RU2415555C2 - METHOD TO CULTIVATE COMMON BEAN Phaseolus vulgaris L UNDER CONDITIONS OF SEVERELY CONTINENTAL CLIMATE WITH TRICKLE IRRIGATION - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and land reclamation. Method includes removal of the precursor, peeling of stubble and grinding stubble remains of the precursor, application of phosphorus-potassium fertilisers prior to the main treatment of soil, real tillage, harrowing across tillage to level the relief, cultivation of upper soil layer for depth of 8-12 cm, arrangement of ridges, application of herbicides, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with protective and growth preparations, sowing of seeds with the norm of 350-400 thousand pieces per hectare for depth of 3-4 cm, post-sowing rolling, vegetation watering, root and foliar fertilising and harvesting. At the same time in late autumn period the wide ridges are formed with trapezoidal section with height of 20-22 cm with upper base width to locate six rows of beans with space between rows of 15 cm. In prevernal period of the next year each ridge is cut for half of its height, and this layer of soil is tilled. A ridge with two sloping surfaces is formed from loose layer of soil with the possibility to arrange three rows of beans on each slope. Sowing is carried out, as well as post-sowing rolling of slops to form grooves of rectangular section between upper and middle rows at each slope to lay and fix flexible watering pipelines of trickle irrigation system.

EFFECT: method provides for improvement of beans quality.

4 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to technologies for the cultivation of promising varieties and varieties of common beans in the sharply continental climate of the Northern Caspian.

A known method of sowing beans, including seeding seeds in the soil and the formation of ridges above the rows, in which ridges 8-10 cm high are formed simultaneously with seeding the seeds in the soil with one unit, and when nibbling seeds, the upper part of the 3-5 cm tall ridges is cut and moved to row-spacings (RU, patent No. 2192110. C2. IPC ⁷ А01С 7/00, А01В 79/00. The method of sowing beans / V.I.Letunovsky, A.S. Akulov (RU). - Application No.2003171785 / 13; stated 18.12 .2000; publ. 10.11.2002).

The disadvantages of the described method of sowing beans with the problem we are solving - expanding the range of cultivation of varieties and varieties of common beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. and obtaining stable crops with proper bean quality when cultivated in the sharply continental climate of the Northern Caspian region - include mechanical damage and destruction of bean seedlings when cutting soil from ridges to a depth of 3 - 5 cm and its movement in the aisles.

There is also known a method of cultivating legumes, including preparing the soil on the field, planting bean beans to a depth of 2-4 cm, using temperature regimes of air and soil, in which organic fertilizer is applied in the form of litter manure at the rate of 18-22 t / ha before planting, and then the beans are planted in the soil in late July - early August and create a water regime of soil by drip irrigation of 5-6 l / h of water to plants with an irrigation rate of 65-260 m ³ / ha and an inter-irrigation period of four days, while feeding with fertilizers in phases 1 and 5 leaves (RU, patent No. 2132123. C1, IPC ⁶ A01G 1/00. The method of cultivation of legumes / E.V. Kuznetsov, A.V. Mikityuk (RU). - Application No. 98102141/13; filed February 10, 1998; publ. 06/27/1999).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating common beans in relation to the above problem include the death of most of the seedlings due to pathogenic microflora introduced into the soil along with manure, to inhibition of plants in the middle rows.

The described method was adopted by us as the closest analogue. The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to obtain stable yields of common beans in the sharply continental climate of the Northern Caspian. The technical result is an increase in the quality of bean beans. The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating ordinary beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a sharply continental climate with drip irrigation, including harvesting the predecessor, stubbling and grinding the crop residues of the predecessor, applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers before the main tillage, plowing formation turnover, harrowing across the plowing for leveling the relief, cultivation of the upper soil layer to a depth of 8-12 cm, crafts crests, application of herbicides, presowing seed treatment with protective and growth preparations, sowing seeds at a rate of 350-400 thousand units per hectare to a depth of 3-4 cm, post-sowing rolling, vegetative irrigation, root and foliar top dressing, harvesting, according to the invention, in the late autumn form wide ridges of trapezoidal section with a height of 20 -22 cm with a width of the upper base to accommodate six rows of beans with row spacing of 15 cm, in the early spring of the next year, each comb is cut to half its height and this layer of soil is loosened, from the loose soil layer they are formed a slope comb with the possibility of placing three rows of beans on each slope, sowing and post-sowing rolling of slopes with the formation of rectangular grooves between the upper and middle rows on each slope for laying and fixing flexible irrigation pipes of the drip irrigation system.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 in a plan view shows a fragment of the irrigated area with sowing of ordinary beans, made on wide ridges.

