TWI661520B - 藉由微轉印之壓力啟動電性互連 - Google Patents
藉由微轉印之壓力啟動電性互連 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI661520B TWI661520B TW106110956A TW106110956A TWI661520B TW I661520 B TWI661520 B TW I661520B TW 106110956 A TW106110956 A TW 106110956A TW 106110956 A TW106110956 A TW 106110956A TW I661520 B TWI661520 B TW I661520B
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種印刷電連接結構,其包含具有一或多個電連接襯墊之基板及具有一或多個連接柱之微轉印組件。各連接柱與連接襯墊電接觸。樹脂經安置於該基板與該組件之間且與其等接觸。該樹脂具有低於固化溫度之回流溫度。當溫度在一操作溫度與該回流溫度之間循環時,該樹脂在該回流溫度下重複流動,但在該樹脂暴露於固化溫度之後不流動。銲料可經安置於該連接柱或該連接襯墊上。在印刷及回流之後,可測試該組件,若該組件未通過,則將另一組件微轉印至該基板上,該樹脂再次回流,測試該另一組件,若該另一組件通過該測試,則該樹脂最終固化。
Description
本發明係關於用於使用微轉印將小晶片電互連至背板電接觸襯墊之結構及方法。
具有分佈遍及基板之範圍之電子主動組件之基板可用於各種電子系統(例如,平板成像裝置,諸如平板液晶或有機發光二極體(OLED)顯示裝置)及平板太陽能電池中。各種方法可用於將電子主動電路分佈遍及基板,包含在一基板上形成電子主動電路及在分開基板上形成組件且將其等放置於一基板上。在後一情況中,可使用用於裝置封裝之各種組裝技術。 通常藉由濺鍍一無機半導體材料層或藉由將有機材料旋塗遍及整個基板而在一基板上形成電子主動組件。可處理無機半導體材料以改良其等之電子特性,例如,可處理非晶矽以形成低溫或高溫多晶矽。在其他處理方法中,可藉由使用一下方晶種層來形成微晶半導體層。此等方法通常改良半導體層之電子遷移率。可光微影處理基板及半導體材料層以界定電子主動組件,諸如電晶體。此等電晶體已知為薄膜電晶體(TFT),此係因為其等形成於一半導體材料(通常矽)薄層中。電晶體亦可形成於有機材料薄層中。在此等裝置中,基板通常由玻璃製成,例如,針對顯示器應用設計之Corning Eagle®或Jade®玻璃。 上述技術具有一些限制。不論用於改良薄膜電晶體之效能之處理方法,此等電晶體可提供低於形成於單晶半導體材料中之其他積體電路之效能之效能。僅可在基板之部分上提供半導體材料及主動組件,從而導致浪費材料及處理成本。基板材料之選擇亦可受限於處理半導體材料所必要之處理步驟及用於圖案化主動組件之光微影步驟。舉例而言,塑膠基板具有一有限耐化學性及耐熱性且無法容易地承受光微影處理。此外,用於處理具有薄膜電路之大基板之製造設備相對昂貴。可使用之其他基板材料包含石英,例如,用於使用絕緣體上矽結構之積體電路,如在美國專利申請案第2010/0289115號及美國專利申請案第2010/0123134號中描述。然而,此等基板材料可更昂貴或難以處理。 用於在電路板組裝行業中將電子功能組件分佈遍及基板之其他方法包含用於提供於各種封裝(例如,針柵陣列、球柵陣列及覆晶)中之積體電路之取置技術。然而,此等技術可受限於可放置之積體電路之大小。 在其他製造技術中,採用一單晶半導體晶圓作為基板。雖然此方法可提供具有相同於積體電路之效能之基板,但此等基板之大小可受限於(例如)一12英吋直徑之圓,且晶圓相較於其他基板材料(諸如玻璃、聚合物或石英)相對昂貴。 在又另一方法中,將半導體薄層接合至一基板且接著處理該半導體薄層。此一方法已知為玻璃上半導體或玻璃上矽(SOG)且描述於(例如)2009年10月20日發佈之美國專利第7,605,053號中。若半導體材料係結晶的,則可獲得高效能薄膜電路。然而,用以在大基板上形成薄膜主動組件之基板之接合技術及處理設備可相對昂貴。 標題為「Formation of Display Transistor Array Panel」之日本專利摘要之公開案第11-142878號描述蝕刻一基板以將其自其上形成TFT陣列之一薄膜電晶體陣列移除。可藉由將一第一基板及TFT黏合至一第二基板之表面且接著蝕除第一基板,留下接合至第二基板之TFT而將形成於第一基板上之TFT電路轉印至第二基板。此方法可需要蝕刻大量材料,且可承擔損壞經曝露TFT陣列之風險。 在美國專利第7,127,810號中描述用於將材料定位於一基板上之其他方法。在此方法中,一第一基板攜載待轉印至一第二基板之一薄膜物件。將一黏合劑施加至待轉印物件或第二基板之所要物件位置。使基板對準且接觸。一雷射光束照射物件以磨蝕轉印薄膜,使得轉印薄膜黏合至第二基板。使第一基板與第二基板分離,從而在經磨蝕區域中將膜自第一基板剝除且將其轉印至第二基板。在一項實施例中,藉由採用複數個雷射光束來磨蝕選定區域而選擇性地轉印複數個物件。待轉印物件可包含薄膜電路。 美國專利第6,969,624號描述一種藉由使用一能量束選擇性地照射一介面而將一裝置自一第一基板轉印至一保持基板上之方法。介面定位於用於轉印之一裝置與第一基板之間且包含在照射之後產生燒蝕,藉此自基板釋放裝置之一材料。舉例而言,一發光二極體(LED)由一藍寶石基板上之氮化物半導體製成。將能量束引導至藍寶石基板與氮化物半導體之間的介面,從而釋放LED且允許LED黏合至塗佈有一黏合劑之一保持基板。接著固化黏合劑。然而,此等方法可需要將黏合劑在(若干)物件上或第二基板上之圖案化沈積。再者,照射物件之雷射光束可需塑形以匹配物件之形狀,且雷射磨蝕可損壞待轉印物件。此外,黏合劑固化需要時間,此可減小製造系統之產量。 微轉印係用於受益於高效能微尺度裝置之異質整合之應用之一先進組裝技術。與微轉印相容之微裝置系統包含矽積體電路、太陽能電池、發光二極體、化合物半導體電晶體及雷射。 在微轉印中,工程黏彈性彈性體壓模用於自原生基板拾取及轉印組件陣列,在該原生基板上或該原生基板中,組件形成至非原生目的基板上。使用成熟材料及程序製造組件,且使用使微組件底切之微機械加工或蝕刻程序使組件與印刷相容。透過連接至非底切錨之繫鏈結構使底切組件保持固定至原生晶圓。接著,習知微影方法用於形成互連印刷裝置陣列之薄膜金屬跡線。 用於將主動組件自一個基板轉印至另一基板之此一微轉印方法描述於「AMOLED Displays using Transfer-Printed Integrated Circuits」,其發表於Proceedings of the 2009 Society for Information Display International Symposium,2009年6月2日至5日,美國德克薩斯州聖安東尼奧,第40卷,第2冊,ISSN 0009-0966X,論文63.2,第947頁。在此方法中,小積體電路形成遍及一結晶晶圓之處理側上之一埋藏氧化物層。藉由蝕刻形成於電路下方之埋藏氧化物層而自晶圓釋放小積體電路或小晶片。將一PDMS壓模抵壓晶圓且將小晶片之處理側黏合至壓模。將小晶片抵壓塗佈有一黏合劑之一目的基板或背板且藉此黏合至目的基板。隨後固化黏合劑。在另一實例中,標題為「Optical Systems Fabricated by Printing-Based Assembly」之美國專利第8,722,458號教示將發光、光感測或集光半導體元件自一晶圓基板轉印至一目的基板或背板。 在此系統中,需將小積體電路或小晶片電連接至導電元件,諸如目的基板上之背板接觸襯墊。藉由將電信號施加至目的基板上之導體,小積體電路通電且變得可操作。通常藉由微影程序製造小積體電路與背板接觸襯墊之間的電連接,在該等微影製程中,將一金屬蒸鍍或濺鍍至小積體電路及目的基板上以形成一金屬層,金屬層經塗佈有曝露於一電路連接圖案之一光阻劑,且藉由蝕刻及洗滌使金屬層及光阻劑顯影以形成小積體電路與目的基板上之連接襯墊之間的經圖案化電連接。亦可需要額外層,諸如層間介電絕緣體。此程序係昂貴的且需要數個製造步驟。再者,遍及目的基板之小積體電路之構形結構使電連接存在問題。舉例而言,由於小積體電路與目的基板之間的表面上方之高度差,可難以形成自目的基板至小積體電路之一連續導體。 因此,需要實現小積體電路(諸如微轉印小晶片)至目的基板之電互連之結構及方法。 在一個態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種印刷電連接結構,其包含:一基板,其具有一或多個電連接襯墊;一印刷組件,其具有一或多個連接柱,各連接柱與一連接襯墊電接觸;及一樹脂,其經安置於該基板與該印刷組件之間且與其等接觸,該樹脂具有低於一固化溫度之一回流溫度,其中該樹脂當溫度在一操作溫度與回流溫度之間循環時在回流溫度下重複流動,但在該樹脂曝露於固化溫度之後不流動。 