TW201425042A - 分段之可撓膠體複合物及從該複合物製造之剛性面板 - Google Patents
分段之可撓膠體複合物及從該複合物製造之剛性面板 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201425042A TW201425042A TW102126840A TW102126840A TW201425042A TW 201425042 A TW201425042 A TW 201425042A TW 102126840 A TW102126840 A TW 102126840A TW 102126840 A TW102126840 A TW 102126840A TW 201425042 A TW201425042 A TW 201425042A
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- fiber
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- oxide
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Abstract
本發明係揭示多種使用分段之纖維或發泡強化件及膠體前驅物劑製造膠體複合物的方法。此外,亦揭示從所得膠體複合物所製造之剛性面板。該膠體複合物係相對可撓性以致足以捲繞,且當解開時,可被拉平且使用黏著劑製作成剛性面板。
Description
本申請案係主張於2012年8月10日所申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/682,198號的效益,該申請案係如同完全闡述般,藉由引用方式而整體併入本文。
本發明有關製造膠體複合物的方法、以及從該膠體複合物製造之剛性面板。更具體而言,本發明有關使用分段之纖維或發泡強化件及膠體前驅物劑製造膠體複合物之方法、以及從該膠體複合物製造之剛性面板。
本發明包括基於氣膠體及類氣膠體材料之捲製絕緣產品的製造。業經開發用於多種應用之展現極低密度、高表面積、良好之光學、熱學及聲學特性的氣膠體。然而,氣膠體具有固有之缺點,如弱性(weakness)及脆性。多種類型之強化件可用以增加氣膠體之強度、可撓性及其他重要特性。纖維強化氣膠體複合物可自下述步驟所製作:在膠體前驅物中添加鬆散纖維或非織物纖維片材,將
該組合膠化以製作膠體片材,老化該膠體片材,以及,乾燥所形成之膠體片材。
先前,業經使用展現極低密度、高表面積、良好之光學、熱學及聲學特性的氣膠體,以嘗試解決此需求以及該等特性具有優勢的其他需求。然而,氣膠體具有固有之缺點,如弱性及脆性。特別是,當製作成高度透明且疏水之氣膠體時,脆性變得更加嚴重,因此,它們更難以處理,且為了避免破裂,需要長循環時間進行流體乾燥。
低密度氣膠體之弱性及脆性對於大規模製備及限制大規模製造尤其具有負面影響。此外,具有較低密度之氣膠體可具有最佳之透明性,但亦展現更高之傳熱性,並因此展現更差之絕緣效能。
氣膠體(低密度及高孔隙度)之易碎結構亦於遵循不規則表面或於動態調節下維持完整性方面造成若干困難,例如當夾置於玻璃之間時,玻璃與氣膠體之間不同的熱膨脹係數導致壓縮力。故,可撓性、可壓縮性、整體性、耐久性、強度、耐燒結性、抗塵性及抗裂性全部皆為氣膠體及氣膠體複合物之潛在改善領域。
業經作出許多嘗試以改良氣膠體及氣膠體複合物,從而解決此等問題並充分地利用該等氣膠體及氣膠體複合物作為材料之非凡特性。某些專利揭示了以發泡及粒狀氣膠體製作成複合物之嘗試,舉例而言,歐洲專利EP0489319,以及美國專利第6,136,216號、第5,691,392號、第6,040,375號及第6,068,882號。其他專利,舉例而言,
美國專利第4,966,919號、第5,037,859號、第5,972,254號、第5,973,015號及第6,087,407號,以及美國專利申請公開案第2002/0094426號揭示了其他具有或不具有發泡之氣膠體或氣膠體複合物。某些專利,例如美國專利申請公開案第2005/0192367號及美國專利申請案第11/392,925序號揭示了透明氣膠體或氣膠體複合物。
本發明揭示製造纖維強化膠體複合物的製程,包含下列步驟:提供分段之纖維絮片材,將該絮片材與膠體前驅物組合,將該組合膠化以製作成複合物,捲製該複合物,以及,乾燥該複合物以製作成纖維強化膠體複合物。此外,進一步實施其他步驟,包括將經乾燥之複合物展開,將黏著劑施用至該複合物之至少一側,以及,使其黏貼至另一平面材料。
此外,揭示製造膠體複合物面板之製程,其包含下列步驟:提供具有至少兩個主要表面及多個分段之橫截表面的乾燥、分段之纖維強化膠體複合物複合片材,將黏著劑施用至該複合物之至少一個表面,以及,將該複合物黏貼至另一乾燥、分段之膠體複合物。
此外,係揭示製造強化膠體複合物之製程,其包含下列步驟:提供分段之開孔發泡片材,將該絮與膠體前驅物組合,將該組合膠化以製作成複合物,捲製該複合物,以及,乾燥該複合物以製作成強化膠體複合物。任何前述製程的分段之纖維絮或該分段之開孔發泡片材可
具有黏貼至該等的面層或面片材。此等面層可包含纖維。本發明之製程之纖維絮或非織物可包含非連續性纖維或非連續性絲。
此外,上述製程包括將選自下列所組成群組之添加劑併入該複合物的步驟:二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻、及其組合。
此外,上述製程包括將至少一種黏合劑加入該纖維或使用包含至少一種黏合劑之纖維或纖維系統的步驟。本發明之製程涉及使用其中至少一個片段為剛性之分段之纖維絮。
此外,本發明之製程於纖維強化膠體複合物中使用膠體,該膠體係選自下列所組成群組之一種或多種材料或其衍生物:氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化鉿、氧化鋁、氧化鈦、氧化鈰、氧化矽、聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚胺甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚糠醇、酚糠醇、三聚氰胺甲醛、間苯二酚甲醛、甲酚甲醛、酚甲醛、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰脲酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、多種環氧類、瓊脂、瓊脂糖、及其組合。
於本發明之纖維絮片材、面層或分段之纖