Figure 2 - section aa in figure 1, the cross section of a wide ridge made between adjacent technological tracks in the late autumn period.

Figure 3 - the same, cutting and loosening of the upper layer of the ridge to a height of h ₂ in the early spring to form a gable crest for sowing ordinary beans.

Figure 4 - the same, the formation of the grooves of a rectangular profile for laying flexible irrigation pipes after sowing bean beans in rows on the slopes of the ridge.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The method of cultivating ordinary beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the sharply continental climate of the Northern Caspian region under drip irrigation includes the following and traditionally performed the following technological operations performed by machine-tractor units with a set of agricultural machines and accessories for them: harvesting the predecessor, stubbing and grinding the crop residues of the predecessor, applying in full the planned yield of the beans of the beans phosphorus-potassium fertilizers before the main tillage, plowing with the formation, harrowing across the plow to level the relief, cultivating the top layer soil to a depth of 8-12 cm before the formation of agronomic valuable soil fractions, crafts crests, the introduction of herbicides in the early spring to suppress bluegrass (cereal) and root crops pre-sowing weeds, pre-sowing treatment of haricot seeds with protective and growth preparations, sowing haricot seeds with a norm of 350-400 thousand units per hectare. The sowing depth is set equal to 3-4 cm. Post-sowing rolling is done to create a contact of beans. To maintain a moisture threshold of 70-80-70% HB in a layer of 0-0.3 m, vegetative irrigation with established irrigation norms and their quantity are performed. To increase the yield and quality of beans, root and non-root top dressing is performed with both N, P, K, Ca, S, Mn and trace elements Mo, Co, B, Cu, Zn, and others.

The final technological operation is the harvesting of beans. All the described technological operations are carried out with. machines, fleet and brands of the latter are adapted to the traction classes of tractors 0.6; 1.4; 2; 3; 4 and 5. Machines and tractors are acceptable both domestically and imported from well-known agricultural engineering firms.

In the proposed technology for the cultivation of common beans in the late autumn from loose soil after cultivation of the upper layer to a depth of 8-12 cm, wide ridges 1 of a trapezoidal section with a height of h = 20-22 cm are formed (see figures 1 and 2). The width of the upper base B ₁ must be set to accommodate six rows of 2 ordinary beans with row spacing = 15 cm.

With a track gauge of 3 b _k = 350 mm and setting the wheels of an aggregated tractor by T = 1400 mm, the width of the lower base is B ₂ = 1050 mm and the upper base is B ₁ = 900 mm.

With the described parameters, ridges 1 go into the winter. During the autumn-winter-spring period in the ridge layer 1 with a height of h ₁ = 20-22 cm there is an accumulation of moisture, decomposition of organic and crop residues, and mineral fertilizers are converted into digestible forms. At the same time, atmospheric air and nitrogen are saturated with agronomically valuable soil aggregates.