在某些實施例中,該印刷結構包含安置於該連接柱上、該連接襯墊上或該連接柱及該連接襯墊兩者上之一銲料。 在某些實施例中,該銲料與該連接柱及該連接襯墊兩者電接觸。 在某些實施例中,該銲料具有介於該回流溫度與該固化溫度之間的一熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該銲料具有小於或等於該回流溫度之一熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該銲料具有大於或等於該固化溫度之一熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該連接襯墊包含金屬且該銲料比該連接襯墊更軟。 在某些實施例中,該印刷結構包含複數個連接柱及連接襯墊,各連接柱電連接至至少一個連接襯墊。 在某些實施例中,該樹脂至少部分在兩個或兩個以上連接柱之間,實質上填充該印刷組件與該基板之間的由藉由該兩個或兩個以上連接柱界定或定界之區域界定之體積,或其中該樹脂在該印刷組件與該基板之間具有比該基板之至少一些其他區域更大之一厚度。 在某些實施例中,該印刷組件係一第一印刷組件,該一或多個連接襯墊係一或多個第一連接襯墊,且包括具有一或多個第二連接柱之一第二印刷組件,各第二連接柱與該等第二連接襯墊電接觸,該樹脂經安置於該基板與該第二印刷組件之間且與其等接觸,且該等第一連接襯墊及該等第二連接襯墊經電連接,使得該第一組件及該第二組件經並聯電連接。 在某些實施例中,該連接襯墊及該連接柱兩者皆包含金屬且該連接襯墊之該金屬具有不同於該連接柱之該金屬之一硬度。 在另一態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種製造一印刷結構之方法,其包含:提供具有一或多個電連接襯墊之一基板;將一樹脂層沈積於該基板之至少一部分上方且與其接觸;及將一組件自一組件源晶圓微轉印至該基板,該組件具有各定位為相鄰於一對應連接襯墊之一或多個連接柱,使得該樹脂接觸該印刷組件之至少一部分。 在某些實施例中,該樹脂具有小於一固化溫度之一回流溫度,其中該樹脂當溫度在一操作溫度與回流溫度之間循環時在回流溫度下按一第一速率重複流動,但在該樹脂暴露於一固化溫度之後不流動。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含測試該組件。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含將該樹脂加熱至該回流溫度且使各連接柱電接觸至該對應連接襯墊。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該樹脂加熱至該回流溫度之後冷卻該結構。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在冷卻該結構之後將該結構重新加熱至該回流溫度。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該樹脂重新加熱至該回流溫度之後冷卻該結構。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該樹脂重新加熱至該回流溫度之後將該結構加熱至該固化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該樹脂重新加熱至該回流溫度之後測試該結構。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該樹脂加熱至該回流溫度之後測試該結構。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在至少該一或多個連接襯墊上方提供一銲料層,該銲料具有一熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含將該結構加熱至該熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該結構加熱至該回流溫度之後將該結構加熱至該熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含在將該結構加熱至該固化溫度之後將該結構加熱至該熔化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含提供電連接至該等連接襯墊之一者之一電導體且切割該電導體。 在某些實施例中,該組件係一第一組件,該一或多個連接襯墊係一或多個第一連接襯墊,且包括提供與該一或多個第一連接襯墊並聯電連接之一或多個第二連接襯墊。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含判定該第一組件未通過該測試。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含提供電連接至該等連接襯墊之一者之一電導體且切割該電導體。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含將一第二組件自一源晶圓微轉印至該基板,該第二組件具有各相鄰於一對應第二連接襯墊之一或多個第二連接柱,且該樹脂接觸至該第二印刷組件之至少一部分。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含將該樹脂加熱至該回流溫度且使各第二連接柱電接觸至該對應第二連接襯墊。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含將該結構加熱至該回流溫度,冷卻該結構,測試該結構,將該結構重新加熱至該回流溫度,冷卻該結構,且將結構加熱至該固化溫度。 在某些實施例中,該組件係一第一組件,該一或多個連接襯墊係一或多個第一連接襯墊,包括提供與該一或多個第一連接襯墊並聯電連接之一或多個第二連接襯墊,判定該第一組件未通過該測試,將一第二組件自一源晶圓微轉印至該基板,該第二組件具有各相鄰於一對應第二連接襯墊之一或多個第二連接柱,且該樹脂接觸至該第二印刷組件之至少一部分。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含測試該第二組件。 在另一態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種可微轉印組件,其包含:一介電基板,其具有一柱側及一電路側;一或多個導電連接柱,該一或多個導電連接柱自該介電基板之該柱側突出;一電路,其經安置於該介電基板之該電路側上;及一電極,其將該等連接柱之各者電連接至該電路。 在某些實施例中,該可微轉印組件包含對應於各連接柱之一通孔,該通孔自該介電基板之該電路側延伸至該對應連接柱之一部分,該電極延伸至該通孔中以將該電路電連接至該對應連接柱。 在某些實施例中,該電路係一LED。 在某些實施例中,該LED包含定位於該LED之與該介電基板相對之一共同側上之電接觸件。 在某些實施例中,該LED包含定位於該LED之相鄰於該介電基板之一共同側上之電接觸件。 在某些實施例中,該LED發射光通過該介電基板。 在某些實施例中,該LED在與該介電基板相反之一方向上發射光。 在某些實施例中,該可微轉印組件包含連接至該介電基板之一斷裂繫鏈。 在某些實施例中,該斷裂繫鏈連接至該介電基板、係該介電基板之一部分或包含相同於該介電基板之材料。 在某些實施例中,該可微轉印組件包含具有小於該介電基板之一厚度之一囊封層且其中該斷裂繫鏈連接至該囊封層、包含相同於該介電基板之材料或係該介電基板之一部分,且該繫鏈具有小於該介電層厚度之一厚度。 在另一態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種製造一可微轉印組件之方法,其包含:在一源晶圓上提供一犧牲層;將一或多個結構蝕刻至該犧牲層中;在各經蝕刻結構中圖案化一連接柱;將一介電基板沈積於該犧牲層及各連接柱上方;在該介電基板中於各對應連接柱之一部分上方形成一通孔;將一電路安置於該介電基板上或該介電基板中;及在該介電基板上方且穿過該對應通孔圖案化將該電路電連接至該等連接柱之一或多者之一或多個電極以形成該可微轉印組件。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含藉由將該電路自一電路源晶圓微轉印至該介電基板而安置該電路。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含蝕刻該犧牲層以自該源晶圓釋放該可微轉印組件。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含將該可微轉印組件微轉印至一目的基板。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含藉由蝕刻該犧牲層而形成一繫鏈且藉由微轉印該可微轉印組件而使該繫鏈斷裂。 在某些實施例中,該電路係一LED。
