TW201300312A - 奈米片－奈米管複合材料、其生產方法及其產品 - Google Patents

奈米片－奈米管複合材料、其生產方法及其產品 Download PDF

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TW201300312A
TW201300312A TW101122699A TW101122699A TW201300312A TW 201300312 A TW201300312 A TW 201300312A TW 101122699 A TW101122699 A TW 101122699A TW 101122699 A TW101122699 A TW 101122699A TW 201300312 A TW201300312 A TW 201300312A
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composition
carbon nanotube
graphene
dispersed
nanotube fibers
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TW101122699A
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English (en)
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Clive P Bosnyak
Kurt W Swogger
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Designed Nanotubes Llc
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Abstract

一種生產分散的奈米管及奈米片之組成物及方法及其製造方法。該分散的奈米管/奈米片組成物在製造提供優異的機械及電性能之物件上有用。它們亦有用作為用於化學反應的觸媒及觸媒載體。

Description

奈米片-奈米管複合材料、其生產方法及其產品
本申請案主張2011年6月23日所提出的美國暫時性專利申請案序號61/500,562，發表名稱”石墨烯-碳奈米管複合材料、其生產方法及其產品”的優先權，其全部內容藉此以參考方式併入本文。
本發明係針對一種生產奈米片及奈米管的組成物及方法。
本發明係關於一種奈米片及奈米管的組成物，其中該奈米片的至少一部分具有至少一個奈米管散置在二片奈米片間。特別描述出碳奈米管及石墨烯結構之剝離及分散將產生高縱深比率、表面改質的碳奈米管/石墨烯組成物，其容易分散在多種媒質中。石墨烯結構於此意謂著包括石墨烯及氧化的石墨烯結構。碳奈米管於此意謂著包括碳奈米管及氧化的碳奈米管。該碳奈米管或石墨烯之氧化的結構包括(但不限於)羧酸、醯胺、縮水甘油基及羥基附著至該碳表面。
這些奈米片-奈米管混合物可進一步藉由表面活性或改質劑改質。本發明亦關於奈米片-奈米管複合材料與諸如彈性體、熱固性塑膠、熱塑性塑膠、陶瓷及電活性或光活性材料之材料。該石墨烯-碳奈米管組成物亦有用作為化學 反應的觸媒。同樣地，本發明涉及以高產率來製造此複合材料之方法。
現在，碳奈米管以其固體狀態在對掌性或非對掌性形式的混合物中以團聚的奈米管束生產。已經發展出多種方法在溶液中去束化或解開該碳奈米管。例如，碳奈米管可大規模地藉由侵蝕性氧化方法變短，然後分散在稀釋溶液中如為各別的奈米管。這些管具有低縱深比率而不合適於高強度複合材料。碳奈米管亦可於界面活性劑存在下藉由超音波分散在非常稀的溶液中，如為個體。使用來將碳奈米管分散在溶液中的闡明性界面活性劑包括例如十二烷基硫酸鈉及PLURONICS。在某些例子中，可從聚合物纏繞的碳奈米管製備個體化碳奈米管的溶液。亦已使用多醣類、多胜肽類、水溶性聚合物、核酸類、DNA、多核苷酸類、聚醯亞胺類及聚乙烯吡咯啶酮在非常稀的溶液中製備個體化單壁碳奈米管溶液。稀釋範圍經常在毫克/升範圍內而不合適於商業用途。
若在媒質(諸如水)中剝離石墨烯(即，各別的片分離而非堆疊)時，由於石墨烯之不相容性及非常高表面積的熱力學能量將導致該等片再結合，及該等片變成非常難以分離成各別片。同樣地，若欲氧化石墨烯片時，若該等片被束捆住時，則僅有石墨烯邊緣可容易地受反應影響。
