TWI825074B - 有機硫系電極活性物質 - Google Patents
有機硫系電極活性物質 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI825074B TWI825074B TW108106661A TW108106661A TWI825074B TW I825074 B TWI825074 B TW I825074B TW 108106661 A TW108106661 A TW 108106661A TW 108106661 A TW108106661 A TW 108106661A TW I825074 B TWI825074 B TW I825074B
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- Prior art keywords
- sulfur
- mass
- compound
- electrode active
- active material
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 125000001741 organic sulfur group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract description 40
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 91
- -1 aromatic ring compound Chemical class 0.000 description 81
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 46
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical group N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 19
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 17
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical class OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 11
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 9
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 7
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 6
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 5
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007870 radical polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BBMCTIGTTCKYKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-heptanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCO BBMCTIGTTCKYKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101100350964 Arabidopsis thaliana PANS1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 4
- MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N decan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCO MWKFXSUHUHTGQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZWRUINPWMLAQRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCO ZWRUINPWMLAQRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003388 sodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium peroxydisulfate Substances [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)OOS([O-])=O VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005968 1-Decanol Substances 0.000 description 2
- AOSFMYBATFLTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-amino-3-(benzimidazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(CC(O)CN)C=NC2=C1 AOSFMYBATFLTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZZMTSNZRBFGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-7-fluoroquinazolin-4-amine Chemical compound FC1=CC=C2C(N)=NC(Cl)=NC2=C1 FZZMTSNZRBFGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZPVFWPFBNIEHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octanone Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)=O ZPVFWPFBNIEHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-aminobenzoic acid Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 ALYNCZNDIQEVRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JJMDCOVWQOJGCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-aminopentanoic acid Chemical compound [NH3+]CCCCC([O-])=O JJMDCOVWQOJGCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F120/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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Abstract
本發明之課題在於提供一種適宜用於具有較大之充放電電容、初始效率較高且循環特性及速率特性優異之非水電解質二次電池之電極活性物質。
本發明係一種鈉與鉀之含量之合計為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm之有機硫系電極活性物質、將其作為電極活性物質之二次電池用電極及具有上述電極之非水電解質二次電池。上述有機硫系電極活性物質進而較佳為,鐵之含量為1質量ppm~20質量ppm。又,上述有機硫系電極活性物質較佳為硫改性聚丙烯腈,且硫之含量為25質量%~60質量%。