根據本發明之實施例,將組件(諸如併入主動元件(諸如電晶體)或被動元件(諸如電阻器、電容器及導體)之小晶片)自一原生源晶圓微轉印至一非原生目的基板或背板。在各種實施例中,該等組件係LED、電連接跨接線或積體邏輯電路或此等元件之一組合。該等組件包含一導電連接柱,該導電連接柱在遠離一組件表面之一方向上突出且與一目的基板上之一連接襯墊接觸以形成該組件與該目的基板之間的一電連接。可藉由在微轉印時將該等連接柱強行驅動至該等基板連接襯墊中(例如,藉由在轉印壓模上施加機械壓力)而使該等組件至少部分黏合至該目的基板。 可使該等連接柱、該等基板連接襯墊或該等連接柱及該等基板連接襯墊兩者變形或撓曲且可將該連接柱驅動至該基板連接襯墊中或穿過該基板連接襯墊,藉此將該連接柱楔入該基板連接襯墊中以將該連接柱黏合至該基板連接襯墊且形成其等之間的一電接觸。因此,可將該連接柱銲接至該基板連接襯墊。可提供一額外熱處理以促成該銲接。替代性地或另外,可在該連接柱之表面或該基板連接襯墊或兩者上提供一金屬層(例如,一銲料),可加熱該連接柱之表面或該基板連接襯墊或兩者,導致該銲料回流且藉此將該連接柱黏合及電連接至該基板連接襯墊。 在本發明之一實施例中,一黏合層將該組件黏合至該目的基板且促成該連接柱與該連接襯墊之間的一電連接。在此實施例中,一印刷電連接結構包含具有一或多個電連接襯墊之一基板。一印刷組件具有一或多個連接柱且各連接柱與一連接襯墊電接觸。一樹脂經安置於該基板與該印刷組件之間且與其等接觸。該樹脂具有小於一回流溫度之一操作溫度且該回流溫度小於一固化溫度。在使樹脂達到該固化溫度之前,樹脂可在該回流溫度下流動,使得當溫度在一操作溫度與該回流溫度之間循環時,該樹脂在該回流溫度下重複流動,但在該樹脂暴露於一固化溫度之後不流動。因此,該樹脂在該操作溫度下實質上不流動但在該回流溫度下流動。該樹脂可在該兩個狀態之間重複地循環溫度。然而,當該溫度升高至大於該回流溫度之一固化溫度時,該樹脂固化且將不再在該回流溫度下流動。 在本發明之另一實施例中,提供兩個或兩個以上連接柱以接觸一共同連接襯墊。藉由提供與一共同連接襯墊接觸之兩個或兩個以上連接柱,藉由提供自該組件至該連接襯墊之一冗餘電連接而減少該組件與該連接襯墊之間的電連接故障。 在一進一步實施例中,一銲料經安置於該連接柱、該連接襯墊或兩者上且與該連接柱及該連接襯墊兩者電接觸。該銲料可具有一熔化溫度且可在小於或等於該回流溫度之一溫度、介於該回流溫度與該固化溫度之間的一溫度或大於或等於該固化溫度之一溫度下流動。該銲料可比該連接襯墊中或該連接柱中之一材料更軟且該連接柱可具有不同於該連接襯墊之一硬度。 一種製造一印刷結構之方法包含:提供具有一或多個電連接襯墊之一基板;將一經圖案化或未圖案化樹脂層安置於該基板之至少一部分上方且與其接觸;及將一組件自一源晶圓微轉印至該基板。該組件具有一或多個連接柱,該一或多個導電連接柱各定位為相鄰於一對應連接襯墊或與其接觸且該樹脂接觸至該印刷組件之至少一部分。將該印刷結構加熱至該回流溫度使該樹脂回流,將該印刷結構冷卻至一操作溫度且接著測試該印刷結構。若通過該測試,則將該印刷結構加熱至該固化溫度且該程序完成。若未通過該測試,則(例如)藉由將另一組件微轉印至與該未通過組件並聯電連接之連接襯墊而將該另一組件印刷至該基板。將該印刷結構重新加熱至該回流溫度以使該樹脂回流,將該印刷結構冷卻至一操作溫度且接著再次測試該印刷結構。若該另一組件通過該測試,則將該印刷結構加熱至該固化溫度且該程序完成。若未通過,則重複該程序。 可(例如)藉由塗佈或層壓將該樹脂以一未圖案化層安置於該基板及連接襯墊上方。替代性地,可(例如)使用噴墨或光微影技術將該樹脂以一圖案安置於(例如)該等連接襯墊上方或該等連接襯墊之間。 在一實施例中,未在將該組件微轉印至該基板之後立即將該等連接襯墊電連接至該等連接柱。藉由將該結構加熱至該回流溫度,該樹脂在該基板、該等連接襯墊、該等連接柱及視情況該組件上方流動且芯吸。此減小該組件與該基板之間的體積,從而牽引該組件更靠近該基板且特定言之使該等連接柱嵌入至該等連接襯墊中且形成或改良該等連接柱與該等連接襯墊之間的一電連接。後續回流操作並不撤銷該電連接且甚至可改良該電連接。因此,若將兩個組件微轉印至一基板,兩者之該樹脂回流,僅一個組件未通過該測試,則與該未通過組件電並聯地微轉印一新組件,且該樹脂再次回流,該原始功能組件保持功能性且電連接至其對應連接襯墊。 在一進一步實施例中,將該樹脂加熱至該回流溫度或固化溫度使一銲料熔化,此進一步促成該等連接柱與該等連接襯墊之間的該電連接。 在本發明之一進一步實施例中,(例如)藉由在經移除缺陷小晶片之先前位置中將另一組件微轉印至該基板而自該基板移除及替換一缺陷組件。 在另一實施例中,一可微轉印組件包含具有一柱側及一電路側之一介電基板及自該介電基板之該柱側突出之一或多個導電連接柱。一電路經安置於該介電基板之該電路側上且一電極將該等連接柱之各者電連接至該電路。對應於各連接柱之一通孔可自該介電基板之該電路側延伸至該對應連接柱之一部分且該電極可延伸至該通孔中以將該電路電連接至該對應連接柱。該電路可為一LED且該LED可包含定位於該LED之與該介電基板相對之一共同側上之電接觸件。 由於可使用具有一相對高解析度及成本之積體電路光微影技術製造該組件且可使用具有一相對低解析度及成本之印刷電路板技術製造該目的基板(例如,一印刷電路板),故該目的基板上之該等連接襯墊可比該組件上之該等連接柱或電接觸件大得多,從而減小製造成本。 在一個態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種可印刷組件,其包含具有一半導體基板及複數個電連接件之一小晶片,其中各電連接件包括自該半導體基板或平行於該半導體基板之一平面突出之一導電連接柱。在一實施例中,該連接柱係一多層連接柱。 在某些實施例中,該可印刷組件係具有一主動元件之一主動組件、具有一被動元件之一被動組件或具有複數個主動元件、被動元件或主動元件與被動元件之一組合之一複合結構。 在某些實施例中,該可印刷組件具有自2 µm至5 µm、5 µm至10 µm、10 µm至20 µm或20 µm至50 µm之一寬度、長度及高度之至少一者。 在某些實施例中,該可印刷組件係或包含一發光二極體、光電二極體或電晶體。 在另一態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種印刷電連接結構,其包括一目的基板及具有連接柱之一或多個可印刷組件,其中該目的基板具有兩個或兩個以上電連接襯墊且各連接柱與該目的基板之一電連接襯墊電接觸、延伸至其中或延伸穿過其以將該等電襯墊電連接至該等連接柱。 在某些實施例中,該電接觸件包括係相同於包含於該連接柱中之一材料之材料之一材料。 在某些實施例中,該目的基板係選自由以下項目構成之群組之一成員:聚合物、塑膠、樹脂、聚醯亞胺、PEN、PET、金屬、金屬箔、玻璃、一半導體及藍寶石。在某些實施例中,該目的基板具有自5微米至10微米、10微米至50微米、50微米至100微米、100微米至200微米、200微米至500微米、500微米至0.5 mm、0.5 mm至1 mm、1 mm至5 mm、5 mm至10 mm或10 mm至20 mm之一厚度。 在某些實施例中,除該基板連接襯墊或該連接柱之一材料以外之一導電材料將該基板連接襯墊黏合或電連接(例如,或兩者)至該連接柱。在某些實施例中,該基板連接襯墊具有一第一導電層及該第一導電層上方之一第二導電層,且該第二導電層具有低於該第一導電層之一熔化溫度,其中該基板連接襯墊經塗佈有一非導電層,或其中該基板連接襯墊形成於一柔性非導電層上。在某些實施例中,該第二導電層係一銲料或一導電聚合物。在某些實施例中,該第二導電層係一非導電黏合劑或一樹脂。 在某些實施例中,該連接襯墊銲接至該連接柱。在某些實施例中,該等基板連接襯墊係非平面的且該等連接柱插入至該等背板接觸襯墊中。 在一實施例中,一種製造一可微轉印組件之方法包含在一源晶圓上提供一犧牲層且將一或多個結構蝕刻至該犧牲層中。在各經蝕刻結構中圖案化一連接柱且將一介電基板沈積、層壓或以其他方式安置於該犧牲層及各連接柱上方。在該介電基板中於各對應連接柱之一部分上方形成一通孔且將一電路安置於該介電基板上或該介電基板中。於該介電基板上方且穿過該對應通孔圖案化將該電路電連接至該等連接柱之一或多者之一或多個電極。