RU2294075C1 - Method for cultivation of root crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing pre-sowing and pre-emergence tillage of soil; sowing; hilling plants and applying fertilizers during inter-row hoeing procedures along guiding members; during pre-sowing tillage process, providing passive strip splitting of soil in zone intended for forming of row; mellowing to seeding depth; compacting bottom; leveling surfaces of two strips laterally of mellowed zone; sowing seeds onto compacted bottom and performing contour following along leveled strips; during pre-emergence tillage process, providing active soil splitting in row zone; performing inter-row hoeing by hilling plants with dosed soil layer; applying fertilizer onto leveled strips and simultaneously hilling plants.

EFFECT: improved qualitative factors in cultivation of root crops.

2 cl, 6 dwg

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of row crops: corn, sunflower, soy, stevia, sugar beets.

Technology level

A known method of cultivating row crops, including strip alignment of the zone of future rows, sowing on a planned strip, care of crops (Rudenko N.E. Cultivation of row crops without the use of herbicides. - M .: Kolos, 1992, p. 102 ... 103) . The disadvantage of this method is that when presowing cultivation of the soil is not carried out loosening the soil with the creation of a small-lumpy structure. Lumps of soil more than 20 mm do not allow for volumetric contact of seeds with soil during sowing. In addition, due to the convection-diffuse mechanism, evaporation of soil moisture occurs in the post-sowing period.

There is a method of cultivating row crops, including pre-sowing cultivation of soil in the area of future rows, pre-emergence harrowing, hilling of plants during row cultivating, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers during the growing season (Prototype. Agriculture systems of the Stavropol Territory. Stavropol Book Publishing House, 1983, p.218 ... 222).

However, this method has several significant disadvantages. During pre-sowing treatment, the crumbly soil structure in the zone of future rows is not provided.

When sowing, the copying wheel of the seeder section moves in the row area behind the opener, which does not allow to ensure the stability of the sowing depth, since the opener makes a sowing groove, brings soil to the surface, violating its levelness. The followers following the coulter only fill the seed furrow without leveling the surface.

When pre-emergence processing, the copying wheel of the cultivator section performs the function of copying, and the working body: weeding harrow - loosening the soil and combing out weed seedlings. The funnel is located at a certain distance from the copying wheel, which cannot provide high efficiency of the technological process.

Plant nutrition during cultivation is carried out using feeding knives. Fertilizing in narrow strips away from the bulk of the roots is less effective. In addition, feeding knives, moving in the soil, partially damage the root system of plants.

An analysis of the hilling process shows that the smaller the plants, the smaller the amount of soil should be supplied to them, and with increasing habit - the amount of soil should increase, that is, metered hilling of plants should be carried out during the growing season.

Disclosure of invention

The technical result that can be achieved using the present invention is to improve the quality indicators during pre-sowing, pre-emergence tillage, sowing and crop care.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the pre-sowing season, small-crumbling loosening of the soil is carried out in the area of future rows, when sowing, the sections are copied along the aligned strips, when pre-emergence processing, copying and working functions are combined, when hilling, the soil is regulated to be fed to plants, and when fertilizing, mineral fertilizers served to the bulk of the roots.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that in the pre-sowing season a strip “passive” pruning of the soil is carried out in the area of the future row, loosening to the depth of sowing with compaction of the bottom, leveling the surface of two strips on the sides of the loosened zone, sowing on the compacted bottom with copying along the aligned strips, pre-emergence treatment "active" soil pricking in the row zone, and with inter-row cultivation, hilling plants with a dosed layer of soil.

Fertilizing is carried out on aligned strips simultaneously with the earthing up of plants.

Figure 1 shows the arrangement of the working bodies during pre-sowing tillage, top view;

figure 2 is a view of the area of the row after pre-treatment;

figure 3 - arrangement of the opener and the copy wheel when sowing;

figure 4 - diagram of pre-emergence processing of the row zone;

figure 5 - the first inter-row processing with metered earthing up;

figure 6 - inter-row processing with metered hilling and fertilizing plants with fertilizers.

Method implementation examples

Example 1

Before sowing sunflower seeds, pre-sowing tillage is carried out to the depth of sowing and surface leveling. The copy wheel of the seeder section SUPN-8A moves directly in a row behind the coulter and stubs.

As a result of the verification carried out in field experiments, it was established (see table) that the sowing depth with this method turned out to be less stable, variable.

Table 1
Sowing depth statistics Indicator Average cm Standard deviation, cm The coefficient of variation, % Sowing depth 5.1 1.77 34.7

This is due to the fact that the coulter during work when making a sowing groove violates the leveling of the soil surface, and the copying wheel, rigidly connected with it, moves along this uneven surface. Zagotochiki going in front of the wheel are not able to carry out a thorough surface planning, as a result, the coefficient of variation of the sowing depth is 34.7%.

