RU2742339C1 - Method for cultivation of leguminous crops on irrigation in conditions of arid zone of northern caspian - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in intensive technology of leguminous crops cultivation under irrigation conditions. Method includes sowing and pre-sowing of organic fertilizer of sapropel - 30 t/ha and semi-tillage manure - 30 t/ha. In October, after harvesting of the precursor, the main treatment of MTZ-1021+PLN-4-35 soil with soil tillage by 22–24 cm is carried out. In the spring at approach of physical ripeness harrowing with tooth harrows C-11+BZT-1 in two tracks is performed. Early spring period cold-resistant weeds are destroyed by loosening of the upper layer at depth of 2–3 cm when the tooth harrows move across the ploughing. Heat-loving weeds at soil temperature in layer of 8–10 cm are not lower than +14÷+16°C is mechanically eliminated by displacement of tooth harrows by diagonal-cross direction. Soil is piled up after sowing, its sprouting is performed with cultivator paws MTZ-1021 + KPS-5 at depth of 8–10 cm. When soil crust is formed after rains, harrowing is performed with gradual reduction of depth of subsequent cultivation to 6–8 cm. Sowing is carried out by seed drills MTZ-1021+-3,6 with seeding depth of 5–6 cm and spacing of 70 cm. Vegetation watering is carried out with sprinkler plant Bauer Rainstar; during vegetation mineral fertilizers are fractionally added with dose N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ with irrigation water.

EFFECT: method provides higher yield of leguminous crops with development of agrotechnical techniques using a mobile sprinkling installation Bauer Rainstar in arid conditions.

1 cl, 1 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used as a basic element in the intensive technology of cultivation of leguminous crops under irrigation conditions in relation to the soil and climatic conditions of the arid zone.

A known method of cultivation of leguminous crops, including mulching with chopped straw during harvesting, post-harvest loosening with a chisel ripper RF-4 to a depth of 25-27 cm, pre-sowing introduction of the herbicide Gezagard 500 s into the soil. because the norm is 3.5 l / ha 3 days before sowing. Then, sowing peas and chickpeas at the optimal time using sowing complexes with lancet paws and the introduction of the herbicide Fusilat super 125 at a rate of 1 l / ha in the phase of 4-5 leaves of the crop. Method of cultivating leguminous crops. Invention patent (19) KZ (13) A4 (11) 29347. (51) А01В 79/02 (2006.01). Authors: Karipov R.Kh .; Pluzhnik D.P .; Zhumagulov I.I. 12/25/2014, bul. No. 12.

The disadvantage of this method is the long term for a number of agro-technological operations and high production costs aimed at cultivating leguminous crops.

The known method of cultivation of soybeans with drip irrigation. Including a number of agro-technological methods and the introduction of macrofertilizers: P, K, Ca in full in the topsoil 0-0.8 m during early spring loosening. And also nitrogen with irrigation water. Sulfur is added with irrigation water and with foliar feeding during the period of plant development. The microelements Mo, B, Co, Cu, Zn and the macroelement Mn are introduced with foliar feeding. Working solution 125-200 l / ha.

The method of growing soybeans for grain mainly in the drip irrigation system (RU, patent No. 2355149, C1, IPC ⁶ А01В 79/02. The method of growing soybeans for grain mainly in the drip irrigation system / Ovchinnikov A.S., Pantyushina T.V., Borodychev V.V., Lytov M.N., Saldaev A.M.) - Application No. 2007132359/12; Declared 08/27/2007; Publ. 05/20/2009. Bul. No. 14.

Despite the high economic costs associated with the purchase of drip equipment, there are some disadvantages, namely the high probability of clogging of drip tapes. The holes of the drip tapes are easily clogged with dirt, as a result of which some of the plants do not receive the recommended volume of water for the full development of plants.

Another disadvantage is the fragility and unreliability of drip equipment. They can be easily damaged by taking care of vegetative plants. Even with the utmost care, the lifespan of drip tapes does not exceed several years. Static and rotary sprinklers are much more reliable and practical.

The closest analogue to the claimed invention is a method for the cultivation of leguminous crops providing for the pre-sowing application of organic fertilizers in the form of bedding manure at the rate of 18-22 t / ha, as well as the calculated water regime of the soil by drip irrigation of 5-6 l / h at an irrigation rate of 65-260 m ³ / ha and an inter-irrigation period of 4 days. In the phase of 1 and 5 leaves, fertilizing is carried out with mineral fertilizers. (Patent No. 2132123. IPC A01G 1/00. Method of cultivation of legumes / Kuznetsov E.V .; Mityuk A.V. - Application 98102141/13, Stated 02/10/1998 Publ. 06/27/1999.

The disadvantage of this method is that with such irrigation for an arid climate, it is impossible to regulate the microclimate and maintain the relative humidity at the height of the plants. That on hot days can lead to damage to the sheet plate. At the same time, irrigation rates from 65 to 260 m ³ / ha are not quite sufficient for the climatic conditions of the arid climate of the Northern Caspian region.

