RU2784389C1 - Method for enriching the soil when cultivating oats on chernozems - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes sowing and applying organic fertilizers in the form of manure, caring for crops and cleaning. As a precursor, a crop in the form of corn is used, in the autumn, surface spreading of fertilizers at a dose of 10 t/ha is carried out, then winter plowing, tillage, sowing seeds. Moreover, the surface spreading of fertilizers is carried out with a pre-prepared mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure and lowland peat, respectively, 3:1. A mixture of horse manure and lowland peat is prepared in heaps by mixing the components with a non-woven material covering the top of the heap with an extract of the mixture for maturation for one week. Then, treatment with Baikal EM-1 is carried out, normally 10% of the composition of the mixture of components. Stirring is carried out, after which the heap is re-covered from above with non-woven material, followed by maturation for two weeks.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to increase the yield of oats due to the effective use of fertilizers by plants, soil fertility in crop rotation and to obtain environmentally safe products.

1 cl, 8 dwg, 10 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods for enriching the soil when cultivating oats on black soil.

At present, an urgent task in the cultivation of crops is to increase their productivity.

In the conditions of the Chernozem zone of Russia, which is distinguished by favorable natural and economic conditions for the cultivation of agricultural crops, an important place is given to grain crops. Grain of wheat, rye, oats and other grain crops is the basis of human and animal nutrition, it is also the most important export product.

Oats are one of the most common cereal crops. Grown almost everywhere. In Russia, oat crops occupy an area of 3.6-4.4 million hectares. In terms of gross grain harvest, oats rank third after wheat and barley. Oat grain has a high nutritional value. At the same time, the productivity of oats largely depends on the use of science-based fertilizer systems, which under modern conditions on chernozems with leach horizons are poorly differentiated, have a dark gray color, gradually turning brown down the profile, require experimental clarification, in that based on the results of research during cultivation in crop rotation and in field experiments (Demin V.A. Substantiation of rational fertilizer systems in crop rotations with the intensification of agricultural production: Dis. Doc. Agricultural Sciences. M., 1985. S. 207-210) .

Manure is the most important organic fertilizer. Numerous experiences of research institutions and the practice of advanced farms show that increasing crop yields largely depends on the quantity and quality of manure used, its proper storage and use. According to scientific institutions, the average norms of manure (20-30 t/ha) give in the year of application, the following average yield increases: grain 6-7 centners/ha. When properly used, manure has a high effect in all areas of the country and on all types of soil.

In connection with the development of the livestock industry, there is a need to increase the fodder base, and as a result, to increase the acreage of grain forage crops. Oats, in comparison with other grain forage crops, is the most valuable energy crop for breeding horses.

Currently, oats are widely known not only as fodder, but also as a food crop. Such a unique value of oats and products of its processing for fodder and food purposes is associated with the peculiarities of the biochemical composition of its grain.

Of the total oat grain produced in Russia, 91-94% is used for fodder purposes, an insignificant part of the resulting products (6-9%) is processed for processing. Food consumption accounts for 16-17% of the world harvest of oats, while the share of food consumption in all European countries and the USA is increasing.

In comparison with other grain crops, it is the most balanced in terms of amino acid composition.

The fat content in oats has a high energy value. The quality characteristics of the grain are due to a balanced ratio of fatty acids - a low content of linolenic (18:3) and a high content of seleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids. Oat grain contains 2-3 times more fat (4-12%) than other cereals.

Numerous scientific studies show that the genetic potential of oat productivity has not yet been fully realized. The level of quality indicators of grain is formed under the influence of three main factors: weather conditions during the growing season of cereals, genetic characteristics of varieties and technology for their cultivation (State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2008-2012. - M .: 2007. 74 p.).

Due to the high content of organic matter, semi-decomposed bedding horse manure has a positive effect on its physical, physicochemical and biological application, the content of humus and total nitrogen in the soil increases, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreases, the content of mobile forms of aluminum and manganese in the soil decreases, the degree of loaded with bases. So clay soils under the influence of manure become looser, easier to work, become more permeable to water and air. The carbon dioxide released during the decomposition of manure is also important. During the decomposition of 30-40 tons of manure, from 35 to 65 kg of CO ₂ is released annually, which improves the carbon nutrition of plants. With manure, a large number of microorganisms are introduced into the soil. Manure organic matter is a well-available source of food and energy material for the life and activity of soil microflora. Therefore, when manure is applied, the microbiological activity of the soil and the mobilization of the nutrient reserves contained in it are enhanced.

One ton of semi-mature manure contains 4-5 kg of nitrogen, 2-2.5 kg of phosphorus and 5-7 kg of potassium. In the first year, plants absorb mainly ammonia nitrogen. In the solid excretions of animals and in the litter, nitrogen is in the form of organic compounds, which slowly mineralize in the soil and are poorly used by plants in the first year. Therefore, the more liquid excretions are absorbed by the litter, the richer the manure is in ammoniacal nitrogen and the higher the effect of such manure in the first year after application.

It should be noted that manure on peat bedding usually contains more ammoniacal nitrogen, so its efficiency in the first year is higher than manure on straw bedding.

When making horse (horse) manure, first of all, potassium nutrition of plants is provided. The fertilizing effect of this fertilizer is mainly determined by the content of total and ammonia nitrogen in it, since in most soils, in particular in the Chernozem, nitrogen is not enough for normal plant nutrition in the first place. The use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from manure is an obligatory presence of nutrients, which means that it depends on the quality and norm of manure in soil and climatic conditions.

On the Chernozems, manure decomposes slowly; on sandy soils, manure decomposes faster, and its effect increases with time. In more moist soil, manure decomposition occurs faster than in arid southern and southeastern regions due to lack of moisture in the soil.

A very important task is the accumulation of organic fertilizers due to an increase in the yield of manure, while using it for fertilizers and peat.

In the study, the authors of the invention proceeded from the possibility of the conditions of the Ryazan region, where the genetic horizons of leached chernozem are present, are poorly differentiated.

Determination of the quantitative parameters of the accumulation of livestock waste as horse waste in LAG-Service AGRO LLC of the Zakharovsky district of the Ryazan region per year amounted to 205 tons of horse manure or 560 kg of manure per day.

