RU2758517C1 - Method for redbed cultivation of massage crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes pre-sowing soil cultivation, sowing and inter-row cultivation. After harvesting the previous crop, the surface of the field in the autumn period is treated with disc tools to a depth of 8-10 cm with simultaneous cutting of stubble and plant residues and mixing them in the upper soil layer. When weeds appear, the surface of the field is treated with a continuous herbicide based on glyphosate "Roundup" or "Tornado" with a consumption rate of 3-8 l/ha. In spring, the surface of the field is treated with tooth harrows in two tracks at an angle of 45° to the last tillage. The direction of processing the field with disk tools in the autumn period of time is chosen at an angle of 45° to the future sowing operation in the spring period. Presowing treatment is carried out to the depth of the intended planting of seeds and combined with sowing. Seeds are sown in a moist soil layer on a compacted bed to a depth of 1-2 cm from the level of the field surface and sprinkled with a loose and heated layer of soil, which is shifted from the surface of the rows with simultaneous mixing, forming a soil ridge above the sown seeds. Sowing with the formation of soil ridges is carried out in the direction from north to south or from south to north. Simultaneously with sowing, granulated mineral fertilizers are sown in one line and placed parallel to the line of the sown seeds. The line of fertilizer occurrence is below the seed line and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a tap and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system. The soil ridges in cross-section form an M-shaped profile due to the compaction of the soil on three sides. The upper part of the ridge is compacted vertically - by a wheel with a tapered rim, with the simultaneous pressing of the soil by the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge. The sides of the ridge of the soil are compacted in a horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the row spacings and at the same time destroy soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the sides of the ridge. With inter-row cultivation, simultaneously with pruning weeds and loosening the soil in the aisles of the cultivated crop, the top layer of soil is shifted from the surface of the inter-rows into the protective zones of the row of plants with simultaneous hilling of cultivated plants. The thickness of the sprinkled soil layers is 2-4 and 6-8 cm during the first and second inter-row treatments, respectively.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in the quality of pre-sowing soil treatment and the yield of cultivated crops by improving the quality of cultivation of row crops, by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for fast and friendly germination of seeds, as well as improving the care of crops.

1 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of row crops.

The known method of cultivation of row crops [Method of cultivation of row crops / N.E. Rudenko, E.V. Kulaev. Patent RU No. 2294075. - Publ. 27.02.2007], including pre-sowing, pre-emergence tillage, sowing, hilling of plants and fertilization during inter-row cultivation along guiding elements. During pre-sowing treatment, passive strip heating of the soil is carried out in the zone of the future row, loosening to the sowing depth with compaction of the bottom, leveling of the surface of two strips on the sides of the loosened zone. Sowing is carried out on a compacted bottom with copying along aligned strips, and during pre-emergence processing, the soil is actively heated in the row zone. With inter-row cultivation, the plants are hilled with a metered layer of soil.

However, the known method has a number of disadvantages, which include the unsatisfactory quality of pre-sowing and pre-emergence tillage due to a large number of weeds before sowing, unsatisfactory sowing of row crops and low quality of inter-row tillage, which ultimately leads to a decrease in the yield of cultivated crops.

The technical result is to improve the quality of pre-sowing soil cultivation and the yield of cultivated crops by improving the quality of cultivation of row crops, by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for fast and friendly germination of seeds, as well as improving the care of crops.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that after harvesting the previous crop, the surface of the field in the autumn period is treated with disk tools to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm with simultaneous cutting of stubble and plant residues and mixing them in the upper soil layer, and when weeds appear, the surface of the field is treated with a continuous herbicide actions on the basis of "Roundup" or "Tornado" glyphosate with a consumption rate of 3 ... 8 l / ha. In the spring period of time, the surface of the field is treated with tooth harrows in two tracks at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage (disking), and the direction of processing the field with disk tools in the fall is chosen at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring. Presowing treatment is carried out to the depth of the intended planting of seeds and combined with sowing. Seeds are sown into a moist soil layer on a compacted bed to a depth of 1 ... 2 cm from the level of the field surface and sprinkled with a loose and heated layer of soil, shifted from the surface of the rows with simultaneous mixing, forming a soil ridge above the sown seeds. Sowing with the formation of soil ridges is carried out in the direction from north to south (from south to north). Simultaneously with sowing, granular mineral fertilizers are sown in one line and placed parallel to the line of the sown seeds, and the line of fertilizer occurrence is below the seed line and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a rod and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system. The soil ridges in cross-section form an M-shaped profile due to soil compaction on three sides. The upper part of the ridge is compacted vertically - by a wheel with a tapered rim, with simultaneous pressing of the soil by the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge. The sides of the ridge of the soil are compacted in a horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the row spacings and at the same time destroy soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the sides of the ridge. With inter-row cultivation, simultaneously with pruning weeds and loosening the soil in the aisles of the cultivated crop, the top layer of soil is shifted from the surface of the inter-rows into the protective zones of the row of plants with simultaneous hilling of cultivated plants, while the thickness of the sprinkled soil layers is 2 ... 4 and 6 ... 8 cm at the first and the second inter-row treatments, respectively.