在本發明中，直徑範圍在1奈米至100奈米之分散的管可嵌入無機片間。特別是，碳奈米管可嵌入石墨烯片間從而限制其團聚及使得其容易在寬廣範圍的材料中(包括 液體及固體)剝離。再者，因為現在的片係經分離，可在石墨烯片的表面處接受反應以提供例如氧化的石墨烯結構。可使用管的直徑來控制片間距離。選擇不同直徑的管可導致控制在片間的分子或離子之傳輸。
考慮到前述，奈米片-分散的奈米管組成物及獲得其之方法在技藝中非常有興趣。已建議分散的奈米管/單無機片(特別是碳奈米管/石墨烯組成物)有一些用途，包括例如能量儲存裝置(例如，超大電容器、超級電容器及電池)、場發射器、導電膜、導電線、光活性材料、藥物傳輸及薄膜過濾器。使用分散的碳奈米管/石墨烯組成物作為在複合材料中的補強劑為另一個預測具有明顯用途的領域。材料包括例如聚合物、陶瓷、橡膠、水泥。應用包括輪胎、黏著劑及工程結構(諸如風葉片、航空器及其類似物)。
本發明的一個具體實例包括一包含無機片(其具有各別的片厚度小於10奈米，稱為奈米片)且散置至少一部分之分散的奈米管(其直徑範圍約1奈米至150奈米及縱深比率約10至500)之組成物。較佳的是，該無機片係石墨烯及該分散的奈米管係碳奈米管。無機片對奈米管的重量比率範圍係約1：100至100：1。奈米片與奈米管之混合物可進一步包含選自於由熱塑性塑膠、熱固性塑膠及彈性體所組成之群的聚合物，及/或選自於由陶瓷、黏土、矽酸鹽、金屬錯合物及鹽所組成之群的無機材料。
本發明的進一步具體實例包括奈米片與奈米管的混合物，其可進一步包含至少一種可例如在能量儲存裝置或光伏打中有用的電活性材料。
本發明的更進一步具體實例係一種奈米片與奈米管的組成物，其更包含至少一種過渡金屬錯合物或活性觸媒物種。該活性觸媒可離子地或共價地附著至該分散的奈米管、或無機片、或其組合。該化學反應可包括讓該組成物與例如(但不限於)烯類及炔類、包含氧的化學部分、包含氮的化學部分、包含鹵素的化學部分及包含磷的化學部分接觸。該組成物可呈用於氣相反應的粉末形式或呈用於溶液及漿體相反應的液體混合物形式。
本發明的另一個具體實例為一種用以製備石墨烯碳奈米管複合材料的方法，該方法包括：a)將未分散的石墨烯及未分散的碳奈米管纖維懸浮在酸性溶液中一段時間；b)選擇性攪拌該懸浮液；c)聲波處理該石墨烯-碳奈米管之懸浮液以形成石墨烯-分散的碳奈米管纖維；及d)在進一步處理前，使用固體/液體分離，從該酸分離出所產生的石墨烯-分散的碳奈米管組成物，其中該分離包括過濾。
本發明的另一個具體實例為一種用以製備無機片-碳奈米管複合材料的方法，該方法包括：a)將未分散的碳奈米管纖維懸浮在酸性溶液中一段時間；b)聲波處理該碳奈米管之懸浮液以形成分散的碳奈米管纖維；c)從該酸中分離出所產生之氧化的分散的碳奈米管組成物；d)以水或其它液體洗滌該氧化的分散的碳奈米管以移除酸；e)以無機 片、選擇性以界面活性劑及超音波再分散該分散的氧化的碳奈米管；f)選擇性加入聚合物；g)選擇性加入過渡金屬錯合物；h)選擇性加入電活性材料；i)選擇性加入陶瓷；j)分離該混合物及選擇性乾燥。
本發明的進一步具體實例為一種奈米片及奈米管組成物，其呈所製造的物件(諸如輪胎、工業橡膠零件或風葉片)之部分的形式。該組成物亦對電池、電容器、光電伏特計、觸媒及觸媒載體有用。所設想的進一步用途有(但不限於)薄膜、導電油墨、感應器及靜電管理及電磁遮蔽。
在下列描述中提出一些細節(諸如特定的量、尺寸等等)，以便對於本文所揭示的本具體實例提供完整了解。但是，將由一般熟知此技藝之人士明瞭，本揭示可沒有此具體細節而實行。在許多情況中，已經省略關於此考慮及其類似事件之細節，由於此細節對獲得本揭示之完全了解非必要及在一般熟知相關技藝之人士的技術內。
雖然於本文中所使用的用語大部分將可由一般熟知此技藝之人士辨認，但是，應該要了解的是，當未明確地定義時，該用語應該採納目前由一般熟知此技藝之人士所認可的意義作為解釋。在用語之解釋將提供其無意義或基本上無意義的情況中，該定義應該採自Webster’s Dictionary，第3版，2009。定義及/或闡明應該不併自其它專利申請案、專利或公告、相關或不相關，除非在此專 利說明書中有特別描述或若需要併入來維持正確時。
奈米管係具有直徑至少1奈米及最高100奈米的管狀結構。該奈米管的實施例有單、雙及多壁碳奈米管或二氧化鈦奈米管。縱深比率定義為管長度對管直徑的比率。奈米片定義為可識別厚度少於十奈米的片。
