TW202234135A - 光衰減器 - Google Patents

光衰減器 Download PDF

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TW202234135A
TW202234135A TW111118910A TW111118910A TW202234135A TW 202234135 A TW202234135 A TW 202234135A TW 111118910 A TW111118910 A TW 111118910A TW 111118910 A TW111118910 A TW 111118910A TW 202234135 A TW202234135 A TW 202234135A
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度納馬丁 歐奇菲
提摩西 歐奇菲
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美商電子墨水股份有限公司
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    • GPHYSICS
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    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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    • G02F1/13306Circuit arrangements or driving methods for the control of single liquid crystal cells
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    • G02F1/165Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
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    • E06B2009/2405Areas of differing opacity for light transmission control
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    • E06B9/00Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • E06B2009/2417Light path control; means to control reflection
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
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Abstract

一種提供透光狀態及吸收性暗狀態的光衰減器,用以選擇性控制光,尤其是針對智慧玻璃應用。該光衰減器包含形成一重複圖案或一準重複圖案之衰減與透明之鄰接區域。該等衰減區域在該光衰減器處於該光狀態時可見,但該重複圖案大到足以使得一觀看者看穿該衰減器而無霧感。

Description

光衰減器
[相關申請案]
本申請案主張於2019年9月30日申請的英國專利申請案號1914105.0及2019年10月16日申請的英國專利申請案號1914933.5之優先權。本文揭示的所有參考文獻、專利和專利申請案之全文均以參照方式併入本文。
本發明係關於一種電泳裝置,其具有可提供透明光狀態的結構,用於選擇性控制光,尤其是用於智慧玻璃應用。
需要在一個以上光狀態中對可見光透明且具類玻璃品質且在其他光狀態中強烈衰減光的電可切換的電泳裝置。類玻璃品質包含在透明狀態中具有極佳清晰度及光穿透性、極低霧度及最低色調感知,及最低繞射。在先前技術中,可得之電泳解決方法在一些情況下功能受限且在其他情況下具固有技術障礙。
