TWI419398B - 電化電池用之氣體擴散電極及其製法 - Google Patents
電化電池用之氣體擴散電極及其製法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明係關電解電池領域,尤指電解質滲濾性電解電池。以下特別參照去極化碱氯電解用電池加以說明,可用加氧之氣體擴散陰極,因其大為展示此類裝置最具相關性的工業用途;然而,凡精於此道之士均知同樣發明可應用於其他滲濾型電池,其中本發明電極可應用做陽極或陰極,或視情形兼用(例如已知具有滲濾性電解質的鹼性燃料電池情況即如此)。
先進之碱氯電解,是以利用離子交換膜隔開的陰極室和陽極室之電池進行;以氧陰極之去極化製程,提供抑制釋氫之陰極反應,係先前發生的碱氯製法之典型,利用在氣體擴散陰極表面發生的氧氣流還原,因而在通常操作條件下,電池電壓下降約30%。參見氯化鈉塩水電解之最典型情況,以代替傳統製法典型之反應:2 NaCl+2 H2
O → 2 NaOH+Cl2
+H2
完成下述總體反應:4 NaCl+2 H2
O+O2
→ 4 NaOH+2 Cl2
在上面進行氧氣還原之氣體擴散電極,是多孔性結構,往往由網狀金屬性材料組成(通常為銀或視需要塗銀薄膜之鎳,以耐高度腐蝕性狀況),作為集流器,並以機械方式支持顯示擴散性能之多孔性材料,從而往往包括促進氧氣還原反應之金屬觸媒、聚合性粘合劑,以及視需要之填充材料,以碳或其他較佳導電惰性材料為基質。
除氧氣還原之外,在液相內生產苛性鹼溶液,是在此類電池之陰極發生;所以,陰極一方面供應氧氣流,另方面與必須從電極孔隙有效萃取的苛性生成物組成之溶液接觸。在工業規模的電池中,在氣體和溶液側間建立的液力落差,必須充分補償,使電極結構能夠耐受而被苛性生成物所氾濫(反之,在相對於溶液呈負壓力差情況下,防止敏感性的氧氣損失)。過去擬議多種溶液以克服此問題,最有效者包含容許苛性生成物滲濾越過氣體側相反面的陰極表面和離子交換膜間介置之適當多孔性元件,例如國際專利申請案WO 01/57290號所揭示,全文於此列入參考。如此一來,苛性液力落差壓力,即可沿電極全高有效釋放。
又一優點是,多孔性滲濾器的存在,容許機械性壓力從陽極表面傳送越過膜、滲濾器本身和氣體擴散陰極,到陰極表面。以此方式可把電流從陰極集流器(適當設有彈性結構),以分佈方式(而非局部化方式,例如利用熔接,正如其他電池造型之情況)與其背面接觸,而轉移至氣體擴散陰極。遵循此項配置,氣體擴散陰極可免除內部集流結構存在。
在上揭專利文件中,特別載明使用金屬性滲濾器,諸如鎳泡綿;然而,為防止在如此侵蝕性環境發生腐蝕現象,引起金屬離子危害性釋放入苛性溶液內,宜採用腐蝕性塑膠材料(例如全氟材料)做滲濾器,參見國際專利申請案WO 03/042430號,其全文於此列入參考。
然而,此文件擬議之解決方案,不能全部解決腐蝕和金屬離子污染問題,因為正如前述,同樣氣體擴散陰極通常為金屬性架構所組成,往往為銀或鍍銀之鎳結構:事實上,只有先前技術的金屬網之構造性選項,包含使用碳質基體(例如碳布),亦有苛性溶液腐蝕性作用之傾向,加上氧氣流建立的電位程度,在一段時間後,會損害其機械性能。除了某種程度受到解離現象外,先前技術的金屬網,涉及嚴重的成本問題,限制此等技術之成功商業化:顯然,更廣泛碱氯應用上採用之網,由純銀組成,整體負載約500 g/m2
,以較高生產成本的鍍銀鎳而言,除整體生成物在抗腐蝕性品質方面較遜外,也大為限制計劃中的節約。
本發明之目的,在於為電解電池提供氣體擴散電極結構,以克服先前技術的限制。
具體言之,本發明之目的,在於提供適用於電解質滲濾型電化電池之氣體擴散電極,亦適用於侵襲性電解質,尤其是鹼性電解質,包括克服先前技術限制之基體。
本發明另一目的,在於提供電解質滲濾型電池之設計,裝設氣體擴散電極,其特徵為,特殊之結構簡單性,以及降低成本。
本發明又一目的,在於提供適用於滲濾性電池的氣體擴散電極之新穎製法。
本發明之目的是利用所附申請專利範圍界定之氣體擴散電極達成。