維強化膠體複合物中的纖維包括一種或多種選自下列所組成群組之材料:礦物綿,玻璃綿,石棉,玻璃纖維,聚酯,聚烯烴對苯二甲酸酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二酯,聚碳酸酯,嫘縈,尼龍,棉系萊卡(Lycra)(由杜邦公司(DuPont)製造),碳系纖維如石墨,碳纖維之前驅物如聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化之PAN、未碳化之經熱處理的PAN如SGL carbon公司所製造者,以玻璃纖維為主之材料如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃,氧化矽系纖維如石英、quartzel(由Saint-Gobain公司製造)、Q-氈(由Johns Manville公司製造)、Saffil(由Saffil公司製造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax公司製造)及其他氧化矽纖維,聚芳族醯胺(polyaramid)纖維如Kevalr、Nomex、Sontera(全部由杜邦公司製造),Conex(由Taijin公司製造),聚烯烴如Tyvek(由杜邦公司製造)、Dyneema(由DSM公司製造)、Spectra(由Honeywell公司製造)、其他聚丙烯纖維如Typar、Xavan(兩者皆由杜邦公司製造),氟聚合物如商品名為Teflon之PTFE(由杜邦公司製造)、Goretex(由GORE公司製造),碳化矽纖維如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics公司製造),陶瓷纖維如Nextel(由3M公司製造),丙烯酸系聚合物,羊毛、絲、麻、皮革、麂皮之纖維,PBO-Zylon纖維(由Tyobo公司製造),液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst公司製造),Cambrelle纖維(由杜邦公司製造),聚胺甲酸酯,聚醯胺,木纖維,硼、鋁、鐵、不鏽鋼纖維,及其他熱塑材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS,及其組合。
此外,於本發明中揭示之用於製作面板的製程係使用選自下列所組成群組之一種或多種黏著劑:鉀水玻璃、鈉水玻璃、膠合劑(cement)及鹼活化之鋁矽酸鹽、聚乙烯、凱通(kapton)、聚胺甲酸酯、聚酯、天然橡膠、合成橡膠、海波綸(hypalon)、塑膠合金、PTFE、聚鹵乙烯、聚酯、氯丁烯橡膠、丙烯酸類、腈類、EPDM、EP、氟橡膠(viton)、乙烯類、醋酸乙烯酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、丙烯醯胺類、酚類及其組合。自上述製程所製成之強化膠體複合物的傳熱性於周邊條件係低於25mW/mK。
揭示分段之纖維強化膠體複合物,其中,該膠體於至少一段中連續通過該纖維,以及於至少二個相鄰段之間存在至少一個間隙。本文中揭示之間隙係意指,該等相鄰段之纖維及膠體兩者具有不連續性。
此外,所揭示之剛性面板包含至少兩層纖維強化膠體複合物層,其中,至少一層包含分段之纖維強化膠體複合物,其至少二個相鄰段之間之纖維及膠體兩者中有至少一個間隙。於一具體例中,本發明之膠體複合物或面板復包含選自下列所組成群組之填料:二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、
氧化鉻、及其組合。於另一具體例中,本發明之面板或複合物於該纖維結構中復包含至少一種黏合劑。於另一具體例中,本發明之面板或複合物的分段之纖維絮或分段之開孔發泡片材具有與其黏貼之面層或片材。該面片材可包含纖維。本發明之纖維絮可包含非連續性纖維或連續性長絲或其組合。
此外,本發明之面板或複合物可復包含選自下列所組成群組之添加劑:二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻或其組合。
此外,本發明之面板或複合物可於該纖維中復包含至少一種黏合劑,或使用包含至少一種黏合劑之纖維。於前述面板或複合物中,該分段之纖維絮之至少一段可為剛性。
此外,本發明之面板或複合物具有自下列之膠體前驅物製作成的成份:氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化鉿、氧化鋁、氧化鈦、氧化鈰、氧化矽、聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚胺甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚糠醇、酚糠醇、三聚氰胺甲醛、間苯二酚甲醛、甲酚甲醛、酚甲醛、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰脲酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、多種環氧類、瓊脂、瓊脂糖、及其組合。
此外,本發明之面板或複合物中的纖維係選自下列所組成群組:礦物綿,玻璃綿,玻璃纖維,聚酯,聚烯烴對苯二甲酸酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二酯,聚碳酸酯,嫘縈,尼龍,棉系萊卡(由杜邦公司製造),碳系纖維如石墨,碳纖維之前驅物如聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化之PAN、未碳化之經熱處理的PAN如SGL carbon公司所製造者,以玻璃纖維為主之材料如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃,氧化矽系纖維如石英、quartzel(由Saint-Gobain公司製造)、Q-氈(由Johns Manville公司製造)、Saffil(由Saffil公司製造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax公司製造)及其他氧化矽纖維,聚芳族醯胺纖維如Kevalr、Nomex、Sontera(全部由杜邦公司製造),Conex(由Taijin公司製造),聚烯烴如Tyvek(由杜邦公司製造)、Dyneema(由DSM公司製造)、Spectra(由Honeywell公司製造)、其他聚丙烯纖維如Typar、Xavan(兩者皆由杜邦公司製造),氟聚合物如商品名為Teflon之PTFE(由杜邦公司製造)、Goretex(由GORE公司製造),碳化矽纖維如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics公司製造),陶瓷纖維如Nextel(由3M公司製造),丙烯酸系聚合物,羊毛、絲、麻、皮革、麂皮之纖維,PBO-Zylon纖維(由Tyobo公司製造),液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst公司製造),Cambrelle纖維(由杜邦公司製造),聚胺甲酸酯,聚醯胺,木纖維,硼、鋁、鐵、不鏽鋼纖維,及其他熱塑材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS,及其組合。