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the arrangement of the working bodies of the seeding unit, top view; in fig. 2 - a diagram of the arrangement of the working bodies of the seeding unit, side view; in fig. 3 - diagram of the compaction of the soil ridge with a roller-bed former from three sides and the destruction of soil lumps; in fig. 4 - a diagram of the placement of seeds and granular mineral fertilizers in the soil and the shape of the ridge after the passage of the sowing unit (option A), Fig. 5 - a diagram of the placement of seeds and granular mineral fertilizers in the soil and the shape of the ridge after the passage of the sowing unit (option B), Fig. 6 is a diagram of the arrangement of working bodies during inter-row processing, top view, in Fig. 7 is a diagram of the processing of protective zones between rows.

The method of bed cultivation of row crops is carried out as follows.

After harvesting the previous crop, the field surface in the autumn period is treated with disk tools to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm with simultaneous cutting of stubble and plant residues and mixing them in the upper soil layer with cut spherical discs, and when weeds appear, the field surface is treated with a continuous action herbicide based on glyphosate "Roundup" or "Tornado" with a consumption rate of 3 ... 8 l / ha. Moreover, depending on the type and number of weeds in the field, the rate of herbicide consumption against annual species of weeds and sow thistle is 3 ... 4 l / ha, against field bindweed, perennial grasses and root weeds - 6 ... 8 l / ha.

In the spring period of time, the surface of the field is treated with tooth harrows in two tracks at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage (disking), and the direction of processing the field with disk tools in the fall is chosen at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring.

Presowing cultivation is carried out to the depth of the intended planting of seeds and combined with sowing. When the sowing unit moves, openers for multilevel seeding of seeds and fertilizers 1 and paws 2 with flat discs 3, installed with an overlap of 5 ... 8 cm, loosen the soil and cut weeds.

The coulter for multilevel seeding of seeds and fertilizers contains a rack 4, a paw 5, a pipeline 6. The pipeline 6 is installed between the wings of the paw 5. The outlet of the pipeline 6 is directed to the paw space under the paw 5. From the rear of the rack 1, a bracket 7 and a seed tube 8 are installed. installed in the bracket 7 with the ability to change the position in height relative to the cutting edges of the wings of the paw 5, and the outlet openings of the seed tube 8 and the pipeline 6 are located from each other at a distance equal to the required difference in the depth of planting seeds and fertilizers.

As the drill moves, the sharpened front edges of the opener cut the topsoil and move it between the rows. The tines of 5 coulters loosen the soil and cut the weeds. The sowing and fertilizer sowing devices of the seeder, simultaneously through the seed lines 8 and the fertilizer lines 6, direct the seeds and fertilizers to the openers 1 for seeding at different levels of seeds and fertilizers, the outlets of which are located at different heights. The coulters 1 for different levels of sowing of seeds and fertilizers sow granular mineral fertilizers in one line and arrange it parallel to the line of the sown seeds, and the line of occurrence of fertilizers is below the line of seeds and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a core and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system. The sown fertilizers are sprinkled with a layer of soil coming off the wings of the paws 5. The seeding depth is 1.5 ... 2 cm from the level of the field surface.

For example:

Option A) Cultivated plants such as soybeans and sunflowers have a taproot system; beets are a storing root system. This means that the line of occurrence of fertilizers should be below the line of location of seeds of soybeans, sunflowers and beets and be located in the same vertical plane (Fig. 4).

