TW201020207A - Preparation of lithium sulfide - Google Patents
Preparation of lithium sulfide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW201020207A TW201020207A TW098133361A TW98133361A TW201020207A TW 201020207 A TW201020207 A TW 201020207A TW 098133361 A TW098133361 A TW 098133361A TW 98133361 A TW98133361 A TW 98133361A TW 201020207 A TW201020207 A TW 201020207A
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- clock
- preparing
- vulcanization
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- Prior art date
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- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052683 pyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011028 pyrite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 244000241257 Cucumis melo Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- JHCKVPVXWBVGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.NN JHCKVPVXWBVGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- VMGAPWLDMVPYIA-HIDZBRGKSA-N n'-amino-n-iminomethanimidamide Chemical compound N\N=C\N=N VMGAPWLDMVPYIA-HIDZBRGKSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims 1
- BOLDJAUMGUJJKM-LSDHHAIUSA-N renifolin D Natural products CC(=C)[C@@H]1Cc2c(O)c(O)ccc2[C@H]1CC(=O)c3ccc(O)cc3O BOLDJAUMGUJJKM-LSDHHAIUSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid group Chemical group C(CCC(=O)O)(=O)O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- -1 transition metal sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LWRYTNDOEJYQME-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;sulfanylideneiron Chemical compound [Li].[Fe]=S LWRYTNDOEJYQME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Chemical compound [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- VRRFSFYSLSPWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenecobalt Chemical compound [Co]=S VRRFSFYSLSPWQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910010701 LiFeP Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- NFMAZVUSKIJEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(sulfanylidene)iron Chemical compound S=[Fe]=S NFMAZVUSKIJEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000339 iron disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNVXPFBEZCSHQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Fe+2] GNVXPFBEZCSHQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010671 solid-state reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZEGFMFQPWDMMEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Sr+2] ZEGFMFQPWDMMEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/22—Alkali metal sulfides or polysulfides