Description
本發明係關於一種適合作為非水電解質二次電池之電極活性物質之有機硫系電極活性物質。
鋰離子二次電池等非水電解質二次電池係小型且輕量並且能量密度較高,進而可反覆充放電,故而被廣泛地用作攜帶用電腦、手持攝錄影機、資訊終端等可攜式電子機器之電源。又,就環境問題之觀點而言,正在進行使用非水電解質二次電池之電動汽車、或利用電力作為動力之一部分之油電混合車之實用化。因此,近年來要求二次電池之進一步性能提高。
非水電解質二次電池之特性取決於作為其構成構件之電極、分隔件、電解質等,故而正積極地進行各構成構件之研究開發。於電極中,電極活性物質與黏合劑、集電材料等同樣重要,故而正積極地進行電極活性物質之研究開發。
作為具有較大之充放電電容且伴隨反覆充放電的充放電電容之降低(以下,有時稱為循環特性)較少之電極活性物質,已知有藉由將有機化合物與硫之混合物於非氧化性氣氛下進行熱處理而獲得之有機硫系電極活性物質(例如參照專利文獻1~12)。有機硫系電極活性物質主要係作為正極之電極活性物質而研究,但亦作為負極之電極活性物質而研究(例如參照專利文獻8~9)。
先前技術文獻
專利文獻
專利文獻1:US8940436
專利文獻2:日本專利特開2011-028948號公報
專利文獻3:日本專利特開2011-170991號公報
專利文獻4:日本專利特開2012-099342號公報
專利文獻5:日本專利特開2012-150933號公報
專利文獻6:日本專利特開2012-150934號公報
專利文獻7:WO2012/114651
專利文獻8:US2014134485
專利文獻9:日本專利特開2014-096327號公報
專利文獻10:US10008722
專利文獻11:US2018072665
專利文獻12:US2018065927
對於非水電解質二次電池,要求進一步之電池特性之提高,對電極活性物質亦要求更高之性能。本發明之課題在於提供一種適宜用於具有較大之充放電電容、初始效率較高且循環特性及速率特性優異之非水電解質二次電池之電極活性物質。
本發明人等經過努力研究結果發現,於有機硫系電極活性物質中之鈉與鉀之含量之合計處於特定範圍之情形時,可獲得初始效率較高且具有優異之速率特性之電極,從而完成本發明。即,本發明係一種有機硫系電極活性物質,其中鈉與鉀之含量之合計為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm。
於本發明中,所謂有機硫系電極活性物質,係指具有硫-碳鍵,可吸藏及釋出鋰離子,能夠用作二次電池之電極活性物質之化合物。有機硫系電極活性物質係藉由將有機化合物與硫之混合物於非氧化性氣氛下進行熱處理而獲得之化合物,例如可列舉:硫改性聚丙烯腈、硫改性彈性體化合物、硫改性多核芳香環化合物、硫改性瀝青化合物、聚噻吩并二噻吩化合物、硫改性聚醚化合物、硫改性聚醯胺化合物、硫改性脂肪族烴氧化物等。再者,於本發明中,存在將成為有機硫系電極活性物質之原料之有機化合物稱為原料有機化合物之情況。
上述硫改性聚丙烯腈係將聚丙烯腈與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。聚丙烯腈存在為丙烯腈之均聚物之情況。又,存在為丙烯腈與其他單體之共聚物之情況。於聚丙烯腈為共聚物之情形時,若丙烯腈之含量變低則電池性能變低,因此共聚物中之丙烯腈之含量較佳為至少90質量%以上。作為其他單體,例如可列舉:丙烯酸、乙酸乙烯酯、N-乙烯基甲醯胺、N-N'亞甲基雙(丙烯醯胺)。
加熱處理中之聚丙烯腈與單質硫之比率係相對於聚丙烯腈100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1500質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~1000質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為250℃~550℃,進而較佳為350℃~450℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如於加熱處理後,藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性聚丙烯腈中去除。關於硫改性聚丙烯腈之硫含量,就可獲得較高之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為25~60質量%,進而較佳為30~55質量%。
上述硫改性彈性體化合物係將橡膠與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。作為橡膠,例如可列舉:天然橡膠、異戊二烯橡膠、丁二烯橡膠、苯乙烯丁二烯橡膠、丙烯腈丁二烯橡膠等。該等橡膠可單獨使用一種,可將兩種以上組合而使用。原料之橡膠可為硫化橡膠,亦可為硫化前之橡膠。
加熱處理中之橡膠與單質硫之比率係相對於橡膠100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1500質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~1000質量份。於進行加熱處理時,可添加一種以上之公知之硫化促進劑。硫化促進劑之添加量相對於橡膠100質量份較佳為1質量份~250質量份,進而較佳為5質量份~50質量份。加熱處理溫度較佳為250℃~550℃,進而較佳為300℃~450℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性彈性體化合物中去除。關於硫改性彈性體化合物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為40~70質量%,進而較佳為45~60質量%。
上述硫改性多核芳香環化合物係將多核芳香環化合物與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。作為多核芳香環化合物,例如可列舉:萘、蒽、稠四苯、稠五苯、菲、、苉、芘、苯并芘、苝、蔻等苯系芳香環化合物。又,可列舉:苯系芳香環化合物之一部分成為五員環之芳香族環化合物,或該等之碳原子之一部分經取代為硫、氧、氮等之含雜原子之雜芳環化合物。進而,該等多核芳香環化合物存在具有碳數1~12之鏈狀或支鏈狀烷基、烷氧基、羥基、羧基、胺基、胺基羰基、胺基硫基、巰基硫羰基胺基、羧基烷基羰基等取代基之情況。
多核芳香環化合物存在為具有芳香族部位與鏈式烴部位之重複結構的化合物之情況。作為具有芳香族部位與鏈式烴部位之重複結構的化合物之芳香族部位,除上述以外,還可列舉:苯、吡咯啶、吡咯、吡啶、咪唑、吡咯啶酮、四氫呋喃、三𠯤、噻吩、㗁唑、噻唑、噻二唑、三唑、磷雜環戊二烯、矽雜環戊二烯等,存在2個以上之芳香族縮合之情況,存在該等芳香族部位與環戊烷、環己烷、吡咯啶、四氫呋喃等縮合之情況。又,該等芳香族部位存在具有碳數1~12之鏈狀或支鏈狀烷基、烷氧基、羥基、羧基、胺基、胺基羰基、胺基硫基、巰基硫羰基胺基、羧基烷基羰基等取代基之情況。
作為具有芳香族部位與鏈式烴部位之重複結構的化合物之鏈式烴部位,可列舉:伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基等直鏈或分支之鏈式烴。作為鏈式烴部位之碳數,較佳為2~20,更佳為3~10,進而較佳為4~8。就操作之容易性或價格方面而言,較佳為伸烷基或伸烯基,其中,較佳為丁烷-1,4-二基、己烷-1,6-二基、辛烷-1,8-二基、伸乙烯基、1,3-丁二烯-1,4二基及其結構異構物。
加熱處理中之多核芳香環化合物與單質硫之比率係相對於多核芳香環化合物100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1500質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~1000質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為250℃~550℃,進而較佳為300℃~450℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性多核芳香環化合物中去除。關於硫改性多核芳香環化合物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為40~70質量%,進而較佳為45~60質量%。
