR fragment was digested with restriction enzymes NdeI and HindIII, and then ligated into a derivative of the pKK223-3 expression vector (Amersham Pharmacia).
• the final expression vector (pFW96.2) was transformed into E. coli Top10 F 40 and hDHFR protein was induced by the addition of 1 mM IPTG followed by incubation at 37° C. for 4 hrs.
• Recombinant human DHFR was purified based on a previously published procedure (2).
• Dihydrofolic acid and NADPH were purchased from Sigma. Enzyme assays were adapted for microtitre format from a previously published procedure (2, 3). All assays were performed in a 250 ⁇ l volume in 96-well microtitre plates. Typical assays consisted of 20 nM DHFR (human or E. coli ), 100 ⁇ M NADPH, and 50 ⁇ M dihydrofolic acid in 100 mM HEPES pH 8, 10 mM KCl, and 10 mM MgCl 2 . The assay was monitored spectrophotometrically for the conversion of NADPH to NADP+, which results in a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm. The extinction coefficient for the reaction at 340 nm (12,300 M ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 ) (4) was used to convert absorbance to concentration of product.
• the compounds of the invention are generally more potent for the inhibition of the bacterial DHFR (bDHFR) enzyme over human DHFR (hDHFR) enzyme.
• This selectivity of inhibition is a useful property in antibacterial drugs.
• the antibacterial drug Trimethoprim is an example. Trimethprim inhibits bacterial DHFR at ⁇ 0.002 uM; Trimethoprim is essentially ineffective at inhibiting human DHFR enzymes. Inhibition of human DHFR causes profound side-effects in human patients. Compounds with a high human versus bacterial DHFR inhibition ratio can be considered “safer” with regards to their primary mechanism of side-effect; i.e., the inhibition of hDHFR.
• Methotrexate is a drug used in the treatment of cancer. Its primary mechanism of action is through the inhibition of hDHFR enzymes present in cancerous cells. Many side-effects of this form of cancer-chemotherapy are the result of inhibition of hDHFR.
• Drugs like trimetrexate are antimicrobial agents (6-substituted-quinazoline) that have significant hDHFR inhibition. It is necessary to administer/co-administer what is termed a “rescue” drug, e.g., leukovorin, to the patient to combat the powerful, deadly side-effects of hDHFR inhibition.
• a compound of a formulae herein is one that inhibits bacterial DHFR at a much lower dose (high potency) than that which shows inhibition of hDHFR enzymes, or has a therapeutic index (i.e., the ratio of HDHFR Ki/bDHFR Ki) greater than 10 (e.g., >50, >100, >1000, >10,000, >20,000, >25,000).
• the compounds can also be tested for antibacterial efficacy in laboratory animals. These in vivo studies include, but are not limited to, systemic and topical models of infection, urinary tract infection models, helicobacter infections including ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, sepsis, antibiotic mediated colitis and wound care.
• the compounds of the invention can also be evaluated in animals to assess their pharmacokinetic profiles, such as oral bioavailability, oral absorption, chemical half-life, identification of metabolites, serum levels at various times, and rate of excretion, for example.
• Azithromycin is dissolved in 0.5% methocel in saline solution and administered orally.
• Test compounds are micronized with mortar and pestle and then dissolved in methocel saline solution with 3% of DMF.
• the first dose is administered 30 minutes after infection, with following doses every 12 hours for 3 days.
• the compounds claimed in this invention can be used therapeutically or prophylactically for treatment or prevention of bacterial infections and/or diseases.
• the invention also relates to methods of disrupting the internal regulation of microbial growth or respiration, in a subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject a compound of any of the formulae described herein or a composition comprising a compound of any of the formulae described herein.
• the invention relates to a method of inhibiting microbial or bacterial activity in a subject comprising the step of administering a compound to the subject, or a composition comprising a compound, of any one of the formulae described herein.
• the subject is a human being or animal.
• this invention relates to a method of treating disease or disease symptoms in a subject comprising the step of administering to said subject a compound, or a composition comprising a compound, of any of the formulae described herein.