Option B) Corn has a fibrous root system, which means that the line of fertilization should be below the line of corn seeds and in different vertical planes (Fig. 5).

Paws 2 walking behind with flat discs 3 sprinkle the seeds of cultivated plants laid in one line with a loose and heated layer of soil, shifted from the rows, and form a ridge of soil 6.5 ... 12.5 cm high above the sowing line, respectively, from north to south (from the south to the north). Ridge-forming rollers 9 rotating behind the paws 2 form the ridges of the soil with an M-shaped profile in cross-section due to the compaction of the soil from three sides. The compaction of the upper part of the ridge is carried out vertically by the wheel 10 with a conical rim while simultaneously pressing the soil with the cylindrical part of the rim of the wheel 10 towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim of the wheel 10 in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge.

Spherical discs 11, mounted with convex sides to the lateral sides of the ridge of the soil, compact the sides of the ridge in the horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the rows and at the same time with rippers 12 installed circumferentially on the convex sides of the spherical discs 11 perpendicular to the sides of the ridge, breaks soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the lateral the sides of the ridge.

With the proposed method of cultivation of row crops, sowing is carried out in such a way that the lines of sowing and, accordingly, the ridges of the soil above the sown seeds are located from north to south. This ensures that the ridge of the soil warms up throughout the day. In the first half of the day, the eastern slope of the ridge warms up, at noon - the top of the ridge, and in the afternoon - the western slope of the soil ridge.

Inter-row cultivations are performed with row-crop cultivators, which are equipped with duckfoot paws 2 with rolling flat discs 3. In inter-row cultivation, lancet paws 2 prune weeds and loosen the soil in the aisles of the cultivated crop. Rolling flat discs 3, installed at an angle to the direction of movement of the unit, shift the top layer of soil from the surface of the rows into the protective zones of the row of plants, sprinkling uncut weeds, suppressing their shoots, with simultaneous hilling of cultivated plants. The thickness of the poured soil layers _hcl depends on the height of cultivated and weed plants, and is 2 ... 4 cm for the first inter-row cultivation, and 6 ... 8 cm for the second.

Pre-sowing soil cultivation at the same time as sowing allows you to place the seeds of the cultivated crop in a moist soil layer. The formation of a soil ridge of the required height from the heated loose soil, shifted from the row spacings, makes it possible to create favorable temperature and air conditions for the seeds. The formation of soil ridges in the direction from north to south allows them to warm up throughout the day.

Treatment of the field surface after harvesting the previous crop in the autumn with disk tools to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm with simultaneous cutting of stubble and plant residues and mixing them in the upper soil layer, allows you to destroy the first "wave" of weeds, loosen the soil and destroy soil lumps, and also to plant weed seeds in the soil to "provoke" their growth.

The use of herbicides of continuous action based on glyphosate "Roundup" or "Tornado" with a consumption rate of 3 ... 8 l / ha when a second "wave" of weeds appears in the autumn period, will allow to destroy all weeds, including perennials.

Treatment in the spring of the field surface with tooth harrows in two tracks at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage (disking), allows you to loosen the topsoil and preserve soil moisture as much as possible before sowing without additional impacts on the mechanical destruction of weeds in the spring.

The direction of soil cultivation at an angle of 45 degrees to the last cultivation is specified by agrotechnical requirements. However, the direction of cultivation of the field with disk tools in the autumn period of time at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring period of time was chosen with the condition that in the spring period of time to carry out the sowing operation with the simultaneous formation of soil ridges above the sown seeds in the direction from north to south (from south to north).

Simultaneous sowing of seeds and granular mineral fertilizers minimizes mixing of the soil during sowing and, accordingly, the loss of soil moisture.

The location of the line of granular mineral fertilizers parallel to the line of sown seeds, and the line of fertilizers is located below the line of seeds in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a tap and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system allows to ensure effective nutrition of cultivated plants during the period their vegetation and, accordingly, the rational use of fertilizers.

Simultaneous soil compaction in the vertical and horizontal directions, allows you to create the best contact of the sown seeds with the moist soil located above the seeds, as well as draw moisture from the lower soil layers to the upper layers - to the seedbed.

The simultaneous destruction of soil lumps by the wheel 10 in the upper base of the ridge in the vertical direction and by rippers 12, perpendicular to the sides of the ridge, makes it possible, without violating the integrity of the original profile of the ridge of the soil, to create a mulched layer of soil in the upper part of the ridge on three sides, preventing the evaporation of soil moisture from the seed zone.