The use of peat when mixed with manure means the involvement in the cycle of new nutrients that were previously outside this cycle. Straw used for bedding and low-lying peat are rich in carbon, but poor in nitrogen, and decompose worse. As one of the components when mixing, a low-lying torus was taken with the decomposition of organic matter up to 40% to improve the aeration of the soil of the chernozem and increase its moisture content. Manure is rich in microflora. Its introduction enhances the vital activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifiers and other groups in the soil.

It should be used simultaneously with the drug Baikal EM-1, the microorganisms of which contribute to the transfer of hard-to-reach forms of nutrient compounds into available plants. The introduction of such a preparation separately into the soil is rather complicated due to antagonistic and synergistic relationships. Therefore, the authors of the invention applied it directly when mixing two organic fertilizers when laying in heaps (stacks) of a given height, covering it with material and obtaining, first at a given time, semi-mature manure, and then in its final form at a given time, already rotted manure (which is discussed below will be described in detail in the study examples of the inventors).

It should be noted that the grain yield is formed under the influence of a complex of factors of the external habitat of plants - the level of soil fertility, moisture conditions. Solar insolation and temperature conditions, and in the same soil and climatic conditions, the targeted use of agricultural practices can significantly change the physical parameters of the grain and its chemical composition.

With such agrotechnical methods as the selection of predecessors, the system of basic and pre-sowing tillage, fertilization, it is possible to use preparations whose microorganisms contribute to the transfer of hard-to-reach forms of nutrient compounds into available plants.

A well-known method for producing biofertilizers should be given (Patent RU No. 2539781, C05F 3/00, C05F 11/02, C05FG 3/00 dated 01/27/2013). According to this method, chicken manure and peat, taken in a ratio of 50:50, are crushed to a particle size distribution of not more than 10 mm. The crushed components are mixed and alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in the amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at 20-22°C for 24 hours. Wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3% of the mass, and mixed. Spend the first stage of the bioconversion of the mixture at 36-38°C for 96 hours. Then the second stage of biocoverage is carried out at 55-60°C for 24 hours. In this case, every 24 hours the mixture is blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes.

The method indicates that alkalization is carried out in order to hydrolyze macromolecular compounds (p. 5, paragraph 2, p. 6, paragraph 2). As a result, a biofertilizer was obtained with a content of humic acids of 3.94% per dry matter, and for bird droppings in the initial degree was 50%.

There is also known an in-line method for the production of balanced organomineral bioactive fertilizers (WO 2009023001 dated February 19, 2009). However, the known method is a continuous process of composting the compost mass, and includes three stages. It is long and energy intensive.

A known method of soil enrichment in the cultivation of crops (Patent No. 2401528, A01C 21/00 dated 10/20/2010), including the introduction of organic fertilizer into the soil, which is used as straw and green mass of green manure, which are plowed into the soil in autumn, while crushed straw is used in the amount of 2.4-4.3 t/ha, and in the amount of green manure, red clover of the first year of life is used, with a pronounced green mass in the amount of 3.5-5.4 t/ha, simultaneously with the growth of grain crops. However, the analogue does not consider other more promising organic fertilizers, and does not take into account the use of rotted horse manure and mixing it with lowland peat, as well as the use of the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1, which enhances nitrification, N - the fixing potential of the absorption coefficient of nutrients, moreover the activity of pathogenic microflora is suppressed, etc. Nitrogen immobilization occurs due to the rapid development of microorganisms that convert nitrogen into cytoplasmic protein. Biologically fixed nitrogen is not lost from the soil, and after the death of microorganisms, protein substances are mineralized and converted into ammonia. In autumn, immobilization is useful, as nitrates and ammonia are bound and not lost by leaching in winter. In the soil, oxidized forms of nitrogen (nitrates, nitrites) are reduced to nitrogen oxides or molecular nitrogen, as a result of which some of them are lost.

The reduction of nitrites and nitrates to gaseous nitrogen compounds occurs as a result of denitrification (biological and chemical).

This is one of the advantages of the Baikal EM-1 preparation, its low cost and independence from expensive equipment.

In the composition of the mixing of two components in the form of horse manure and lowland peat, lime can be additionally added in an amount of 3% by weight of peat.

The use of manure alone cannot provide the need for plants in nutrients, for example, in the first year of life, when mineralization is weak, only fast-acting fertilizers will help to fill the deficit during disposal and mixing with rotted horse manure with other components, for example, as lowland peat with their calculated doses in piles, covering with non-woven material for the first one week, tedding, ripening given in time, then covering for another two weeks until the type of manure (component) is completely rotted with the introduction of the Baikal EM-1 preparation, then surface spreading on the field after harvesting autumn fore-crop in the form of corn and autumn plowing (see below for example, studies).

Horse manure refers to objects that have a minimal negative impact on the environment - an object of category II (Federal Law of 01/10/2002. No. 7 - FZ, as amended on 07/29/2017).

At the same time, rotted manure belongs to the IV class of danger, as fertilizers for agricultural fields, which generally favorably affects the productivity of the plant of the Bulany oat variety we have adopted on chernozems.

A known method of growing crops. The method includes pre-sowing tillage, application of fertilizers, which are compost containing peat, sowing seeds, caring for crops. Fertilization and sowing of seeds are carried out simultaneously, and a pre-prepared mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost is introduced into the soil at a mass ratio of components, respectively, 1:20. A mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost is prepared by mixing the components, followed by keeping the mixture at room temperature for 24 hours (Patent No. 2250591, A01C 21/00, A01C 7/00 dated 04/27/2005).

The disadvantage of the known analysis is a relatively complex and expensive technology for applying additional costs for the purchase of a large amount of raw materials and the preparation of compost, as well as the time for its maturation. In addition, the described method is not effective enough, and there are no known positive bioeffects. It is known that the effects of their application can manifest themselves only under certain conditions associated with specific crops, weather conditions, goals for growing crops, processing times, etc.