本發明包含氣體擴散電極,在適於支持電解質流滲濾的疏水性多孔基體之一面,應用催化性組成物所得;遂行應用催化性組成物,只能獲得基體部份滲透,因而在未被佔領的容積分部可作為滲濾器。於是可得在滲濾器本身的結構內整合電極,以單件兼具二項功能,實質降低成本,並增進相關電池組裝之便利。如此所得電極尤其不需要任何金屬網或其他網狀材料介置於催化活性和滲濾器之間。在本發明一較佳具體例中,催化性組成物是金屬觸媒和適當聚合性粘合劑之混合物,以不含碳質材料圍佳,在氧連同強鹼性電解質存在下,此點特別重要。以碱氯電解用之氣體擴散陰極而言,金屬觸媒以選自銀、鎳,和相關氧化物為佳,可視需要加以混合;聚合物粘合劑以全氟聚合物,例如PTFE等為佳。按照較佳具體例,金屬觸媒和粘合劑是在視需要的水溶液、分散液或懸浮液內混合,直到獲得糊狀物,可例如利用砑光法,直接壓到適於作為滲濾器之多孔性基體:得充分之機械性穩定,然後進行熱處理,可視需要包括在低溫之預乾步驟,接在在高溫之後續步驟。
按照一變通具體例,催化性組成物是利用印圖法轉印實施,隨後把多孔性基體上的催化性片材加壓熔化,在此情況下,接著是最後之熱處理。
關於熱處理,最後介於200和380℃間的最大溫度可得最佳結果,視選用的粘合劑類型,及其以溫度為函數之流變特性而定,為精於此道之士所容易泱定。
疏水性多孔結構之選擇,必須考慮到在活性面上施用催化性組成物後,需要有液體滲濾可用之充分容量:在一較佳具體例中,多孔結構為聚合性材料(例如PTFE)之網或布,具有充分厚度,最好不低於0.7 mm。凡精於此道之士,依電解質密度、要排放的液力落差高度,和所需流體動力狀況,可容易檢定網或布之較佳厚度和幾何形狀。
所以,本發明電池具有整合元件,兼做氣體擴散電極和滲濾器,以致組裝簡化且成本降低。在若干情況下(例如以鹼性燃料電池而言),可構成電池包括本發明二電極,例如加氫陽極和加氧陰極,典型上以苛性鉀向下流所跨越。
本發明由下列實施例可更加明白,惟無意限制於此,而是以所附申請專利範圍為準。
取20克商業級PTFE水性懸浮液(Hostaflon TF 5033,40%重量),和136毫升之35%甲醛溶液(Fluka),在攪拌中徐徐添加於800毫升脫離子水中,保持混合物冰冷到0和10℃間之溫度。連續攪拌1小時後,滴加含80克AgNO3的溶液(Aldrich,63.6%重量Ag,以金屬表示),和800毫升的10%重量苛性鉀溶液,始終保持pH在7.5和10間,溫度在15℃以下。操作需稍短於2小時,溶液又保持激烈攪拌2小時。反應完成時,所得沉澱物經傾析,消除上澄液。真空過濾後的固體,以2公升脫離子水和600毫升石油醚淋洗。生成物在120℃風乾過夜。得催化性材料,含約87%重量Ag,超乎200 cm2
氣體擴散電極充分所需。
取實施例1製備之30克催化性材料,懸浮於90毫升的2-丙醇內。把懸浮液傾注在媒材孔隙過濾膜上,抽真空除去過量醇。所得濾餅以砑光機在40篩目的銀網(0.3 mm厚)上施壓幾次來回,直到表面完全覆蓋。在100℃之乾燥步驟後,把電極放在消音器內,以250℃的風處理15分鐘。
按WO 03/042430所揭示,把陰極組裝到活性面積0.1 m2
的單一電池之實驗電解器上,聯結到1 mm厚之PTFE滲濾器。採用美國杜邦公司商業化之Nafion離子交換膜,做電池室間之隔板。
陽極室加料氯化鈉塩水,而插入陰極室內之滲濾器則加料25公升/小時的苛性鈉向下流動。氣體擴散陰極則加料過量氧。
在溫度85℃和電流密度4 kA/m2
,經啟用起穩定三天後,測得電池電壓2.10 V,保留穩定超過30天。
取實施例1所製備30克催化性材料,懸浮於90毫升的2-丙醇內。把懸浮液傾注於媒材孔隙過濾膜上,抽真空除去過量醇。所得濾餅以砑光機在PTFE滲濾器(1.5 mm標稱厚度)施壓幾次來回,直至表面完全覆蓋,但其容積只部份滲透,留下未佔領部份至少1 mm厚。在100℃乾燥步驟後,電極在消音器內,以250℃風處理15分鐘。
與所得滲濾器整合之陰極,一如WO 03/042430號所述,組裝於活性面積0.1 m2
的單一電池實驗電解器,與美國杜邦公司產銷的Nafion離子交換膜直接接觸,後者做為電池室間之隔離器。