在本申請人的EP2976676中,孔徑(透明區域)及阻障(光遮擋區域)的尺寸具有由一般觀看者眼睛解析度決定的最大尺寸與間距,使得孔徑與阻障小至足使其等的幾何形狀形式在觀看面中不明顯。在其透明狀態之文件中的實例中,其黑色帶電粒子集中且圍繞著離散透明孔徑,在所需觀看距離處之孔徑對觀看者的最大對角係1弧分(對應於在1米觀看距離處的290微米)及較佳係0.6弧分(對應於在1米處的174.5微米)。孔徑間距的對角(亦即孔徑與集中帶電粒子區域)會使這些限制成倍,但僅至在觀看面上幾何形狀形式不明顯的程度。
類似地,在本申請人的EP3281055中述及裝置(具智慧窗)具有嵌於其觀看區域中的固態聚合物結構,且該等結構尺寸屬微結構等級且眼睛可見。給定一智慧玻璃裝置的實例具有250微米的腔室間距。若僅自遠距觀看,該文件理論上允許腔室高達1,000微米,但該文件限制微結構在使用中不可見。該限制類似於早期的EP2976676且述及在所需觀看距離處之微緊固部對觀看者的最大對角係1弧分且較佳係0.6弧分。
在US8183757中述及當著色劑粒子被收集在儲庫區中時,著色劑粒子可使可見區域染污。著色劑粒子導致的染污可阻礙用於顯示的中性白色或清晰光狀態。裝置採用在每一凹部區內的第二電極上的不透明層。在凹部(或儲庫)中的黑色不透明層遮蔽有色的經收集粒子,在相關專利US8384659中,六角形儲庫顯示於圖2E中且其半徑係67.5微米。
在先前技術裝置的透明光狀態中,具有對應於電泳墨水中帶電粒子顏色的可察覺染污。觀看者的染污察覺包含黑色染污,其係因微米尺度的離散分布與孔徑或阻障的密集分布所致的均勻染污之一,類似於在紙或彩色顯示器上的半調印刷。後者的像素密度高到足以確保即使近距觀看時亦無法辨析各別像素,且來自相鄰像素的光亦由觀看者眼睛無縫地整合。
在實施例中,一種光衰減器(200, 203, 204),其包括一單元(300, 303, 304),其具有一第一透明基板(190)及一第二透明基板(190),其界定各自的觀看面(150, 153, 154)且具有具透明電極(160)且彼此間隔(由尺寸5)以提供其間之一體積之相對主表面(亦即並列平行),該體積包含透明聚合物結構(100, 103, 104)及電泳墨水(1, 2, 3),該墨水包括分散於一透明流體(15, 16, 17)中的帶電粒子(10, 11, 12),該等帶電粒子回應於施加於該等電極之一電場而在一第一極端光狀態與一第二極端光狀態之間移動,在該第一極端光狀態中,粒子最大分布於該單元內以位於陽光穿過該單元的路徑上而衰減該陽光;在該第二極端光狀態中,該等粒子最大集中於該單元內由該聚合物結構界定之位置(130, 133, 134)中,以將該等粒子自陽光穿過該單元的該路徑移除而使該陽光透射且提供可見通道,及在該第二光狀態中,該光衰減器之一觀看面具有相鄰於透明區域(30, 34)之衰減區域(20, 24)之一可見圖案,該等衰減區域(20, 24)與該等透明區域(30, 34)係分別由該等集中粒子之存在與否界定,其中該相鄰區域的每一者具有0.3mm以上的尺寸(50, 55, 60, 65),而相鄰衰減區域之中心間距離(40, 41)或相鄰透明區域之中心間距離(45, 46)係0.6mm以上。
在該圖案中的該等區域的每一者在距離該觀看面(150) 0.5M處之對角(80, 90)超過2個弧分且一對該等相鄰區域之對角(70)超過4個弧分。
在一些實施例中,該圖案係一重複圖案且該等中心間距離與間距相同。該重複圖案係一可切換網格,其在該第二光狀態下可見且在該第一光狀態下無法區分。在一些實施例中,該等透明區域之距離(61)係該間距的75%以上且該等衰減區域之距離(51)係25%以下。較佳前述規則限制分別為80%與20%且更佳為85%與15%。
在一實施例中的該觀看面中的該透明區域係總主動(亦即可切換)區域的60%以上,較佳係62%以上,更佳係65%以上,及最佳係70%以上,及該可見圖案包括非連續及/或連續區域且可察覺為衰減區域之一圖案。該可見圖案係疊置於該可見通道上。該圖案或網格的顏色係該等帶電粒子的顏色。較佳藉由選擇該聚合物結構中的該等集中帶電粒子的位置設計而使該疊置的可見圖案或網格設計為美學上可接受(或怡人)。