A known method of regulating the growth of grain crops, which includes presowing treatment of seeds and vegetative plants growth regulator Lariskin, which is isolated from Siberian larch wood. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds is carried out at the rate of consumption of the drug 100x250 ml per 1 ton of seeds. The treatment of vegetative plants is carried out twice: in the phase of the beginning of the emergence of the tube and in the phase of the appearance of the flank leaf, at a drug consumption rate of 30-70 ml/ha (Patent RU No. 2229213, A01G 1/00, A01N 65/00 dated 05/27/2004).

The disadvantages of this method are the high consumption of the drug, the need for double treatment of plants during the growing season, laboriousness and costly way to obtain growth regulator Larixin.

A known method of cultivation of leguminous crops in the conditions of the North-Western Priskapiya, taken as a prototype. The method includes sowing and pre-sowing application of organic fertilizer sapropel 30 t/ha, while in October, after harvesting the predecessor, the main tillage is carried out MTZ-1021 + PLN-4-35 with a soil deepening of 22-24 cm; in the spring, at the onset of physical ripeness, harrowing is carried out with C-11 + BZT-1 tooth harrows in two tracks; in the early spring period, cold-resistant weeds are destroyed by loosening the upper layer to a depth of 2-3 cm by moving tooth harrows across plowing, and heat-loving weeds at a soil temperature in the 8-10 cm layer not lower than + 14 ... + 16 ° C are mechanically eliminated by moving tooth harrows in a diagonal-cross direction, soil rolling is carried out after sowing, seedlings are loosened with cultivator legs MTZ-1021 + KPS-5 to a depth of 8-10 cm, and when a soil crust forms after rains, harrowing is carried out with a gradual decrease in the depth of subsequent cultivations to 6-8 cm , ordinary sowing is carried out with MTZ-1021 + S-3.6 seeders with a seeding depth of 5-6 cm and a row spacing of 70 cm, vegetation irrigation is carried out with a Bainstar Rainstar sprinkler, during the growing season mineral fertilizers are fractionally applied with a dose of N ₃₀ P ₃₀ K ₃₀ s irrigation water (Patent RU No. 2742339, А01В 79/02, A01G 25/09 dated 04.02.2021).

The prototype method has a high cost, as it is laborious and requires additional processing equipment after the vegetation irrigation of the sprinkling plant, as well as with the introduction of fractional mineral fertilizers with irrigation water during the growing season. In addition, a relatively complex technology affects the cost of obtaining a crop. With such introduction of organic fertilizers and mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the Central Chernozem (chernozem) of the Ryazan region, it is not advisable to use complicated technology.

The objective of the invention is to develop a method for cultivating an oat culture, taking into account the peculiarities of using mixed components of rotted horse manure with lowland peat and the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 with the passage of the main phenological phases of the development of oats of the Bulaniy seed variety for chamois when using Chernozems, in particular in the Ryazan region taking into account specific natural and climatic conditions and environmental and economic indicators in the creation of organic fertilizer based on horse manure waste, i.e. using only existing agricultural machinery and not requiring large additional costs of energy and funds.

The technical result is the use of rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat and with a microbiological preparation, aimed at increasing the yield of oats of the "Bulany" seed variety when cultivated in Chernozems.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the presented method of soil enrichment during the cultivation of oats in the Chernozem, including sowing and applying organic fertilizers in the form of manure, caring for crops and harvesting, according to the invention, a crop in the form of corn is used as a precursor, surface spreading is carried out in autumn fertilizers at a dose of 10 t/ha, then autumn plowing, tillage, sowing of seeds, and the surface spreading of fertilizers is carried out with a pre-prepared mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure and lowland peat, respectively, 3: 1, and the mixture of horse manure and lowland peat is prepared in heaps by mixing the components, cover, on top of the collar with non-woven material with the exposure of the mixture for maturation for one week, then treat with Baikal EM-1 at a rate of 10% of the composition of the mixture of components, then carry out tedding, carry out again after tedding the cover on top of the collar with non-woven material with subsequent ripening with exposure for two weeks.

Comparative analysis of the proposed technical solution, in comparison with the prototype of the study of horse manure mixed with lowland peat, as well as a mixture of their components with treatment with a microbiological preparation with enrichment of the soil Chernozem alkaline with the use for the cultivation of oats, all the resulting microelements are assimilated

Based on this, it can be concluded that the claimed invention complies with the criterion of patentability "inventive step".

The claimed technical solution also complies with the criterion of patentability "industrial applicability", because used successfully at a specific production facility of the horse farm, then in the field for the cultivation of grain crops in the form of oats of the Bulaniy seed variety.

A variant of a possible implementation should be given when, when mixing the above mixture of components and treated with the microbiological agent Baikal EM-1, lime is added to the mixture at a rate of 3% by weight of lowland peat.

Variety "Bulany" was included in the State Register and approved for use in Russia since 2012: the soil is alkaline Chernozem.

Variety "Bulany" has a semi-straight bush. Leaf sheaths, leaf margins and upper stem node are not omitted. Location is average. The panicle is bilateral, the arrangement is semi-raised-horizontal. Spikelet scales are long, with a strong wax coating. The lower lemma is white, of medium length, without a wax coating. The spine is weak. The grain is medium to large. The weight of 1000 grains is 33-41 g. The average yield is 33-34 g. The average yield in the tolerance region is 29.3 q/ha. Mid-season vegetation period 77-92 days, ripens at the same time. Lodging resistance at the level of standard known varieties. Protein content 10.9-16.1%.

The climate is temperate continental with warm summers and moderately cold winters. Precipitation was unevenly distributed throughout the year.

Agro-climatic zoning is the division of the territory into regions based on the similarity and difference in their agro-climatic conditions, which makes it possible to reasonably place crops and methods of their cultivation in different climatic zones. The main climatic factors limiting the yield are heat and moisture. Zakharovsky district is located in the second agro-climatic region, which is a transitional zone from forest to forest-steppe. The sum of average daily air temperatures for the period of active vegetation of plants was 220-230°C.