上述硫改性瀝青化合物係將瀝青類與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。作為瀝青類,可列舉:石油瀝青、煤瀝青、中間相瀝青、瀝青(asphalt)、煤焦油、煤焦油瀝青、藉由縮合多環芳香族烴化合物之縮聚而獲得之有機合成瀝青、及藉由含雜原子之縮合多環芳香族烴化合物之縮聚而獲得之有機合成瀝青等。瀝青類係各種化合物之混合物,包含縮合多環芳香族。瀝青類所含之縮合多環芳香族存在為一種之情況,存在為複數種之情況。該縮合多環芳香族存在如下情況:於環中除了包含碳與氫以外,還包含氮或硫。因此,關於煤瀝青之主成分,認為是僅包含碳與氫之縮合多環芳香族烴、與縮合環中包含氮或硫等之雜芳化合物之混合物。
加熱處理中之瀝青類與單質硫之比率係相對於瀝青類100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1000質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~500質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為300℃~500℃,進而較佳為350℃~500℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性瀝青化合物中去除。關於硫改性瀝青化合物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為25~70質量%,進而較佳為30~60質量%。
上述聚噻吩并二噻吩化合物係下述通式(1)所表示之具有包含硫之聚噻吩并二噻吩結構之化合物。
[化1]
(式中,*表示結合鍵)
聚噻吩并二噻吩化合物可將聚乙烯等具有直鏈結構之脂肪族之聚合物化合物或聚噻吩等具有噻吩結構之聚合物化合物、與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得。
於使用具有直鏈結構之脂肪族之聚合物化合物作為聚噻吩并二噻吩化合物之原料之情形時,脂肪族之聚合物化合物與單質硫之比率係相對於脂肪族之聚合物化合物100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~2000質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~1000質量份。又,於使用具有噻吩結構之聚合物化合物作為原料之情形時,具有噻吩結構之聚合物化合物與單質硫之比率係相對於具有噻吩結構之聚合物化合物100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1000質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~800質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為300℃~600℃,進而較佳為350℃~500℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自聚噻吩并二噻吩化合物中去除。關於聚噻吩并二噻吩化合物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為30~80質量%,進而較佳為40~70質量%。
上述硫改性聚醚化合物係將聚醚化合物與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。作為聚醚化合物,例如可列舉:聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、環氧乙烷/環氧丙烷共聚物、聚四亞甲基二醇等。聚醚化合物存在末端為烷基醚基、烷基苯醚基、醯基之情況,存在為甘油、山梨醇等多元醇之環氧乙烷加成物之情況。
加熱處理中之聚醚化合物與單質硫之比率係相對於聚醚化合物100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1000質量份,進而較佳為200質量份~500質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為250℃~500℃,進而較佳為300℃~450℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性聚醚化合物中去除。關於硫改性聚醚化合物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為30~75質量%,進而較佳為40~70質量%。
上述硫改性聚醯胺化合物係具有源自含有醯胺鍵之聚合物之碳骨架的有機硫化合物,具體而言為將胺基羧酸化合物與單質硫、或多胺化合物及多羧酸化合物與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。
於本發明中,所謂胺基羧酸化合物,係指於分子中具有1個胺基及至少1個羧基之化合物。作為胺基羧酸化合物,可列舉:3,4-二胺基苯甲酸、3,5-二胺基苯甲酸、對胺基苯甲酸及間胺基苯甲酸等胺基苯甲酸,4-胺基苯乙酸、3-胺基苯乙酸、3-(4-胺基苯基)丙酸、3-胺基丙酸、4-胺基丁酸、5-胺基戊酸、2,5-二胺基戊酸,作為胺基酸類之丙胺酸、精胺酸、天冬醯胺、天冬胺酸、半胱胺酸、麩醯胺、麩胺酸、甘胺酸、組胺酸、異白胺酸、白胺酸、離胺酸、甲硫胺酸、苯丙胺酸、脯胺酸、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、色胺酸、酪胺酸、纈胺酸、茶胺酸、三聚唾液酸、海人酸、軟骨藻酸、鵝膏蕈氨酸、肢端酸等。
於本發明中,所謂多胺化合物,係指於分子中具有至少兩個胺基之化合物。作為多胺化合物,例如可列舉:脲、乙二胺、二伸乙基三胺、腐胺、屍胺、己二胺、鄰苯二胺、間苯二胺、對苯二胺、4-胺基苯甲烷胺、4-胺基苯乙烷胺、三聚氰胺、1,2,4-三胺基苯、1,3,5-三胺基苯、苯并胍胺等。
於本發明中,所謂多羧酸化合物,係指於分子中具有至少2個羧基之化合物。作為多羧酸化合物,例如有:對苯二甲酸、反丁烯二酸、酒石酸、順丁烯二酸、苯-1,3-二羧酸、鄰苯二甲酸、草酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、乙二胺四乙酸等。又,可列舉鄰苯二甲酸酐、順丁烯二酸酐等,存在為酸酐之情況。於使用聚胺化合物與聚羧酸化合物來製造硫改性聚醯胺化合物之情形時,聚胺化合物與聚羧酸化合物之比率較佳為以莫耳比計為0.9~1.1。
加熱處理中之胺基羧酸化合物與單質硫之比率係相對於胺基羧酸化合物100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~500質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~400質量份。多胺化合物、多羧酸化合物及單質硫之比率係相對於聚胺化合物與聚羧酸化合物之合計質量100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~500質量份,進而較佳為150質量份~400質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為250℃~600℃,進而較佳為350℃~500℃。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性聚醯胺化合物中去除。關於硫改性聚醯胺化合物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為40~70質量%,進而較佳為45~60質量%。
上述硫改性脂肪族烴氧化物係將脂肪族烴氧化物與單質硫於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理而獲得之化合物。於本發明中,所謂脂肪族烴氧化物,係指具有脂肪族烴骨架且具有至少1個選自由羥基、羰基、羧基或環氧基所組成之群中之基的化合物,烴骨架存在具有不飽和鍵之情況。脂肪族烴氧化物之脂肪族烴骨架可設為直鏈,可設為支鏈,但就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為直鏈。關於脂肪族烴氧化物之碳數,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為4~12,進而較佳為6~10。由於脂肪族烴氧化物中之氧原子係藉由與單質硫之加熱處理而脫離,故而脂肪族烴氧化物較佳為碳原子數相對於氧原子數之比為3以上,進而較佳為4以上。