In the early spring of the next year, in each ridge 1, layer 4 is cut to a depth of h ₂ = 8-12 cm. This performs several operations: cutting the roots of cold-resistant weeds and the roots and rhizomes of perennial weeds, loosening this layer to the state of a shallow fraction of soil with clod sizes no more than 2-3 cm. From this layer 4, a ridge 5 is formed with two slopes 6 (see Figs. 3 and 4 sequentially). Thus, a gable ridge 5 is formed from a loose soil layer 4 with the possibility of placing three rows of 2 beans on each slope 6. A special roller 7, the profile of which is shown in figure 4, compacts the ridges 6, bringing their addition density to 0.02 MPa. The seeder SN-16 PM, having disc coulters with restrictive flails, sows bean beans on the seed bed 8 to a depth of 3-4 cm with 0.15 cm row spacing. After sowing the bean beans, the slopes 6 are sowed after roll 7 and the grooves 9 are formed with the formation of grooves 9 rectangular section between the upper row 2 and the middle row 2 on each slope 6 for laying and fixing flexible irrigation pipes 10 of the drip irrigation system. The width of the grooves 9 is 2-3 times greater than the diameter of the flexible irrigation pipelines 10. Under the conditions of the Northern Caspian, the entire spring period is characterized by winds with a speed of more than 5 m / s. To avoid damage to the flexible irrigation pipelines 10 from fluttering and pecking by birds, the tubes 10 are laid on the bottom of the grooves 10. For this, removable rings 11 are mounted on the roller 7 (see Fig. 4). When sowing seeds 12 on the seed bed 8, when making grooves 10, the seeds 12 are pressed against the soil bed 8 and at the same time the slopes are compacted in this state 6. Flexible irrigation pipes 10 are laid lower by a height of h ₃ than seeds 12 in the upper rows 2. Seeds 12 in the lower rows 2, on slopes 6, they are located lower by a height h ₄ than flexible irrigation pipelines 10 in the grooves 9. This fundamentally changes the irrigation regime of ordinary bean plants.

At a seeding rate of 400 thousand plants with a row spacing of b = 0.15 m, the placement step of plants is 2-0.16 (6) m.

The nutrition area under each bean plant is 10,000: 400,000 = 0.0250 m ² = 250 cm ² = 15.0 × 16.66 cm ² . In each flexible irrigation pipe, 10 droppers are offset from each other at a distance of 0.2 m. The rate of flow of irrigation water for each dropper is 4 l / h.

For one running meter of the length of ridge 5, 36 bean plants are accounted for. Twelve droppers on 1 running meter of ridge 5 pour 48 liters of water every hour.

When irrigation water is dispensed by a dropper, the seeds 12 in the upper rows along the ridge are irrigated by the flow of water due to capillary forces, the middle rows 2 are moistened by the flow of water due to capillary and gravitational forces, and the lower rows 2 are irrigated by gravitational forces only. This ensures uniform soil moisture along the width, length and thickness of the ridge 5.

When heavy rainfall falls along slopes 6, excess moisture is collected in rut 3. From each rut 3, excess unabsorbed water moistens the roots of beans under the seed bed 8. Due to capillary forces, this prevents the beans from getting wet when cultivated in humid, unfavorable years.

The tiered arrangement of bean plants allows the leaves to effectively use not only solar energy, but to avoid fungal and other diseases due to the openwork arrangement of the bean stems on the slopes of 6 ridges 5. The root systems of the bean penetrate the entire thickness of the soil layer (h ₁ ) of ridge 5, which makes it possible to use introduced basic phosphorus-potash fertilizers and top dressing in the form of nitrogen fertilizers, sulfur, calcium and manganese along with irrigation water.

Among legumes, which are crucial in solving the protein problem, beans is one of the leading places. The culture of common bean is widespread in the world; it is cultivated in more than 70 countries in various soil and climatic zones. The total sown area in the world is 25 million hectares. However, insufficient attention is paid to this most important high-protein food crop in the Russian Federation. However, the possibilities of wide cultivation and introduction of common beans in the Northern Caspian are very significant.

At the same time, a number of objective and subjective factors significantly hinder the distribution of common beans not only in the Lower Volga region, but also in Russia as a whole. First of all, this is the lack of varietal gamma that is well adapted to the specific soil and climatic conditions of the zone, very insignificant volumes of seed production and imperfect agricultural technology and the lack of promising cultivation technologies, as well as the insufficient knowledge of the biology and morphology of ordinary bean culture.

Table 1 presents the main indicators of the photosynthetic activity of bean crops during drip irrigation in a sharply continental climate. Samples of the collection of common beans of various origin are presented by the All-Russian Institute of Plant Production named after N.I. Vavilova to establish the influence of the sharply continental climate of the Northern Caspian Sea on their productivity.