Spring pre-sowing field work was possible after the snow cover melted, the soil thawed to the depth of the arable layer, when it dried to a soft-plastic state. Snow melting began on March 14-18 and lasted up to 23 days, which usually coincides with the transition of the average daily air temperature through 0°C. Autumn frosts began at the end of September.

It should be noted that the period of active vegetation was a period with average daily air temperatures above 10°C, which falls on average from April 30 to May 2. The duration of the period is up to 140 days. So, oat variety "Bulany", which was studied in the experiments, its growth began at an air temperature of +5 ° C, the heat supply was 100 (good for the growth of oats).

The limiting crop yield was a factor - the provision of plants with moisture. The amount of precipitation for the period with temperatures above 10°C in the P agro-climatic region was 245 mm, the amount of air humidity deficit for the same period was satisfactory.

The basic source of energy for the landscape was the annual radiative balance (B) - the ratio of the arrival and consumption of radiant energy. The value (B) can be determined with sufficient accuracy by calculation, since it is closely related to temperature conditions: B = 378.8 t _July - 6.667 t _{2 July} - 3180, where the unit of measure t _July is °С; B - MJ / m ² x year.

Characteristics of the drug used.

Baikal EM-1 is a microbiological fertilizer consisting of a complex of specially selected microorganisms. The biological product includes lactic acid, photosynthesized nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast fungi, enzymes, etc., which quickly and efficiently process organic matter, while releasing a number of amino acids and other physically active substances that have a positive effect on soil health and plant development.

The object of the research was field conditions, such as horse manure plus lowland peat in LAG-Service AGRO LLC, Zakharovsky district of the Ryazan region in 2019-2021, as well as when laying a small-scale field experiment on an area of 150 hectares, laboratory experiments conducted at RSATU, People's Friendship University of Russia, VNIIGiM, at the chemicalization station "Ryazanskaya". The doses were calculated ratios for the soil conditions of the plot (field) for the planned yield. At the same time, the components and the period were calculated by the balance method using a computer program.

It should be noted that bedding horse manure contains 15-20 kg of solid, 4-6 liters of liquid excrement, the ratio of solid to liquid is 3:5, respectively. With the introduction of concentrated feed, the digestibility of which is higher than hay, into the diets of animals, the excrement contained less dry matter, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus was higher.

Horse manure has a porous structure, is characterized by high airiness and, when decomposed, causes a lot of heat. At the same time, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the solid and liquid excretions of horses is higher compared to the excretions of pigs and cattle. This determines the distinctive nature of the non-traditional decomposition of manure from different groups of animals.

The most valuable in terms of content (as noted in well-known sources) in terms of nutrient content for plants is horse manure. In horse manure 22.6% organic matter, 8.4% ash, 0.59% - N _total ., 0.09 - Na, 0.26 - P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O, pH - 7.9, a C :N=2:1, which is higher compared to cow dung.

According to the chemical composition of horse manure in solid and liquid feces: in solid - the content of NPK is respectively: 0.44; 0.35 and 0.35%; in liquid, respectively: 1.55; 0.01 and 1.50%; CaO - 0.15 and 0.45%.

In the excrement of cattle and pigs, the content of dry matter and nutrients is less than that of horses and sheep. Therefore, the excrement of horses and sheep decompose faster, a lot of heat is released during storage.

The organic part of horse manure includes water-soluble polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) and humic substances, sparingly soluble polysaccharides, non-hydrolysable residue.

For example, it is known from the literature that the application of 20-30 tons per 1 ha on chernozems gives an increase in grain yield of 0.6-0.7 t/ha. The effect of manure persists for 4-5 years. During this time, one ton gives 0.1 tons of product increase in terms of grain. Organic fertilizers from agricultural waste are an important source of soil humus. In this case, even with the rate of application of cattle (cow) manure, the oat yield reached 23 q/ha. Manure is a long-term fertilizer.

At present, no more than 25% of the manure received from animal husbandry is used as fertilizer in Russia. The rest, which is more than 150 million tons, is annually stored and not always stored properly, causing harm to the environment - organic substances are washed out and pollute environmental objects. The reason for this is, first of all, the unresolved technological, organizational and economic issues of processing and using manure, including horse manure. Manure processing is carried out by two main methods of biotechnology: composting to obtain fertilizer and methane digestion to obtain biogas and fertilizers. It is necessary to search for simple and reliable technical solutions, in particular on chernozems.

It should be noted that the effect of manure on productivity lasts up to 10-12 years, and sometimes - 16 years. Hence, horse manure is recommended to be embedded at a shallow or medium depth into the soil.

The effectiveness of manure as a fertilizer can only be judged by the total increase in the yield of all crops of the crop rotation per 1 ton of manure applied and, if applied evenly at the optimal time, annually can give a total increase in the crop in the crop rotation on average per year to a 2-fold increase in the yield of winter rye , oats and other crops compared with unfertilized (control).

The content of horses is stalled in a closed room made of bricks, height 3.5 m, asphalt floor. The windows are located at a height of 1.8 m from the floor and are protected by bars. The light coefficient (the ratio of the glazed window area to the floor area) is 1:15.

To supply fresh air to the premises of the horse farm and remove polluted air, there is a supply and exhaust ventilation with a natural impulse with the number of installations at the rate of one installation for 12-15 horses.

Room temperature +22°С, relative humidity 70%, air mobility 0.3 m/s, ammonia content up to 19 m ² , carbon dioxide content 0.25%.

Feeders are adapted for concentrates and mixed fodder with a length of 0.4 m. The diet for feeding horses includes: hay, straw, peas, mixed fodder and other components.

Horse manure is stored on concrete pads located on the territory of the horse farm. The amount of waste generated per year is 300 tons of horse bedding manure. Bedding material - chopped winter straw up to 15 cm long. 3 kg of winter straw is required per 1 horse, which is 210 kg per livestock or 77 tons per year.

To remove manure, a scraper conveyor is used along the chutes, which drain slurry into a special slurry collector located at a distance of 10 m from the room (building).

Bedding horse manure is taken to quarantine sites, taking into account health and veterinary rules, and disinfected by a biothermal method. This is loose-dense (hot-pressed) storage.