• the subject is a human being or animal.
• Infections and infectious diseases are caused from a variety of microorganisms.
• the compounds of the invention may find use in the medical treatment of infectious diseases from bacterial sources.
• Upper and lower respiratory tract infections include, but are not limited to: bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, sore throat, chronic streptococcal infections, diphtheria, acute epiglottitis, influenza, chronic bronchitis, middle ear infections (otitis media), pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, Legionnaire's disease, atypical pneumonia, whooping cough, and tuberculosis.
• Bacterial microorganisms causing respiratory tract infections include but are not limited to: S.pyogenes, S.pneumoniae, S.aureus, H.influenzae, M.catarrhalis, N.meningitidis, B. pertussis ,, Enterobacteriaceae, Anerobes, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, C. psittaci , and C. diphtheriae.
• Urinary tract infections include, but are not limited to: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis (kidney infection), asymptomatic bacteruria, interstitial cystitis, acute urethral syndrome, and recurrent urinary tract infections.
• Bacterial microorganisms causing urinary tract infections include but are not limited to: E. coli , Proteus, Providentia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Coag. neg. Staphylococci, Enterococci, and C. trachomatis.
• Skin and wound infections include, but are not limited to: erythrasma, panaritium, impetigo, folliculitis, erysipelas, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis.
• Bacterial microorganisms causing skin and wound infections include but are not limited to: Streptococci, Staphylococci, P. aeruginosa, P. acnes, Clostridia, anaerobes , and B. fragilis.
• Bacterial microorganisms causing systemic infections include but are not limited to: Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides sp., Neisseria, H. influenzae , Brucella, Listeria, and S. typhi.
• Sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin include, but are not limited to: adnexitis, cervicitis, chanchroid, urethritis, balanitis, gonorrhea, lymphogranuloma venereum, syphilis, and granuloma inguinale.
• Bacterial microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections include but are not limited to: Chlamydia, N. gonorrhoeae, U. urealyticum, T. pallidium, G. vaginalis, H. ducreyi, C. granulomatis , Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Enterobacteriae.
• Gastrointestinal infections of bacterial origin include but are not limited to: food borne infections, colitis, enteritis, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, pancreatitis, gall bladder infections, cholera, and thyphus.
• Bacterial microorganisms causing gastrointestinal infections include but are not limited to: H. pylori, C. pylori, C. duodeni, S. typhi, S. paratyphi, V. cholerae , anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococci, and Streptococci.
• the heterocyclic compounds of the formulae delineated herein can be administered to a patient, for example, in order to treat an infection such as a bacterial infection.
• the heterocyclic compounds can, for example, be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as physiological saline, in combination with other drugs, and/or together with appropriate excipients.
• heterocyclic compounds of the formulae described herein can, for example, be administered by injection, intravenously, intraarterially, subdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; or orally, buccally, nasally, transmucosally, topically, in an ophthalmic preparation, or by inhalation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight, preferably dosages between 10 mg and 5000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug.
• the methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w).
• such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
• a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
• this invention provides methods of treating, preventing, or relieving symptoms of disease in a subject comprising the step of administrating to said subject any of the pharmaceutical compositions and combinations described above.
• the subject is a human.
• such methods may additionally comprise the step of administering to said subject an additional therapeutic agent such as, for example, a sulfa drug or a sulfonamide (e.g., sulfamethoxzole), macrolide antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin), proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole), rifamycins (e.g., rifampin), aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin, gentamycin,, tobramycin), penicillins (e.g., penicillin G, penicillin V, ticarcillin), ⁇ -lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins (e.g.,
• Such additional(s) agent may be administered to the subject prior to, concurrently with, or following the administration of the composition having a compound of any of the formulae described herein.