該等區域之一係:單分散或具有尺寸及/或形狀的分布,及較佳該等區域的形狀經選擇成使得在該可見通道中的摩爾紋(moiré)圖案的機會最小化,且包含選擇形狀,其係藉由應用一調變函數至一幾何形狀而界定其邊界。
在一些實施例中,相鄰衰減區域的中心間距離及相鄰透明區域的中心間距離係0.6mm以上。
在一些實施例中,該中心間距離之偏好的順序為:0.62mm以上、0.65mm以上、0.7mm以上、0.8mm以上、1.0mm以上,及最佳係1.25mm以上。對應於前述,該等相鄰衰減區域與透明區域各具有一個以上的尺寸,其偏好的順序為:0.31mm以上、0.325mm以上、0.35mm以上、0.4mm以上、0.5mm以上,及最佳係0.625mm以上。
該等帶電粒子具有著色劑,其包含下列中的一者或多者:一染料著色劑、一顏料著色劑、一強光散射材料、一強反射材料或一強吸收材料,且粒子可為包含黑色或白色之任何顏色。
該聚合物結構與該等基板間隔開且將該體積區隔為具有聚合物壁且填充有該電泳墨水的離散腔室的一單層,及較佳該聚合物結構包含密封該墨水於該等腔室內之一密封層。
在一些實施例中,選擇性施加一顏色層至該等聚合物壁,使得在該觀看面中該壁區域的顏色符合該等衰減區域的顏色。
在一些實施例中,該等集中帶電粒子的該等位置係在該等聚合物壁處或該等集中帶電粒子的該等位置係在該聚合物結構中的離散儲庫中且該等位置不與該等壁重疊,或該等集中帶電粒子的該等位置係在該聚合物結構中的突出物之間之凹部或通路中,及該等位置可或可不與該等壁重疊。
該電泳墨水具有兩種以上的帶電粒子類型,包含:帶正電、帶負電、不同電泳移動率及/或不同顏色。
該電泳墨水具有兩種帶電粒子類型,其每一者與另一者之電泳移動率及顏色相異但電荷極性相同,及在該第二光狀態下,該兩種類型隨著其等集中於該等位置處而分離,其中相對於該等觀看面之一者,一種類型遮蔽另一種類型。
較佳光衰減器藉由在聚合物結構中的集中位置與相對電極間移動帶電粒子以分別改變集中或散布程度而提供介於第一與第二狀態之至少一個光狀態。
合併該光衰減器之用於一車輛或一透視顯示器之一裝置包含下列中的一者:一窗、一鏡、一光閘、一光調變器、一可變透光片、一可變吸光片、一可變反光片、一電泳遮陽板。
實施例達成其電泳光衰減器的光學品質改善,係藉由使其粒子在透明光狀態下可見為圖案或類網格結構或陣列。在此狀態下,彩色帶電粒子藉由透明聚合物結構集中於所界定區域中,使得其間的區域透光。在先前技術中,集中粒子區域或透明區域均不可解析,但在實施例中,兩區域均可由眼睛自至少1M遠處解析為不同。實施例藉由觀看者使兩區域的整合最小化,使得透過衰減器所見場景明顯較無帶電粒子顏色之染污或霧度。一實施例之觀看者察覺面係具彩色網格(或陣列)結構的透明玻璃。該結構可經選擇而具美感。此外,藉由選擇圖案或類網格結構(或陣列)的尺度,製造成具有白色粒子的光衰減器看起來不霧,而是前景白色網格疊置於背景上。此外,利用透明光狀態的設計的可見尺度大幅減少光繞射。
參考圖式描述實施例。在圖1a至1c及圖2a與2b中,顯示在觀看面之相同光衰減器(200)的不同特徵。圖1a顯示強光衰減第一光狀態,及圖1b、2a與2b顯示透明第二光狀態。圖1c顯示實施例(200)的聚合物結構。圖3顯示實施例(203)剖面且類似於實施例(200)。在這些實施例中,第二光狀態係因電泳墨水的帶電粒子(10, 11)受施加電場而集中於聚合物結構(100, 103)中的突出物(110, 113)之間的通路(130, 133)中所致。圖4顯示一替代實施例(204)的觀看面,其聚合物結構(104)的布局不同,使其在第二光狀態下的帶電粒子(12)移動跨越聚合物表面(117)而集中於離散儲庫或凹處(134)中。
在該等圖式中,實施例的光衰減器(200, 203, 204)包括電泳單元(300, 303, 304),其具有兩個透明基板(190),其每一者之一側上塗布一透明電極(160)。如圖3所示,該等電極的主表面彼此相對且並列平行。基板的相對表面形成單元的觀看面(150, 153, 154)。基板彼此間隔且其間的體積係裝置的電光層。指示間隔的尺寸係(5)且顯示於圖3中。在一些實施例中,尺寸(5)界定單元間隙。電光層(或體積)包括透明聚合物結構(100, 103, 104)及電泳墨水(1, 2, 3)。電泳墨水包括分散於不同透明流體(15, 16, 17)中的帶電粒子(10, 11, 12)。帶電粒子可為任何顏色,包含黑色(10)、白色(11)或紅色(12)。帶電粒子回應於施加至電極的電場而受兩極端所限在光學狀態間移動。在第一極端光狀態中,如圖1a所示,粒子最大散布於單元內,位於陽光穿過單元的路徑上,使得陽光衰減且觀看面與粒子同色。第一極端光狀態對應於散布狀態或最大衰減或遮蔽或隱藏狀態。