作為較佳之脂肪族烴氧化物,可列舉:1-丁醇、2-丁醇、1-戊醇、3-戊醇、1-己醇、1-庚醇、1-辛醇、1-壬醇、1-癸醇、1-丁醇、1-戊醇、1-己醇、1-庚醇、1-辛醇、2-辛醇、1-壬醇、1-癸醇等醇化合物;丁醛、戊醛、己醛、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛等醛化合物;甲基乙基酮、二乙基酮、甲基己基甲酮等酮化合物;辛酸、壬酸、癸酸之羧酸化合物;1,2-環氧丁烷、1,2-環氧己烷、1,2-環氧辛烷、1,2-環氧癸烷等環氧化合物等。
加熱處理中之脂肪族烴氧化物與單質硫之比率係相對於脂肪族烴氧化物100質量份,較佳為單質硫100質量份~1000質量份,進而較佳為200質量份~500質量份。加熱處理之溫度較佳為300℃~500℃,進而較佳為350℃~450℃。於加熱處理之溫度高於脂肪族烴氧化物之沸點之情形時,較佳為一面使脂肪族烴氧化物回流一面進行製造。未反應之單質硫會成為使二次電池之循環特性降低之因素,因此較佳為例如藉由加熱或溶劑清洗等自硫改性脂肪族烴氧化物中去除。關於硫改性脂肪族烴氧化物之硫含量,就可獲得較大之充放電電容之方面而言,較佳為45~75質量%,進而較佳為50~70質量%。
於在非氧化性氣氛下進行有機化合物與硫之加熱處理之情形時,所謂非氧化性氣氛,可設為氣相之氧濃度為5體積%以下、較佳為2體積%以下、進而較佳為實質上不含有氧之氣氛,例如氮、氦、氬等惰性氣體氣氛,或硫氣體氣氛。
本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質較佳為鈉與鉀之含量之合計為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm。於鈉與鉀之含量之合計少於100質量ppm之情形、及多於1000質量ppm之情形時,存在初始效率或速率特性降低之情況。
於本發明中,所謂初始效率,係指使用未經過充放電循環之電池而進行充放電之情形時之第1循環之放電電容相對於充電電容之比,初始效率越高,越表示為充放電效率優異之電池。又,速率特性係以高電流進行放電之情形時之放電電容相對於以低電流進行放電之情形時之放電電容的比,速率特性越高,越表示即便以大電流使電池進行放電亦可進行使用。例如,為了於汽車用途中在發動時迅速地進行加速,而暫時需要大電流,因此重要的是提高速率特性。
本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質之鈉與鉀之含量之合計較佳為200質量ppm~800質量ppm,進而較佳為300質量ppm~700質量ppm,最佳為400質量ppm~650質量ppm。
作為用以獲得本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質之方法,並無特別限定,但較佳為加熱前之原料有機化合物與單質硫之混合物包含鈉及/或鉀,對該混合物進行熱處理之方法。於有機硫系電極活性物質中,藉由將原料有機化合物與硫進行加熱處理,而氫及氧自原料有機化合物中脫離,硫於殘留之碳及氮進行取代或加成。因此,可考慮原料有機化合物中之碳原子及氮原子之含量、有機硫系電極活性物質之反應產率、有機硫系電極活性物質之硫含量等來決定原料有機化合物與單質硫之混合物中之鈉及/或鉀之含量。可於原料有機化合物不含有鈉及鉀之情形時,向原料有機化合物與單質硫之混合物添加鈉化合物及/或鉀化合物,於原料有機化合物含有鈉及/或鉀之情形時,視需要使用鈉化合物及/或鉀化合物、或不含有鈉及鉀之原料有機化合物,以有機硫系電極活性物質中之鈉與鉀之含量之合計成為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm之方式進行調整。
於本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質中,就性能之偏差變少之方面而言,較佳為使用含有鈉及/或鉀之原料有機化合物。含有鈉及/或鉀之原料有機化合物可藉由在鈉化合物及/或鉀化合物之存在下製造原料有機化合物而獲得。又,亦可藉由使鈉化合物及/或鉀化合物溶解或含浸於原料有機化合物中之方法而獲得。於使鈉化合物及/或鉀化合物溶解或含浸於原料有機化合物中之情形時,可視需要使用溶劑。以下,對硫改性聚丙烯腈之情況進行說明。
不含有鈉及鉀之聚丙烯腈可藉由使用不含有該等之自由基聚合起始劑使丙烯腈聚合而獲得。作為此種自由基聚合起始劑,可列舉:過氧化苯甲醯等過氧化物、偶氮雙-二甲基戊腈或偶氮二異丁腈等偶氮化合物、包含不含有鈉及鉀之氧化劑及還原劑之氧化還原觸媒等。作為上述氧化劑,可列舉:過氧化氫、過硫酸銨、過碳酸銨等。又,作為上述還原劑,可列舉:抗壞血酸、異抗壞血酸、硫酸亞鐵、氯化亞鐵等。
於向不含有鈉及鉀之聚丙烯腈中添加含有鈉及/或鉀之化合物之情形時,可使用如下方法:於使用不含有鈉及鉀之自由基聚合起始劑藉由溶液聚合使丙烯腈聚合而獲得之溶液中,添加含有鈉或鉀之化合物或該等兩者,其後去除溶劑而將聚丙烯腈單離。又,亦可使用如下方法:將不含有鈉及鉀之聚丙烯腈溶解於有機溶劑中,並添加含有鈉或鉀之化合物或該等兩者,其後去除溶劑而將聚丙烯腈單離。
作為含有鈉或鉀之化合物,可列舉脂肪酸之鈉鹽或鉀鹽、烷磺酸之鈉鹽或鉀鹽、芳酸之鈉鹽或鉀鹽等,只要為可溶解於聚丙烯腈之溶液中之化合物,則並無特別限定。
作為於使丙烯腈聚合時使用含有鈉或鉀之化合物或該等兩者之方法,只要使用含有鈉或鉀之自由基聚合起始劑、分散穩定劑或乳化劑等進行聚合即可。
作為含有鈉或鉀之自由基聚合起始劑,可列舉氧化劑或還原劑之至少一者含有鈉或鉀之氧化還原觸媒。作為含有鈉或鉀之氧化劑,可列舉過硫酸鈉、過硫酸鉀等,作為含有鈉或鉀之還原劑,可列舉亞硫酸氫鈉、亞硫酸氫鉀等。
作為含有鈉或鉀之分散穩定劑,可列舉:羧甲基纖維素之鈉鹽或鉀鹽、聚丙烯酸之鈉鹽或鉀鹽等。
作為含有鈉或鉀之乳化劑,可列舉:烷磺酸之鈉鹽或鉀鹽、烷基苯磺酸之鈉鹽或鉀鹽、烷基硫酸酯之鈉鹽或鉀鹽等。
使用該等之丙烯腈之聚合方法可為公知之聚合方法。
聚丙烯腈不易發生解聚反應,且與硫之反應性亦較高,因此硫改性聚丙烯腈之反應產率穩定。因此,只要加熱處理前之聚丙烯腈與硫之混合物中的聚丙烯腈基準之鈉及鉀之含量、與所獲得之硫改性聚丙烯腈之硫含量穩定,則可獲得鈉及鉀之含量穩定之硫改性聚丙烯腈。例如,只要加熱處理前之聚丙烯腈與硫之混合物中的聚丙烯腈基準之鈉及鉀之含量之合計為800質量ppm,且將所獲得之硫改性聚丙烯腈之硫含量調整為40質量%,則可獲得鈉及鉀之含量之合計為約500質量ppm之硫改性聚丙烯腈。為了獲得硫之含量為25質量%~60質量%且鈉與鉀之含量之合計為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm之硫改性聚丙烯腈,較佳為加熱處理前之聚丙烯腈與硫之混合物中的聚丙烯腈基準之鈉及鉀之含量之合計為126質量ppm~2360質量ppm,作為聚丙烯腈,較佳為使用鈉及鉀之含量之合計為126質量ppm~2360質量ppm之聚丙烯腈。
本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質進而就初始效率提高之方面而言,較佳為鐵之含量為1質量ppm~20質量ppm,進而較佳為2質量ppm~10質量ppm。
作為用以獲得鐵之含量為1質量ppm~20質量ppm之本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質的方法,可列舉:使用含有鐵之原料有機化合物之方法、向原料有機化合物與單質硫之混合物中添加含有鐵之化合物並進行加熱處理之方法等,但就性能之差異變少之方面而言,較佳為使用含有鐵之原料有機化合物。含有鐵之原料有機化合物可藉由在鐵化合物之共存下製造原料有機化合物而獲得。又,亦可藉由使鐵化合物溶解或含浸於原料有機化合物中之方法而獲得。於使鐵化合物溶解或含浸於原料有機化合物中之情形時,可視需要使用溶劑。以下,對硫改性聚丙烯腈之情況進行說明。
作為含有鐵之聚丙烯腈,可使用向不含有鐵之聚丙烯腈中添加含有鐵之化合物而製造之聚丙烯腈。又,亦可為於使丙烯腈聚合時使用含有鐵之化合物而成之聚丙烯腈。於使丙烯腈聚合時使用含有鐵之化合物而成之聚丙烯腈例如可藉由如下方式而製造:使用上述含有鈉或鉀之聚丙烯腈中含有鈉或鉀之氧化劑與硫酸亞鐵、氯化亞鐵等含有鐵之還原劑的組合之氧化還原觸媒,使丙烯腈聚合。