Table 2 shows the coefficients of water consumption of the collection of common beans during drip irrigation.

Table 3 numerically describes economically valuable traits of beans of the ordinary VIR collection when cultivated on light chestnut irrigated soils of the Northern Caspian.

Table 4 presents the comparative economic efficiency of growing varieties of common beans in drip irrigation. A variety of Oka beans has been adopted as the standard.

Variety studies of common beans have shown the advantage of certain varieties due to the presence of certain economically valuable traits.

The density of standing of beans of the ordinary VIR collection in the current year, as in the previous year, was in the range of 24.0-26.0 thousand plants per hectare. This density is most consistent with the biological requirements of this type of bean and nutrition area.

The productivity of one plant of all the variety samples from the VIR collection, according to the results of variety studies, is very high from 5.53 g for the variety K 4183 to 29.04 g for K 12699. Accordingly, the yield varies from 1.43 to 7.09 t / ha.

Structural analysis showed that the crop is largely determined by the mass of 1000 grains, which in these variety specimens exceeds 200 g, and in some cases even exceeds 300 g. There are 4 such samples.

In general, all samples of the VIR collection are classified as precocious and highly productive, with significant adaptive potential for arid conditions.

An economic analysis of the costs invested in growing a collection of beans on drip irrigation showed that with a total cost of 42.0 thousand rubles / ha and a selling price of 1 ton of seeds 30 thousand rubles, a very tangible income was obtained both for varieties of vegetable beans and varieties common beans (table 4).

Varieties of common beans collection VIR more aligned with water consumption. Among them, the best indicators were obtained from K 15281-777.8; for K 15377-833.3, as well as for three variety samples: K 12500, K 13646 and K 12699-1000-1093.0 m ³ / t. The remaining samples on the cost of productive moisture for the formation of 1 ton of grain do not go beyond the normative requirements, which for beans are 2000-2500 and fully fit into this interval. This characterizes the samples from the VIR catalog as completely adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the growth of the arid zone.

Varieties of common beans from the VIR collection grew somewhat more intensively. So the collection sample K 12699 from full germination to flowering showed an increase of 48.2 cm, and in hollow ripeness had a height of 66 cm. All other varieties of vegetable beans had a harvest height of 25.2 to 29.5; the height of the variety of common beans by the time of full ripeness of the grain was in the range from 21.2 to 35.4 cm

The dynamics of the formation of the leaf apparatus and the photosynthetic activity of common bean crops. The maximum number of leaves on bean plants, both ordinary and vegetable, is formed by the moment of mass formation of beans, i.e. for compact bean bushes having a bush form, growth processes end by the period of mass formation of beans. Consequently, most of the assimilates in these plants go to the formation of economically valuable organs, in contrast to the curly forms of beans.

Moreover, a direct and very close correlation relationship was established between the maximum number of leaves and seed productivity, r = 0.98 ± 0.02, and the linear regression equation is expressed by the formula Y = -2.73 + x · 0.45.

The data presented in table 1 allow us to conclude that when a powerful leaf apparatus of crops is formed under optimal moisture supply and nutrition, high daily dry matter growths are achieved. According to our data, with a maximum leaf area reaching from 36.56 thousand m ² / ha (for K 15377) to 37.24 thousand m ² / ha (for K 15281) and the average average photosynthesis productivity during the growing season was the level of 3.86-3.97 g / m ² . The final grain yield directly depended on these indicators and significantly exceeded 3-4 tons of grain per hectare, and the variety sample K 12699 showed the highest yield in the variety research of the VIR collection of 7.1 tons of grain per 1 hectare.

From the group of common beans, the following samples are more profitable and economically effective: K 15281 (125.67 thousand rubles / ha), K 15377 (116.0 thousand rubles / ha), K 12500 and K 13646 (93.0 thousand each). rub / ha) and K 12031 (72.52 thousand rub / ha). The maximum yield was shown by the sample K 12699-07.208 thousand rubles.