- C01B17/24—Preparation by reduction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/20—Methods for preparing sulfides or polysulfides, in general
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/22—Alkali metal sulfides or polysulfides
- C01B17/24—Preparation by reduction
- C01B17/26—Preparation by reduction with carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B17/00—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
- C01B17/22—Alkali metal sulfides or polysulfides
- C01B17/24—Preparation by reduction
- C01B17/28—Preparation by reduction with reducing gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G3/00—Compounds of copper
- C01G3/12—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/006—Compounds containing, besides manganese, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
- C01G49/009—Compounds containing, besides iron, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
- C01G49/12—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/006—Compounds containing, besides cobalt, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/11—Sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G9/00—Compounds of zinc
- C01G9/08—Sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Compounds Of Iron (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
201020207 六、發明說明: 本發明係關於製備硫化鋰。 链離子電池為包含陽極(負電極)、陰極(正電極)和電解 e ❹ 欠:池。其藉由在陽極和陰極間轉移鐘離子而 呆^且、不‘、與鐘電池處淆,鐘電池之特徵為含有 的裡。㈣子電池為目前最常被使用之可充電的電池類 型,且典型地陽極包含嵌入材料,例如碳以焦炭或石墨形 式。使用包含含鋰之故入材料為陰極,形成電活化偶極。 典型的含鋰嵌入材料為氧化鋰鈷(Lico〇j、氧化鋰鎳 (LiNi〇2)和氧化鋰錳(LiMn2〇4)。在其起始條件,此種電池 疋未充電的,因此為了傳送電化學能,必須將電池充電以 從含链之陰極轉移链至陽極。一旦放電後,鐘離子從陽極 轉移回陰極。後續的充電和放電操作,將鋰離子在陰極和 陽極間來回轉移,持續電池之生命期。可充電的鋰電池之 近期發展與可能之優勢之回顧係由Tsutomu Ohzuku和
Ralph Brodd 在 Jowrwfl/ 〇/尸ower Sources 2007.06 154 中提 供。 不幸地,氧化链钻是相對地昂貴之材料且轉化合物很 難合成。不只如此,氧化經鈷和氧化鐘鎳製成之陰極具有 電池之充電容量顯著地少於其理論之容量的缺點。此係由 於少於1原子單位之鋰參與電化學反應。此外,在起始充 201020207 電操作時’起始容量被減少’且在每個充電循環仍進一步 減少。先前技術US 4,828,834企圖透過使用主要由UMn2〇4 構成之陰極來控制容量損失。另一方面,us 59i〇382描述 另一種使用混合鋰之金屬材料的途徑,諸如LiMp〇4,其中 Μ是至少一種第一列之過渡金屬。較佳之化合物包括 LiFeP〇4、LiMnP〇4、LiCoP〇4、和 UNip〇4 以及混合的過渡 金屬化合物,諸如 Lil-2xFei_xTixP〇4 或 Ui 2xFei xMnxP〇4, 其中0<χ<1 。 可充電的鋰離子電池之用途係受制於提供鋰電極材料 之過高的成本,尤其是在氧化鋰鈷的例子中。因此,目前 商業化只侷限於優質之運用諸如手提電腦和行動電話。然 而,獲得更廣泛市場之通路是高度所欲的,例如提供電動 車動力且近年來製備能維持鐘離子電池高表現之材料的 工作一直持續,但是同時是更便宜地製備。為了達到此目 的,已有人提議,例如在jp Kokai No 10208782和Solid State Ionics 1 17 (1999) 273-276),硫化物可被用來取代氧化物, 如陰極材料。相較於鋰之相對應氧化物,雖然許多硫化物 之使用達成較少電壓,一些以硫化物為基礎之陰極的容 篁,以毫安培小時每克測量,可多達約3倍。有鑑於此, 相較於鋰金屬陽極,依據電池陰極能量密度,一些以硫化 物為基礎之陰極達到約15倍之整體優勢,當與其氧化物配 對物比較,而這使得利用該等硫化物變為非常吸引人的提 議。例如,在硫化鋰鐵的案例中,以2.2V之平均操作電壓 對鐘金屬陽極,可獲得AOOmAhg·1之理論容量。 201020207 因此,含鋰過渡金屬硫化物將是上述之鋰金屬氧化物 的方便替代材料’隨著硫化鋰鐵已經描述於專利文獻中, 例如在US 7018603,在二次電池令是有用的陰極材料。含 鋰過渡金屬硫化物之商業化將大部分取決於其製備成本。 以硫化鋰鐵為特定例子,用於製造此種材料之慣用方法係 透過固態反應,其中硫化鋰(ud)*硫化鐵(FeS),係緊密地 混合在一起並在約8〇〇。0之溫度的鈍性氣壓加熱。硫化鐵 (FeS)和二硫化鐵(FeS2)之起始材料是相對地不昂貴,因為其 罾被發現為自然發生之材料,且自地底挖掘出來。