可將該電路自一電路源晶圓微轉印至該介電基板。可蝕刻該犧牲層以自該源晶圓釋放該可微轉印組件且可將該可微轉印組件微轉印至一目的基板。該電路可為一LED。 在另一態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種製造一可印刷組件之方法,其包含:提供一成形基板,在該基板之一表面中具有兩個或兩個以上模型;至少在該等模型中安置一導電材料圖案化層以製造連接柱;將一第一介電層安置於該導電材料圖案化層及該成形基板上方;將具有小晶片接觸襯墊之一小晶片安置於該第一介電層上;形成將該等連接柱電連接至該等小晶片接觸襯墊之導體;及界定該可印刷組件以在藉由繫鏈連接至該可印刷組件之該成形基板中形成一釋放層及錨。該第一介電層可為透明的。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含:提供具有兩個或兩個以上基板連接襯墊之一目的基板;及將該可印刷組件微轉印至該目的基板,使得各連接柱與該目的基板之一基板連接襯墊接觸、延伸至其中或延伸穿過其以將該等基板連接襯墊電連接至該等連接柱及該印刷組件。 在某些實施例中,該方法包含安置至少部分安置於該第一介電層、該等導體及該小晶片上方之一圖案化第二介電層。在某些實施例中,該第二介電層係透明的,且該組件係發射光通過該第二介電層之一發光組件。 在另一態樣中,所揭示技術包含一種可印刷組件,其包含:一第一介電層,其具有自該介電層突出之連接柱;一小晶片,其具有一半導體基板及小晶片接觸襯墊,該小晶片安置於該第一介電層上;及導體,其等將該等連接柱電連接至該等小晶片接觸襯墊。 在某些實施例中,該等小晶片接觸襯墊定位於該小晶片之相鄰於該等連接柱之一相同側上。在某些實施例中,該等小晶片接觸襯墊定位於該小晶片之與該等連接柱相對之一相同側上。 在某些實施例中,該可印刷組件包含該等連接柱與該等小晶片接觸襯墊之間的一圖案化電連接層。 在某些實施例中,該黏合材料底膠填充該體積且在該可印刷組件與該目的基板之間施加壓縮。 在某些實施例中,該連接柱具有大於其底寬之一高度、大於其峰寬之一底寬或大於其峰面積之一底面積。 本發明提供實現建構轉印於一目的基板上之小積體電路之間的電互連之結構及方法。該電互連程序係簡單且廉價的,需要少於已知替代方法之程序步驟。
優先權申請案
本申請案主張2017年3月17日申請之標題為「Pressure-Activated Electrical Interconnection by Micro-Transfer Printing」之美國專利申請案第15/461,703號及2016年4月1日申請之標題為「Pressure-Activated Electrical Interconnection by Micro-Transfer Printing」之美國專利申請案第62/317,107號之優先權及權益,該等案之全部內容以引用的方式併入本文中。相關申請案之交叉參考
參考Christopher Bower之標題為「Methods for Surface Attachment of Flipped Active Components」之美國專利第8,889,485號、Prevatte等人之標題為「Chiplets with Connection Posts」之美國專利申請案第14/822,864號、Bower等人之標題為「Micro Assembled LED Displays and Lighting Elements」之美國專利申請案第14/743,788號及Cok等人之標題為「Micro-Transfer Printable Electronic Component」之美國專利申請案第15/373,865號,該等案之全部揭示內容以引用的方式併入本文中。 本發明提供一種用於以一高效率且具成本效益方式將相對小電組件(諸如積體電路小晶片、LED或電跨接線)電連接至一相對大目的基板之結構及方法。參考圖1及圖2,在本發明之一實施例中,一印刷電連接結構50包含一基板20,該基板20具有形成於基板20上或其中之一或多個電連接襯墊22。舉例而言,連接襯墊22可為使用光微影方法、工具及材料製造之金屬背板接觸襯墊。舉例而言,基板20可為一印刷電路板或顯示基板且可包含玻璃、聚合物、塑膠、樹脂或玻璃纖維。 一印刷組件10具有一電路80及一或多個連接柱16。電路80可為回應於、控制或傳導透過連接柱16供應之電能之任何結構,諸如一主動電路80 (包含類比或數位電路、一電晶體或一LED)或一被動電路80 (包含導電線、電阻器或電容器)。印刷組件10可為一積體電路或可包含一積體電路(其在與積體電路分開之一組件基板上)及基板80,例如,如在下文關於圖15論述之一介電基板86。各連接柱16與一連接襯墊22電接觸。一樹脂90例如,以一圖案化或一未圖案化層經安置於基板20之至少一部分與印刷組件10之間且與其等接觸。樹脂90可為一可固化聚合物或環氧樹脂。樹脂90可至少部分在兩個或兩個以上連接柱16之間且可為一黏合劑。在一實施例中,提供複數個連接柱16及連接襯墊22且各連接柱16電連接至至少一個連接襯墊22。在另一實施例中,兩個或兩個以上連接柱16電連接至一共同連接襯墊22。 樹脂90可具有一安置、沈積或塗佈厚度,其小於連接柱16之例如,自印刷組件10在正交於印刷組件10之一表面之一方向上之一高度,如在圖1及圖2中展示。 樹脂90具有小於一固化溫度之一回流溫度且樹脂90當溫度在一操作溫度與回流溫度之間循環時在回流溫度下重複流動,但在樹脂90暴露於固化溫度之後將不再流動。藉由提供當被加熱至小於一固化溫度之一回流溫度時重複流動之一樹脂90,可(例如)藉由微轉印將額外印刷組件10依序安置至基板20上且電連接至連接襯墊22。可提供額外印刷組件10以替換或替代缺陷印刷組件10,從而實現印刷電連接結構50之改良良率。 在圖2中繪示之本發明之一進一步實施例中,將一銲料24或其他導電材料安置於連接柱16 (未展示)上、連接襯墊22 (如展示)上或連接柱16及連接襯墊22兩者上。銲料24與連接柱16及連接襯墊22兩者電接觸。在各種實施例中,銲料24具有介於回流溫度與固化溫度之間的一熔化溫度,銲料24具有小於或等於回流溫度之一熔化溫度,或銲料24具有大於或等於固化溫度之一熔化溫度。可將銲料24圖案化成一層且可僅安置於連接襯墊22或連接柱16上。連接襯墊22可包含金屬且銲料24可比連接襯墊22金屬更軟。替代性地或另外,連接襯墊22及連接柱16兩者皆包含金屬且連接襯墊22之金屬具有不同於連接柱16之金屬之一硬度。藉由提供具有不同硬度之元件,更容易藉由機械壓力(諸如,由微轉印提供之機械壓力)形成電連接。 如亦在圖2中展示,回流樹脂90可在由連接柱16界定或定界之區域(例如,由連接柱16在基板20上方界定之一凸殼)內實質上填充印刷組件10與基板20之間的空間(體積)。樹脂可與印刷組件10之介電基板86 (圖15、圖16)及基板20接觸。藉由實質上填充空間意謂體積之至少50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%或99%經填充有樹脂90。替代性地,藉由實質上填充空間意謂基板20及印刷組件10兩者之由連接柱16界定或定界之區域(例如,由連接柱16在基板20上方界定之一凸殼)之至少50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%或99%被樹脂90覆蓋。在一實施例中,由於可按小於連接柱16之高度之一厚度沈積樹脂90,故可藉由使樹脂90回流,使得樹脂90芯吸遍及印刷組件10之介於印刷組件10與基板10之間的一或多個表面以填充空間且減小基板20上方之無一印刷組件10之其他區域中之樹脂90量而填充空間。因此,樹脂90在印刷組件10與基板20之間可具有大於基板20之至少一些其他區域之一厚度,如藉由比較圖1及圖2中之樹脂90之厚度可見。 印刷電路板銲接技術及材料可用於在連接襯墊22上提供銲料24。舉例而言,銲料24可為一錫合金。藉由提供具有一所要熔化溫度之銲料24,可藉由使銲料24流動,使得銲料24沿著連接襯墊22及連接柱16之表面芯吸而增強連接襯墊22與連接柱16之間的電連接。 在本發明之一進一步實施例中且如在圖2中繪示,印刷組件10係一第一印刷組件10且一或多個連接襯墊22係一或多個第一連接襯墊22。一第二印刷組件12具有一或多個第二連接柱17且各第二連接柱17使用(例如)電線26與第二連接襯墊23電接觸。可使用印刷電路板或光微影方法、材料及工具製造電線26。樹脂90經安置於基板20與第二印刷組件12之間且與基板20及第二印刷組件12接觸,且第一連接襯墊22及第二連接襯墊23電連接,使得第一組件10與第二組件12並聯電連接。在一實施例中,第一組件10具有缺陷或以其他方式無法正確地操作且第二組件12替代缺陷組件10起作用。 