RU2612440C1 - Method of ridged cultivation of tilled crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes the pre-sowing treatment of soil, sowing and inter-row cultivation. After harvesting the preceding crop the field surface in the autumn period is treated with disc implements at a depth of 8-10 cm with simultaneous cutting the stubble and crop residues and mixing them in the upper soil layer. When emergence of weeds the field surface is treated with the non-selective herbicide based on glyphosate "Roundup" and "Tornado" with a flow rate of 3-8 l/ha. In the spring period the field surface is treated with toothed harrows in two tracks at an angle of 45 degrees to the last treatment of the soil, and the direction of the field treatment with disc implements in the autumn period is chosen at an angle of 45 degrees to the future operation of sowing in the spring period. The pre-sowing treatment is carried out at a depth of the expected seeding down and combined with sowing. The seeds are sown in moist soil layer on the compacted bed to a depth of 1-2 cm above the level of the field surface and sprinkled with a loose and warmed soil layer sheared from the surface between the rows with its simultaneous agitation, forming a ridge of soil over the seeds sown. And the height of the soil ridges is equal to the depth of seeding down set by the agrotechnical requirements, reduced by 1-2 cm. The top and the lateral sides of the ridge are compacted simultaneously with sowing, and the soil ridges are formed on the field surface in the direction from north to south. When inter-row cultivation simultaneously with cutting of weeds and loosening the soil between rows of the cultivated culture the topsoil is sheared from the surface between the rows to the protection zones of the plant rows with simultaneous hilling of the cultivated plants, and the thickness of the sprinkled soil layers is 2-4 and 6-8 cm at the first and the second inter-row cultivation, respectively.

EFFECT: method enables to improve the quality of pre-sowing soil treatment and productivity of the cultivated plants.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of row crops.

A known method of cultivating row crops [Method of cultivating row crops / N.E. Rudenko, E.V. Kulaev. Patent RU No. 2294075. - Publ. February 27, 2007], including pre-sowing, pre-emergence tillage, sowing, hilling plants and fertilizing during inter-row cultivations along guide elements. When pre-sowing treatment, passive passive glowing of the soil is carried out in the zone of the future row, loosening to the depth of sowing with compaction of the bottom, leveling the surface of two strips on the sides of the loosened zone. Sowing is carried out on a compacted bottom with copying along aligned strips, and during pre-emergence treatment, the soil is actively glowing in the row zone. When inter-row treatments carry out the hilling of plants with a dosage layer of soil.

However, the known method has several disadvantages, which include the unsatisfactory quality of pre-sowing and pre-emergence tillage due to the large number of weeds before sowing, the unsatisfactory quality of sowing row crops and the poor quality of inter-row tillage, which ultimately leads to a decrease in yield of cultivated crops.

The technical result is an increase in the quality of pre-sowing tillage and yield of cultivated crops by improving the quality of cultivating row crops, by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for quick and friendly seed germination, as well as improving crop care.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that after harvesting the previous crop, the field surface in the autumn period of time is treated with disk implements to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm while cutting stubble and plant debris and mixing them in the upper soil layer, and when weeds appear, the field surface is treated with a continuous herbicide actions based on glyphosate “Roundup” or “Tornado” with a consumption rate of 3 ... 8 l / ha. In the spring time, the field surface is treated with two-track tooth harrows at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage (disking), and the direction of the field treatment with disk implements in the autumn time period is chosen at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring time. Pre-sowing treatment is carried out to the depth of the proposed seeding and combine with sowing. Seeds are sown in a moist soil layer on a compacted bed to a depth of 1 ... 2 cm from the level of the field surface and sprinkled with a loose and warmed layer of soil, shifted from the surface of the row-spacing with its simultaneous mixing, forming a ridge of soil over the sown seeds. The height of the soil ridges is equal to the seed placement depth specified by the agrotechnical requirements, reduced by 1 ... 2 cm. The top and sides of the ridge are compacted simultaneously with sowing. Soil ridges form on the surface of the field in a direction from north to south. When inter-row cultivations simultaneously with cutting weeds and loosening the soil in the rows of cultivated crops, the upper soil layer is shifted from the surface of the row-spacing to the protective zones of the row of plants with simultaneous cultivation of cultivated plants, while the thickness of the applied soil layers is 2 ... 4 and 6 ... 8 cm at the first and second row spacings, respectively.

In FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the arrangement of working bodies during sowing, a top view, in FIG. 2 is a diagram of the placement of seeds in the soil and the shape of the ridge, in FIG. 3 is a diagram of the arrangement of working bodies during inter-row treatments, a top view, in FIG. 4 is a diagram of the processing of the protective zones of row spacing.

The method of comb cultivation of row crops is as follows.

After harvesting the previous crop, the field surface in the autumn period of time is treated with disk implements to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm with simultaneous cutting of stubble and plant debris and mixing them in the upper soil layer with cut spherical disks, and when weeds appear, the field surface is treated with a continuous action herbicide based on glyphosate "Roundup" or "Tornado" with a consumption rate of 3 ... 8 l / ha. Moreover, depending on the type and number of weeds in the field, the rate of consumption of herbicides against annual weed species and sow thistle is 3 ... 4 l / ha, against field bindweed, perennial cereal and root-weed weeds - 6 ... 8 l / ha.

In the spring time, the field surface is treated with two-track tooth harrows at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage (disking), and the direction of the field treatment with disk implements in the autumn time period is chosen at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring time.

Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to the depth of the proposed seeding and combine with sowing. With the movement of the sowing unit, the opener legs 1 and the legs 2 with tacking discs 3, installed with an overlap of 3 ... 5 cm, loosen the soil and cut weeds. At the same time, the opener paws 1 remove the top dried soil layer with a thickness of 1.5 ... 2 cm, shift it in the aisle and form a wet bed for laying seeds in it. The soil in the rows is compacted with skid-shaped seals 4 installed in the sublap space of the openers 1. Then the seeds are sown in a moist soil layer on a compacted bed. Paws coming from behind 2 with tacking discs 3 sprinkle seeds with a loose and warmed layer of soil, shifted from the row-spacing with its simultaneous mixing during the shift, forming a soil ridge over the sown seeds. The height of the soil ridges is equal to the seed placement depth specified by the agrotechnical requirements for the traditional smooth method of sowing on a flat field surface, but reduced by 1 ... 2 cm. For example, for beans and soybeans, the maximum depth of seed placement on a flat field surface, depending on the soil condition, reaches 8 see. Then the height of the soil ridge over the sown seeds should be 6 ... 7 cm.

The top and sides of the soil ridge are compacted at the same time as sowing by the packer rollers 5 located behind the paws 2 with tacking feathers 3. The packer rollers 5 finally form a comb of soil of a given size. The formation of the soil ridge from heated loose soil, shifted from the row-spacing, allows you to create favorable temperature and air conditions for the seeds.

With the proposed method of cultivating row crops, sowing is carried out in such a way that the lines of sowing and, accordingly, the ridges of the soil above the sown seeds are located from north to south. This ensures the warming of the ridge throughout the day. In the first half of the day the eastern slope of the ridge warms up, at noon - the top of the ridge, and in the afternoon - the western slope of the ridge of the soil.

Inter-row cultivations are performed by row cultivators, which are equipped with lancet paws 6 with tacking discs 7. During inter-row cultivations, lancet paws 6 cut weeds and loosen the soil in the rows of cultivated crops. Tailing discs 7, mounted at an angle to the direction of movement of the aggregate, shift the topsoil from the row spacing to the protective zones of the row of plants, sprinkling uncut weed plants, suppressing their seedlings, while cultivating crops. The thickness of the sprinkled soil layers h _sl depends on the height of cultivated and weed plants and is 2 ... 4 cm in the first row-spacing treatment, and 6 ... 8 cm in the second one.