然而,該 反應方法之一項顯著的缺點即其他起始材料,Η。,不但昂 貴而且對渔度非常敏感。後者問題尤其對複雜度,且因此 起始材料之儲存和處理的成本,尤其是大規模商業製備, 有顯著的影響。此外,此反應之動力學報導在us I%⑽ 疋非常鉍慢的且其顯然能費時長達一個月以完成該反應, 因此就能源成本而論,此途徑據信為非常不利的,且就製 _ 備電極材料並非商業上可行的。 作為用以製造含鋰過渡金屬硫化物之替代途徑,us 二18603揭示將過渡金屬硫化物’諸如FeS與硫化鋰在反應 "質中反應,包含熔化的鹽類或在高溫下熔化的鹽類混合 物(450 C至70(rC之溫度為例示性的)。較佳的熔化鹽類為 =化鐘。儘管此反應以良好速度進行,仍然有數個議題使 什Z、未臻理想。首先,其使用作為起始材料之事實導 致上述之處理和儲存之問題。其次,除了藉由溶劑萃取外, 要從所欲之反應產物與反應介質(熔化的齒化鋰使用超過 201020207 1.5莫耳)分離是非常困難的,且此種萃取是昂貴的。此外, 即使在嚴密純化後,多達8%的反應介質鹽類仍存在於反應 產物中,且此程度的雜質是有害於每克硫化鋰鐵之充電容 量。 由於製備硫化鋰之花費,找尋其製備之進一步替代途 徑,其為簡易、能源有效性和產生潔淨產物,係高度所欲 的0 因此,本發明提供製備硫化鋰之方法,包含與一或多 種含鋰化合物和硫一起之加熱步驟’其中加熱步驟係於6〇〇 至1500°C之溫度下進行,且進一步其中該含鋰化合物係選 自一或多種氧化鋰、碳酸鋰、無水氫氧化鋰、氫氧化鋰單 水合物、草酸鋰、硝酸鋰,和在加熱步驟中作為任何該等 含鋰化合物之前驅物的任何材料。 加熱步驟之溫度應不要太高以至於造成從反應混合物 中知失硫,但是也要夠高以使與一或多種含鋰化合物之反 應發生。較佳的溫度係在範圍65〇ti含鋰化合物的分解溫 度間。反應時間根據反應溫度而不同,且可預期地,溫度 越南,反應越快。 較佳地本發明之方法係於非氧化大氣及/或還原條件下 進行,且進一步較佳地該還原條件係藉由一或多種還原氣 體及/或-或多種還原劑所提供。該—或多種還原氣體係可 選自一氧化碳、氫、重組氣體(氳和氫之混合物)、硫化氳、 201020207 甲貌和其他氣態烧烴以及該一或多種還原劑係可選自碳和 當加熱時適合提供碳源之任何含碳材料。碳黑是較佳的碳 源。 本發明使用之硫係衍生自一或多種硫華、硫化鐵㈣_ 2)、硫化鈷(CoS2)和在熱分解時產生硫之任何其他材料。 在第二具體實例中,本發明提供製備硫化鋰之方法, 包含與一或多種含鋰化合物和黃鐵礦一起加熱之步驟,其 中該加熱步驟係於500至150(TC之溫度下進行,且進一步、, ^中含鐘化合物係選自一或多種氧化鋰、碳酸鐘、無水氮 氧化鋰、氫氧化鋰單水合物、草酸鋰、硝酸鋰,和在加熱 步驟中作為任何該等含鋰化合物之前驅物的任何材料。 適4的反應谷器包含玻璃的碳或石墨掛銷,其通常具 有寬鬆的搭配蓋子,然而,亦可使用密閉加壓的容器。為 了商業規模製備,使用連續的方法是有利的,例如,旋轉 管狀鎔爐,雖然亦可使用曲頸瓶量產(ret〇rt batch)方法。 本發明之反應使用的含鋰化合物係較佳地在反應方法 中呈固態,此表示該反應係較佳地於不使用反應介質,諸 如溶劑下進行。有利地,反應物為固體材料,其首先使用 球磨機輾碎以產生可直接使用或先壓成藥丸的微細粉末。 為了減少所形成之雜質的量和最佳化反應條件,已經 發現添加助熔劑,亦已知為礦化劑,至反應混合物中為有 利的。助炫劑或礦化劑通常使用於製陶工業以降低反應溫 201020207 度和縮短反應時間。礦化劑,諸如氣化納、蝴砂、氯化鐘, 氟化鋰、氟化鈉、硼酸鋰和碳酸鈉為已知的。本申請案已 發現使用非常少罝的礦化劑’尤其驗金屬函化物,將造成 含鐘過渡金屬硫化物產物呈現加強的結晶度以及較低程度 的雜質。可使用任何鹼金屬齒化物,但是氣化鋰和碘化鋰 是最佳的。或者’可使用碳酸鈉或氣化鈉’然而在此案例 中,可能至少一些替代鈉之鋰的替代物將在標靶產物中發 生。在本發明中發現礦化劑之量為有益的是從丨至5%之起 始材料之重量百分比,較佳地從丨至3%重量百分比和進一 步較佳地1%之起始材料之重量百分比。 使用本發明之方法固態製備硫化鋰用於製備鋰過渡金 屬硫化物係尤其有利的。添加所欲的過渡金屬硫化物至 反應混合物前’不需隔離藉由本發明方法之形成的硫化 鐘’且接著在溫度於議。15⑽。C之範圍内將其加熱, :佳地範圍在職至戰。不像上述之先前技術的方 装=於製成㈣渡金屬硫化物之此方法不使用溶劑因 其清楚地避免與在反應方法末期移除其相關之問題。 【圖式簡單說明】 無 【主要元件符號說明】 無
Claims (1)
- 201020207 七 、申凊專利範圍: 工·一種製備硫化鐘之方法,其包含與—或多種含鐘化合 。彳瓜起加熱之步驟,其中該加熱步驟係於000至1500 #又下進行,且進一步其中該含鋰化合物係選自一或 多種氧化H、碳酸鐘、無水氫氧化鋰、氫氧化鐘單水合物、 草=鐘、確酸鐘,和在加熱步驟中為任何該等含鐘化合物 之前驅物的任何材料。 ❹ ❹ 2.根據中凊專利範圍第1項製備硫化鐘之方法,其中該 反應係於非氧化大氣及/或還原條件下進行。 、3.根據申請專利範圍第2項製備硫化鐘之方法,其中該 還原條件係藉由一竣容錄、養s/上 、 /多種還原氣體及/或一或多種還原劑所 提供。 4·根據巾請專利範圍第3項製備硫化鐘之方法,其中一 或多種還原氣體係選自一童 隹 、 .日 氧化碳、虱、重組氣體(氫和氮之 此口物)、硫化氫、甲烧和其他氣態㈣,以及—或多種還 原劑係選自碳和當加熱時適合提供碳源之任何含碳材料。 前申請專利範圍之任—項製備硫化鐘之方 孰解^何生自—或多種硫華、黃鐵礦、硫化姑和在 熱刀解時產生硫之任何其他材料。 6. —種製備硫化鋰之方法 .,^ , 万忐其包含與一或多種含鋰化合 物和再鐵礦一起加熱之步 ,之溫度下進行,且:;7:熱步驟係於6〇°至 一式,絲〜 進一步其中該含鋰化合物係選自 合物、草酸鐘、確酸链,和i加2鐘、風氧化鐘單水 和在加熱步驟中作為任何該等含 9 201020207 鋰化合物之前驅物的任何材料。 7.根據申請專利範圍第1至 步包含以起始材料之重量為準添加總 多種礦化劑。 6項中任一項之方法,進一 量為從1至5%之一或 8·申請專利範圍第 屬鹵化物。 方法,其中該礦化劑包含驗金 八、圖式: 無10
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