在第二極端光狀態中(如圖1b、2a、2b、3與4所示),粒子最大集中於單元內由聚合物結構(100, 103, 104)界定的位置(130, 133, 134)中。圖1c顯示聚合物結構(100)的三維圖。通路(130)形成離散突出物(110)間的互連凹部或空間,以限定集中粒子(10)於第二光狀態中。集中粒子可填充通路至高達由指示的位準(115)。此使得粒子自陽光穿過單元的路徑中移除,使得陽光穿透而無彩色色調(亦即穿透而未遭遇彩色粒子)且可看穿單元,提供穿越了結合本實施例的開口的可見通道。
圖3所示單元(303)的第二光狀態顯示光射線(1200)自外部環境穿越對應於透明區域的突出物(113)(顯示影線),及發自該單元的射線(1201)照明內部環境。實施例(203)中入射於集中粒子區域上的光被通路(133)中的白色粒子(11)漫射,分別如入射及反射射線(1205)及(1206)所示。在圖2a所示單元(300)中,入射於集中粒子區域(20)的光被黑色帶電粒子(10)強吸收。在圖4所示單元(304)中,入射於集中粒子區域(24)的光的可見光譜既被紅色帶電粒子(12)吸收又被漫射。不論帶電粒子顏色為何,入射於集中粒子上的光不顯著穿透,故將本文中之此區域稱為衰減。
圖1b顯示在第二極端光狀態中,光衰減器的觀看面(150)具有鄰接於(亦即比肩或並列)之透明區域(30)之衰減區域(20)之可見圖案,其分別由集中粒子之有無界定,繼而由聚合物結構的通路(130)與突出物(110)界定(後兩者如圖1c所示)。
在圖2a中,這些衰減(20)及透明(30)鄰接區域經配置使得每一個區域具有係0.3mm以上之一個以上尺寸(見於(50)及(60)),且因而眼睛可見或可識別或可解析為部分(或元件)。此外,相鄰衰減區域的中心間距離(40)或相鄰透明區域的中心間距離(45)係0.6mm以上。觀看面(150)具有複數個鄰接區域及中心間距離且其等形成跨越其區域的可見圖案。
類似地,在圖4中,衰減(24)及透明(34)鄰接區域經配置使得每一個區域具有係0.3mm以上之一個以上尺寸(見於(55)及(65))且因而眼睛可見。此外,相鄰衰減區域的中心間距離(41)或相鄰透明區域的中心間距離(46)係0.6mm以上。觀看面(154)具有複數個鄰接區域及中心間距離且其等形成跨越其區域的可見圖案。
0.6mm中心間距離大到足以被視敏度為1.0以上的觀看者在1.0M處看見,因為視距造成2弧分的角解析度。圖案可見係因對應於在第二光狀態下的集中粒子的衰減區域在其等具有0.6mm以上的中心間距離且透明區位在相鄰衰減區域之間的空間中時形成可解析部分(或特徵)。可利用鋼尺上的刻度圖案進行視覺類比;具有0.5mm中心間距離的刻度(亦即0.5mm區隔)係可見的。
雖然衰減(20)及透明(30)鄰接區域的每一區域的尺寸應至少為0.3mm以上,使1.0M處的觀看者得以識別,且具有至少0.6mm之中心間尺寸,亦要求衰減(20)及透明(30)鄰接區域的每一區域的尺寸不應過大使得透明區域的顏料負載無法被封入衰減區域中。此係因為在大部分的構造中,透明區域上方區域隨著尺寸平方增加,而將封入粒子的衰減區域的表面區域近乎隨尺寸線性增加。若尺寸成長過大,則無法有效將粒子封入衰減區域中,導致較暗的透明狀態。亦發現較大尺寸需要較高電壓來達成良好透明度。就各種尺寸調整的經驗而言,建議衰減(20)及透明(30)鄰接區域的面積不應超過3cm。對應的最大中心間尺寸約6cm。故衰減(20)及透明(30)鄰接區域的每一重複應具有0.3mm與3cm之間的尺寸(50, 55與60, 65),同時相鄰衰減區域的中心間距離(40, 41)或相鄰透明區域的中心間距離(45, 46)係在0.6mm與6cm之間。