Laying is carried out in a loose layer 1 m high, at an internal temperature of 60-70 ° C, then on the 4-6th day it is compacted and the subsequent loose layer is laid. The height of the pile (stack) reaches from 2 to 3 m. After compaction, the temperature of the manure decreases by half and decomposition corresponds to dense and cold storage.

At the same time, the prepared mixture of components was equal to the ratio of horse manure to lowland peat, respectively, 3: 1 and was placed in a pile with a height of 2 to 3 m. Then the mixture of components was kept for maturation for one week, then treated with Baikal EM-1 in the norm 10% of the composition of the mixture of components. Then, repeated tedding and covering on top of the collar with non-woven material were carried out, followed by ripening with exposure for two more weeks. Practical applications in the production of organic fertilizer are shown (Fig.: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8), then loading the organic fertilizer onto a vehicle, then surface uniform spreading over the field (plot) of the mixture of components using a known spreader of organic fertilizers (MTT-9), according to the schedule, in order to establish the duration and cyclicity of applying a mixture of components after harvesting the crop precursor in the form of corn before autumn plowing in the fall for oats on this site of introduction on chernozem leached soils.

The farm adopted a six-field grain crop rotation: 1 - oats for green fodder; 2 - winter rye; 3 - barley; 4 - corn; 5 - oats for grain (beginning of research); 6 - spring wheat.

The results of the chemical analysis of rotted horse manure are given in Table. one.

The rotted manure is a homogeneous mass containing 50% of the original mass and organic matter.

It should be noted that the period of the horse manure disposal process at the quarantine site until the ripening of rotted organic fertilizer is completed, moisture evaporates from the waste, respectively, a natural process of microbiological decomposition of organic compounds occurs (GOST R53042-2008).

Horse (horse) manure refers to objects that have a minimal negative impact on the environment (Federal Law of 01/10/2002, No. 7 - FZ, as amended on 07/29/2017).

^Table . 2.

Table 2 shows that there is not a high content of microorganisms in almost all groups in horse bedding rotted manure, except for Escherichia coli, the number of which slightly exceeds the standard indicator. Helminth eggs (horse roundworm) and salmonella were not detected (Sanitary Rules (SP) 1.2. 1170-02. "Hygiene, toxicology, safety requirements for agrochemicals." 10.23.2002, No. 36), where it is determined that manure for soil enrichment with nitrogen and other batteries, must be subjected to preliminary neutralization (thermal drying, composting, etc.), and must comply with the requirements of current regulatory documents, do not contain pathogenic microflora, including salmonella, and viable helminth eggs.

Thus, the microbiological analysis shows that the horse manure of the horse farm of the LAG-Service AGRO LLC enterprise in the Ryazan region complies with sanitary standards.

It should be noted that the animal body can be supplied with drinking water, feed, from atmospheric air (Zn, Cn, Pb, Cd in g/ha). However, the concentration of heavy metals (HM) in horse manure was determined to be much lower than the sanitary standard. This question is also disclosed by us below with practical calculations.

Example. Calculation of organic fertilizer rates based on horse manure waste

N _total - 0.52% - 5.2 kg of nitrogen enters the soil from 1 ton of manure;

P ₂ O ₅ - 0.28% - 2.8 kg of phosphorus enters the soil from 1 ton of manure;

K ₂ ) - 0.63% - enters the soil from 1 ton of manure: 6.3 kg of potassium.

Agronomic indicators of lowland peat used in the experiment (% of absolutely dry mass of peat) are given in Table. 3.

It should be noted that peat nitrogen is poorly absorbed by plants directly when applied to the soil, because it is found separately in organic compounds.

Example. Calculation of lowland peat norms

16 kg of nitrogen (N) enters the soil from 1 ton of peat.

3.2 kg of phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) enters the soil from 1 ton of peat.

1.8 kg of potassium (K ₂ O) enters the soil from 1 ton of peat.

To obtain an organic fertilizer, a mixture of components from two organic fertilizers was taken - an energy material and a food source for soil microorganisms in terms of the material composition and properties described above.

Microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 is presented to convert hard-to-reach nutrient compounds into available to plants and microorganisms and indicators. Its mechanism of action is also described generally above.

For the normal course of organic matter decomposition processes, the carbon ratio should be (20:30): 1, thus, in organic fertilizer based on animal waste, this ratio is: C:N=22:1.

The microbiological component of the preparation Baikal EM-1 promotes the conversion of fertilizer nitrogen and, consequently, peat to ammonium compounds, where part of the plant residues is then transformed into humus.

Ammonia, which is formed in soil and manure during the decomposition of organic matter, is rapidly oxidized to nitrous and then nitric acid by nitrifying bacteria. Nitrifier cells are sensitive to the presence of organic compounds in the medium. Nitrates are reduced to molecular nitrogen and volatilize from the soil.

The introduction of Baikal EM-1 into the organic fertilizer at a rate of 10% of the composition of the mixture of components between themselves in the form of rotted horse manure with low-lying peat mixing is, respectively, 3: 1, enhances nitrification, N - fixing potential, absorption coefficient of nutrients, in addition, the activity of pathogenic microflora is suppressed.

According to the embodiment, it should also be noted that when mixing the components, the additive is normally 3% lime by weight of lowland peat, i.e. it is possible to expand the process of applying organic fertilizer. However, this does not limit the application of the new technical proposal.

Nitrogen immobilization occurs due to the rapid development of microorganisms that convert nitrogen into cytoplasmic protein. Biologically fixed nitrogen is not lost from the soil, and after the death of microorganisms, protein substances are mineralized and converted into ammonia.

In autumn, immobilization is useful, as nitrates and ammonia are bound and not lost by leaching in winter. In the soil, oxidized forms of nitrogen (nitrates, nitrites) are reduced to nitrogen oxides or molecular nitrogen, as a result of which some of them are lost. The reduction of nitrates and nitrites to gaseous nitrogen compounds occurs as a result of denitrification (biological and chemical). One of the advantages of the Baikal EM-1 preparation is its low cost and independence from the use of expensive equipment in the proposed method of cultivating oats of the Bulaniy seed variety on chernozem using organic fertilizer in a mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat with surface spreading on the field fertilizers in the fall before autumn plowing, and later, in the spring, with sowing seeds after their dressing with specified doses (Vincit 1.5-2.0 l/ha or Vial TT 0.3-0.5 l/t).