此外,本發明之面板包括選自下列所組成
群組之黏著劑:鉀水玻璃、鈉水玻璃、膠合劑及鹼活化之鋁矽酸鹽、聚乙烯、凱通、聚胺甲酸酯、聚酯、天然橡膠、合成橡膠、海波綸、塑膠合金、PTFE、聚鹵乙烯、聚酯、氯丁烯橡膠、丙烯酸類、腈類、EPDM、EP、氟橡膠、乙烯類、醋酸乙烯酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、丙烯醯胺類、酚類及其組合。於一具體例中,本發明之面板或複合物於周邊條件具有低於25mW/mK之視熱傳導係數。
1‧‧‧分段之非織物片材
2‧‧‧心軸
4‧‧‧軋輥
5‧‧‧黏著劑
6‧‧‧剛性面板
第1圖係例示性說明使用本來狀態(不分段)之旋轉玻璃非織物所製造的氣膠體複合物。
第2圖係例示性說明使用具有增加之剛性的刻劃非織物產物製造之氣膠體複合物的之示意圖。
第3圖係例示性說明以非分段之玻璃綿片材製造之乾燥膠體複合物(上圖)與以分段之玻璃綿片材製造之乾燥膠體複合物(下圖)的比較。
第4圖係例示性說明分段之濕膠體複合物與分段之乾燥膠體複合物。
第5圖係例示性說明分段之氣膠體/纖維複合物經面板化成為板料(board stock)。
第6圖係例示性說明以分段之纖維強化件片材及膠體前驅物開始之剛性面板的製造。
第7圖係例示性說明纖維強化件之替代具體例,其
中,分段大小沿著該纖維強化件之長度逐漸變化。
於本發明之具體例的上下文中,「氣膠體」或「氣膠體材料」及其各別的單數形式意指,廣義上為含有作為分散介質之空氣的膠體,狹義上為以超臨界流體乾燥之膠體。氣膠體之化學組成可為無機、有機(包括聚合物)或有機-無機混雜。無機氣膠體可以基於氧化矽、氧化鈦、氧化鋯、氧化鋁、氧化鉿、氧化釔、氧化鈰、碳化物及氮化物。有機氣膠體可以基於下述者之化合物,但並不限於:脲烷、間苯二酚甲醛、聚醯亞胺、聚丙烯酸酯、幾丁聚醣、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸酯寡聚物家族之成員、三烷氧基矽烷基封端之聚二甲基矽氧烷、聚氧伸烷基、聚胺甲酸酯、聚丁二烯、三聚氰胺-甲醛、酚-糠醛、聚醚材料家族之成員、或其組合。有機-無機混雜氣膠體的實例包括,但不限於:氧化矽-PMMA、氧化矽-幾丁聚醣、氧化矽-聚醚、或可能為前述有機及無機化合物之組合。已公開之美國專利申請案第2005/0192367號及第2005/0192366號廣泛教示此等有機-無機混雜材料,且藉由引用方式而整體併入本文。
適用於本發明之氣膠體包括此等藉由纖維性結構強化之氣膠體。此等強化件對氣膠體結構提供強度及可撓性。美國專利第6068882號、第6087407號、第6770584號、第5124101號、第5973015號、第6479416號、第5789075號、第5866027號、第5786059號、第5972254
號、第4363738號及第4447345號,PCT申請案WO9627726,美國專利申請案第20020094426號及第2003077438號,日本專利JP8034678,英國專利GB1205572教示一些可以本發明之具體例實行的氣膠體材料。此等文件係藉由引用方式併入本文,以至少部份地教示製造此等可撓性氣膠體材料之方法。可撓性氣膠體材料亦可具有作為毯或薄帶之形狀因子。儘管本發明之許多具體例聚焦於塗覆氣膠體複合物,它們亦可用以塗覆其他形式之氣膠體。
當適宜地施用纖維強化件時,其係導致可撓性氣膠體材料。氣膠體材料之此可撓性係適用於多種應用中,其中,所述氣膠體材料可作為現存材料之偶然的替代品(drop-in-replacement)。然而,可撓性有時亦導致某些對於氣膠體結構之損害。儘管其可能不影響氣膠體材料之其他關鍵特性,其可能妨害物理處理。於多個具體例中,本發明提供最小化此損害之影響並進一步防止任何此損害之材料自材料基質移出的方法。因此,藉由本發明之方法,避免且實質上減少任何與此氣膠體材料表面上之氣膠體粒狀材料相關的後續之機械處理問題。
業經顯示,對現有住宅、建築及結構進行具有高耐熱性之絕緣性的改造(retrofit)可顯著降低能量損耗及相應之CO2排放。對於發展建築及營造市場用之以氣膠體為主之絕緣材料業已存在強烈需求。對於不涉及空心牆及/或頂樓絕緣之應用,用於此市場之較佳產物係剛性面板。例如,許多建築之內部或外部改造涉及非可撓性板材
如礦物綿或EPS發泡之安裝。過去十年中,製造具有R-值高於目前市場上販售者之熱絕緣材料的剛性面板重新引起人們的興趣。一直對於以高效能氣膠體為主之絕緣特別有興趣。目前,纖維強化氣膠體絕緣是以厚度不超過10mm之可撓性耐久複合物毯之形式而大量商業獲得。多層之此等材料典型地使用黏著劑層壓之,以製備更大厚度之剛性板。由於以可撓性氣膠體為主之絕緣必需製成捲製品,其可具有一定程度之翹曲、波狀及/或厚度改變形式的捲繞缺陷,且由此而需要採用冗長之製程及品質控制以處理這些問題。此等缺陷之存在使得可撓性氣膠體材料層壓為剛性板材頗具挑戰性。由於在層壓過程中無法達到各獨立層的全表面相連(mating),具有表面缺陷之各層之氣膠體絕緣導致不完全之表面黏合。以此種方式所製備之面板可含有大量空洞及缺陷,該孔洞及缺陷不僅影響機械強度,而且亦影響整體熱學效能。因此,對於消除此等材料之表面缺陷存在強烈需求,該表面缺陷主要歸因於藉由捲繞及解開之應力以及典型與捲製品製造相關之應力。與可撓性複合物氣膠體絕緣之製備相關之捲繞及解開製程亦存在使用以剛性纖維為主之材料作為此等複合物用之強化件的挑戰。具有高黏合劑含量之纖維性材料及/或剛性之材料,無法在沒有承受以脫層、翹曲及/或撕裂形式之大量缺陷下而承受捲製品製造之捲繞/解開製程。由於實質上改善之經濟,對於能將成本更低之具高黏合劑含量的纖維性強化件用於製備可撓性氣膠體絕緣具有強烈需求。迄今為止,此等類型之