在實施例中,在第二光狀態中且對於複數個例子而言,相鄰衰減區域的中心間距離或相鄰透明區域的中心間距離之偏好的順序為:0.62mm至5.8cm、0.65mm至5.5cm、0.7mm至5.14cm、0.8mm至4.5cm、1.0mm至3.6cm,及最佳係1.25mm至3cm,且對應於前述,該等相鄰衰減區域與透明區域各具有一個以上的尺寸,其偏好的順序為:0.31mm至2.9cm、0.325mm至2.75cm、0.35mm至2.57cm、0.4mm至2.25cm、0.5mm至1.8cm,及最佳係0.625mm至1.5cm。
在實施例中的觀看面中的透明區域係總主動(亦即可切換)區域的60%以上,較佳係62%以上,更佳係65%以上,及最佳係70%以上。衰減區域係在每一情況中的剩餘區域。在第二光態中的透明區域、衰減區域及因此之可解析部分及圖案係由裝置的聚合物結構界定。
在圖2b所示實例中,車輛的側窗和天窗裝有實施例。未繪製帶電粒子(10),但顯示了對應的衰減區域(20)。在第二光狀態下,通過這些開口,車輛乘客通常具有0.5M(或更小)的觀看距離。衰減區域(20)的對角用(80)表示,透明區域(30)的對角用數字(90)表示。顯示鄰接的衰減區域(20)和透明區域(30)對角為(70)。在0.5M的觀看距離下,當鄰接區域的距離(邊緣至邊緣)為0.6mm以上時,這對鄰接區域(20)+(30)的對角超過4.1弧分,或者是具有視敏度1.0的觀看者的最小角解析度的4.1倍。角度計算如下: 對角=正切(0.6/500) =0.0012(半徑) =4.125(弧分)
在實施例中的可見圖案內的最小0.3mm尺寸處的對角(80)與(90)的對應計算為2.06弧分: 對角=正切(0.3/500) =0.0006(半徑) =2.063(弧分)
由於(70)、(80)和(90)的對角是觀看者(具敏度1.0)的最小解析度的倍數,故當在0.5M處觀看實施例(200)時存在明顯的可見圖案。衰減區域(20)(包含黑色集中粒子(10))可視為黑色網格(或陣列),其具有類似於具有相當的開口和壁的金屬網的透明開口。通過實施例觀看的物體對黑色色調的感知可略,因觀看者的眼睛未將黑色網格區域與通過透明區域的視圖整合在一起。
相對地,在整個電光層中具有聚合物結構的先前技術電泳光衰減器裝置的動機是配置其結構使得結構(或由結構界定的光狀態下的相關圖案)小至足以使觀察者無法感知。在本申請人的EP2976676中,孔徑(透明區域)和障礙物(光遮擋區域)的尺寸具有其最大尺寸和間距(類似於重複的中心間距離),該最大尺寸和間距係由典型觀察者眼睛的解析度判定,使得視距為0.5M時,其區域的對角小於1弧分,而這等於小於0.145mm,以避免觀看者易見到圖案。
在實施例中,在第二光狀態下,衰減區域或透明區域的中心間距離(分別由存在集中粒子與否,繼而由聚合物結構界定)可係隨機或不只單一值。在其他實施例中,中心間距離在一方向上均勻重複且與眼睛可見的重複圖案間距相同。
圖2a顯示在頂至底方向上的鄰接衰減和透明區域的間距(1040)。其長度較左至右方向上的間距(1041)長。在實施例(200)中,透明區域的最短距離或寬度(61)可為間距(1041)的75%以上且衰減區域的最短距離(51)可為25%以下。較佳前述規則的限制分別係80%與20%且更佳係85%與15%。圖4顯示替代實施例(204)的鄰接衰減和透明區域的間距(1045)。
在實施例(200)中,透明區域(30)離散且衰減區域(20)連續,見圖2a。圖4中的實施例(204)顯示相反關係:衰減區域(24)離散且透明區域(34)連續。在兩個實施例中,相鄰離散區域的中心間距離易於識別(分別見如(45)與(41))。連續區域的對應中心間距離與圖2a中的尺寸(40)和圖4中的尺寸(46)所示離散區域間區域相關。因此,實施例可由其衰減區域和其透明區域兩者的中心間距離界定。
在第二光狀態下,在實施例的一面上由衰減和透明區域形成的可見圖案疊置於通過該面的視圖上。該可見圖案係在前景且該視圖係在背景。眼睛解析可見圖案為網格(或陣列)且感知其為具粒子顏色的不透明區域的網格。在實施例中,此網格在切換到第一光狀態時在該面上無法區隔。在第一光狀態下的帶電粒子均勻散布且與在第二光狀態下接收集中粒子的位置相反。藉由選擇在聚合物結構中的集中帶電粒子位置的設計使疊置的可見圖案或網格(或陣列)經設計為美學可接受的(或怡人的)。