The components in the technology for obtaining a new organic fertilizer in the general form of its constituents are shown in Fig. one.

In FIG. 2 shows a view of the horse farm.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows the pile turner ERK AK 250 (with exposure for 2 weeks).

In FIG. 4 shows the work on the production of laying manure in heaps.

In FIG. 5 shows the work during the introduction and mixing of fertilizer components in piles with an auger during maturation.

In FIG. 6 shows the cover of the collars made of material in the form of a membrane ABONO.

In FIG. 7 is a general view of a new organic fertilizer obtained from organic fertilizer components having a loose structure.

In FIG. 8 shows the effect of organic fertilizer on the yield of oats.

It should also be mentioned that the authors of the invention take into account, and the option of making lime additives in the mixture of the proposed components in the amount of 3% by weight of peat.

The main attention is the application of production technology and the use of a new composition of organic fertilizer with the preparation Baikal EM-1 based on animal waste, specifically in the farm "LAG-Service AGRO", Zakharovsky district of the Ryazan region, was the disposal of horse manure accumulated on the guarantee site, the selection of components a new organic proposed by the authors of the invention into production with the introduction into production practice of specifically growing an oat plant of the Bulaniy variety after the predecessor of the plant in the form of corn.

For the first time, the features of the formation of the planned harvest of oats for the grain of the sowing variety "Bulany" depending on the nutritional option on the chernozem (Central Chernozem region) were revealed on the example of the Ryazan region.

Example. The calculation of the composition of organic fertilizer based on waste horse manure and lowland peat based on the application of fertilizers to the soil for one of the options of 10 t/ha will be 31 kg of nitrogen into the soil of manure, and 43.2 kg of nitrogen from peat. The amount of nitrogen will be 74.4 kg of nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus entry into the soil will be 21.72 kg (P ₂ O ₅ ) in terms of 10 t/ha.

Potassium receipts will total 42.7 kg (K ₂ O) in terms of 10 t/ha.

The introduction of new organic fertilizers is provided for this crop of oats of the Bulaniy variety after the predecessor of the crop in the form of corn with a uniform surface spreading of organic fertilizers of a new solution, after harvesting in the fall, then autumn plowing (September-October) DT-75M with a skimmer PLN-5- 35, depth 20-22 across the slope. Slitting of plowing DT-75, ShchN-2-140, T-150 (September-November) depth 40-60 cm, between passages 2-10 m, across the slope. Plow plowing DT-75M, SP-11, T-150 - physical ripeness of the soil, in two tracks with a trail of chains, at an angle to plowing. Cultivation T-150, RUM-8 - weed control, depth 6-8 cm. Presowing cultivation of T-150, KPS-4, BZSSS-1.0 to a depth of 4-6 cm. "Divvided Star" at the rate of 1 l/t or "Vial-TT" at the rate of 0.4 l/t. Sowing with tramline T-150, 3 SZ-3.6 to a depth of 4-5 cm, seeding rate 4-5 million seeds/ha. Direct combining - at the beginning of full ripeness.

The experiments were set up in four repetitions.

The area of the experimental plot was 9 m ² (3x3 m). The total area under the experiment was 288 m ² .

A field experiment was carried out simultaneously on a small plot when studying the effect of organic fertilizer based on the yield of rotted horse manure with a mixture of lowland peat, treated in collars with the Baikal EM-1 preparation.

In the research work, the following equipment was used: a shovel, wooden pegs, labels, twine in accordance with the experiment scheme. Humidity was measured with a tensiometer once a decade. A soft meter was used to measure the height and density of plants; Phenological observations were carried out by developmental phases. Soil sampling - soil drill twice per growing season annually.

The experiment was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of B.A. Armor (Methodology of field experience with the basics of statistical processing of research results. Textbook for higher agricultural educational institutions. 5th ed. 1985, - M .: Alliance. 2011 - 351 pp. URL: hitts: / www elibrar.asp.id = 195117484 .

Research results.

Agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of oats were lined up in accordance with the existing zonal recommendations.

It is known from sources that manure plays an important role in crop rotation, in particular, in the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region. For the first crop, its expression reflects an increase of 0.65 t/ha of grains. units, the effect on the second crop is 0.34 t/ha of grains. units; on the third - 0.25 t/ha of grain. units; for three years - 1.24 t/ha of grain. units The utilization rate of nitrogen, even from semi-mature manure, depends on the content of ammonia nitrogen in it and averages 20-30% of the total amount of nitrogen.

Experimental plots used a rectangular shape and are located in one row.

The scheme of the plot field experiment in 4-fold repetition included the following scheme: 1 - control; 2 - horse manure with a dose of 15 t/ha; 3 - application of organic fertilizer with a dose of 10 t/ha; 4 - application of organic fertilizer with a dose of 15 t/ha.

Agronomic survey of soil chernozem during excavation of the pit was carried out in accordance with GOST 17.4.02-84 for 3 years of research to determine the dynamics. Soil sampling was carried out using the envelope method with a drill, a total sample of 500 g from the arable layer after harvesting with the determination of pH potentiometrically, the group composition of humus - according to the Tyurin method modified by Ponomareva - Plotnikova, 1975; Methods for determining active components, 2010. Heavy metals (HM) priority for the region for this region - on a spectrophotometer. Soil moisture was measured with a tensiometer once a decade. Microbiological studies were carried out at the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Surgery, Obstetrics and Internal Diseases of Animals of the Ryazan State Technical University, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and the Ryazan Center of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological System by seeding on nutrient media, followed by counting the number of bacteria.

The cellulose-degrading activity of the soil was determined according to Zvyagintsev.

Soil preparation and agrotechnics of cultivation in the field are generally accepted in the Ryazan region, according to the above literature (B.A. Dospekhov).