分散的氧化的碳奈米管(或者稱為剝離的碳奈米管)可從如所製得之束狀碳奈米管，藉由諸如氧化的方法(使用濃硫酸及硝酸之組合)獲得。該束狀碳奈米管可從任何已知的方法製得，諸如例如化學氣相沈積、雷射消融及高壓一氧化碳合成。該束狀碳奈米管可以多種形式呈現，包括例如煤灰、粉末、纖維及巴克(bucky)紙。再者，該束狀碳奈米管可呈任何長度、直徑或對掌性。碳奈米管可根據其對掌性及壁數目而為金屬、半金屬、半導體或非金屬。該分散的氧化的碳奈米管可包括例如單壁、雙壁碳奈米管、或多壁碳奈米管及其組合。
石墨烯係碳的同素異形體，其結構為sp2-鍵結的碳原子之一個原子厚的平面薄片，其緻密堆疊在蜂巢結晶晶格中。該石墨的結晶或”成薄片”形式由許多堆疊在一起的石墨烯薄片組成。石墨烯薄片堆疊而形成具有平面間的間隔0.335奈米之石墨。石墨烯為某些碳同素異形體的基本結構元素，包括石墨、活性碳、碳奈米管及芙類。其亦可視為不定地大芳香族分子，其極限情況為平面多環芳香烴家族。獲得石墨烯的一種方法由在溶劑(諸如N-甲基咯烷酮)中混合低石墨濃度，然後聲波處理組成。未剝離的石墨最 終藉由離心與石墨烯分離。
一般技藝人士將了解本發明使用特別的奈米管或奈米片型式所闡明之許多特定面向可使用其它型式的奈米管及奈米片在所揭示的精神及範圍內相等地實行。
實施例1
分散的碳奈米管及石墨烯在經界面活性劑安定化的水性懸浮液中之分散特徵評估
以重量比率1：3各別地結合石墨烯(Rice University)與直徑約13奈米的多壁碳奈米管(C-9000，C-Nano)。如下製備該混合物的1 w/v%分散液：在3：1的硫酸(96%，KMG)/硝酸(70%，Honeywell)溶液中及使用聲波振動器沈浸進行聲波處理3小時，同時將槽溫維持在30℃-35℃的範圍。在超音波後，每種配方使用Buchner在5微米PVDF薄膜(Whatman)上，使用200毫升部分的水過濾。樣品在80℃真空烤箱中乾燥二小時。電子顯微圖將顯示出碳奈米管分離的石墨烯片，例如顯示在第1圖中。
將0.05克的乾石墨烯碳奈米管混合物及0.15克的十二烷基硫酸鈉(Sigma-Aldridge)加入至20毫升標有刻度的燒瓶及以水填充至20毫升標記。在槽中聲波處理該燒瓶1小時，以上述相同的方式監視該溫度。在超音波後，以水稀釋1毫升樣品至2.5×10-5克/毫升的最後總碳濃度，及藉由UV-vis分光光度計(BioSpec-1601，Shimadzu)評估。在測量第一吸收光譜後，在5、15、30、45及60分鐘的時間週期 處於波長500奈米下分析相同樣品，以評估該混合物在水中的穩定性。測量在500奈米處的初始吸收值於60分鐘後之衰減，如為0.4%。
比較例1
比較例1重覆如實施例1之實驗程序，但是僅使用石墨烯。測量在500奈米處的初始吸收值於60分鐘後之衰減，如為12.1%。
比較例2
比較例2重覆如實施例1的實驗程序，但是僅使用多壁碳奈米管。測量在500奈米處的初始吸收值於60分鐘後之衰減，如為0%。
實施例1之分散的碳奈米管由UV光譜顯示出已藉由散置在石墨烯片間對石墨烯分散性提供穩定性。
實施例2
將0.039克具有氧化程度8重量百分比的多壁碳奈米管加入至在玻璃瓶中的0.0401克磷酸鋰鐵及40克去離子水。使用聲波振動器槽在攝氏25度下聲波處理該混合物13分鐘，在此之後，藉由目視檢驗，無觀察到碳奈米管顆粒。然後，將1毫升經聲波處理的混合物與0.14毫升0.1重量/體積%氫氧化鎂在去離子水中的混合物混合，然後以更多去離子水稀釋，以便該體積為4毫升。在攝氏25度下 聲波處理此最後混合物另外15分鐘。對藉由電子顯微鏡檢驗來說，然後，將一滴的此溶液放置在碳膠帶上及乾燥。結果在第2圖中看見，其顯示出在表面上及在片間之分散的碳奈米管。
實施例3
含有磷酸鋯奈米片(Zr(HPO4)2H2O)之分散的多壁碳奈米管如下製備分散的碳奈米管之溶液：將10毫克多壁碳奈米管放置在2毫升Zr(HPO4)2．H2O與氫氧化四丁基銨之混合物中(5重量% Zr(HPO4)2．H2O；1：0.8的Zr(HPO4)2H2O：氫氧化四丁基銨比率)。隨後，將該溶液稀釋至30毫升，然後聲波處理2小時。該溶液安定至少24小時。將一滴的此溶液放置在碳膠帶上及乾燥。二次電子顯微鏡照片(第3圖)顯露出片直徑大約200奈米的磷酸鋯奈米片，其間散置有分散的碳奈米管。
為了更完全地了解本揭示及其優點，現在參照下列所採用之描述與用來描述本揭示的特定具體實例之相關連的伴隨圖形，其中：第1圖顯示出含有本發明之分散的碳奈米管之石墨烯片的二次電子顯微圖。倍率為200,000X。
第2圖顯示出含有本發明之分散的碳奈米管之磷酸鋰鐵及氫氧化鎂片的二次電子顯微圖。倍率為5,060X。
第3圖顯示出含有本發明之分散的碳奈米管之磷酸鋯片的二次電子顯微圖。倍率為155,000X。