為了獲得硫之含量為25質量%~60質量%且鐵之含量為1質量ppm~20質量ppm之硫改性聚丙烯腈,較佳為使用鐵之含量為1.3質量ppm~47質量ppm之聚丙烯腈。
本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質較佳為根據使用之用途來調整平均粒徑。例如,於用作二次電池之電極之電極活性物質之情形時,較佳為平均粒徑為0.5 μm~100 μm。
所謂平均粒徑,係指藉由雷射繞射光散射法所測得之50%粒徑。粒徑為體積基準之直徑,雷射繞射光散射法中測定二次粒子之直徑。
於使有機硫系電極活性物質之平均粒徑變得小於0.5 μm之情形時,粉碎等需要極大之勞力,而存在無法期待電池性能之進一步提高之情況。又,於平均粒徑大於100 μm之情形時,存在無法獲得平滑之電極合劑層之情況。本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質之平均粒徑較佳為0.5 μm~100 μm,更佳為1 μm~50 μm,進而較佳為2 μm~30 μm。
本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質可適宜地用作非水電解質二次電池之電極中所含之電極活性物質。具體而言,將含有本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質之電極合劑層形成於集電體上而成之電極可適宜地用作非水溶劑二次電池之電極。
電極合劑層可藉由如下方式而形成:將本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質、黏合劑及導電助劑添加於溶劑中而製備漿料,將該漿料塗佈於集電體上並進行乾燥。
黏合劑可使用作為電極之黏合劑而公知者。例如可列舉:苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠、丁二烯橡膠、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚醯胺、聚醯胺醯亞胺、聚醯亞胺、聚丙烯腈、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯橡膠、氟橡膠、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、丙烯腈丁二烯橡膠、苯乙烯-異戊二烯橡膠、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醚、羧甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉、甲基纖維素、纖維素奈米纖維、聚環氧乙烷、澱粉、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯酸等。
作為黏合劑,為了環境負荷較低且不易發生硫之溶出,較佳為水系黏合劑,尤佳為苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠、羧甲基纖維素鈉、聚丙烯酸。黏合劑可僅使用一種,亦可組合兩種以上而使用。
漿料中之黏合劑之含量相對於本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質100質量份,較佳為1質量份~30質量份,進而較佳為1質量份~20質量份。
導電助劑可使用作為電極之導電助劑而公知者,具體而言,可列舉:天然石墨、人造石墨、碳黑、科琴黑、乙炔黑、煙囪黑、爐黑、燈黑、熱碳黑、奈米碳管、氣相成長碳纖維(Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber:VGCF)、石墨烯、富勒烯、針狀焦等碳材料;鋁粉、鎳粉、鈦粉等金屬粉末;氧化鋅、氧化鈦等導電性金屬氧化物;La2
S3
、Sm2
S3
、Ce2
S3
、TiS2
等硫化物。
導電助劑之平均粒徑較佳為0.0001 μm~100 μm,更佳為0.01 μm~50 μm。
漿料中之導電助劑之含量相對於本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質100質量份,通常為0.1質量份~50質量份,較佳為1質量份~30質量份,更佳為2質量份~20質量份。
作為用以製備漿料之溶劑,例如可列舉:碳酸丙二酯、碳酸乙二酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、乙腈、丙腈、四氫呋喃、2-甲基四氫呋喃、二㗁烷、1,3-二氧戊環、硝基甲烷、N-甲基吡咯啶酮、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺、二甲基乙醯胺、甲基乙基酮、環己酮、乙酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、二乙基三胺、N,N-二甲胺基丙基胺、聚環氧乙烷、四氫呋喃、二甲基亞碸、環丁碸、γ-丁內酯、水、醇等。溶劑之使用量可根據漿料之塗佈方法進行調整,例如於刮刀法之情形時,相對於有機硫系電極活性物質、黏合劑及導電助劑之合計量100質量份,溶劑較佳為20質量份~300質量份,進而較佳為30質量份~200質量份。
漿料存在除此以外包含其他成分之情況。作為其他成分,例如可列舉:黏度調整劑、補強材料、抗氧化劑等。
作為製備漿料之方法,並無特別限定,例如可列舉使用通常之球磨機、砂磨機、珠磨機、顏料分散機、石磨機、超音波分散機、均質機、自轉-公轉混合機、行星式混合機、FILMIX、Jetpaster等之方法。
作為集電體,使用鈦、鈦合金、鋁、鋁合金、銅、鎳、不鏽鋼、鍍鎳鋼等導電材料。該等導電材料存在表面經碳包覆之情況。作為集電體之形狀,可列舉箔狀、板狀、網狀等。該等中,就導電性或價格之觀點而言,較佳為鋁,形狀較佳為箔狀。箔狀之情形時之箔之厚度通常為1~100 μm。
將漿料塗佈於集電體之方法並無特別限定,可使用模嘴塗佈機法、缺角輪塗佈機法、簾幕式塗佈機法、噴射塗佈機法、凹版塗佈機法、柔性塗佈機法、刀片塗佈機法、刮刀法、逆輥塗佈法、刷塗法、浸漬法等各方法。就可根據漿料之黏性等物性及乾燥性而獲得良好之塗佈層之表面狀態之方面而言,較佳為模嘴塗佈機法、刮刀法、刀片塗佈機法。
漿料之塗佈可對集電體之單面實施,亦可對兩面實施,於塗佈於集電體之兩面之情形時,可對每個單面逐次進行塗佈,可對兩面同時進行塗佈。又,可於集電體之表面連續地塗佈,或可間斷地塗佈,可呈條紋狀進行塗佈。塗佈層之厚度、長度或寬度可根據電池之大小適宜地決定。
作為對塗佈於集電體上之漿料進行乾燥之方法,並無特別限定,可使用:利用溫風、熱風、低濕風進行之乾燥,真空乾燥,靜置於加熱爐等中,遠紅外線、紅外線、電子束等之照射等各方法。藉由該乾燥,而溶劑等揮發成分自漿料之塗膜中揮發,於集電體上形成電極合劑層。其後,亦可視需要對電極進行加壓處理。作為加壓處理之方法,例如可列舉模具加壓法、滾筒加壓法。
本發明之電極具有與公知之電極相同之構成。具體而言,具備集電體、及形成於集電體上之電極合劑層。並且,電極合劑層包含本發明之有機硫系電極活性物質。
本發明之電極並無特別限定,可用於具備非水電解質之非水系二次電池。非水電解質可為液體電解質、凝膠電解質、固體電解質等之任一種。本發明之電極可更適宜地用於鋰離子二次電池。本發明之電極可用作正極,亦可用作負極。
非水電解質二次電池一般包含正極、負極、非水電解質、分隔件。於使用本發明之電極作為正極之情形時,只要使用具有公知之負極活性物質之電極作為負極即可,於用作負極之情形時,只要使用具有公知之正極活性物質之電極作為正極即可。再者,將使用本發明之電極作為正極之情形時之負極、使用本發明之電極作為負極之情形時之正極稱為對向電極。
作為公知之負極活性物質,例如可列舉:天然石墨、人造石墨、難石墨化碳、易石墨化碳、鋰、鋰合金、矽、矽合金、氧化矽、錫、錫合金、氧化錫、磷、鍺、銦、氧化銅、硫化銻、氧化鈦、氧化鐵、氧化錳、氧化鈷、氧化鎳、氧化鉛、氧化釕、氧化鎢、氧化鋅、以及LiVO2
、Li2
VO4
、Li4
Ti5
O12
等複合氧化物。該等負極活性物質可僅使用一種,可組合兩種以上而使用。