Oats, being an undemanding crop for heat, is responsive to moisture. Sufficient is 280-300 mm of water. In the first half of the growing season (before heading), the need for moisture was the highest, but moisture consumption during this period was somewhat worse. This affected partly the oats. Therefore, agrotechnical measures for the care of this crop were aimed at reducing unproductive evaporation from the soil during the active growing season.

Sowing began on the 5th and 6th five-day days of April, when the soil was soft-plastic and warmed up to 7-8°C, and in mid-May, after 13-16 days, seedlings increased. In the third decade of May, oats entered the third leaf phase, which is associated with the formation of secondary (adventitious) roots and the beginning of the ear formation period. During this period, the root system is thin and the need for water is fully satisfied. Plants began to bush in the first days of June, that is, 36-37 days after sowing, in this phase the plants needed optimal moisture. The critical period was the period from emergence into the tube to heading, because at this time the main vegetative mass is created, grains are formed in the ear, and plants need water. The heading of oats occurred on average at the beginning of the fourth decade of June. In the period of milky ripeness - the second ten days of July - there was a decrease in moisture reserves in the meter layer of soil. At the end of July - beginning of August, wax ripeness began in oats. During the grain filling period, the plants needed little moisture, but were responsive to heat: the higher the temperature in the period from earing to waxy ripeness, the shorter the filling period and the lower the absolute weight of the grain. July was the hottest month in the region, the temperature reached +25°C and higher, which was unfavorable for oats during this period of development, when the grain is poured. The optimum temperature during this period was a little more than +18°C, which provided an absolute grain weight of 31-34 g. Dry winds caused negative processes in the plant organism and the probability of their presence reached 93%. In the first ten days of August, full ripeness set in, and they started combining.

Morphological and genetic structure of the soil profile.

The genetic horizons of the leached chernozem are poorly differentiated and have a dark gray color characteristic of this subtype of chernozem, gradually turning brown down the profile. The thickness of the humus layer (A + AB) of the chernozem of the leached region of research is on average 116 cm, but the humus content is low, so they belong to powerful species. Here, the inventors do not describe (because of the large volume of material) the composition of each horizon of the chernozem separately. However, it can be noted that the classification (soils of Russia, 2004) is from forest-steppe zones, formed in the process of decay of cereal plants.

The assessment of the structural state of the soil was carried out by the number of air-dry and water-resistant soil aggregates, which was determined from satisfactory to unsatisfactory, Table. four.

The results of the agronomic analysis of the soil directly for the option of using organic fertilizer components after three years of the study are presented in Table. 5.

Oats are a plant with a long daylight hours and require long-term lighting for their development. In order to go through all the phases of development, oats need from 80 to 120 days. Oats bloom with a day length of 16-20 hours. Plant illumination in the field can be controlled by varying row spacing, row direction, and weed control measures (Mikhalev et al. 2007).

It should be noted that in addition to climatic factors, productivity is influenced by such factors as soil cultivation, variety selection, the use of plant protection products, etc.

An important agrotechnical technique for controlling weeds, pests and diseases is crop rotation, which is noted by the authors of the invention. Scientifically based crop rotation is noted by the authors as a six-field grain-row crop rotation, and this further improves the physical and agronomic properties of the soil, which allows plants to more efficiently use the nutrients contained in it. Balanced nutrition, subject to the timely and high-quality implementation of agricultural practices, is the calculated use of the proposed new organic fertilizer with reasonable norms, where the experiments were approximated and confirmed in the field on the chernozems of the Ryazan region.

In table. Figure 6 shows the microbiological activity in a soil layer of 0-20 cm (thousand/g of dry soil) at the applied doses of organic fertilizers (the picture of plant growth itself is not given to reduce the volume of the text, since it is already saturated with a sufficiently large number of pictures with the introduction into production).

Biometric measurements are shown above.

Physiological observations of the development of plants in the phase of growth and development were carried out according to the generally accepted method with the determination of the phases of emergence of 10% of germinated oat plants with mass shoots - 75% (initial and complete), as well as tillering, flowering, milky, waxy and full ripeness of the grain. Meteorological data were provided by the Ryazan Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.

The task of the research additionally included the study of the development of the oat root system. For this, a pit was excavated in order to establish the dependence of the development of the root system under the action of organic fertilizer based on rotted horse manure and lowland peat with the Baikal EM-1 preparation. The results showed that the predominant part of the roots (90%) is located in the arable layer. Oat roots were characterized by the presence of a large number of hairs, the surface of which made up more than 90% of the surface of the entire oat root system in the soil. Root hairs are highly active. It follows that the root system of oats is marked by a high absorption capacity (fixed with a microscope).

Thus, its root system is more absorbent than wheat and barley.

It should be noted that a well-developed root system can penetrate to a depth of up to 120 cm and a width of up to 80 cm, in addition, it has the ability to extract nutrients from sparingly soluble soil compounds. This crop reacts weaker than other grains to increased soil acidity (pH 5-6), but at the same time it can develop well for the proposed new organic fertilizer with application to it with processing in heaps during mixing (tedding) and ripening of all components with aging first for one week, then with aging for two weeks using the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1 at a rate of 10% of the composition of the mixture of components with the specified ratio of 3: 1, and covered with material from above.

Optimization of organic fertilizer application based on the proposed mixed components (rotted horse manure, lowland peat and Baikal EM-1 preparation) with a rate of 10 t/ha by uniform surface spreading over the field after harvesting the crop precursor in the form of corn greatly facilitates production with the introduction of all components in an open way in the production of farms. Due to the fibrous root, the suction zone is well developed, visually the root hairs were up to 2 mm long. There were also passages of dead roots - drains with a strong degree of their filling. The roots are in contact with the underground organs of neighboring plants. Analysis of the research results (Table 7) shows that with a dose of application to the soil layer of 15-30 cm, the mass of oat roots is 458 g/m ² , the saturation of the soil with horses (the ratio of the volume of roots to the volume of soil) was 4.9%. Comparison with the control it was also seen, but in a smaller size. In table. 7 shows the results of the content of oat roots on chernozems, leached soils of the forest-steppe in comparison with the control and with the application of organic fertilizers of a mixture of components from rotted horse manure mixed with peat and treated with Baikal EM-1 according to this technology until fully ripe, covered with material on top of the collar and with tedding.