The closest analogue is the article by A.N. Bondarenko. "Evaluation of the economic efficiency of agro-technological methods of biologization in the cultivation of leguminous crops in the conditions of the North-Western Caspian region." The disadvantage of this article is the lack of agrotechnical conditions for soil cultivation, the dates when half-matured manure, sapropel and mineral fertilizers were applied are not indicated.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to be solved by the claimed invention is to increase the yield of leguminous crops with the development of agro-technological methods using the Bauer Rainstar sprinkler.

The technical result is the use of various dressings aimed at increasing the yield of leguminous crops when cultivated in an arid climate.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the presented method of cultivation of leguminous crops in the zone of arid farming, including the main tillage; in spring, at the onset of physical ripeness, harrowing was carried out with tooth harrows; sowing seeds, rolling the soil after sowing, loosening the seedlings with cultivator tines, irrigation during the growing season with a Bauer Rainstar sprinkler according to the invention, the main soil cultivation was carried out in October MTZ-1021 PLN-4-35, in the early spring period cold-resistant weeds were destroyed by loosening the top layer on depth of 2-3 cm when moving the tooth harrows across plowing, and heat-loving weeds at a soil temperature in a layer of 8-10 cm not lower than + 14 + 16 ° C are mechanically eliminated by moving the tooth harrows in a diagonal-cross direction, pre-sowing application of organic fertilizer sapropel - 30 t / ha and half-matured manure - 30 t / ha was introduced into the topsoil, and during the growing season, fractional application of N ₃₀ P ₃₀ K ₃₀ with irrigation water was provided.

The objects of research were soybean varieties Volgogradka 1 and common beans Rubin.

Information confirming the possibility of realizing the claimed invention is as follows.

The method of cultivating leguminous crops on irrigation in the arid zone of the Northern Caspian region includes a list of the following mandatory technological operations. After harvesting the predecessor, the main cultivation is carried out, preferably with soil deepening by 22-24 cm MTZ-1021 + PLN-4-35. In the spring, soil cultivation began at the onset of physical maturity of the soil with harrowing with C-11 + BZT-1 tooth harrows in two tracks. Further, when weed seedlings appeared, the field was cultivated with MTZ-1021 + KPS-5 to a depth of 8-10 cm, and when a soil crust formed (after rains), harrowing was carried out. The depth of subsequent cultivations gradually decreased to 6-8 cm. In total, two presowing cultivations were carried out. Routine sowing was carried out with MTZ-1021 + SZ-3.6 seeders, with a seeding depth of 5-6 cm. The seeding rate of beans and soybeans was 350 thousand pieces / ha. Row spacing 70 cm.

The proposed method of sowing leguminous crops, preferably in the Caspian lowland, involves the application of various nutritional options under irrigation conditions using a Bauer Rainstar sprinkler.

For the first time, the features of the formation of the yield of leguminous crops were revealed, depending on the options for feeding under irrigation.

In different periods of the research conducted, the irrigation rate of leguminous crops changed depending on the prevailing weather conditions and the productive moisture reserve in the soil.

On average, over the three years of the conducted research, the irrigation rate was 150 m ³ / ha. The irrigation rate was 2550.0 m ³ / ha.

Organic fertilizers - half-matured manure and sapropel - were applied before sowing at the rate of 30 t / ha, respectively, and mineral fertilizers - fractionally during the growing season through a drip tape with irrigation water.

Development of agro-technological methods for cultivating leguminous crops under irrigation conditions, aimed at biologizing agriculture in the North-Western Caspian region with various options for feeding for the organization of adequate nutrition using a sprinkler Bauer Rainstar with an irrigation rate of 150 m ³ / ha.

The use of the proposed techniques will increase the yield of leguminous crops in the Astrakhan region, as well as reduce the technogenic load associated with the excessive use of high doses of mineral fertilizers and chemical agents.

The results of the study showed that irrigation water had a significant impact on the formation of marketable products of beans and soybeans, which accounted for more than 50% of the total water consumption. The total water consumption on average for 2016-2018 was 3337.0 m ³ / t.

The coefficient of water consumption of the leguminous crops presented in the study varied significantly according to the study options. The efficiency of irrigation water use directly depended on the received marketable products. So, the smallest water consumption for the formation of the bean yield fell on the following options: B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) -901.9 m ³ / t and B3 (half-matured manure 30 t / ha) - 1042.8 m ³ / t (Fig. . one).

At the same time, the yield of the above options varied from 3.2 to 3.7 t / ha. The maximum value of the coefficient of water consumption was observed in the control variant of 1668.5 m ³ / t, with a yield of -2.0 t / ha.

From an analysis of FIG. 1 it follows that for the formation of marketable soybean production of the Volgogradka 1 variety, lower water consumption fell on option B3 (organic fertilizer - half-matured manure -30 t / ha) and B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) The water consumption coefficient was 953.4-981.5 m ³ / t.