作為公知之正極活性物質,例如可列舉:鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物、含鋰之過渡金屬磷酸化合物、含鋰之矽酸鹽化合物等。
作為上述鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物之過渡金屬,較佳為:釩、鈦、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鎳、銅等。作為鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物之具體例,可列舉:LiCoO2
等鋰鈷複合氧化物,LiNiO2
等鋰鎳複合氧化物,LiMnO2
、LiMn2
O4
、Li2
MnO3
等鋰錳複合氧化物,成為該等鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物之主體的過渡金屬原子之一部分經鋁、鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋰、鎳、銅、鋅、鎂、鎵、鋯等其他金屬取代而成者等。關於成為主體之過渡金屬原子之一部分經其他金屬取代而成之鋰過渡金屬複合氧化物,作為具體例,例如可列舉:Li1.1
Mn1.8
Mg0.1
O4
、Li1.1
Mn1.85
Al0.05
O4
、LiNi0.5
Co0.2
Mn0.3
O2
、LiNi0.8
Co0.1
Mn0.1
O2
、LiNi0.5
Mn0.5
O2
、LiNi0.80
Co0.17
Al0.03
O2
、LiNi0.80
Co0.15
Al0.05
O2
、Li(Ni1/3
Co1/3
Mn1/3
)O2
、LiNi0.6
Co0.2
Mn0.2
O2 、
LiMn1.8
Al0.2
O4
、LiNi0.5
Mn1.5
O4
、Li2
MnO3
-LiMO2
(M=Co、Ni、Mn)等。
作為上述含鋰之過渡金屬磷酸化合物之過渡金屬,較佳為釩、鈦、錳、鐵、鈷、鎳等,作為具體例,例如可列舉:LiFePO4
、LiMnx
Fe1-x
PO4
(0<x<1)等磷酸鐵化合物類,LiFeSO4
F等硫酸鐵化合物類,LiCoPO4
等磷酸鈷化合物類,成為該等鋰過渡金屬磷酸化合物之主體的過渡金屬原子之一部分經鋁、鈦、釩、鉻、錳、鐵、鈷、鋰、鎳、銅、鋅、鎂、鎵、鋯、鈮等其他金屬取代而成者,Li3
V2
(PO4
)3
等磷酸釩化合物類等。
作為上述含鋰之矽酸鹽化合物,可列舉Li2
FeSiO4
等。該等正極活性物質可僅使用一種,亦可組合兩種以上而使用。
對向電極可藉由將上述本發明之硫改性聚丙烯腈替換成上述公知之負極活性物質或公知之正極活性物質而製造。
作為非水電解質,例如可列舉:將電解質溶解於有機溶劑中而獲得之液體電解質、將電解質溶解於有機溶劑中並以高分子凝膠化之高分子凝膠電解質、不含有機溶劑而使電解質分散於高分子之純正高分子電解質、無機固體電解質等。
作為用於液體電解質及高分子凝膠電解質之電解質,例如使用先前公知之鋰鹽,例如可列舉LiPF6
、LiBF4
、LiAsF6
、LiCF3
SO3
、LiCF3
CO2
、LiN(CF3
SO2
)2
、LiN(C2
F5
SO2
)2
、LiN(SO2
F)2
、LiC(CF3
SO2
)3
、LiB(CF3
SO3
)4
、LiB(C2
O4
)2
、LiBF2
(C2
O4
)、LiSbF6
、LiSiF5
、LiSCN、LiClO4
、LiCl、LiF、LiBr、Lil、LiAlF4
、LiAlCl4
、LiPO2
F2
及該等之衍生物等,該等中,較佳為使用選自由LiPF6
、LiBF4
、LiClO4
、LiAsF6
、LiCF3
SO3
、LiN(CF3
SO2
)2
、LiN(C2
F5
SO2
)2
、LiN(SO2
F)2
及LiC(CF3
SO2
)3
、以及LiCF3
SO3
之衍生物及LiC(CF3
SO2
)3
之衍生物所組成之群中之一種以上。
液體電解質及高分子凝膠電解質中之電解質之含量較佳為0.5~7 mol/L,更佳為0.8~1.8 mol/L。
作為用於純正高分子電解質之電解質,例如可列舉:LiN(CF3
SO2
)2
、LiN(C2
F5
SO2
)2
、LiN(SO2
F)2
、LiC(CF3
SO2
)3
、LiB(CF3
SO3
)4
、LiB(C2
O4
)2
。
作為無機固體電解質,可列舉:Li1+x
Ax
B2-y
(PO4
)3
(A=Al、Ge、Sn、Hf、Zr、Sc、Y,B=Ti、Ge、Zn,0<x<0.5)、LiMPO4
(M=Mn、Fe、Co、Ni)、Li3
PO4
等磷酸系材料;Li3
XO4
(X=As、V)、Li3+x
Ax
B1-x
O4
(A=Si、Ge、Ti,B=P、As、V,0<x<0.6)、Li4+x
Ax
Si1-x
O4
(A=B、Al、Ga、Cr、Fe,0<x<0.4)(A=Ni、Co,0<x<0.1)、Li4-3y
Aly
SiO4
(0<y<0.06)、Li4-2y
Zny
GeO4
(0<y<0.25)、LiAlO2
、Li2
BO4
、Li4
XO4
(X=Si、Ge、Ti)、鈦酸鋰(LiTiO2
、LiTi2
O4
、Li4
TiO4
、Li2
TiO3
、Li2
Ti3
O7
、Li4
Ti5
O12
)等鋰複合氧化物;LiBr、LiF、LiCl、LiPF6
、LiBF4
等包含鋰與鹵素之化合物;LiPON、LiN(SO2
CF3
)2
、LiN(SO2
C2
F5
)2
、Li3
N、LiN(SO2
C3
F7
)2
等包含鋰與氮之化合物;La0.55
Li0.35
TiO3
等具備具有鋰離子傳導性之鈣鈦礦結構之結晶;Li7
-La3
Zr2
O13
等具有石榴石型結構之結晶;50Li4
SiO4
・50Li3
BO3
等玻璃;Li10
GeP2
S12
、Li3.25
Ge0.25
P0.75
S4
等鋰-磷硫化物系結晶,30Li2
S・26B2
S3
・44Lil、63Li2
S・36SiS2 ·
1Li3
PO4
、57Li2
S・38SiS2
・5Li4
SiO4
、70Li2
S・50GeS2
、50Li2
S・50GeS2
等鋰-磷硫化物系玻璃;Li7
P3
S11
、Li3.25
P0.95
S4
等玻璃陶瓷等。
作為本發明中所使用之用於製備液狀非水電解質之有機溶劑,可將液狀非水電解質中通常所使用者使用一種或將兩種組合而使用。具體而言,例如可列舉:飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物、飽和環狀酯化合物、亞碸化合物、碸化合物、醯胺化合物、飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物、鏈狀醚化合物、環狀醚化合物、飽和鏈狀酯化合物等。
上述有機溶劑中,飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物、飽和環狀酯化合物、亞碸化合物、碸化合物及醯胺化合物由於相對介電常數較高,故而發揮提高非水電解質之介電常數之作用,尤佳為飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物。
作為飽和環狀碳酸酯化合物,例如可列舉:碳酸乙二酯、碳酸1,2-丙二酯、碳酸1,3-丙二酯、碳酸1,2-丁二酯、碳酸1,3-丁二酯、碳酸1,1-二甲基乙二酯等。
作為上述飽和環狀酯化合物,例如可列舉:γ-丁內酯、γ-戊內酯、γ-己內酯、δ-己內酯、δ-辛內酯等。作為上述亞碸化合物,例如可列舉:二甲基亞碸、二乙基亞碸、二丙基酮亞碸、二苯基亞碸、噻吩等。
作為上述碸化合物,例如可列舉:二甲基碸、二乙基碸、二丙基碸、二苯基碸、環丁碸(亦稱為四亞甲基碸)、3-甲基環丁碸、3,4-二甲基環丁碸、3,4-二苯甲基環丁碸、環丁烯碸、3-甲基環丁烯碸、3-乙基環丁烯碸、3-溴甲基環丁烯碸等,較佳為環丁碸、四甲基環丁碸。
作為上述醯胺化合物,可列舉:N-甲基吡咯啶酮、二甲基甲醯胺、二甲基乙醯胺等。
上述有機溶劑中,飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物、鏈狀醚化合物、環狀醚化合物及飽和鏈狀酯化合物可降低非水電解質之黏度,可提高電解質離子之遷移性等,從而可使輸出密度等電池特性優異。又,由於為低黏度,故而可提高非水電解質於低溫下之性能,尤佳為飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物。