強化件材料之剛性過高,以致無法在沒有於折叠、撕裂及脫層之存在下展現非一致性而環繞具小半徑之心軸捲繞。因此,對於發展可在不造成與捲繞相關之損害的情況下,能進行此材料之捲繞及此材料後續之氣膠體處理的製程存在需求。對於本專利申請案之目標,剛性面板意指具有實際可安裝表面積(自0.1至10m2)的面板,其係具有支撐其自身重量而不彎曲至妨礙該面板之實際處理及安裝的程度的能力。雖然可藉由將非剛性平面材料黏貼至另一剛性材料而製作成剛性面板,如上述定義之剛性面板排除此黏貼之組合,且本發明之剛性面板集中於通過黏著劑所黏貼之一層或多層膠體-複合物層,或為上述之剛性。
本發明亦揭示使用具有增加之剛性之低成本纖維性基板製造以平面氣膠體為主之板的有效率方法。通常,此等基板不適合在用於涉及製造捲製品形式膠體複合物之多種製程的筒狀容器中進行標準加工。為了最大化筒狀容器之體積並降低與製備相關之固定成本,容器之有效率利用係需要製造捲製品形式之纖維強化氣膠體材料。因此,用以強化氣膠體之纖維強化件需要具有足以承受捲繞及解開之可撓性。具有過高之剛性的材料及/或具有高黏合劑含量的材料通常無法加工好,且典型導致製造出具有大量折叠、翹曲、脫層及撕裂形式之缺陷的氣膠體複合物(第1圖)。故,使用此等剛性強化件所形成之最終產物不適合用於製備平面板材(其係用於建築及營造應用之較佳產品形式)。此等產品中之過量缺陷縮減了熱效能、材料整
體性,並使得任何加工製程嚴重複雜化。
吾等已發現,剛性非織物纖維強化件之縱向分段(橫跨該毯之寬度)賦予足夠之可撓性,以致於該產物可以最小之脫層或翹曲之方式而被捲繞/解開。於另一具體例中,面片材係整合於該毯之一側上,以提供額外之拉伸強度。分段之非織物毯可藉由多種方法或發明所屬技術領域中習知之任何其他實際方式製備之,該多種方法包括,橫跨其厚度部份地刻劃該非織物,將單獨之段黏貼至面片材,由此創造與該面片材一起連結之分段片材,一路刻劃該非織物片材且黏貼面片材。於本文件中,術語「分段」與「刻劃」可互換地使用,意指製作成分段之片材的製程,其中,該段係藉由面片材結合在一起。或者,進行該刻劃(切割)小於該片材之厚度,以致於該分段之片材仍為一片,並藉由其厚度並未於該刻劃製程中切透之部份結合在一起。某些經刻劃之非織物片材係市場可得。一實例係來自Isolparma S.r.l.之Isoroll MW之礦物綿非織物。該分段之非織物片材係藉由面片材/幕材(veil)係通過該纖維強化氣膠體複合物製備製程以及後續之剛性面板加工予以實施,參見第2圖至第6圖之示意圖。該非織物纖維強化件可被有效率地捲繞為筒狀形式,而且自其製造之任何膠體灌注片材可被解開成小損害或無損害之類似平板形狀。這允許使用平輸送帶進行濕膠體/纖維複合物之有效率澆鑄以及最終濕膠體複合物之捲繞,使涉及使用筒狀容器之製程能夠有效率地被利用。或者,分段之非織物片材可與
相鄰其主要表面之另一非滲透層預捲繞,膠體前驅物可沿著捲繞軸注入該纖維基質中,於膠體形成之後隨之展開,並進一步加工以製造乾燥分段之膠體複合物。更重要地,如以筒狀形式所製備之膠體複合物中相鄰段之間的大多數可見空氣間隙,於解開為平材之後有效地消失,確保典型氣膠體-纖維複合物之熱效能得以維持。最終之材料可被解開成接近完美之平面板,使適用於建築及營造應用之剛性面板或以氣膠體為主之板能夠有效率地被製備。令人驚奇且出乎意料者係,當捲繞(無論作為濕或乾膠體)時,該間隙(亦即,二個相鄰段之間的間隙)有整齊的分離線,但不破壞該濕或乾膠體。自本發明中揭示之膠體前驅物所製作的氣膠體及其他乾燥膠體係易碎材料,當其遭受任何應力時,具有破裂及損壞之傾向。然而,吾等已發現係存在一製程,於該製程中,乾燥之膠體於該間隙處有整齊的破裂線,故,當後續解開時,產生實質平面之表面。這允許平面板之有效率製造。再者,即使適合捲繞及解開,個別段仍係剛性。此分段剛性允許使用各種黏著劑、使用非黏著性機械固定劑、針刺所製備之複合物或使用外來之纖維縫製,而以兩種或更多種如是製造之纖維強化膠體複合物片材製造剛性面板。
吾等已縮小本發明至以藉由製備量測值為36”長及8”寬之小規模氣膠體複合物卷而實行。詳而言,吾等已使用以分段之旋轉玻璃為主之玻璃綿片材,以於捲製品製程中製造膠體複合物材料。該非織物及膠體複合物
係環繞直徑為6”之心軸捲繞。使用標準氧化矽氣膠體前驅物(四乙氧基矽烷及其衍生物),用此玻璃綿片材(沿著其長度以1”或2”之間隔刻劃或分段)製備濕膠體複合物,並於12分鐘之膠體脫水期後,將其隨之捲繞6”直徑。捲繞時,該濕膠體於該刻劃處(或分段處)整齊地斷裂,以使可撓性和維持該纖維/氣膠體段之整體性為可能的(第4圖)。
現在,經捲繞之濕膠體/纖維複合物於筒狀容器中進行老化,沖洗及超臨界CO2萃取之處理,且其具有理想形狀以最大化該筒狀容器體積。於藉由超臨界CO2萃取移除溶劑之後,該材料維持足夠之可撓性,以致於其可被解開成平面材(Figure?)。與使用相同類型之非分段之玻璃綿片材所製備的氣膠體複合物對比,使用分段之玻璃綿片材已顯著降低/消除任何與捲繞及解開步驟相關之任何材料缺陷。該分段之膠體複合物維持可撓性,以致於其可被解開並面板化以製備板材(第4、5及6圖)。
吾等亦已成功說明,分段之氣膠體/纖維複合物的使用可用以使用無機或有機黏著劑製備平板材。詳而言,吾等已使用矽酸鉀黏著劑及兩層分段之氣膠體/纖維複合物製備原型。於該原始纖維強化件中之面片材的最初目的係提供經改良之拉伸強度以及用於纖維段之載劑,但吾等亦已發現,此面片材現在可朝外定向,以為最終氣膠體板材提供某種水準之含塵性(dust containment)。
涉及使用高壓力之氣膠體製備製程必需涉及筒狀壓力容器。即使使用筒狀容器,能有效率地進行低
壓步驟如老化或沖洗。筒狀容器中之流體處理比任何其他形狀之容器更容易。為了完全最大化筒狀容器之使用,必須加工可撓性膠體複合物而使其適用於類似筒狀之形狀,並因此填充任何容器至接近其可用體積之100%。為了達成此目標,氣膠體複合物之纖維強化件必須能承受捲繞及展開,且必須符合3至18吋之等級(order)之小半徑,而不會失敗。本發明使得具有足夠的剛性之非織物纖維強化件,或典型含有可觀量之黏合劑的非織物纖維強化件能作為用於製造氣膠體/纖維複合物的強化件。因為此等非織物材料之成本典型係比其他類型之非織物(亦即,針刺者)低,本發明具有實質上降低纖維強化膠體複合物絕緣之成本的能力。
於另一具體例中,提供用於自分段之非織物強化件材料製作成剛性面板的完整製程(第6圖)。分段之非織物片材(1)係於移動之傳送帶上展開;且於該片材穿越該傳送帶之過程中,將液體形式之膠體前驅物施用至該展開之非織物之頂部,並令其注入該非織物內以成為膠體片材。於該傳送帶之末端,將該膠體灌注之非織物(濕膠體複合物片)捲於心軸(2)上。此捲製可明顯地顯示該分段間的間隙。因此,將經捲製之濕膠體複合物轉移至容器,使其發生老化而導致具有各種所欲強度及其他特性之膠體複合物。視需要地,該卷可使用溶劑沖洗之,以及,於再一具體例中,使用疏水劑處理以賦予表面疏水性。隨後,使用各種方法,包括周圍壓力、次臨界、超臨界二氧化碳乾