In the studies carried out on the cultivation of common beans of the Rubin variety using various feeding options, two options were identified that differ in the highest plant height: B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) - 40.0 cm and B3 (half-matured manure -30 t / ha) - 43 , 4 cm.

In terms of the number of branches per plant, similar variants had an advantage: 5.0-5.2 pcs. The maximum height of up to 1 lower pod was noted on option B3 (semi-matured manure -30 t / ha) - 10.6 cm.

By the number of grains per 1 plant, variant B3 stood out (half-ripened manure - 30 t / ha) - 63.0 pcs. The best indices of the mass of 1000 grains were obtained in the variant with the use of sapropel -352.0 g (Table 1).

The analysis of the elements of the structure of the common bean yield showed the advantage of the option - B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) with a yield of 3.7 t / ha, with such indicators the increase relative to the control option was 1.7 t / ha.

Correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between the number of beans and the number of grains per plant r = 0.85, plant height and yield r = 0.85, as well as between the number of grains per 1 plant and the mass of 1000 grains r = 0.89.

As the results of the cultivation of soybean variety Volgogradka 1 showed, the plant height according to the study options varied from 29.4 to 37.0 cm, the height to 1 lower bean varied from 8.0 to 10.4 cm. The maximum indicators in the number of branches per plant were 2.6 pcs., By the number of beans - 46.6 pcs. were noted on option B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) (Table 2).

With a high value of the mass of 1000 grains from 136.0 to 140.0 g, variants B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) and B3 (half-mature manure -30 t / ha)

The analysis of the yield of soybeans, depending on various options for feeding, showed that the most productive option was B2 (sapropel 30 t / ha) with a yield of 3.5 t / ha (+0.9 t / ha to the control).

An average positive correlation was noted between plant height and the number of beans per plant r = 0.7, between plant height and the number of grains per 1 plant when cultivated r = 0.8, and the number of beans and the number of grains per plant r = 0.97.

The results of the study on the cultivation of leguminous crops confirmed the positive role of the use of various forms (in their composition) of fertilizers.

Analysis of the economic efficiency of the cultivation of beans and soybeans with various options for fertilizing with irrigation showed that they contributed to an increase in the costs and cost of production, while increasing profitability and economic efficiency (Tables 3, 4).

The results presented in Table 3 confirm the high economic efficiency of common beans cultivation using organic fertilizer sapropel on reclaimed land at the rate of 30 t / ha and half-matured manure at a similar rate of application, while the total costs amounted to 37,133.4 rubles / ha.

The cost of products sold on these options amounted to 86400.0-99900.0 rubles / ha, net income - from 49266.6 to 62,766.69 rubles / ha, production profitability 132.7-169.0%. Economic efficiency with such indicators was equal to 2.3-2.7 rubles / river. investment costs with a yield of 3.2-3.7 t / ha.

High yield rates for the cultivation of Volgogradka 1 soybeans with various options for feeding were obtained on B3 (sapropel 30.0 t / ha). The total costs were equal to 37133.4 rubles / ha. The prime cost of 1 ton was 12312.6 rubles. profitability of production 46.2% The economic efficiency of the invested costs amounted to 1.9 rubles / year. (table 4).

The described method will lead to an increase in the acreage of leguminous crops in the near future by at least 1 thousand hectares, as well as to an increase in the gross production of legumes by at least 5 thousand tons, which will be 20% of the gross yield of legumes throughout Astrakhan region.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating leguminous crops in the conditions of the North-Western Caspian region, including sowing and pre-sowing organic fertilization of sapropel - 30 t / ha and half-ripened manure - 30 t / ha, characterized in that in October, after harvesting the predecessor, the main soil treatment is carried out MTZ-1021 + PLN-4-35 with 22-24 cm deepening; in spring, at the onset of physical ripeness, harrowing is carried out with C-11 + BZT-1 tooth harrows in two tracks; in the early spring period, cold-resistant weeds are destroyed by loosening the top layer to a depth of 2-3 cm when moving the tooth harrows across the plowing, and heat-loving weeds at a soil temperature in a layer of 8-10 cm not lower than + 14 ÷ + 16 ° C are mechanically eliminated by moving the tooth harrows diagonally cross direction, soil rolling is carried out after sowing, seedlings are loosened with MTZ-1021 + KPS-5 cultivator paws to a depth of 8-10 cm, and when a soil crust forms after rains, harrowing is carried out with a gradual decrease in the depth of subsequent cultivation to 6-8 cm, ordinary sowing is carried out with MTZ-1021 + SZ-3.6 seeders with a seeding depth of 5-6 cm and a row spacing of 70 cm, vegetative irrigation is carried out with a Bauer Rainstar sprinkler, during the growing season, mineral fertilizers are applied fractionally with a dose of N ₃₀ P ₃₀ K ₃₀ with irrigation water ...

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