作為飽和鏈狀碳酸酯化合物,例如可列舉:碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸乙基丁酯、碳酸甲基第三丁酯、碳酸二異丙酯、碳酸第三丁基丙酯等。
作為上述鏈狀醚化合物或環狀醚化合物,例如可列舉二甲氧基乙烷、乙氧基甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、四氫呋喃、二氧戊環、二㗁烷、1,2-雙(甲氧基羰基氧基)乙烷、1,2-雙(乙氧基羰基氧基)乙烷、1,2-雙(乙氧基羰基氧基)丙烷、乙二醇雙(三氟乙基)醚、丙二醇雙(三氟乙基)醚、乙二醇雙(三氟甲基)醚、二乙二醇雙(三氟乙基)醚等,該等中,較佳為二氧戊環。
作為上述飽和鏈狀酯化合物,較佳為分子中之碳數之合計為2~8之單酯化合物及雙酯化合物,作為具體之化合物,例如可列舉:甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸異丁酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丁酸甲酯、異丁酸甲酯、三甲基乙酸甲酯、三甲基乙酸乙酯、丙二酸甲酯、丙二酸乙酯、琥珀酸甲酯、琥珀酸乙酯、3-甲氧基丙酸甲酯、3-甲氧基丙酸乙酯、乙二醇雙乙醯、丙二醇雙乙醯等,較佳為甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸異丁酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸甲酯、及丙酸乙酯。
此外,作為用於製備非水電解質之有機溶劑,例如亦可使用乙腈、丙腈、硝基甲烷或其等之衍生物、各種離子液體。
作為用於高分子凝膠電解質之高分子,可列舉:聚環氧乙烷、聚環氧丙烷、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚六氟丙烯等。作為用於純正高分子電解質之高分子,可列舉:聚環氧乙烷、聚環氧丙烷、聚苯乙烯磺酸。關於凝膠電解質中之調配比率、複合化之方法,並無特別限制,只要採用本技術領域中公知之調配比率、公知之複合化方法即可。
非水電解質亦可為了電池壽命之延長、安全性提高等,而例如包含電極覆膜形成劑、抗氧化劑、阻燃劑、防過度充電劑等公知之其他添加劑。於使用其他添加劑之情形時,相對於非水電解質整體,通常為0.01質量份~10質量份,較佳為0.1質量份~5質量份。
作為分隔件,可無特別限定地使用非水電解質二次電池中通常使用之高分子之微多孔性膜。作為膜,例如可列舉:包含以聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯醯胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚碸、聚醚碸、聚碳酸酯、聚醯胺、聚醯亞胺、聚環氧乙烷或聚環氧丙烷等聚醚類、羧甲基纖維素或羥丙基纖維素等各種纖維素類、聚(甲基)丙烯酸及其各種酯類等作為主體之高分子化合物或其衍生物、該等之共聚物或混合物的膜等,該等膜亦可經氧化鋁或氧化矽等陶瓷材料、或氧化鎂、芳香族聚醯胺樹脂、聚偏二氟乙烯塗覆。
該等膜可單獨使用,亦可將該等膜重疊而以複層膜之形式使用。進而,於該等膜中,亦可使用各種添加劑,其種類或含量並無特別限制。該等膜中,於藉由二次電池之製造方法所製造之二次電池中,較佳地使用包含聚乙烯或聚丙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚碸之膜。再者,於非水溶劑電解質為純正高分子電解質或無機固體電解質之情形時,亦可不包含分隔件。
關於包含上述構成之藉由二次電池之製造方法來製造之二次電池,其形狀並不受特別限制,可製成硬幣型、圓筒型、方型、層壓型等各種形狀。圖1表示本發明之非水電解質二次電池之硬幣型電池之一例,圖2及圖3分別表示圓筒型電池之一例。
於圖1所示之硬幣型之非水電解質二次電池10中,1為可釋出鋰離子之正極,1a為正極集電體,2為可將自正極釋出之鋰離子吸藏、釋出之負極,2a為負極集電體,3為非水電解質,4為不鏽鋼製之正極外殼,5為不鏽鋼製之負極外殼,6為聚丙烯製之密封圈,7為聚乙烯製之分隔件。
又,於圖2及圖3所示之圓筒型之非水電解質二次電池10'中,11為負極,12為負極集電體,13為正極,14為正極集電體,15為非水電解質,16為分隔件,17為正極端子,18為負極端子,19為負極板,20為負極引線,21為正極板,22為正極引線,23為外殼,24為絕緣板,25為密封圈,26為安全閥,27為PTC(Positive Temperature Coefficient,正溫度係數)元件。
作為外裝構件,可使用層壓膜或金屬製容器。外裝構件之厚度通常為0.5 mm以下,較佳為0.3 mm以下。作為外裝構件之形狀,可列舉:扁平型(薄型)、方型、圓筒型、硬幣型、按鈕型等。
關於層壓膜,亦可使用樹脂膜間具有金屬層之多層膜。關於金屬層,為了輕量化,較佳為鋁箔或鋁合金箔。關於樹脂膜,例如可使用聚丙烯、聚乙烯、尼龍、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯等高分子材料。關於層壓膜,可藉由熱熔進行密封而形成為外裝構件之形狀。
金屬製容器例如可由不鏽鋼、鋁或鋁合金等來形成。作為鋁合金,較佳為包含鎂、鋅、矽等元素之合金。藉由在鋁或鋁合金中將鐵、銅、鎳、鉻等過渡金屬之含量設為1%以下,可飛躍性地提昇高溫環境下之長期可靠性及散熱性。
[實施例]
以下,藉由實施例及比較例來更詳細地說明本發明。但是,本發明並不受以下實施例等之任何限制。再者,實施例中之「份」或「%」只要無特別說明,則係為以質量計。
[製造例1]
向配備有攪拌機、溫度計、冷卻管及氮氣導入管之玻璃製反應容器中,加入丙烯腈100質量份、去離子水500質量份、過硫酸鈉0.6質量份、亞硫酸氫鈉0.9質量份、硫酸亞鐵0.000012質量份,並利用硫酸調整至pH3。於氮置換後升溫至60℃,並於60℃下持續攪拌4小時。將所生成之聚丙烯腈之沈澱放入至20質量倍之水中,於50℃下攪拌1小時後進行過濾並乾燥。使用研缽將經乾燥之聚丙烯腈粉碎,並使用開口徑30 μm之篩網將較大之粒子去除,而獲得聚丙烯腈A1。
[製造例2]
將製造例1之過硫酸鈉變更為過硫酸鉀,除此以外,進行與製造例1相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A2。
[製造例3]
將製造例1之過硫酸鈉變更為過硫酸鉀,並將亞硫酸氫鈉變更為亞硫酸氫鉀,除此以外,進行與製造例1相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A3。
[製造例4]
將製造例1之過硫酸鈉變更為過硫酸銨,除此以外,進行與製造例1相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A4。
[製造例5]
將製造例1之亞硫酸氫鈉變更為亞硫酸氫銨,除此以外,進行與製造例1相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A5。
[製造例6]
向配備有攪拌機、溫度計、冷卻管及氮氣導入管之玻璃製反應容器中,加入丙烯腈100質量份、二甲基亞碸371質量份、偶氮二異丁腈0.4質量份,於氮置換後在65℃下加熱5小時並在75℃下加熱7小時而聚合。其後,進行減壓而去除未反應之丙烯腈,添加硬脂酸鈉(東榮化學工業製造,商品名NA-ST)0.85質量份及環烷酸鐵(東榮化學工業製造,商品名環烷酸鐵5%)0.014質量份,而獲得聚丙烯腈之二甲基亞碸溶液。將該溶液自直徑0.08 mm之噴嘴中擠出至水中而獲得纖維狀之聚丙烯腈,將該纖維狀之聚丙烯腈切割成5 mm左右後放入至20質量倍之水中,於90℃下攪拌1小時後進行過濾並乾燥,而獲得聚丙烯腈A6。
[製造例7]
未添加環烷酸鐵,除此以外,進行與製造例6相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A7。
[製造例8]
將製造例1之硫酸亞鐵之量自0.000012質量份變更為0.000003質量份,除此以外,進行與製造例1相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A8。
[製造例9]
將製造例1之過硫酸鈉變更為過硫酸銨,並將亞硫酸氫鈉變更為亞硫酸氫銨,除此以外,進行與製造例1相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A9。