Example 2

Pre-emergence treatment is carried out with standard weeding harrows. Each harrow was placed on a section of the KRN-5.6 B cultivator, which moved in the middle of the aisle. The number of seedlings destroyed was 65.0%. This is explained by the fact that the copying wheel of the section located at a sufficient distance from the weeding harrow performed the copying functions. The profiles of the soil surface are different, and therefore, the teeth of the harrow could not withstand a stable depth and effectively comb out weeds.

The implementation of the invention

Example 3

The method is implemented when working on the guiding elements: cracks, grooves, grooves, cracks, cut simultaneously with pre-sowing tillage.

When pre-sowing tillage, in the zone of the future row, strip "passive" soil pruning is carried out. To do this, use the unit 1 of the needle discs 2 mounted on the cultivator section, with curved needles operating in the "passive" mode. Tips 3 lead to a depth not exceeding the depth of sowing. These spikes are stress concentrators for the lancet paw 4 that follows the disks. As a result, a small-crumby soil structure is formed in the zone of the future row. The blade of the lancet paws compacts the seed bed 5 at the depth of sowing.

On the sides, the loosened lancet paw of the zone, level the surface of two strips 6 and 7. This is done by left- and right-handed flat-cutting paws located on the cultivator section, equipped with vertically arranged lamellar blades 8, 9. The lamellar blade has the ability to rise and fall, changing the size of the slit between him and the edge of the paw.

When sowing, seeds are laid on the dense seed bed 5 formed during pre-sowing treatment (Fig. 3). In this case, the copying wheel 10 of the seeder moves along one of the aligned strips 6 (7). Seeds 11 through the coulter 12, connected with the copying wheel 10, fall on the seed bed 5. The small-crumpy soil structure provides good mulching of the seed furrow and conservation of soil moisture.

Due to the fact that the copying wheels of the seeder sections moved along the pre-sowing treatment and the strips that were not broken during sowing, the stability of the sowing depth significantly increased. The coefficient of variation of the sowing depth was 7.5% (see table 2).

table 2
Sowing depth statistics Indicator Average cm Standard deviation, cm The coefficient of variation, % Sowing depth 6.5 0.49 7.5

When pre-emergence treatment, when the seeds 13 (figure 4) are nested, in the row area is an "active" soil pricking. For this, the needle discs 2 used earlier in the pre-sowing treatment are rotated 180 °. In the "active" mode of operation, the disc needles effectively loosen the topsoil 14, destroy the soil crust and comb seedlings of weeds 15. This is done directly in the row area, which excludes the use of herbicides. Cultivator sections continue to move in rows. The number of weeds destroyed in the protective zones of the rows exceeds 81%.

During inter-row treatments, the cultivator sections are rearranged in the rows. During the first cultivation, when the plant 16 is small, a small soil layer h _{1 is} cut from two planned strips with unilateral flat-cutting paws (Fig. 5), and lamellar dumps move it to the row, carrying out the earthing up of plants. In this case, seedlings of weeds 17 are filled up, which, as a result of sprinkling them with soil, lose their light and die.

In subsequent inter-row treatments, when plants 18 (Fig. 6) increase in size, both the thickness of the undercut layer h ₂ and the amount of soil supplied to the row increase. This contributes to the formation of adventitious roots 19. Simultaneously with the cultivation, fertilizing of plants is possible. To do this, from fertilizer pipe 20, mineral fertilizers 21 are poured onto the soil surface in front of the blade dump. The paw cuts the topsoil, and the blade dump moves it to the rows of plants. In the process of moving fertilizers are thoroughly mixed with the soil and in this form are fed to the zone of location of the maximum number of roots. Moreover, in this zone there are also accessory roots, which play an important role in the growth and development of plants.

Claims (2)

1. A method of cultivating row crops, including pre-sowing, pre-emergence tillage, sowing, hilling plants and fertilizing during inter-row cultivations along guide elements, characterized in that during pre-sowing, passive passive glowing of the soil is carried out in the area of the future row, loosening to the sowing depth with sealing the bottom, leveling the surface of two strips on the sides of the loosened zone, sowing is carried out on the sealed bottom with copying along the aligned strips, with pre-emergence processing active incandescence soil in row zone, and at inter-row treatments carried ridging plants dosed soil. 2. The method of cultivating row crops according to claim 1, characterized in that the application of fertilizers is carried out on aligned strips simultaneously with the earthing up of plants.

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