• compositions of this invention comprise a compound of the formulae described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; an additional agent selected from an anticancer agent, an anti-viral agent, antifungal agent, antibiotic, proton pump inhibitors, and any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• additional agent selected from an anticancer agent, an anti-viral agent, antifungal agent, antibiotic, proton pump inhibitors, and any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• Alternate compositions of this invention comprise a compound of the formulae described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• Such compositions may optionally comprise additional therapeutic agents, including, for example an additional agent selected from an anticancer agent, an antiviral agent, antifungal agent, antibiotic, and any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• compositions of this invention comprise a compound of the formulae described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• Such compositions may optionally comprise additional therapeutic agents, including, for example an additional agent selected from an anticancer agent, an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral agent, antifungal agent, proton pump inhibitor, or antibiotic.
• additional therapeutic agents including, for example an additional agent selected from an anticancer agent, an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral agent, antifungal agent, proton pump inhibitor, or antibiotic.
• the compositions delineated herein include the compounds of the formulae delineated herein, as well as additional therapeutic agents if present, in amounts effective for achieving a modulation of microbial or bacterial levels.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant refers to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the compound.
• compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d- ⁇ -tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,
• Cyclodextrins such as ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compounds of the formulae described herein.
• compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles.
• the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
• This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions.
• surfactants such as Tweens or Spans and/or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions.
• carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
• aqueous suspensions and/or emulsions are administered orally, the active ingredient may be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase is combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
• These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application.
• the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier with suitable emulsifying agents.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches are also included in this invention.
• compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
• compositions of this invention are useful as sterilizants, antiseptics, adjuvants in wound dressings (e.g., bandages), and adjuvants in wound cleansing methods (swipes, gavage, etc.).
• compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the formulae described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents
• both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
• the additional agents may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in a single composition.
• Examples of potential application of combination therapies include compounds of any of the formulae delineated herein and the following: in combination with a macrolide antibiotic and a proton pump inhibitor for the treatment of gastritis and associated diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori ; in combination with antibacterials (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin) for the treatment of urinary tract infections; e.g. in combination with rifamycins for treatment of staphylococcal infections; e.g. in combination with rifamycins, isoniazid, ethambutol, or aminoglycosides for the treatment of mycobacterial infections; e.g.
• antibacterials e.g., sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin
• urinary tract infections e.g. in combination with rifamycins for treatment of staphylococcal infections
• DHFR inhibitors e.g., trimethoprim, DHFR inhibitors delineated herein.
• Liquid chromatographic data was obtained using a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 1090 Series Liquid Chromatograph coupled to a Diode Array Detector [Restek Allure C18 Column; particle size, 5 ⁇ M; column length, 150 mm; column diameter, 4.6 mm; flow rate, 1 mL/min; Solvent program, from 95% H 2 O (w/0.1% TFA)/5% CH 3 CN (w/0.1% TFA) to 100% CH 3 CN (w/0.1% TFA) in 8 minutes, then held constant for 3 minutes; detection wavelength, 254 nm].
• Mass Spectral data were obtained on either an Agilent 1100 LC/MS or Thermofinigan AQA/Gilson LC/MS system. 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker AC-300 MHz instrument. Medium pressure flash chromatography was performed on an Isco Inc., Combiflash Sg100c system. Thin-layer chromatography was performed using EM Science silica gel 60 F 254 plastic TLC plates. Melting points were determined in open-air capillary tubes in a Meltemp II apparatus. UV light was used for detecting compounds on the TLC plates. Reagents used in reactions were purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Sigma Chemical Co.
• 6-substituted pterin analogs can be prepared by the reaction of an activated reagent such as 6-chloromethyl pterin with nucleophiles such as amines (e.g., HNR′R′′ can be HNHY or HNR 16 Y).
• nucleophiles such as amines
• Other functional groups at the 6-position of pterin such as bromomethyl, iodomethyl, hydroxymethyl, activated hydroxymethyl, carbonyl (e.g., ketone or aldehyde), activated carbonyl (e.g., ester, amide, or anhydride), hydroxy, chloro, bromo, or methyl can be used as synthetic reagents for the preparation of 6-substitued analogs.

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