[製造例10]
未添加硬脂酸鈉及環烷酸鐵,除此以外,進行與製造例6相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A10。
[製造例11]
將硬脂酸鈉之量自0.45質量份變更為0.05質量份,除此以外,進行與製造例6相同之操作,而獲得聚丙烯腈A11。
[製造例12]
向配備有攪拌機、溫度計、冷卻管及氮氣導入管之玻璃製反應容器中,加入丙烯腈100質量份、去離子水500質量份、過硫酸鈉3.4質量份、亞硫酸氫鈉1.3質量份,並利用硫酸調整至pH3。於氮置換後升溫至40℃,並於40℃下持續攪拌5小時。將所生成之聚丙烯腈之沈澱放入至20質量倍之水中,於50℃下攪拌1小時後進行過濾並乾燥。使用研缽將經乾燥之聚丙烯腈粉碎,使用開口徑30 μm之篩網將較大之粒子去除,而獲得聚丙烯腈A12。
[製造例13]
向配備有攪拌機、溫度計、冷卻管、滴加管及氮氣導入管之玻璃製反應容器中加入去離子水600質量份、丙烯腈100質量份、陰離子系界面活性劑二辛基磺基琥珀酸鈉(ADEKA股份有限公司製造,商品名ADEKANOL EC-4500)6質量份、過硫酸鈉0.3質量份,並利用硫酸調整至pH3。於氮置換後升溫至55℃,歷時90分鐘滴加丙烯腈200質量份,於滴加結束後升溫至80℃並持續攪拌5小時。將所生成之聚丙烯腈之沈澱放入至20質量倍之水中,於50℃下攪拌1小時候後進行過濾並乾燥。使用研缽將經乾燥之聚丙烯腈粉碎,使用開口徑30 μm之篩網將較大之粒子去除,而獲得聚丙烯腈A13。
將聚丙烯腈A1~A13之鈉與鉀之含量之合計及鐵之含量之分析結果示於表1。各金屬之定量係使用將試樣進行乾灰化後利用硫酸及氫氟酸進行溶解而成之溶液,藉由ICP(inductively coupled plasma,感應耦合電漿)發光分析裝置而進行。
[表1]
[實施例1]
使用研缽將10質量份之聚丙烯腈A1與30質量份之硫粉末(Sigma-Aldrich製造,平均粒徑200 μm)混合。依據日本專利特開2013-054957之實施例將該混合物收容於有底圓筒狀玻璃管後,將玻璃管之下部放入至坩堝型電爐,一面去除氮氣流下所產生之硫化氫一面於400℃下加熱1小時。於冷卻後,將產物放入至玻璃管烘箱,藉由一面進行真空抽吸一面於250℃下加熱3小時而去除單質硫。使用球磨機將所獲得之硫改性產物粉碎後,利用篩網進行分級而獲得平均粒徑為10 μm之硫改性聚丙烯腈之PANS1。
使用聚丙烯腈A2~A13代替聚丙烯腈A1,除此以外,進行與實施例1相同之操作,而獲得PANS2~13。
將PANS1~PANS12之鈉與鉀之含量之合計、鐵之含量、硫之含量、平均粒徑之分析結果示於表2。鈉、鉀、鐵之分析方法係使用與聚丙烯腈相同之方法,硫含量係自使用能夠對硫及氧進行分析之CHN分析裝置所得之分析結果算出。再者,PANS1~PANS8為本發明之硫改性聚丙烯腈,PANS9~PANS13為比較例之硫改性聚丙烯腈。
[表2]
[電極之製造]
使用PANS1~PANS13之硫改性聚丙烯腈藉由下述方法而製作實施例2~9、比較例1~5之電極。
使用自轉-公轉混合機將作為電極活性物質之硫改性聚丙烯腈92.0質量份、作為導電助劑之乙炔黑(電氣化學工業製造)3.5質量份及奈米碳管(昭和電工製造,商品名VGCF)1.5質量份、作為黏合劑之苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(水分散液,Nippon Zeon製造)1.5質量份及羧甲基纖維素(Daicel FineChem製造)1.5質量份、以及作為溶劑之水120質量份進行混合,而製備漿料。藉由刮刀法將該漿料組合物塗佈於不鏽鋼箔(厚度20 μm)之集電體,並於90℃下乾燥3小時。其後,將該電極切斷成特定大小,並於120℃下進行2小時真空乾燥,而製作圓盤狀電極。
[正極1之製造]
使用自轉-公轉混合機將作為正極活性物質之Li(Ni1/3
Co1/3
Mn1/3
)O2
(日本化學產業製造,商品名:NCM111)90.0質量份、作為導電助劑之乙炔黑(電氣化學工業製造)5.0質量份、作為黏合劑之聚偏二氟乙烯(KUREHA製造)5.0質量份、及作為溶劑之N-甲基吡咯啶酮100質量份進行混合,而製備漿料。藉由刮刀法將該漿料組合物塗佈於鋁箔(厚度20 μm)之集電體,並於90℃下乾燥3小時。其後,將該電極切斷成特定大小,並於120℃下進行2小時真空乾燥,而製作圓盤狀之正極1。
[負極1之製造]
將厚度500 μm之鋰金屬切斷成特定大小,而製作圓盤狀之負極1。
[非水電解質之製備]
將LiPF6
以1.0 mol/L之濃度溶解於包含碳酸乙二酯50體積%、碳酸二乙酯50體積%之混合溶劑中,而製備電解質溶液。
[電池之組裝]
將實施例2~9及比較例1~5之電極作為正極,將負極1作為負極,隔著作為分隔件之玻璃濾片保持於外殼內。其後,將先前製備之非水電解質注入至外殼內,將外殼密閉並密封,而製作實施例10~17及比較例6~10之非水電解質二次電池(20 mm、厚度3.2 mm之硬幣型)。
又,將實施例2~9及比較例1~5之電極作為負極,將正極1作為負極,隔著作為分隔件之玻璃濾片保持於外殼內。其後,將先前製備之非水電解質注入至外殼內,將外殼密閉並密封,而製作實施例18~25及比較例11~15之非水電解質二次電池(20 mm、厚度3.2 mm之硬幣型)。
[充放電試驗方法]
將非水電解質二次電池放入至25℃之恆溫槽,將充電終止電壓設為3.0 V,將放電終止電壓設為1.0 V,進行5個循環之充電速率0.1 C、放電速率0.1 C之充放電,繼而進行5個循環之充電速率1 C、放電速率1 C之充放電,而進行共計10個循環之充放電,測定各循環之充電電容與放電電容(單位:mAh/g)。
將第1循環之放電電容相對於充電電容之比設為初始效率(%),將第10循環之放電電容相對於第5循環之放電電容之比率設為電容維持率(%)。將結果示於表3及4。
[表3]
[表4]
[產業上之可利用性]
根據本發明,可提供一種適宜用於具有較大之充放電電容、初始效率較高且循環特性及速率特性優異之非水電解質二次電池之電極活性物質。
1‧‧‧正極
1a‧‧‧正極集電體
2‧‧‧負極
2a‧‧‧負極集電體
3‧‧‧電解液
4‧‧‧正極外殼
5‧‧‧負極外殼
6‧‧‧密封圈
7‧‧‧分隔件
10‧‧‧硬幣型之非水電解質二次電池
10'‧‧‧圓筒型之非水電解質二次電池
11‧‧‧負極
12‧‧‧負極集電體
13‧‧‧正極
14‧‧‧正極集電體
15‧‧‧電解液
16‧‧‧分隔件
17‧‧‧正極端子
18‧‧‧負極端子
19‧‧‧負極板
20‧‧‧負極引線
21‧‧‧正極板
22‧‧‧正極引線
23‧‧‧外殼
24‧‧‧絕緣板
25‧‧‧密封圈
26‧‧‧安全閥
27‧‧‧PTC元件
圖1係概略性地表示本發明之非水電解質二次電池之硬幣型電池之結構之一例的縱剖視圖。
圖2係表示本發明之非水電解質二次電池之圓筒型電池之基本構成的概略圖。
圖3係將本發明之非水電解質二次電池之圓筒型電池之內部結構以剖面形式進行表示之立體圖。
1‧‧‧正極
1a‧‧‧正極集電體
2‧‧‧負極
2a‧‧‧負極集電體
3‧‧‧電解液
4‧‧‧正極外殼
5‧‧‧負極外殼
6‧‧‧密封圈
7‧‧‧分隔件
10‧‧‧硬幣型之非水電解質二次電池
Claims (8)
- 一種有機硫系電極活性物質,其中鈉與鉀之含量之合計為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm。
- 如請求項1之有機硫系電極活性物質,其中進而鐵之含量為1質量ppm~20質量ppm。
- 如請求項1之有機硫系電極活性物質,其中硫之含量為25質量%~60質量%。
- 如請求項1之有機硫系電極活性物質,其中有機硫系電極活性物質為硫改性聚丙烯腈。
- 一種二次電池用電極,其係以如請求項1至4中任一項之有機硫系電極活性物質作為電極活性物質。
- 一種非水溶劑二次電池,其係以如請求項5之二次電池用電極作為正極。
- 一種非水溶劑二次電池,其係以如請求項5之二次電池用電極作為負極。
- 一種硫改性聚丙烯腈之製造方法,其係鈉與鉀之含量之合計為100質量ppm~1000質量ppm之硫改性聚丙烯腈之製造方法,其具有如下步驟:將鈉與鉀之含量之合計為126質量ppm~2360質量ppm之聚丙烯腈與單質硫之混合物於非氧化性氣氛中進行加熱處理。
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