Simultaneous compaction of the upper part of the ridge vertically - by a wheel with a conical rim, with simultaneous indentation of the soil by the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of the sown seeds and squeezing out the soil by the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge, as well as the lateral sides of the ridge of the soil in the horizontal direction, will improve the quality of compaction of the formed ridges of the soil over the sown seeds with the density required for agrotechnical requirements, as well as preserve the shape of the finally formed ridges during the entire growing season of cultivated plants.

The formation of the soil ridge in the cross-section of the M-shaped profile makes it possible to form a groove at the top of the ridge, in which rainfall will accumulate and penetrate to the sown seeds (plant root system) during the growing season of plants.

The formation of soil ridges above the sown seeds from north to south (from south to north) ensures the warming of the soil ridge throughout the day: in the morning the eastern slope of the ridge warms up, at noon - the top of the ridge, and in the afternoon - the western slope of the soil ridge ...

The sprinkling of weeds in the protective zones of cultivated crops makes it possible to suppress their shoots, and the hilling of cultivated plants contributes to the formation of adventitious roots in them. At the same time, a layer of soil with a thickness of 2 ... 4 cm allows filling weed seedlings, preventing their germination, without harming cultivated plants. With the second inter-row cultivation, a soil layer 6 ... 8 cm thick also allows filling weed seedlings without damage to cultivated plants, with simultaneous hilling of cultivated plants, and creating conditions for the development of adventitious roots of cultivated plants in it.

Simultaneous pre-sowing loosening of the soil with ridge sowing, as well as loosening the soil in the ridge with the destruction of soil lumps without interrupting operations in time, allows you to maximally preserve soil moisture when performing a given technological operation, as well as create temperature, water and air conditions for germination and further growth and the development of cultivated plants.

By improving the quality of cultivation of row crops, by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for rapid and friendly germination of seeds, the yield of cultivated crops increases.

Claims (1)

A method of bed cultivation of row crops, including pre-sowing soil cultivation, sowing and inter-row cultivation, characterized in that after harvesting the previous crop, the surface of the field in the autumn period is treated with disc tools to a depth of 8-10 cm with simultaneous cutting of stubble and plant residues and mixing them in the top layer of the soil, and when weeds appear, the field surface is treated with a continuous herbicide based on glyphosate "Roundup" or "Tornado" with a consumption rate of 3-8 l / ha, in the spring time the surface of the field is treated with tooth harrows in two tracks at an angle of 45 ° to the last tillage, and the direction of the field cultivation with disk tools in the autumn time is chosen at an angle of 45 ° to the future sowing operation in the spring time, the presowing treatment is carried out to the depth of the proposed planting of seeds and combined with sowing, the seeds are sown in a moist soil layer on compacted bed to a depth of 1-2 cm from the level of the field surface and sprinkle with a loose and heated layer of soil, shifted from the surface of the rows with simultaneous mixing, forming a soil ridge above the sown seeds, sowing with the formation of soil ridges is carried out in the direction from north to south or from south to north, at the same time sowing granulated mineral fertilizers in one line and place it parallel to the line of sown seeds, moreover, the line of fertilizer occurrence is below the seed line and is located in the same vertical plane for cultivated plants with a tap and storage root system and in different vertical planes for cultivated plants with a fibrous root system, soil ridges in cross-section form an M-shaped profile due to soil compaction on three sides, and the upper part of the ridge is compacted vertically - with a wheel with a conical rim, while pressing the soil with the cylindrical part of the rim towards the line of sown seeds and dispensing infusion of soil with the lateral conical parts of the rim in the horizontal direction from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the ridge, and the lateral sides of the ridge of the soil are compacted in the horizontal direction parallel to the surface of the row spacings and simultaneously destroy soil lumps in the direction perpendicular to the lateral sides of the ridge, and with inter-row cultivation simultaneously with cutting weeds and loosening soil in the aisles of the cultivated crop, the top layer of soil is shifted from the surface of the row spacings into the protective zones of the row of plants with simultaneous hilling of cultivated plants, while the thickness of the sprinkled soil layers is 2-4 and 6-8 cm during the first and second inter-row treatments, respectively.

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