至少部分在一壓印、模製或重複步驟中形成一實施例的聚合物結構,包含集中帶電粒子的位置。模製技術的實例述如本申請人的EP2976676,名為「An Electrophoretic Device Having a Transparent Light State(具有透明光狀態的電泳裝置)」。為使實施例中的霧度最小化,聚合物結構(100, 103, 104)的折射係數與墨水的懸浮流體(15, 16, 17)匹配,較佳在0.005內,更佳在0.002內,且最佳在0.001內。
重複的聚合物結構具有對應於衰減區域的凹部、通路、凹處、凹口或儲庫,和對應於透明區域而在其間的突出物、漏斗狀斜面或凸出面。在觀看面中的兩區域形狀和中心間距離係由聚合物結構界定。任一區域類型(亦即衰減或透明)可為單分散或具有尺寸及/或形狀分布。具有通路及突出物的裝置實例見於本申請人的EP2976676;具有儲庫及漏斗狀斜面的裝置見於HP的US8184357;及具有凹口及凸出面的裝置見於HP的US7,957,054。後者係指具有凹口的介電層,但該介電層係聚合物結構且其集中粒子在透明光狀態下位於層中的凹口處(或凹處、空洞或孔)。在一替代實施例中,聚合物結構提供壁,使得在第二光狀態下的帶電粒子集中於該處。這些裝置稱之為介電泳,一實例顯示於E Ink的US2018/0364542 A1。
在一些實施例中,選擇區域型狀使得一實施例的不透明網格(亦即配置於一陣列中的強衰減區域)在自一面所見背景中的類似圖案上重疊而發生莫爾紋圖案的機會最小化。為避免或最小化莫爾紋圖案,衰減區域較佳避免連續平行線圖案。因此,圖2a所示蜂巢結構較佳,因其較不可能與背景中遭遇的網格結構類似。但在更佳實施例中,應用調變功能於一幾何形狀。例如在圖1c所示替代實施例中的聚合物結構(110)具有隨正弦波調變的六角形突出物(110)的邊界,具有波浪狀而非平坦側邊。此替代實施例的可見圖案特徵在於波浪狀片段取代直片段,故在觀看景象時較不可能導致莫爾紋圖案。
在一些實施例中,堆疊兩個以上裝置且為避免莫爾紋圖案,每一裝置具有不同的網格(或陣列)圖案。在實施例實例中,在一車輛中的遮陽板包括兩個裝置的堆疊,以在兩裝置在各自的最大衰減光狀態下操作時達成極低透光率。該實施例在兩裝置處於透光狀態下時達成對應的最大透光狀態。為避免在一些實 施例中的莫爾紋圖案,兩裝置的衰減區域(和透明區域)精確對齊,但在較佳實施例中,選擇光衰減區域的形狀使得兩裝置不同。例如一裝置的衰減區域具有蜂巢結構且另一裝置具有單分散形狀如球狀,或者其邊界係由一正弦波調變。
在圖3所示實施例(203)中,聚合物結構(103)利用整合柱(123)與光衰減器基板隔開。柱(123)界定單元間隙和基板間垂直距離,如尺寸(5)所示。該單元周圍完全被聚合物密封所密封(未顯示)。圖1c所示聚合物結構(100)上的柱(120)具類似功能。在其他實施例中,聚合物結構利用聚合物壁與光衰減器基板隔開且將其間的體積分隔為填充有電泳墨水的離散孔洞的單層。在此例中的壁界定單元間隙。
在實施例中,單元間隙(圖3中的尺寸(5))係自7.5微米至300微米,較佳自13.5微米至200微米,更佳自16.5微米至150微米,及最佳自18微米至125微米。
較佳選擇應用於聚合物壁頂及/或柱的彩色層,使得在觀看面上的壁區域顏色匹配在第二光狀態下的衰減區域顏色與透光。較佳聚合物結構包含密封層或密封機制,用以密封流體於每一孔洞內。密封層較佳接合至聚合物壁上的彩色層(或併入彩色層)。在一些實施例中,密封孔洞彼此獨立且可視為單元,且光衰減器視為包括單元的單層。
在一些實施例中,聚合物結構使得在第二光狀態下的集中帶電粒子位置靠在或鄰接其聚合物壁,包含與其壁相鄰的通路中。在此等實施例中,在聚合物壁部分的每一側邊上具有用於每一側邊的各別孔洞的集中粒子。較佳聚合物壁具有衰減層且顏色與粒子匹配;接著用於集中粒子的衰減區域在裝置的一面上將看起來連續且透明區域將係離散。可選擇聚合物壁為透明,且因此較佳盡可能窄,且較佳寬度在以下範圍:15微米至75微米。在後者情況下,在第二光狀態下的衰減區域不連續。