Thus, in order to obtain stable yields, one should have a nutritional regime for this oat crop of the Bulaniy sowing variety, taking into account that nitrogen nutrition of oat plants is necessary throughout the entire growing season, especially in the phase when spikelets are formed and their number in the panicle is determined. At the same time, the need for enhanced nutrition of oats occurs after heading, which means that the quality of oat grain depends. From the beginning of the II stage of organosis until the end of flowering, plants need potassium, and during that period, its yield and grain quality depend on the optimal doses of potassium nutrition. Phosphorus fertilizers are most needed in oats at the beginning of growth before the formation of a secondary root system. In subsequent phases of development, phosphorus is absorbed more or less evenly.

To obtain stable and high-quality yields, organic fertilizers should be applied at a time when all phases of development can give the greatest effect. As noted above, due to its fast root development system, oats suffer less from spring droughts than other crops. For swelling and germination of seeds, water is required in an amount of about 60% of their weight.

Studies have shown that the content of nutrients in the chernozem, including NP, depends on the amount of humus, and potassium on the mechanical composition of the mineral part of the soil. The total stock of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil is quite significant, but, basically, the stocks are in forms inaccessible to plant nutrition. Their transition into digestible forms occurs under the influence of soil organisms and chemical processes.

In field experiments, the greatest changes were established: the concentration of mobile forms: N, P ₂ O ₅ , K ₂ O in the soil when fertilizers were applied at a dose of 10 t/ha. In table. 8 are shown for 3 years of the study.

In the studies, the cellulose-decomposing activity of the chernozem was also additionally determined, after the introduction of a mixture of organic fertilizer components based on rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat with treatment with the Baikal EM-1 preparation.

The studies were carried out on the basis of the field experience of LAG-Service AGRO LLC, Zakharovsky district, Ryazan region.

Cotton bags were used, in which the prepared glass was placed. Glasses (7.5x12.5 cm) were sterilized with alcohol, cotton fabrics were sterilized with an iron heated to 200°C.

The bookmark was carried out vertically in the arable soil layer of 0.15 cm, after which it was fixed in place with a red nylon thread.

To determine the degree of decomposition of the canvas after 100 days, they were carefully removed, thoroughly cleaned of root hairs and soil, dried to an air-dry state and weighed.

When assessing the cellulose-decomposing activity of soils, we used the scale proposed by D.G. Zvyagintsev.

According to the weight loss, the intensity of the fiber destruction process was calculated. To determine the cellulose-destroying activity by weight loss (in percent), the formula was used: (m ₁ -m ₂ )/m ₁ x100), where m ₁ is the initial tissue mass; m ₂ - residual tissue mass.

The amount of decomposed fiber was determined by the difference in weight (in %).

To confirm the research calculations and experimentally, the data are given in table. 9.

In addition to the fact that the farm is located 73 km from the city of Ryazan, this affects and worsens the ecological situation of the territory. Heavy metals (HM) are; Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, so their content must be controlled. They can enter the body of animals with drinking water, feed, from atmospheric air. Hence, the concentration of priority HMs for the region in horse manure was much lower than the sanitary norm.

In table. 10 shows the results on the content of HMs in leached chernozem.

Table data analysis. 10 shows that this corresponds to the level of gradation on the scale of ecological regulation for mobile HMs on soils with weakly acidic and acidic reactions, as moderately hazardous, and in terms of Cu concentration as highly hazardous, therefore, it is necessary to control their content in environmental objects.

Thus, the introduction of a new justified and achieved (researched) technology in obtaining agricultural products of a given quantity and quality, taking into account specific natural and climatic conditions and environmental and economic indicators, on a specific example of a new proposal by the authors of the invention, the use of an organic fertilizer created from a mixture of components based on rotted horse manure mixed with low-lying peat, and the impact of the microbiological preparation Baikal EM-1, with a uniform surface spreading of fertilizers at a dose of 10 t/ha after harvesting the predecessor of the crop in the form of corn, showed under oats of the Bulaniy variety for grain in the crop rotation: the content of P ₂ O ₅ in the soil increased by 22%; K ₂ O - by 46%; N _movement - by 25.5%; humus by 4%; while the acidity of the soil decreased by 16%. Microbiological activity increased, and cellulose-decomposing activity in the soil increased by 2 times. The yield of oats was 25 c/ha and increased by 39% compared to the control (18 c/ha).

Thus, experiments have established a high composition of the new composition of components proposed with qualitative characteristics of organic fertilizer based on waste with rotted horse manure mixed with lowland peat, and

also with the use of the drug Baikal EM-1 in its technological production as a whole. Improve the ecological situation of the environment through the use of horse waste in the stables.

A new, created organic fertilizer is applied in the crop rotation once every three years. The doses of the components and the period were calculated by the balance method using a computer program.

Therefore, it can be noted with certainty that the use of a new organic fertilizer can be recommended for introduction into production in other soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation, but with the adjustment of crop rotations and the timing of agricultural activities. This circumstance testifies to the preservation or increase of soil fertility and the accumulation of humus during the cultivation of oats for grain by the claimed method, as well as with the use of oats of the Bulaniy seed variety for implementation on chernozem leached soils of the forest-steppe.

Claims (1)

A method for enriching the soil when cultivating oats on chernozems, including sowing and applying organic fertilizers in the form of manure, caring for crops and harvesting, characterized in that a crop in the form of corn is used as a predecessor, in the fall, surface spreading of fertilizers at a dose of 10 t/ha then autumn plowing, tillage, sowing of seeds, and the surface spreading of fertilizers is carried out with a pre-prepared mixture of components in the form of rotted horse manure and lowland peat, respectively, 3: 1, and the mixture of horse manure and lowland peat is prepared in piles by mixing the components with a non-woven cover on top of the pile material with the exposure of the mixture for maturation for one week, then treated with the Baikal EM-1 preparation at a rate of 10% of the composition of the mixture of components, then tedding is carried out, after tedding, the top of the shoulder is re-covered with non-woven material, followed by ripening for two weeks.

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