Performing pre-sowing tillage at the same time as sowing allows you to lay the seeds of the cultivated crop in the moist soil layer. The formation of the soil ridge of the required height from the heated loose soil, shifted from the row-spacing, allows you to create favorable temperature and air conditions for the seeds. Rolling of the formed soil ridge from three sides contributes to a better supply of soil moisture to the seeds located under the compacted part of the ridge. The formation of soil ridges in the direction from north to south allows them to warm up throughout the daylight hours.

Sprinkling of weed plants in the protective zones of cultivated crops allows them to be suppressed, and the hilling of cultivated plants contributes to the formation of subordinate roots in them. At the same time, a soil layer 2 ... 4 cm thick allows you to fill in seedlings of weeds, preventing their germination, without damage to cultivated plants. In the second inter-row cultivation, a soil layer with a thickness of 6 ... 8 cm also allows you to fill in seedlings of weeds without damage to cultivated plants while hilling cultivated plants and create conditions for the development of subordinate roots of cultivated plants in it.

Processing the field surface after harvesting the previous crop in the autumn period with disk implements to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm while cutting stubble and plant debris and mixing them in the upper soil layer allows you to destroy the first "wave" of weeds, loosen the soil and destroy the soil lumps, and also plant seeds of weeds in the soil to “provoke” their growth.

The use of continuous action herbicides based on glyphosate “Roundup” or “Tornado” with a consumption rate of 3 ... 8 l / ha with the appearance of a second “wave” of weed vegetation in the autumn period of time will make it possible to destroy all weeds, including perennials.

Processing in the spring period of time the surface of the field with two-track dental harrows at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage (disking) allows loosening the top soil layer and maximally preserves soil moisture before sowing without additional effects on the mechanical destruction of weeds in the spring.

The direction of tillage at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage is set by agrotechnical requirements. However, the direction of cultivating the field with disk implements in the autumn period of time at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring time period is chosen so that in the spring time the sowing operation is carried out with the simultaneous formation of soil ridges above the sown seeds in the direction from north to south (with south to north).

By improving the quality of cultivation of row crops by creating favorable temperature, water and air conditions for the rapid and friendly germination of seeds, the yield of cultivated crops is increased.

Claims (1)

The method of comb cultivation of row crops, including pre-sowing tillage, sowing and inter-row cultivation, characterized in that after harvesting the previous crop, the field surface in the autumn period is treated with disk implements to a depth of 8-10 cm while cutting stubble and plant residues and mixing them into the top soil layer, and when weeds appear, the field surface is treated with a continuous action herbicide based on Roundup or Tornado glyphosate with a consumption rate of 3-8 l / a, in the spring time the surface of the field is treated with two-track tooth harrows at an angle of 45 degrees to the last tillage, and the direction of processing the field with disk implements in the autumn time is chosen at an angle of 45 degrees to the future sowing operation in the spring time, presowing treatment to the depth of the proposed seed placement and combine with sowing, the seeds are sown in the moist soil layer on a compacted bed to a depth of 1-2 cm from the field surface level and sprinkled with a loose and heated soil layer, with driven from the surface of the row-spacing with its simultaneous mixing, forming a ridge of soil above the sown seeds, and the height of the ridges of the soil is equal to the depth of seeding, set by agrotechnical requirements, reduced by 1-2 cm, the top and sides of the ridge are compacted simultaneously with sowing, and the soil ridges are formed on the surface of the field in the direction from north to south, and when inter-row cultivations simultaneously with cutting weeds and loosening the soil in the rows of cultivated crops shift the top layer of soil from the row-spacing surfaces into the protective zones of a row of plants with the simultaneous hilling of cultivated plants, while the thickness of the powder layers of the soil is 2-4 and 6-8 cm during the first and second row-spacings, respectively.

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