燥,乾燥該卷。經乾燥之膠體可視需要地通過烘箱處理,以進一步移除任何殘留之溶劑或水。因此,乾燥之兩卷膠體複合物卷係如第5圖(下圖)中所說明展開,且對該片材之分段側同時施以黏著劑(5)。該黏著劑可係有機或無機黏著劑。施用黏著劑之後,該卷結合在一起並通過一對旋轉軋輥間,於該處將兩層膠體複合物層壓合在一起。可取決於所使用之黏著劑及將該片材製作成剛性面板(6)所需之壓縮,於此裝置中加入額外的軋輥(4)。因此,所形成之剛性面板可被切割為所欲之尺寸並進行裝運或進行額外之檢查,以及,適當地進一步加工或乾燥。
於另一具體例中,分段之纖維強化件片材可製備為段之尺寸沿著其長度是不均勻的。詳言之,該段之尺寸可逐漸增加。這幫助自此等強化件片材所製備之膠體片材捲繞,其中該捲繞創製逐漸增加之曲率半徑。第7圖中顯示例示性說明本具體例的分段之纖維強化件片材係。
於另一具體例中,可使用非分段或部份分段之強化件片材替代分段之纖維強化件片材,以製作成膠體片材,於該膠體片材製作成之後,可將其分段。於本例中,剛性或中等剛性纖維強化件片材可與膠體前驅物組合,並令其膠化為膠體片材。此膠體片材可被刻劃(或切割),以致於在該膠體片材中產生分段區域。捲繞時,此分段之膠體片材表現類似於自分段之纖維強化件所製成的分段之膠體片材。或者,甚至當使用分段之纖維強化件時,
可於其製作成膠體片材之後採用刻劃或切割步驟,以獲得分段間隙之整齊邊緣。
有用於本發明之片材形式的分段強化件可具有幾種類型。可使用以連續性纖維或切碎之纖維所製成之幾種類型非織物。於某些具體例中,當使用切碎之纖維時,該非織物可含有黏合劑。於另一具體例中,有用於本發明之非織物片材可被針刺,以形成類似毛氈之材料。上述之材料可藉由使用刀、熱刀、鋸刃或任何發明所屬技術領域中習知之刻劃技術以橫跨其厚度刻劃而分段之。用於製備本發明之纖維-強化件的纖維包括,礦物綿,玻璃綿,玻璃纖維,聚酯,聚烯烴對苯二甲酸酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二酯,聚碳酸酯,嫘縈,尼龍,棉系萊卡(由杜邦公司製造),碳系纖維如石墨,碳纖維之前驅物如聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化之PAN、未碳化之經熱處理的PAN如SGL carbon公司所製造者,以玻璃纖維為主之材料如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃,氧化矽系纖維如石英、quartzel(由Saint-Gobain公司製造)、Q-氈(由Johns Manville公司製造)、Saffil(由Saffil公司製造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax公司製造)及其他氧化矽纖維,聚芳族醯胺纖維如Kevalr、Nomex、Sontera(全部由杜邦公司製造),Conex(由Taijin公司製造),聚烯烴如Tyvek(由杜邦公司製造)、Dyneema(由DSM公司製造)、Spectra(由Honeywell公司製造)、其他聚丙烯纖維如Typar、Xavan(兩者皆由杜邦公司製造),氟聚合物如商品名為Teflon之PTFE(由杜邦公司製造)、Goretex
(由GORE公司製造),碳化矽纖維如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics公司製造),陶瓷纖維如Nextel(由3M公司製造),丙烯酸系聚合物,羊毛、絲、麻、皮革、麂皮之纖維,PBO-Zylon纖維(由Tyobo公司製造),液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst公司製造),Cambrelle纖維(由杜邦公司製造),聚胺甲酸酯,聚醯胺,木纖維,硼、鋁、鐵、不鏽鋼纖維,及其他熱塑材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS,及其組合。
除了本發明所揭示之纖維材料外,發泡材料以及於特定具體例中,可使用面片材將剛性發泡板製作成分段片材並使用本申請案所揭示之技術加工,因此製備可如上述者進一步製作成剛性面板的膠體-發泡剛性複合片材。於另一具體例中,該發泡材料可係開孔發泡。
通常,有用於本發明之膠體前驅物包含與溶膠-凝膠製程相容之金屬氧化物,金屬氧化物於聚合時形成膠體網。所使用之氧化矽前驅物可係選自,但不限於:烷氧基矽烷、部份水解之烷氧基矽烷、四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)、部份水解之TEOS、TEOS之縮聚物、四甲氧基矽烷(TMOS)、部份水解之TMOS、TMOS之縮聚物、四正丙氧基矽烷、部份水解之四正丙氧基矽烷及/或四正丙氧基矽烷之縮聚物、或其組合。TEOS、部份水解之聚矽酸乙酯、及聚矽酸乙酯係一些較常見之可商購的氧化矽前驅物。填料可於膠體形成前的任何點分配於膠體前驅物溶液中。膠體形成可被視為溶液(或混合物)展現抗流動性及/或在其
整個體積內形成連續聚合性網的時間點。較佳地,包含填料及前驅物之混合物係均質溶液,有利於膠體形成。除了氧化矽系前驅物之外,可使用氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化鉿、氧化鋁、氧化鈦、氧化鈰之前驅物。於額外之具體例中,有機前驅物如聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚胺甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚糠醇、酚糠醇、三聚氰胺甲醛、間苯二酚甲醛、甲酚甲醛、酚甲醛、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰脲酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、各種環氧類、瓊脂、瓊脂糖、及上述者之組合可用作為本發明的膠體前驅物。此外,可使用上述物種與有機-無機混雜膠體前驅物之多種組合。
適用於本文之溶劑包括:具有1個至6個,較佳2個至4個碳原子之低級醇,雖然可使用發明所屬技術領域中所習知之其他溶劑。乙醇係典型所使用之偏好溶劑。其他可用溶劑之實例包括,但不限於:乙酸乙酯、乙醯乙酸乙酯、丙酮、二氯甲烷、四氫呋喃、甲醇、異丙醇等。當然,為了達成所欲水準之分散液或溶液,可能需要特定之膠體前驅物/填料系統或多溶劑方式。
通常,可經由將該混合物於靜態維持一段足夠的時間,改變溶液之pH,將一種形式之能量導至該混合物上,或其組合,以形成膠體。例示性之能量形式包括:受控通量之電磁(紫外線、可見光、紅外線、微波)、聲學(超音)或粒子輻射。於本發明中,於將膠體前驅物與本發明之分段之強化件組合後,形成該膠體。