在其他實施例中,在第二光狀態下,聚合物結構使得離散儲庫中的集中帶電粒子位置不與壁重疊。衰減區係離散且被連續透明區域圍繞。較佳壁盡可能窄且保持透明,使得在第二光狀態下的衰減區域看起來連續。或者,壁可具彩色層。
在更佳實施例中,集中帶電粒子位於聚合物結構中的突出物間的凹部或通路中,且位置與壁重疊與否均可。透明區域係離散的且衰減區域連續。較佳壁在與集中粒子位置重疊處具有實施例中的衰減層,或在不重疊處為透明。
孔洞可包含單一透明區域和單一衰減區域或複數個其等或其等的一部份。孔洞可均勻且重複具有間隔或具差異。相鄰孔洞間的中心間距離可大於、等於或小於第二光狀態下由集中帶電粒子界定的透明或衰減區域的中心間距離。孔洞的聚合物壁亦可在實施例的一面上形成可見網格,但此網格不可切換。將知其優點在於具有聚合物壁,其具有配置與可能有集中粒子的位置相鄰的衰減層。或者,優點在於具有透明壁,其優先配置於第二光狀態下的透明區域中。
在一些單元中,選擇應用與帶電粒子顏色不同的顏色罩(亦即彩色層)於聚合物結構表面在第二光狀態下集中粒子處(亦即衰減區域)。顏色罩區域對應於衰減區域且因而在實施例中形成可見圖案或網格。在與顏色罩同側的觀看面中,該等位置的顏色遮蔽在第二光狀態下的集中帶電粒子顏色。具白色帶電粒子的實施例可藉由遮蔽在聚合物結構上或同側基板的一面上印有黑色罩的區域而避免自其衰減區域(亦即在第二光狀態下的集中帶電粒子區域)的漫射。或者,可應用顏色罩於聚合物結構上的相對區域或相對基板以遮蔽其他觀看面。類似地,可選擇印刷兩側使來自第二光狀態下的集中粒子的漫射或透射被遮蔽或最小化。顏色罩係由實施例中的聚合物結構(100, 103, 104)中界定在第二光狀態下的集中帶電粒子(10, 11)的位置(130, 133, 134)界定,因而當自其相鄰的面處觀看時眼睛可見。
在實施例中,電泳粒子可具有一種、兩種或以上類型的帶電粒子,其包含:帶正電、帶負電、不同電泳移動率及/或不同顏色,或這些的任意組合。帶電粒子具有著色劑,其包含下列中的一者或多者:一染料著色劑、一顏料著色劑、一強光散射材料、一強反射材料或一強吸收材料。在一些實施例中,電泳墨水具有兩種帶電粒子類型,其每一者與另一者之電泳移動率及顏色相異但電荷極性相同。在該第二光狀態下,該兩種類型隨著其等集中於聚合物結構中的該等位置處而分離,其中相對於在同側上的該等觀看面之一者,一種類型遮蔽另一種類型。此替代應用顏色罩至先前段落中所述位置。可利用少數具較高電泳移動率的黑色帶電粒子遮蔽不同顏色的帶電粒子,諸如具較低電泳移動率的多數白色粒子。
較佳光衰減器藉由在聚合物結構的集中位置和相對電極間移動帶電粒子而提供介於第一與第二狀態的至少一個光狀態。一但粒子開始集中在所設位置中,在中間光狀態下的可見圖案將變得明顯。在帶電粒子係黑色以外顏色(例如白色)的實施例中,在第二光狀態下的霧度將最低,且隨著中間光狀態域之趨近於第一光狀態而增加。在一些實施例中,第一光狀態霧度極高而具隱私功能。
1:電泳墨水 2:電泳墨水 3:電泳墨水 5:尺寸 10:帶電粒子 11:帶電粒子 12:帶電粒子 15:透明流體 16:透明流體 17:透明流體 20:集中粒子區 24:集中粒子區 30:透明區 34:透明區 40:中心間距離 41:中心間距離 45:中心間距離 46:中心間距離 50:尺寸 51:最短距離 55:尺寸 60:尺寸 61:最短距離/寬度 65:尺寸 70:角度 80:角度 90:角度 100:聚合物結構 103:聚合物結構 104:聚合物結構 110:突出物 113:突出物 115:位準 117:聚合物表面 120:柱 123:柱 130:通路 133:通路 134:儲庫/凹處 150:觀看面 153:觀看面 154:觀看面 160:透明電極 190:透明基板 200:光衰減器 203:光衰減器 204:光衰減器 300:電泳單元 303:電泳單元 304:電泳單元 1040:間距 1041:間距 1045:間距 1200:光射線 1201:射線 1205:入射射線 1206:反射射線