Claims (16)

  1. 一種組成物，其包含：無機片，其具有各別片的厚度小於10奈米；其中該無機片間散置有分散的奈米管，該奈米管具有直徑範圍約1奈米至150奈米，及該奈米管具有縱深比率範圍約10至500。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物，其中該無機片係石墨烯奈米片。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物，其中該無機片與分散的管呈現約1：100至100：1之重量比率。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物，更包含選自於由熱塑性塑膠、熱固性塑膠及彈性體所組成之群的聚合物。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物，更包含選自於由陶瓷、黏土、矽酸鹽、金屬錯合物及鹽所組成之群的無機材料。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物，更包含至少一種電活性材料。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物，更包含至少一種 過渡金屬錯合物或活性觸媒物種。
  8. 一種製備石墨烯碳奈米管複合材料的方法，其步驟包括：a)將未分散的石墨烯及未分散的碳奈米管纖維懸浮在酸性溶液中一段時間，以形成一懸浮液；b)攪拌該懸浮液；c)聲波處理該石墨烯-碳奈米管之懸浮液以形成石墨烯-分散的碳奈米管纖維；及d)在進一步處理前，使用固體/液體分離，將石墨烯-分散的碳奈米管纖維與該酸性溶液分離；其中該固體/液體分離包括過濾。
  9. 一種製備無機片-碳奈米管複合材料的方法，其步驟包括：a)將未分散的碳奈米管纖維懸浮在酸性溶液中一段時間以形成一懸浮液；b)聲波處理該碳奈米管懸浮液以形成分散的碳奈米管纖維；c)從該酸性溶液中分離出該分散的碳奈米管纖維；d)以水或另一種液體洗滌該分散的碳奈米管纖維；e)以無機片、選擇性以界面活性劑及超音波再分散該分散的碳奈米管纖維；f)選擇性加入聚合物； g)選擇性加入過渡金屬錯合物；h)選擇性加入電活性材料；i)選擇性加入陶瓷；及j)分離該混合物及選擇性乾燥。
  10. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用來製造物件，諸如輪胎、工業橡膠零件或風葉片。
  11. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用在電池中。
  12. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用在電容器中。
  13. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用在太陽能電池中。
  14. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用在粉末或液體混合物中而使用於氣相反應的觸媒或觸媒載體。
  15. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用在液體或固體混合物中而使用於溶液及漿體相反應的觸媒或觸媒載體。
  16. 一種如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物的用途，其使用在混凝土混合物中而使用於地基、道路或橋，或使用在陶瓷混合物中而使用於生坯以製造陶瓷組件。
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