於乾燥之前,可將膠體額外進行老化,以
藉由增加交聯數而進一步強化膠體結構。此過程係有用於預防乾燥過程中潛在之體積流失,或簡單地得到更強之最終膠體。老化可涉及:將膠體(於乾燥之前)於靜態維持一段延長之時間,將該膠體維持於升高之溫度,加入交聯促進化合物或其任何組合。老化時間段典型需要介於約1小時與數天之間。較佳之溫度一般係介於約10℃與約100℃之間。此外,可使用表面疏水性賦予劑如六甲基二矽氮烷、六甲基二矽氧烷、三甲基乙氧基矽烷、甲基乙氧基矽烷、甲基甲氧基矽烷、丙基三乙氧基矽烷、丙基三甲氧基矽烷、三甲基氯矽烷、三甲基甲氧基矽烷、三乙基乙氧基矽烷、三乙基甲氧基矽烷、二甲基二氯矽烷、二甲基二乙氧基矽烷、甲基三氯矽烷、乙基三氯矽烷,以使得該膠體/纖維複合物為疏水性。此等試劑可與溶劑混合(該溶劑係如先前步驟中所使用之溶劑),並於上述之老化步驟過程中流過捲製之膠體片材。
乾燥係於操縱氣膠體特性(例如:影響材料傳熱性之孔隙度及密度)上扮演重要角色。迄今,大量乾燥方法已被探索。美國專利第6,670,402號教示了一種乾燥方法,其係藉由將超臨界(而非液體)CO2注入經預熱及預增壓至實質上超臨界或更高條件的萃取器中,從而在濕膠體內部進行快速溶劑交換以製備氣膠體。美國專利第5,962,539號揭示了一種在有機溶劑中,自溶膠-凝膠形式之聚合性材料獲得氣膠體的製程,其係藉由將該有機溶劑以具有低於聚合物分解溫度之臨界溫度的流體進行交換,並超臨界乾
燥該流體/溶膠-膠體。美國專利第6,315,971號揭露了製備膠體組成物之製程,其包含:乾燥過程中,於足以最小化膠體收縮之乾燥條件下,乾燥包含膠體固體及乾燥劑之濕膠體以移除乾燥劑。又,美國專利第5,420,168號揭示了一種製程,藉由該製程,可使用簡單之空氣乾燥步驟製造間苯二酚/甲醛氣膠體。最後,藉由引用方式併入本文之美國專利第5,565,142號揭示了次臨界乾燥技術。本發明之具體例可藉由使用任何任何上述技術實行之。於某些具體例中,較佳係於真空至低於超臨界壓力(於某些時候,係低於存在於膠體之流體之臨界壓力的壓力)下進行乾燥,且視需要地使用表面修飾劑。於另一具體例中,使用超臨界CO2完成該乾燥。因此,經乾燥之膠體-纖維複合物可藉由穿行通過溫度升高之烘箱而進一步乾燥。
於本發明之各種具體例中,可於膠體形成之前,在膠體前驅物中添加各種增進效能之添加劑。該等添加劑包括二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻、及其組合。
實施例1
下述實施例係例示性說明根據上述發明製備分段之膠
體-纖維複合物及以氣膠體為主之剛性面板及其效能。藉由使用美工刀或自動旋轉工具與訂製切割夾具組合,完成對有完整面片材之可商購玻璃綿非織物片材的精確縱向分段,其目標為完成切割深度不低於原始厚度之90%。使用該方法,以1”及2”分段兩者製備測量為36”×8”的分段之玻璃綿片材。合併必需量之可溶性氧化矽源(亦即,包含水解之四乙氧基矽烷及其衍生物之溶膠)及縮合催化劑、及氫氧化銨水溶液,使其以水平/平面型態滲入該玻璃綿非織物片材。進行15分鐘之膠體脫水期之後,將膠體/纖維複合物環繞具有6”直徑之心軸捲繞。此複合物之捲製係藉由確保於捲繞過程中該分段間隙背對心軸而完成。以此方式,隨著間隙沿著各分段形成,捲繞應力得以釋放。隨後,將筒狀形式之該膠體/纖維複合物老化一段時間,其中,經捲製之複合物係暴露於氫氧化銨及含有烷基及矽烷基之疏水劑(六甲基二矽氮烷)的熱乙醇溶液中。老化之後,將經捲製之複合物轉移至筒狀壓力容器,並隨後使用超臨界CO2萃取乾燥以移除溶劑。
隨後,熱處理複合物以移除任何殘留之水分及/或揮發物。隨後,將材料水平解開以適於平面型態。亦可於該複合物被解開後施用該熱處理。於該複合物解開之後,以20至40g/m2之公稱塗覆重量噴灑施用有機系黏著劑(Spray 78或FastBond)(至該氣膠體側)。隨後,將第二片以相同方式加工的分段之膠體/纖維複合物黏貼至該第一片,以致於該分段是交錯的且該面片材係背對該黏合面
而定向。隨後,使該材料受短期之壓縮應力(<0.25PSI),以確保該黏著劑之完全相連及固化。隨後釋放該壓縮應力,並特性化所得剛性面板之傳熱性。下表提供因此形成之剛性面板於2psi之輕微壓下,於兩種不同溫度的傳熱性之測量值。
實施例2
亦可使用含有纖維強化件與輕量面片材之黏合劑的任何組合製造上述分段之纖維強化件。例如,使用可耐福絮絕緣(Knauf Batt Insulation)(0.5”,2lb/ft3)及密度為10g/m2之玻璃幕面片材製備適用於氣膠體之一系列分段之纖維強化件。該等纖維強化件係使用兩步驟製程製造之,該兩步驟製程涉及,首先,使用丙烯酸系黏著劑(Fastbond)沿著該絕緣絮之整體長度將該面片材層壓至該纖維玻璃之一側,其後,使用美工刀及/或自動旋轉工具進行精確縱向分段至不低於其原始厚度之90%。以此方式進行該縱向分段,以留下完好之層壓的面片材。分段長度於1”至6”之間變化。
使用此等預製造之分段材料,以水平型態製備一系列經測量為12”×24”之氣膠體複合物。進行必需量之可溶性氧化矽源(亦即,包含水解之四乙氧基矽烷及其
衍生物之溶膠)及適當之縮合催化劑的浸潤,使其滲入以2吋之分段間隔所預製造之纖維強化件。進行15分鐘之膠體脫水期之後,將膠體/纖維複合物環繞具有6”直徑之心軸捲繞。此複合物之捲製係藉由確保該分段間隙於捲繞過程中背對該心軸而完成。以此方式,隨著間隙沿著各分段形成,捲繞應力得以釋放。隨後,將筒狀形式之膠體/纖維複合物老化一段時間,其中,經捲製之複合物係暴露於氫氧化銨及含有烷基及矽烷基之疏水劑(六甲基二矽氮烷)的熱乙醇溶液中。老化之後,將經捲製之複合物轉移至筒狀壓力容器,並隨後使用超臨界CO2萃取乾燥以移除該溶劑。隨後,熱處理該複合物以移除任何殘留之水分及/或揮發物。隨後,將經乾燥之氣膠體材料水平解開以適於平面型態。於該複合物被解開之後,以20至40g/m2之公稱塗覆重量噴灑施用有機系黏著劑(Spray 78或FastBond,可自3M,Minneapolis,MN獲得)(至該氣膠體側)。隨後,將第二片以相同方式加工的分段之膠體/纖維複合物黏貼至該第一片,以致使該分段為交錯的且該面片材係背對該黏合面而定向。隨後,使該材料受短期之壓縮應力(<0.25PSI),以確保該黏著劑之完全相連及固化。隨後釋放該壓縮應力,並特性化所得剛性面板之傳熱性。下表提供於兩種不同平均測試溫度,以四重複所製備之剛性面板的傳熱性之測量值。
實施例3