現將藉由實例描述本發明的實施例,參考隨附圖式,其中: 圖1a顯示在第一光狀態的實施例200。本圖顯示其觀看面。 圖1b顯示在第二光狀態的實施例200且係其三維觀看面。 圖1c顯示聚合物結構100且係其三維觀看面。 圖2a顯示在第二光狀態的實施例200且係一觀看面。 圖2b顯示在第二光狀態的實施例200且係一觀看面。 圖3顯示在第二光狀態的實施例203且係一剖面圖。 圖4顯示在第二光狀態的實施例204且係一觀看面。
2:電泳墨水
5:尺寸
11:帶電粒子
16:透明流體
103:聚合物結構
113:突出物
123:柱
133:通路
153:觀看面
160:透明電極
190:透明基板
203:光衰減器
303:電泳單元
1200:光射線
1201:射線
1205:入射射線
1206:反射射線

Claims (12)

  1. 一種光衰減器(200, 203, 204),其包括一單元(300, 303, 304),其具有一第一透明基板(190)及一第二透明基板(190),其界定各自的觀看面(150, 153, 154)且具有具透明電極(160)且彼此間隔(5)以提供其間之一體積之相對主表面,該體積包含透明的聚合物結構(100, 103, 104)及電泳墨水(1, 2, 3),該墨水包括分散於一透明流體(15, 16, 17)中的帶電粒子(10, 11, 12), 該等帶電粒子回應於施加於該等電極之一電場而在一第一極端光狀態與一第二極端光狀態之間移動,在該第一極端光狀態中,粒子最大分布於該單元內以位於光穿過該單元的路徑上而衰減該光;在該第二極端光狀態中,該等粒子最大集中於該單元內由該聚合物結構界定之位置(130, 133, 134)中,以將該等粒子自光穿過該單元的該路徑移除而使該光透射且提供可見通道,及 在該第二光狀態中,該光衰減器之一觀看面具有相鄰於透明區域(30, 34)之衰減區域(20, 24)之一可見圖案,該等衰減區域(20, 24)與該等透明區域(30, 34)係分別由該等集中粒子之存在與否界定, 其中該可見圖案之一重複單位係由一衰減區域與一透明區域組成,且該重複單位具有在0.6mm與6cm之間 的中心間距離(40, 45),且該等中心間距離與間距(1041)相同,在一實施例的該觀看面中的該透明區域係總主動(亦即可切換)區域的60%以上,及該等衰減區域的該可見圖案包括連續區域。
  2. 如請求項1之光衰減器,其中該可見圖案係一可切換網格,其在該第二光狀態下可見且在該第一光狀態下與該電泳墨水無法區分,及該網格的顏色同於該等帶電粒子。
  3. 如請求項1之光衰減器,其中該等帶電粒子包含下列中的一者或多者:一染料著色劑、一顏料著色劑、一強光散射材料、一強反射材料或一強吸收材料,且粒子可為包含黑色或白色之任何顏色。
  4. 如請求項1之光衰減器,其中該聚合物結構與該等基板間隔開且將該體積區隔為具有聚合物壁且填充有該電泳墨水的離散腔室的一單層。
  5. 如請求項4之光衰減器,其中該聚合物結構還包含密封該墨水於該等腔室內之一密封層。
  6. 如請求項5之光衰減器,其中選擇性施加一顏色層至該等聚合物壁,使得在該觀看面中該壁區域的顏色符合該等衰減區域的顏色。
  7. 如請求項5之光衰減器,其中對於該第二光狀態,該等集中帶電粒子的該等位置係在該等聚合物壁處。
  8. 如請求項5之光衰減器,其中對於該第二光狀態,該等集中帶電粒子的該等位置係在該聚合物結構中的離散儲庫中且該等位置不與該等壁重疊。
  9. 如請求項5之光衰減器,其中對於該第二光狀態,該等集中帶電粒子的該等位置係在該聚合物結構中的突出物之間之凹部或通路中,及該等位置可或可不與該等壁重疊。
  10. 如請求項1之光衰減器,其中該電泳墨水具有兩種以上的帶電粒子類型,包含:帶正電、帶負電、不同電泳移動率及/或不同顏色。
  11. 如請求項10之光衰減器,其中該電泳墨水具有兩種帶電粒子類型,其每一者與另一者之電泳移動率及顏色相異但電荷極性相同,及在該第二光狀態下,該兩種類型隨著其等集中於該等位置處而分離,其中相對於該等觀看面之一者,一種類型遮蔽另一種類型。
  12. 如請求項1之光衰減器,其中一實施例包含合併該光衰減器之用於一車輛或一透視顯示器之下列中的一者:一窗、一鏡、一光閘、一光調變器、一可變透光片、一可變吸光片、一可變反光片、一電泳遮陽板。
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