陽極室加料氯化鈉塩水,而採用做滲濾器的陰極非活化面,加料25 l/h苛性鈉向下流。氣體擴散陰極加料過量氧。在溫度85℃和電流密度4 kA/m2
,經啟用穩定三天後,記錄電池電壓2.07 V,保留穩定30天以上。
證明具有本發明滲濾器的電極,比先前技術之氣體擴散電極,較易組裝,費用省,不易傾向劣化現象,在大部份代表性工業應用上,有等效或甚至勝而過之的電流效率成績。
先前所述無意限制本發明,可按不同具體例可以使用,不違其範圍,而其程度以所附申請專利範圍明確界定。
在本案說明書和申請專利範圍中,「包括」字樣無意排除其他元件或添加物之存在。
Claims (15)
- 一種電化滲濾型電池用之氣體擴散電極,包括疏水性多孔基體和施加於其一面之催化性組成物,該多孔基體之一容積分部被該催化性組成物滲入,而該多孔基體相對應未被佔用之容積分部,則適於電解質滲濾者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之電極,其中該組成物包括至少一金屬粉末和至少一聚合物粘合劑者。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之電極,其中該至少一金屬粉末包括銀、鎳,或其氧化物者。
- 如申請專利範圍第2或3項之電極,其中該至少一聚合物粘合劑包括全氟聚合物,可為PTFE者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1,2或3項之電極,其中該多孔基體之厚度不低於0.7mm者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1,2或3項之電極,其中該疏水性多孔基體係聚合物材料之網或布者。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之電極,其中該聚合物材料係全氟聚合物,可為PTFE者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1,2或3項之電極,其中該催化性組成物直接應用於該疏水性基體之一面,無介置之網狀金屬性材料者。
- 一種電解質滲濾電池,包括申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項之至少一氣體擴散電極,內部被電解質向下流動跨越者。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之電池,其中該電解質係苛性溶液者。
- 一種申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項電極之製法,包括如下步驟:製備糊劑,含有該催化性組成物,從視需要之水溶液、分散液或懸浮液起; 把該糊劑施壓於該疏水性多孔基體之一面,而得該糊劑部份滲入該疏水性多孔基體內;進行熱處理至最高溫度為200至380℃者。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之製法,其中該施壓步驟係利用砑光進行者。
- 一種申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項電極之製法,包括步驟為:對印圖支持體施加該催化性組成物,直至獲得催化性片材;把該催化性片材施壓熔化於該疏水性多孔基體之一面;進行熱處理至最高溫度為200至380℃者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1,2或3項之電極,使用於碱氯製法中做為加氧之氣體擴散陰極者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1,2或3項之電極,使用於電解質滲濾型鹼性燃料電池內,做為加氧之氣體擴散陰極,或做為加氫之氣體擴散陽極者。
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