藉由將纖維強化件之不連續片層壓至適當之輕量面片材,而製備預製造之分段之強化件。廣泛多種材料如礦物綿板、玻璃纖維絮或剛性開孔發泡係以1”至6”之較佳分段間隔縱向切割成不連續片,,隨後,將其層壓至適當之面片材以製備適用於如上述實施例1中揭示之氣膠體製備的分段之產物。使用實施例1至2中描述之技術,用此等強化件製備氣膠體產物及面板。
實施例4
或者,於實施例1至3中使用之輕量纖維性面片材係以任何化學相容性聚合物膜/層壓體替代。將具有熱塑性繫層之層壓體加熱以凝結至纖維性絕緣體之單一連續性絮側,之後,將其精確縱向分段至不小於其原始厚度之90%的深度。經由下述者施用聚合物膜:施用非水性或水性塗層,再藉由適宜之固化方法以形成具有適當厚度之實質上連續性聚合物膜。於膜形成之後,進行縱向分段,以使用實施例1至2中描述之技術,製備適用於氣凝膠製備的分段之纖維加強件。
1‧‧‧分段之非織物片材
2‧‧‧心軸
4‧‧‧軋輥
5‧‧‧黏著劑
6‧‧‧剛性面板
Claims (29)
- 一種製造纖維強化膠體複合物的製程,係包含下列步驟:提供分段之纖維強化件片材;將該片材與膠體前驅物組合;將該組合膠化以製作成複合片材;捲製該複合片材;以及乾燥該複合片材以製作成纖維強化膠體複合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,復包含下列步驟:將經乾燥之複合片材展開,將黏著劑施用至該複合片材之至少一個表面,以及,將該至少一個表面黏貼至另一平面材料。
- 一種製造膠體複合物面板之製程,係包含下列步驟:提供具有至少兩個主要表面及多個分段之橫截表面的乾燥、分段之纖維強化膠體複合物片材;將黏著劑施用至該複合物之至少一個表面;以及將該複合物黏貼至另一乾燥、分段之膠體複合物。
- 一種製造強化膠體複合物之製程,係包含下列步驟:提供分段之開孔發泡片材;將該片材與膠體前驅物組合;將該組合膠化以製作成複合片材;捲製該複合片材;以及乾燥該複合片材以製作成強化膠體複合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該分段之 纖維強化件、分段之開孔發泡片材具有與之黏貼之面層或片材。
- 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之製程,其中,該面層包含纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該纖維絮包含非連續性纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,復包含下列步驟:併入選自下列所組成群組之添加劑:二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,復包含將至少一種黏合劑加入該纖維或使用包含至少一種黏合劑之纖維之步驟。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項所述之製程,其中,該分段之纖維強化件的至少一段為剛性,或如申請專利範圍第3項之製程,其中,該分段之膠體複合物的至少一段為剛性。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該膠體前驅物或該纖維強化膠體複合物包含選自下列所組成群組之材料:氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化鉿、氧化鋁、氧化 鈦、氧化鈰、氧化矽、聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚胺甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚糠醇、酚糠醇、三聚氰胺甲醛、間苯二酚甲醛、甲酚甲醛、酚甲醛、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰脲酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、多種環氧類、瓊脂、瓊脂糖及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該纖維強化件片材或分段之纖維強化膠體複合物中的該纖維包含選自下列所組成群組之材料:礦物綿,玻璃綿,玻璃纖維,聚酯,聚烯烴對苯二甲酸酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二酯,聚碳酸鹽,嫘縈,尼龍,棉系萊卡(由杜邦公司製造),碳系纖維如石墨,碳纖維之前驅物如聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化之PAN、未碳化之經熱處理的PAN如SGL carbon公司所製造者,以玻璃纖維為主之材料如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃,氧化矽系纖維如石英、quartzel(由Saint-Gobain公司製造)、Q-氈(由Johns Manville公司製造)、Saffil(由Saffil公司製造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax公司製造)及其他氧化矽纖維,聚芳族醯胺纖維如Kevalr、Nomex、Sontera(全部由杜邦公司製造),Conex(由Taijin公司製造),聚烯烴如Tyvek(由杜邦公司製造)、Dyneema(由DSM公司製造)、Spectra(由Honeywell公司製造)、其他聚丙烯纖維如Typar、Xavan(兩者皆由杜邦公司製造),氟聚合物如商品名為Teflon之PTFE(由杜邦公司製造)、Goretex(由GORE公司製造),碳化矽纖維如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics公司製造),陶瓷纖維如Nextel(由3M公司製造),丙烯酸系聚合物,羊毛、絲、麻、皮革、麂皮之纖維,PBO-Zylon纖維(由Tyobo公司製造),液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst公司製造),Cambrelle纖維(由杜邦公司製造),聚胺甲酸酯,聚醯胺,木纖維,硼、鋁、鐵、不鏽鋼纖維,及其他熱塑材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS,及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第2或3項所述之製程,其中,該黏著劑選自下列所組成群組:鉀水玻璃、鈉水玻璃、膠合劑及鹼活化之鋁矽酸鹽、聚乙烯、凱通、聚胺甲酸酯、聚酯、天然橡膠、合成橡膠、海波綸、塑膠合金、PTFE、聚鹵乙烯、聚酯、氯丁烯橡膠、丙烯酸類、腈類、EPDM、EP、氟化橡膠、乙烯類、醋酸乙烯酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、丙烯醯胺類、酚類、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該強化膠體複合物之傳熱性於周邊條件係低於25mW/mK。