In general, the bean culture under the conditions of drip irrigation is highly profitable, deserving more attention both in the study and in wider production implementation.

The effectiveness of the proposed method for the cultivation of common beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the sharply continental climate of the Northern Caspian region is shown in table 5.

Thus, the presented information testifies in favor of the claimed invention, which meets the criteria of Novelty, Significant differences and Technical replication in unlimited quantities and Applicability in a wide soil variety.

In general, the collection of common beans (VIR) has a set of positive genotypic properties that allow you to form not only a high potential crop, but also guaranteed to get an economic crop with a minimum of losses during harvesting by cultivation according to the claimed method,

table 2 Water consumption ratio of common bean collection No. p / p Grade Water consumption coefficient, m ³ / t one K 1364 2058.8 2 K 4183 2333.3 3 K 4241 2058.8 four K 12028 1590.9 5 K 12031 1206.9 6 K 12500 1000,0 7 K 12699 1093.8 8 K 13646 1000,0 9 K 15377 833.3 10 K 15281 777.8

Table 3 Economically valuable traits of bean varieties of the VIR ordinary collection Sample No. Variety, kata
broad gull Density, pcs / m ² Growing season, days Plant height, cm Grain mass from 1 plant, g Mass of 1000 grains, g Biological productivity, t / ha one Oka-St 24.0 one hundred 34,4 5,0 228.8 1.20 2 K 1364 25.0 88 27.8 6.92 282.2 1.73 3 K 4183 26.6 90 26.6 5.53 206.2 1.47 four K 4241 25,4 92 28,2 6.57 220,4 1,67 5 K 12028 25.5 86 28.8 8.60 318.7 2.19 6 K 12031 25.0 90 26.6 11.56 254.8 2.89 7 K 12500 24.8 94 34.0 14.08 268.8 3.49 8 K 12699 24.4 99 66.0 29.04 314.0 7.09 9 K 13646 25.0 92 21,2 13.90 306.5 3.48 10 K 15377 25.0 87 35,4 16.59 318.5 4.15 eleven K 15281 26.0 90 29.7 17.27 240.8 4.49

Table 4 Comparative economic efficiency of cultivating common bean varieties No. p / p Variety specimen (grade) Harvest
t / ha Sebestoy
bridge 1 t, thousand rubles Cost of sales from 1 ha, thousand rubles At
true, thousand rubles eleven Oka - St. 2.2 19.09 66.0 46.91 12 K 1364 1.7 24.71 51.0 26.29 13 K 4183 1,5 28.00 45.0 17.00 fourteen K 4241 1.7 24.71 51.0 26.29 fifteen K 12028 2.2 19.09 66.0 46.91 16 K 12031 2.9 14.48 87.0 72.52 17 K 12500 3,5 12.00 105.0 93.00 eighteen K 12699 7.1 5.92 213.0 207.08 19 K 13646 3,5 12.00 105.0 93.00 twenty K 15377 4.2 10.00 126.0 116.00 21 K 15281 4,5 9.33 135.0 125.67

Claims (1)

The method of cultivating ordinary beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a sharply continental climate with drip irrigation, including harvesting the predecessor, stubble cultivation and grinding the crop residues of the predecessor, the application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers before the main tillage, plowing with the turnover of the reservoir, harrowing across the plow for leveling , cultivation of the topsoil to a depth of 8-12 cm, crafts crests, application of herbicides, presowing treatment of seeds with protective and growth preparations, sowing seeds normal 350-400 thousand units per hectare to a depth of 3-4 cm, post-sowing rolling, vegetative irrigation, root and foliar top dressing, harvesting, characterized in that in the late autumn period they form wide trapezoidal ridges with a height of 20-22 cm with a width of the upper base for placement six rows of beans with row-spacings of 15 cm, in the early spring of next year, each comb is cut to half its height and this layer of soil is loosened, a gable comb is formed from a loose soil layer with the possibility of placing three p orderings bean, northern and operate posleposevnoe compacting rays to form a rectangular cross-section grooves between the upper and middle rows on each slope for styling and fixing the flexible pipeline irrigation drip irrigation system.

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