圖15及圖16係具有一電路80之可微轉印組件10之實例,該電路80包含一發光二極體(LED) 81及電極84。藉由將一錐體結構蝕刻至一組件源晶圓60之一圖案化犧牲層68之一犧牲部分88中且接著在經蝕刻錐體結構上方圖案化一導電金屬層而使連接柱16形成於犧牲部分88上。接著將一介電基板86 (諸如氮化矽)沈積於犧牲層68及連接柱16上方。連接柱16自介電基板86之一柱側70突出。通孔82在形成連接柱16之圖案化導電金屬層之部分上方形成於介電基板86之與柱側70相對之一電路側72中。舉例而言,藉由將LED 81自一LED源晶圓微轉印至介電基板86而將LED 81安置於介電基板86之電路側72上。形成圖案化介電結構87以使LED 81之邊緣絕緣且在LED 81之一共同側上曝露LED接觸件83以用於供應電力至LED 81。LED 81可包含多個不同層,諸如連接至電接觸件83之導電層及發射層且可發射光通過LED 81之與共同側相對之一發射側或通過共同側。如在圖16中展示,可微轉印組件10可具有一囊封層89,該囊封層89包括一圖案化第二介電層以保護組件10且亦可作為圖案化介電基板86的補充或替代而充當一繫鏈62。因此,繫鏈62可具有小於圖案化介電基板86之厚度之一厚度。 圖案化電極84經形成以透過通孔82將LED接觸件83電連接至連接柱16。透過連接柱16供應之電力導致LED 81發射光。可通過介電基板86 (如展示)或在與介電基板86相反之一方向上(未展示)發射光,在後一情況中,電極84並不覆蓋LED 81共同側且一反射層可定位於相對側上。替代性地,LED接觸件83可定位於LED 81之相鄰於介電基板86之電路側72之一共同側上(未展示)。蝕刻(形成於組件源晶圓60之表面上或其中之)圖案化犧牲部分88在組件10下方形成一空間,其中繫鏈62將組件10實體地連接至組件源晶圓60之一錨區域64且自組件源晶圓60釋放可微轉印組件10,使得可將組件10微轉印至(例如)一目的基板20 (圖1)。 形成圖案化犧牲層68及錐體結構、圖案化導電金屬層以形成連接柱16、沈積介電基板86、在介電基板86中形成通孔82、圖案化介電結構87及沈積及圖案化電極84皆可使用光微影材料沈積及圖案化技術來完成。圖案化犧牲層68之犧牲部分88可為一各向異性可蝕刻材料(諸如矽<100>定向結晶矽或一不同材料)之一指定部分。替代性地,介電基板86可為氧化物層(諸如二氧化矽)或氮化層(諸如氮化矽)。電極84可由習知導電積體電路材料製成,包含鋁、銀、鈦、銅或其他金屬或金屬合金,如連接柱16及連接襯墊22亦可由此等材料製成。 舉例而言,形成可微轉印結構之方法進一步描述於文件「AMOLED Displays using Transfer-Printed Integrated Circuits」中。對於微轉印技術之一論述參見美國專利第8,722,458號、第7,622,367號及第8,506,867號,該等案之各者之全部內容以引用的方式併入本文中。舉例而言,使用複合微組裝結構及方法之微轉印亦可與本發明一起使用,如在2015年8月10日申請之標題為「Compound Micro-Assembly Strategies and Devices」之美國專利申請案第14/822,868號中描述,該案之全部內容亦以引用的方式併入本文中。在一實施例中,組件10係一複合微組裝結構。 參考圖3,根據本發明之一實施例,一種製造一印刷電連接結構50之方法包含在步驟100中提供具有一或多個電連接襯墊22之一基板20。在步驟110中,將一樹脂90以一圖案化或未圖案化層安置於基板20上方,在基板20之至少一部分上方且與其接觸,例如,在連接襯墊22上。舉例而言,在步驟120中使用具有與各組件10接觸之一支柱32之一微轉印壓模30將一或多個組件10自一組件源晶圓60微轉印至目的基板20,如在圖4、圖5及圖15中展示。各組件10具有一或多個連接柱16,其等各定位為相鄰於一對應連接襯墊22,使得樹脂90接觸至印刷組件10之至少一部分(諸如連接柱16)。若無其他連接襯墊22比連接襯墊22更靠近一連接柱16,則連接柱16相鄰於該連接襯墊22。連接柱16可(但未必)在微轉印步驟120之後與連接襯墊22接觸,如在圖5中展示。接著,可移除壓模30。 在步驟130中將印刷電連接結構50加熱至樹脂90回流溫度。作為回應,樹脂90至少部分液化且沿著與其接觸之表面芯吸,諸如連接襯墊22、基板20、連接柱16及視情況印刷組件10之部分(諸如一半導體層或組件基板,諸如介電基板86 (下文之圖15、圖16))。芯吸程序減小組件10與基板20之間的空間,使得組件10及基板20在壓縮中被牽引為更靠近在一起且迫使連接柱16及連接襯墊22電接觸(圖1及圖2)。若存在一銲料24層(圖2),則銲料24亦可流動且促成連接柱16與連接襯墊22之間的電連接。此外,芯吸程序可增大材料體積。 在步驟140中可將印刷電連接結構50冷卻至一操作溫度(諸如室溫)且進行功能測試(步驟150),例如,藉由在連接襯墊22上提供或接收操作印刷組件10之電信號而進行電測試。若可在不使樹脂90回流之情況下測試組件10,則可跳過步驟130及140。舉例而言,在一測試中,若印刷組件10係一LED,則可觀察光輸出或量測通過組件10或電路80之電流或跨組件10或電路80之電壓。若印刷組件10通過測試,則將印刷電連接結構50加熱至固化溫度(步驟160),樹脂90固化,且在步驟170中(如在步驟140中)再次冷卻印刷電連接結構50且可將其投入操作。 然而,若印刷組件10在步驟150中未通過測試,則視情況在步驟180中將其移除。將一第二組件12 (圖2)印刷於缺陷組件10之位置中或印刷至並聯電連接至缺陷組件10之第一連接襯墊22之第二連接襯墊23上。程序如上文描述般繼續且使樹脂90重複回流直至一組件10通過測試且一良好組件10可操作。一旦樹脂90固化,其即可不再在回流溫度下回流且程序結束。 根據本發明之一實施例,微轉印步驟120在一單一步驟中轉印複數個組件10。可在一共同步驟150中測試組件10或可在印刷額外組件10之前測試所有組件10。大部分組件10係功能性的,且一旦製造連接柱16與連接襯墊22之間的電連接,則使樹脂90重複回流之程序不毀壞良好組件10之連接柱16與連接襯墊22之間的電連接。 在本發明之一進一步實施例中,在步驟190中視情況切割至未通過或缺陷組件10之一導體。在組件10電短路之情況中,舉例而言,自基板20上之電路移除缺陷組件10以防止功率信號與接地信號之間的短路及後續功率浪費係有用的。此可藉由切割至缺陷或未通過組件10之一功率或接地線連接件(例如,電線26)而完成。雷射可逐個圖案地切割一背板、基板或電路板上之電線或跡線以電隔離缺陷組件10。可在步驟120中微轉印額外組件10之前或之後或在步驟160中固化樹脂90之前或之後切割電線26。 圖6繪示用於在可釋放組件10內製造壓力集中導電連接柱16之方法,該等壓力集中導電連接柱16接著可使用彈性體壓模微轉印互連至系統中。矽晶圓提供用於藉由濕蝕刻製造高保真度結構之一方便模板。使用與用氫氧化四甲基銨(TMAH)之各向異性濕蝕刻組合之氮化矽硬遮罩在<100>定向結晶矽晶圓中形成小倒錐體腔。移除氮化矽硬遮罩且沈積及圖案化覆有鈦之金膜(400 nm Au/50 nm Ti)。在一項實施例中,所沈積金屬層經設計以形成重佈結構,如同圖6(b)中之狗骨圖案,使得組件10變為一被動電「跨接線」。沈積及圖案化一介電層(在此情況中,藉由電漿增強化學氣相沈積(PECVD)沈積之氮化矽)以形成組件10之機械骨幹。接著,沈積及圖案化PECVD氮化矽之一第二層以形成最終組件10結構,其包含錨64及繫鏈62。接著,藉由經加熱TMAH移除組件10下方之矽。歸因於各向異性蝕刻之性質,未蝕刻錨64區正下方之矽。在此釋放蝕刻程序之後,透過存在於組件10與錨64之間的氮化矽繫鏈62使組件10保持固定至組件源晶圓60。 圖7係底切跨接線組件10在其等矽組件源晶圓60上之一光學顯微圖。此等組件10具有兩個獨立金屬狗骨且各互連位點具有一2x2陣列之壓力集中連接柱16。程序以寬設計寬容度為特徵。在圖8中展示不同跨接線設計之實例。在此等影像中,組件10經翻轉,其中連接柱16指向上。圖8(d)展示包含電絕緣連接柱16之一設計,該等電絕緣連接柱16可用於機械支撐或其他非電功能。 經釋放組件10現在準備好使用微轉印整合至一非原生系統中。一黏彈性彈性體壓模30經設計及製造以將組件10陣列自其等之原生組件源晶圓60擷取及轉印至非原生應用基板20上。壓模30安裝至可精確控制壓模30對準及動力學之運動加光學器件機械上。在印刷期間,機械使壓模30與組件源晶圓60接觸,其中在接觸之前執行光學對準。圖6(e)繪示抵靠一單一組件10層壓之一單一彈性體支柱32。印刷頭之快速向上移動使繫鏈62斷裂,從而將組件10轉印至壓模30。接著,經填滿壓模30轉移至目的基板20且接著將組件10對準至連接襯墊22且印刷。 