- 一種分段之纖維強化膠體複合物,其中,該膠體於至少一段中連續通過該纖維,以及於該纖維及該凝膠兩者中有不連續性之於至少二個相鄰段之間存在至少一個間隙。
- 一種包含至少兩層纖維強化膠體複合物之剛性面板,其中,至少一層包含分段之纖維強化膠體複合物,該 纖維強化膠體複合物於至少二個相鄰段之間之纖維與膠體兩者中具有至少一個間隙。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之膠體複合物,復包含選自下列所組成群組之填料:二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第15或16項所述之面板或複合物,於該纖維中復包含至少一種黏合劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,其中,該分段之纖維強化件或分段之開孔發泡片材具有與其黏貼之面層或片材。
- 如申請專利範圍第19項所述之複合物,其中,該面層包含纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,其中,該纖維強化件包含非連續性纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,復包含選自下列所組成群組之添加劑:二氧化鈦、氧化鐵、碳黑、石墨、氫氧化鋁、磷酸鹽、硼酸鹽、金屬矽酸鹽、茂金屬、鉬酸鹽、錫酸鹽、氫氧化物、碳酸鹽、氧化鋅、氧化鋁、氧化銻、鎂-鋅摻合物、鎂-鋅-銻摻合物、碳 化矽、矽化鉬、氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化鐵(I)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,復包含至少一種黏合劑或使用包含至少一種黏合劑之纖維。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,其中,該分段之纖維絮之至少一段係剛性。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,其中,該膠體前驅物或纖維強化膠體複合物係包含選自下列所組成群組之材料:氧化鋯、氧化釔、氧化鉿、氧化鋁、氧化鈦、氧化鈰、氧化矽、聚丙烯酸酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚胺甲酸酯、聚醯亞胺、聚糠醇、酚糠醇、三聚氰胺甲醛、間苯二酚甲醛、甲酚甲醛、酚甲醛、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰脲酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、多種環氧類、瓊脂、瓊脂糖、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,包含選自下列所組成群組之纖維材料:礦物綿,玻璃綿,玻璃纖維,聚酯,聚烯烴對苯二甲酸酯,聚萘二甲酸乙二酯,聚碳酸鹽,嫘縈,尼龍,棉系萊卡(由杜邦公司製造),碳系纖維如石墨,碳纖維之前驅物如聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化之PAN、未碳化之經熱處理的PAN如SGL carbon公司所製造者,以玻璃纖維為主之材料如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃,氧化矽系纖維如石英、quartzel(由Saint-Gobain公司製造)、Q-氈(由Johns Manville公司製造)、Saffil(由Saffil公司製造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax公司製造)及其他氧化矽纖維,聚芳族醯胺纖維如Kevalr、Nomex、Sontera(全部由杜邦公司製造),Conex(由Taijin公司製造),聚烯烴如Tyvek(由杜邦公司製造)、Dyneema(由DSM公司製造)、Spectra(由Honeywell公司製造)、其他聚丙烯纖維如Typar、Xavan(兩者皆由杜邦公司製造),氟聚合物如商品名為Teflon之PTFE(由杜邦公司製造)、Goretex(由GORE公司製造),碳化矽纖維如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics公司製造),陶瓷纖維如Nextel(由3M公司製造),丙烯酸系聚合物,羊毛、絲、麻、皮革、麂皮之纖維,PBO-Zylon纖維(由Tyobo公司製造),液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst公司製造),Cambrelle纖維(由杜邦公司製造),聚胺甲酸酯,聚醯胺,木纖維,硼、鋁、鐵、不鏽鋼纖維,及其他熱塑材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS,及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,其中,該黏著劑係選自下列所組成群組:鉀水玻璃、鈉水玻璃、膠合劑及鹼活化之鋁矽酸鹽、聚乙烯、凱通、聚胺甲酸酯、聚酯、天然橡膠、合成橡膠、海波綸、塑膠合金、PTFE、聚鹵乙烯、聚酯、氯丁烯橡膠、丙烯酸類、腈類、EPDM、EP、氟化橡膠、乙烯類、醋酸乙烯酯、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、丙烯醯胺類、酚樹脂、 及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第15項所述之複合物,其中,該乾燥之強化膠體複合物之傳熱性於周圍條件下係低於25mW/mK。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該複合物之捲製係於背對輥之軸之片段之間形成間隙。
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