在一示範中且根據本發明之一實施例,目的基板20係具有金屬電線26之玻璃晶圓。玻璃晶圓上之電線26使用剝離技術圖案化且由具有一Ti黏合層(~100 nm)之電子束沈積Au (~400 nm)組成。在印刷之前將一平坦化聚合物樹脂90層(Dow Chemical Intervia 8023)(諸如環氧樹脂)施加至目的基板20。因此,樹脂90層之厚度標定為2.3 µm。 在印刷期間,經填滿壓模30使組件10接觸至目的基板20、連接襯墊22或樹脂90。在此步驟期間,塗佈金之連接柱16穿透樹脂90層,如在上文論述之圖2及下文論述之圖10中所見。壓模30能夠藉由在z方向上過驅動壓模30超出原始接觸位置而施加額外穿透力。受控向上及橫向壓模運動允許壓模30將組件10轉印至目的基板20。 在轉印之後,樣本經受一熱板烘焙(140°C),其中聚合物樹脂90在組件10下方流動。在系統組裝完成之後,樣本在流動氮下於175°C下完全固化達三小時。 此程序使用應力集中導電連接柱16連同一底膠填充樹脂90以實現無需組裝之後的金屬化步驟之互連系統。藉由底膠填充意謂樹脂90未填充印刷組件10與目的基板20之間的體積。此外,在安置樹脂90之後提供一熱處理之情況下,樹脂90收縮且提供印刷組件10與目的基板20之間的壓縮以進一步增強連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的電連接且使其變得穩固。圖9(a)係在印刷之後進行之一掃描電子顯微圖,其展示一連接柱16穿透至存在於目的基板20上之平坦化樹脂90中。可靠電連接通常需要樹脂90之回流。儘管在印刷步驟期間使連接柱16穿透至樹脂90中,但一些連接柱16及連接襯墊22在回流程序前未電連接(圖3之步驟130)。印刷後140°C處理用於使聚合物樹脂90回流。在回流期間,聚合物樹脂90在組件10下方芯吸,如在圖9(b)中展示,且毛細管作用力迫使組件10之連接柱16與連接襯墊22之下方金屬跡線接觸。印刷電連接結構50之量測展示回流程序之後的電連續性。在系統組裝完成之後,底膠填充樹脂90完全固化(圖3之步驟160)。對樹脂90之毯覆膜之厚度量測(Nanospec 210)指示樹脂90之無約束膜在硬固化(圖3之步驟160)期間收縮超過17%。樹脂90之收縮朝向目的基板20拉動組件10,此進一步將連接柱16驅動至連接襯墊22中。在圖10中展示橫截面樣本之掃描電子顯微圖。在連接柱16尖端附近之更高放大率顯微圖(圖10(b))揭露塗佈金之連接柱16與連接襯墊22進行緊密接觸且穿透一定深度至連接襯墊22中。 測試使用導電跨接線組件10之本發明之實施例。菊鏈測試電路提供研究壓力啟動互連組件10之效能及可靠性之一方便平台。圖11(a)展示一目標著陸位點,其經設計以容納具有十個獨立互連位點之一跨接線組件10。圖11(b)展示整合跨接線組件10之後的相同位點。在此情況中,藉由一單一倒錐體導體製造各互連。400 nm厚之金著陸跡線係10 µm寬。此實施例證實在y方向上15 µm之一互連節距。 菊鏈經設計以在一單一轉印操作中接納一20x20陣列之跨接線組件10。印刷跨接線組件10之間的節距係500 µm。在圖11(c)中展示完整菊鏈測試工具之一顯微圖。在圖11(d)及圖12之表中展示使用一歐姆計(Fluke 45)之雙電線電阻量測。在此實例中,每跨接線組件10之電阻約為5.7歐姆。此等印刷電連接結構50具有十個獨立互連,此指示每連接件0.57歐姆之一電阻,包含電線26之電阻及互連之接觸電阻。 完整互連菊鏈已經受數個可靠性測試。圖13之表展示經受熱衝擊及壓力濕度測試之具有1120個互連之一完整鏈之電阻改變。亦執行高溫及機械測試。互連裝置展現對嚴苛應力源(stressor)之卓越彈性。此可能部分歸因於積體元件之微尺度性質以及亦歸因於此程序底膠填充組件10之固有能力。 本發明之一有競爭力之屬性係在系統級測試(圖3之步驟150)之後修復缺陷之能力。如在上文論述,印刷電連接結構50經電互連且可在底膠填充樹脂90之回流(圖3之步驟130)之後測試。即使樹脂90流動,其在返回至室溫之後仍保持大體上未改變。對聚合物樹脂90之毯覆膜之厚度量測在一回流程序(140°C,4分鐘)之後展示~2%厚度減小,此主要歸因於載體溶劑之進一步蒸發。塗佈有聚合物樹脂之目的基板20在一第一印刷、回流及測試序列之後保持可接納重複轉印(圖3之步驟120),見圖14(a)。在圖14(b)中展示一經修復串聯鏈之一實例。 本發明之另一重要屬性係有效提供一微轉印顯示器、測試及修復程序之能力。可在初始建構程序中微轉印極大數目個微LED (例如,每次印刷1,000個以上微LED、每次印刷10,000個以上微LED、每次印刷50,000個以上微LED或每次印刷100,000個以上微LED),使得可在僅幾分鐘中印刷大、高解析度顯示器。所有裝置可在一共同光微影步驟(或作為使用連接柱之微轉印程序之部分)中電互連且在一共同測試步驟中(例如,使用結合影像分析之一光學測試夾具)測試。接著,可使用使用一單一或多個印刷頭微LED微轉印系統安裝之一高速雷射系統或修復裝置移除或斷開未通過裝置。 藉由各向異性濕蝕刻之習知矽微機械加工提供製造塗佈金屬之錐體連接柱16之方便路徑,該等連接柱16可整合於完全底切微轉印相容組件10內。微轉印中所採用之軟彈性體壓模30可提供連接柱16穿透至一樹脂90底膠填充中所需之向下力。聚合物樹脂90之底膠填充層之回流透過毛細管力驅動電互連之完成。一簡單示範展示互連策略可如何在印刷電互連結構50之電測試之後用於修復。 本發明之一些應用可受益於結合組裝程序完成裝置互連之策略。實例包含大格式或機械可撓性應用,其中在系統組裝之後執行傳統微影及金屬化程序係不方便的。 組件10可為一主動組件,例如,包含一或多個主動元件,諸如電子電晶體或二極體或發光二極體及回應於環境光而產生一電流之光電二極體。替代性地,組件10可為一被動組件,例如,包含一或多個被動元件,諸如電阻器、電容器或導體。在另一實施例中,組件10係包含主動元件及被動元件兩者之一複合組件10。組件10可為或可包含具有一或多個半導體層之一半導體裝置,諸如一積體電路。組件10可為或可包含一未封裝晶粒。在又另一實施例中,組件10係具有複數個主動元件或被動元件之一複合元件,諸如具有分開的基板(各具有一或多個主動元件或被動元件或兩者)之多個半導體裝置。在某些實施例中,複數個元件經安置及互連於與任何半導體裝置之基板分開且獨立之一複合組件基板(例如,介電基板86)上。複合組件10可在元件已配置於其上之後微轉印其自身。組件10可為電子處理器、控制器、驅動器、發光二極體、光電二極體、光控制裝置或光管理裝置。 藉由本發明之方法製造之組件10可包含或可為具有半導體結構之各種小晶片,包含一二極體、一發光二極體(LED)、一電晶體或一雷射。小晶片係小積體電路且可為自一源晶圓釋放之未封裝晶粒且可經微轉印。小晶片可具有自2 µm至5 µm、5 µm至10 µm、10 µm至20 µm或20 µm至50 µm之一寬度、長度及高度之至少一者。小晶片可具有2 µm至5 µm、5 µm至10 µm、10 µm至20 µm或20 µm至50 µm之一經摻雜或未摻雜半導體基板厚度或可具有玻璃、聚合物、氧化物或氮化物基板。小晶片或組件10可包含具有大於寬度之一長度之微發光二極體(例如,具有大於或等於2、4、8、10、20或50之一縱橫比)及沿著可印刷半導體組件10之長度相鄰於可印刷半導體組件10之末端之組件接觸襯墊(例如,接觸件83)。此結構使低精度製造程序能將電線26電連接至組件接觸襯墊而不產生配準問題及可能的非所要電短路或開路。 組件10可包含主動元件(諸如使用微影程序形成之電子電路80)且可包含被動元件(諸如連接組件接觸襯墊與連接柱16之電連接,例如,電線)。在某些實施例中,組件接觸襯墊83係平面電連接。可使用各種遮罩及沈積程序由諸如鋁或多晶矽之金屬形成此等組件接觸襯墊。 在本發明之一些實施例中,組件10係或包含小積體電路(例如,小晶片),該等積體電路具有一薄基板,該薄基板具有僅幾微米(例如,小於或等於25微米、小於或等於15微米、或小於或等於10微米)之一厚度及5微米至10微米、10微米至50微米、50微米至100微米或100微米至1000微米之一寬度或長度。可在具有用於處理及運輸晶圓之一處理側及一背側之一源半導體晶圓(例如,矽或GaN晶圓)中製造此小晶片或組件10。使用微影程序在源晶圓之處理側上或其中之一主動層中形成小晶片、組件10或組件10之部分。在組件10下方形成一空釋放層空間,其中繫鏈將組件10連接至源晶圓,使得抵靠組件10施加之壓力使繫鏈斷開以自源晶圓釋放組件10。微影程序可用於在一源晶圓中形成組件10,例如,電晶體、電線及電容器。 根據本發明之各種實施例,組件源晶圓60可具備組件10、圖案化犧牲層68、繫鏈62及已形成之連接柱16,或其等可經建構為本發明之程序之部分。 連接柱16係形成於組件10上之電連接件,該等電連接件大體上垂直於組件10之一表面延伸。此等連接柱16可由金屬形成,諸如鋁、鈦、鎢、銅、銀、金或其他導電金屬。可藉由建立三維結構之重複遮罩及沈積程序來形成連接柱16。替代性地,可藉由蝕刻蒸鍍或濺鍍在組件10之處理側上之一或多個金屬層來製造連接柱16。亦可藉由以下步驟形成此等結構:在組件10表面上方或下方形成一層(例如,圖案化犧牲層68);將一井蝕刻至層中;用一導電材料(諸如金屬)填充該井;及接著移除該層。接著,將連接柱16電連接至組件10中之接觸襯墊。在一些實施例中,連接柱16由一或多個高彈性模數金屬(諸如鎢)製成。如在本文中使用,一高彈性模數係足以在連接柱16被按壓至一基板連接襯墊22中時維持該連接柱16之功能及結構之一彈性模數。 連接柱16可具有各種縱橫比且通常具有小於一底面積之一峰面積。連接柱16可具有嵌入或刺穿基板連接襯墊22之一尖點。連接柱16可具有表示連接柱16在處理側上之一平面尺寸之一底寬及表示連接柱16之自處理側至連接柱16之峰之範圍之一高度。連接柱16之峰可具有小於底寬之一寬度,且在一實施例中,接近零,使得連接柱16具有一尖點。連接柱16之底面可具有與處理側接觸之一底面積及小於底面積之一峰面積。連接柱16亦可具有大於一底尺寸之一高度。 在一實施例中,連接柱16比連接襯墊22更軟,使得連接柱16可在連接柱16處於機械壓力下時撓曲。替代性地,連接襯墊22比連接柱16更軟,使得當處於機械壓力下時,連接襯墊22在連接柱16之前變形。藉由變形意謂連接柱16或基板連接襯墊22由於轉印而改變形狀。 基板連接襯墊22可由一相對軟金屬(諸如錫、銲料或錫基銲料)製成以協助形成與連接柱16之良好電接觸及與組件10之黏合。如在本文中使用,一軟金屬可係指一連接柱16可被按壓至其中以形成連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的一電連接之一金屬。在此配置中,基板連接襯墊22可在機械壓力下塑性變形及流動以提供連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的一良好電連接。在本發明之另一實施例中,連接柱16可包含一軟金屬且基板連接襯墊22包含一高彈性模數金屬。在此配置中,連接柱16可在機械壓力下塑性變形及流動以提供連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的一良好電連接。 樹脂90層可經固化以將組件10更牢固地黏合至目的基板20且在機械應力存在之情況下維持連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的一穩固電連接。黏合樹脂90可在固化程序期間經受一定收縮,此可進一步增強連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的電連接性及黏合。 在本發明之替代實施例中,組件10之連接柱16與目的基板20之基板連接襯墊22接觸、嵌入其等中或刺穿其等。替代性地,連接襯墊22或連接柱16之變形或撓曲可藉由增大與連接柱16及基板連接襯墊22接觸之表面積而改良連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的電連接。為促成變形,在一實施例中,兩個或兩個以上連接柱16可具有比基板連接襯墊22之組合物更軟之一組合物或基板連接襯墊22具有比連接柱16更軟之一組合物。 可在基板連接襯墊22下方形成一柔性聚合物層以促成當連接柱16嵌入背板連接襯墊22中時所進行之機械接觸。舉例而言,一金屬或含有如金、錫、銀或鋁之金屬合金可形成遍及一聚合物層或一聚合物層可塗佈於一金屬或含有金、錫、銀或鋁之金屬合金上方。柔性聚合物層亦可用於將連接柱16黏合至基板連接襯墊22。 在一實施例中,兩個或兩個以上連接柱16在一組件10中電短路且電連接至一共同基板連接襯墊22。此等冗餘電連接減少連接柱16與基板連接襯墊22之間的接觸故障,例如,如在圖8中展示。 組件10之空間分佈係所要最終產品之設計選擇問題。在本發明之一項實施例中,將一組件源晶圓陣列中之所有組件10轉印至壓模30。在另一實施例中,轉印組件源晶圓陣列中之組件10之一子集。藉由變化轉印壓模30上之支柱32之數目及配置,組件10在轉印壓模30之支柱32上之分佈可同樣地變化,如組件10在目的基板20上之分佈可變化般。 在本發明之一實施例中,組件10係一發光組件10,該發光組件10在與連接柱16相反之一方向上或在連接柱16之一方向上發射光。 根據本發明之一項實施例,一源晶圓可具備組件10及已形成之連接柱16。替代性地,可提供一未處理源晶圓且組件10可形成於組件源晶圓60上。一未處理源晶圓係尚未包含組件10之一基板。未處理源晶圓可具有其他已完成處理步驟,例如,清潔、材料層沈積或熱或化學處理。舉例而言,使用光微影程序(包含在源晶圓上方形成遮罩、蝕刻材料、移除遮罩及沈積材料)形成組件10。 舉例而言,組件10可為或可包含小電子積體電路、無機發光二極體或電連接器(跨接線),其等在一尺寸上具有約5微米至約5000微米之一大小。電子電路80可包含具有各種結構(包含結晶、微晶、多晶或非晶結構)之半導體材料(例如,無機材料,諸如矽或砷化鎵或無機材料)。在另一實施例中,組件10係被動的,例如,包含一導體,該導體當在一印刷電連接結構50中使用時用於將一個導體(例如,一基板連接襯墊22)連接至另一導體,從而形成一跨接線。組件10亦可包含絕緣層及結構(諸如二氧化矽、氮化物)及鈍化層及導電層或結構(包含形成一電子電路80之由鋁、鈦、銀或金製成之電線)。較大數目個此等小積體電路可形成於一單一源晶圓上。組件10通常儘可能緊密地封裝以儘可能高效率地使用源晶圓之表面積。 在一些實施例中,組件10係或包含形成於可具有一結晶結構之一半導體晶圓(例如,砷化鎵或矽)中之小積體電路。此等材料之處理技術通常採用高熱及反應性化學物質。然而,藉由採用不施加應力於組件10或基板材料之轉印技術,與薄膜製造程序相比可使用更良性的環境條件。因此,本發明具有一優勢,即可將不耐極端處理條件(例如,熱、化學或機械程序)之可撓性基板(諸如聚合基板)用作目的基板20。此外,已證實,結晶矽基板具有強機械性質且依較小大小可相對可撓且耐機械應力。具有5微米、10微米、20微米、50微米或甚至100微米厚度之基板尤其如此。替代性地,組件10可形成於一微晶、多晶或非晶半導體層中。 可使用鑄造製造程序建構組件10。可使用材料層,包含諸如金屬、氧化物、氮化物之材料及其他材料。各組件10可為或可包含一完成半導體積體電路且可包含(例如)電晶體、二極體或發光二極體。組件10可具有不同大小(例如,1000平方微米或10,000平方微米、100,000平方微米或一平方毫米或更大),且可具有可變縱橫比(例如,1:1、2:1、5:1或10:1)。組件10可為矩形或可具有其他形狀。 本發明之實施例提供優於先前技術中描述之其他印刷方法之優勢。藉由採用組件10上之連接柱16及提供一目的基板20上之組件10、與目的基板20接觸之連接柱16或形成於目的基板20上之層之一印刷方法,提供用於大量印刷組件10遍及一目的基板20之一低成本方法。此外,免除用於將組件10電連接至目的基板20之額外程序步驟。 源晶圓及組件10、轉印壓模30及目的基板20可分開製造且在不同時間或按不同時間順序或位置製造且在各種程序狀態中提供。 可將本發明之方法反覆地應用至一單一或多個目的基板20。藉由將組件10之子陣列自一轉印壓模30重複轉印至一目的基板20且在壓印操作之間使轉印壓模30及目的基板20相對移動達等於組件10之各轉印之間的經轉印子陣列中之選定組件10之間隔之一距離,可將依一高密度形成於一組件源晶圓60上之一組件10陣列依一低得多的密度轉印至一目的基板20。實際上,組件源晶圓60可能係昂貴的,且尤其相較於在目的基板20上形成電路,在組件源晶圓60上依一高密度形成組件10將減小組件10之成本。舉例而言,若組件10管理分佈遍及目的基板20(例如,一顯示器、數位射線照相板或光伏打系統中)之元件,則可使用將組件10轉印至一較低密度目的基板20。 特定言之,在其中主動組件10係或包含形成於一結晶半導體材料中之一積體電路之情況中,積體電路基板提供充分黏著力、強度及可撓性,使得其可黏合至目的基板20而不在轉印壓模30移除時斷開。 與薄膜製造方法相比,使用密集填滿之組件源晶圓60且將組件10轉印至一目的基板20 (僅需定位於其上之一稀疏組件10陣列)不浪費或不需要一目的基板20上之主動層材料。本發明亦可用於轉印使用具有高於薄膜主動電路之效能之結晶半導體材料製造或包含該等結晶半導體材料之組件10。此外,對於本發明之實施例中所使用之一目的基板20之平坦度、平滑度、化學穩定性及熱穩定性要求可減小,此係因為黏合及轉印程序實質上並不受目的基板20之材料性質限制。製造及材料成本由於更昂貴材料(例如,源基板)之高利用率及目的基板20之減小的材料及處理要求而可減小。 如由熟習此項技術者所理解,術語「在……上方」及「在……下方」係相對術語且可在參考本發明中所包含之層、元件及基板之不同定向時互換。舉例而言,在一些實施方案中,一第一層在一第二層上意謂一第一層在一第二層正上方且與其接觸。在其他實施方案中,一第一層在一第二層上包含一第一層及一第二層具有其間之另一層。 在已描述實施例之某些實施方案之情況下,熟習此項技術者現將變得明白,可使用併入本發明之概念之其他實施方案。因此,本發明不應限於某些實施方案,而應僅限於隨附發明申請專利範圍之精神及範疇。 貫穿描述,其中設備及系統被描述為具有、包含或包括特定元件或其中程序及方法被描述為具有、包含或包括特定步驟,可預期,另外存在本質上由所敘述元件構成或由所敘述元件構成之所揭示技術之設備及系統,且存在本質上由所敘述處理步驟構成或由所敘述處理步驟構成之根據所揭示技術之程序及方法。 應理解,步驟順序或用於執行某行動之順序係無關緊要的,只要所揭示技術保持可操作。再者,在一些情況中,可同時進行兩個或兩個以上步驟或行動。已具體參考本發明之某些實施例詳細描述本發明,但將理解,可在本發明之精神及範疇內執行變更及修改。
10‧‧‧組件/第一組件/印刷組件
12‧‧‧第二組件
16‧‧‧連接柱/第一連接柱
17‧‧‧第二連接柱
20‧‧‧基板/目的基板
22‧‧‧連接襯墊/第一連接襯墊/基板連接襯墊
23‧‧‧第二連接襯墊
24‧‧‧銲料
26‧‧‧電線
30‧‧‧壓模/轉印壓模
32‧‧‧支柱
50‧‧‧印刷電連接結構
60‧‧‧組件源晶圓
62‧‧‧繫鏈
64‧‧‧錨
68‧‧‧圖案化犧牲層
70‧‧‧柱側
72‧‧‧電路側
80‧‧‧電路
81‧‧‧發光二極體
82‧‧‧通孔
83‧‧‧接觸件
84‧‧‧電極
86‧‧‧介電基板/組件基板
87‧‧‧圖案化介電質
88‧‧‧犧牲部分
89‧‧‧囊封層/第二介電層
90‧‧‧樹脂
100‧‧‧提供具有連接襯墊之目的基板之步驟
110‧‧‧將樹脂塗佈於目的基板上之步驟
120‧‧‧將組件自源晶圓微轉印至目的基板之步驟
130‧‧‧將印刷結構加熱至回流溫度之步驟
140‧‧‧將印刷結構冷卻至操作溫度之步驟
150‧‧‧測試印刷結構之步驟
160‧‧‧將印刷結構加熱至固化溫度之步驟
170‧‧‧將印刷結構冷卻至操作溫度之步驟
180‧‧‧移除印刷結構之可選步驟
190‧‧‧切割至未通過組件之導體之可選步驟
藉由參考結合隨附圖式進行之以下描述將變得更明白且更好地理解本發明之前述及其他目標、態樣、特徵及優勢,其中: 圖1係本發明之一實施例之一橫截面; 圖2係本發明之另一實施例之一橫截面,其具有並聯電連接之組件; 圖3係繪示本發明之一方法之一流程圖; 圖4及圖5係繪示本發明之一方法中之步驟之橫截面; 圖6係繪示本發明之一方法中之步驟之一透視圖; 圖7至圖8係根據本發明之實施例之組件之平面顯微圖; 圖9展示根據本發明之實施例之一連接柱及一組件之透視顯微圖; 圖10展示根據本發明之實施例之兩個解析度下之連接柱之橫截面顯微圖; 圖11展示根據本發明之實施例之印刷電連接結構及測試結果之平面顯微圖; 圖12至圖13係本發明之實施例之具有描述測試結果之值之表; 圖14展示根據本發明之一實施例之印刷電連接結構之平面顯微圖;及 圖15及圖16係根據本發明之實施例之組件之橫截面。 從下文在結合圖式時闡述之實施方式將變得更明白本發明之特徵及優勢,其中相同元件符號貫穿全文識別對應元件。在圖式中,相同元件符號大體上指示相同、功能上類似及/或結構上類似之元件。圖未按比例繪製,此係因為圖中之各種元件之大小變化過大而無法允許描繪按比例調整。
Claims (20)
- 一種印刷電連接結構,其包括:一基板,其包括一或多個電連接襯墊;一印刷組件,其包括一或多個連接柱,各連接柱與該一或多個電連接襯墊之一電連接襯墊電接觸,且其中各連接柱包括嵌入至該等電連接襯墊中或刺穿該等電連接襯墊之一尖點(sharp point);及一樹脂,其經安置於該基板與該印刷組件之間且與該基板及該印刷組件接觸,該樹脂具有低於一固化溫度之一回流(reflow)溫度,其中當溫度在一操作溫度與該回流溫度之間循環時,該樹脂可在該回流溫度下重複流動,但該樹脂在其暴露於該固化溫度之後無法在該回流溫度下流動。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其包括一銲料,該銲料經安置於(i)該一或多個連接柱及(ii)該一或多個電連接襯墊之至少一者上。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其包括具有一或多個第二連接柱之一第二印刷組件,各第二連接柱與該基板之一或多個第二電連接襯墊電接觸,其中(i)該印刷組件係一第一印刷組件且該一或多個電連接襯墊之各者係一第一電連接襯墊,(ii)該樹脂經安置於該基板與該第二印刷組件之間且與該基板及該印刷組件接觸,且(iii)該一或多個第一連接襯墊及該一或多個第二電連接襯墊經電連接使得該第一印刷組件及該第二印刷組件以並聯方式電連接。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該一或多個連接柱包括與一共同連接襯墊電接觸之兩個或更多個連接柱。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該印刷組件包括一平台(mesa)。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該印刷組件包括半導體材料。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該印刷組件包括一積體電路、一無機發光二極體或一電連接器。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該連接柱銲接(welded)至該電連接襯墊。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該連接柱包括塗佈有一導電材料之一介電材料。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該連接柱係變形的(deformed)或撓曲的(crumpled)、該電連接襯墊係變形的或撓曲的、或者該連接柱及該電連接襯墊兩者均係變形的或撓曲的。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該樹脂並未填充該印刷組件與該基板之間的體積。
- 如請求項1之印刷電連接結構,其中該樹脂填充該印刷組件與該基板之間的體積。
- 一種可微轉印組件,其包括:一介電基板,其具有一柱側及一電路側;一或多個導電連接柱,該一或多個導電連接柱自該介電基板之該柱側突出;一電路,其經安置於該介電基板之該電路側上;一電極,其將該一或多個連接柱之各者電連接至該電路;及。一或多個通孔,各通孔對應於該一或多個連接柱之一連接柱,其中各通孔自該介電基板之該電路側延伸至該對應連接柱之一部分,且該電極延伸至該一或多個通孔之至少一通孔中以將該電路電連接至對應於該至少一通孔之各連接柱。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其中該等連接柱係錐形的。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其中該介電基板或該電路形成一平台。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其包括設置於該介電基板上之半導體材料。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其中該電路形成於該半導體材料中或該半導體材料上。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其中該電路包括一積體電路、一無機發光二極體或一電連接器。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其中該連接柱包括塗佈有一導電材料之一介電材料。
- 如請求項13之可微轉印組件,其中該連接柱係變形的或撓曲的。
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WO2017167954A4 (en) | 2018-01-25 |
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