RU2250591C2 - Method for cultivation of cereal crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing presowing soil cultivation; applying fertilizer such as compost; sowing seeds; providing care of young crops. Fertilizer application and seeding procedures are provided simultaneously, with preliminarily prepared multipurpose seed and compost mixture being introduced into soil at weight ratio of components of 1:20, respectively. Multipurpose seed and compost mixture is prepared by mixing components with following holding of seeds at room temperature for 24 hours.

EFFECT: increased yield of cereal crops due to effective utilization of fertilizers by plants.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for growing crops.

Intensive technologies are known for cultivating modern varieties of rye, wheat, barley and oats (Intensive technologies for cultivating field crops in the Non-Chernozem zone. L.A. Sinyakova, V.T. Vasko et al. -L., Agropromizdat. Leningrad Branch, 1987, p. 24-32, 58, 59), including pre-sowing tillage, fertilizing, sowing and crop care.

One of the important operations of existing technologies for growing crops is the introduction of fertilizers into the soil.

Known technologies for the cultivation of grain crops involve the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers into the soil per programmed yield, taking into account the characteristics of spring and winter crops. Correct fertilizer application taking into account varietal characteristics, soil and weather conditions is the most effective factor in increasing the yield of grain crops.

The disadvantage of existing technologies for the cultivation of grain crops is their high cost due to:

- high energy intensity of the process due to the repeated passage of equipment through the field, due to the specifics of technological operations;

- the high cost of mineral fertilizers,

- the need for high doses of organic fertilizers (20-40 t / ha) to obtain a programmed crop due to the inefficient use of plants by them, due to existing methods of fertilizing the soil.

Improving the technology of fertilizing the soil is aimed at reducing the loss of nutrients and increasing the efficiency of their use by plants and, ultimately, increasing the yield of agricultural crops (for example, AS USSR No. 1607720, class 5A 01 S 21/00, 1987 )

Currently, the production of non-traditional organic fertilizers is being successfully developed - composts with high fertilizing properties, allowing to improve the technology of their application in the soil, and through the effective use of fertilizers by plants to increase crop yields (AS USSR No. 820702, class 3A 01 C 21/00, 1978).

A known method of growing winter wheat (AS USSR No. 1727628, class 5A 01 C 21/00, 1989, prototype), including pre-sowing tillage, fertilizing, which use compost made from peat, litter manure and soil from the field, which is then sown seeds and care for crops. Compost is prepared at a mass ratio of components of 1: 2, respectively (0.2-0.35), and in the process of preparation, the mixture of components is enriched with mineral fertilizers until the content of nutrition elements in it is calculated for the planned yield. Composting is carried out immediately before sowing.

The disadvantages of this method are the complexity and high costs of its implementation.

The problem solved by this invention is to increase the yield of crops due to the efficient use of fertilizers by plants.

The problem set in the invention is solved as follows.

In the method of growing grain, including pre-sowing tillage, fertilizing, which use compost, sowing seeds and caring for crops, fertilizing and sowing seeds are carried out simultaneously, and a pre-prepared mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost (KMN) is introduced into the soil. A mixture of seeds and KMN is prepared by mixing the components, followed by exposure of the mixture at room temperature for 24 hours.

Increasing the yield of grain crops in the claimed method is achieved by using unconventional organic fertilizer - multipurpose compost (KMN) and the method of applying it to the soil, the implementation of which is possible due to the flowability characteristic of KMN.

Multipurpose compost is an unconventional organic fertilizer based on manure, peat and other types of organic raw materials obtained by bio-fermentation.

This is a bulk material with a moisture content of 55-60% with a pleasant smell and high fertilizing properties. One ton of KMN contains 20-25 kg of NPK, including 10-12 kg of nitrogen, 8-10 kg of phosphorus, 2-3 kg of potassium, and when using bird droppings as one of the components of the initial mixture to obtain KMN, the NPK content increases up to 49-53 kg, including up to 20-21 kg of nitrogen, 20-23 kg of phosphorus and up to 9 kg of potassium.

KMN has a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction (pH 6-8) and contains in an optimal ratio all the necessary trace elements (copper, boron, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, etc.). KMN does not contain eggs and larvae of helminths, harmful insects, pathogenic, pathogens, germinating weed seeds, has antiseptic and stimulating properties. Compost is 2-4 times more effective than manure in terms of efficiency, which makes it possible to reduce the amount of its application per 1 ha by the same amount, increase the fertilized area and reduce transportation costs for its delivery to the field. The average dose of indigenous peoples is 5-15 t / ha. With such a dose of application of KMN on 1 ha, 250-750 kg / ha of the main nutrients (NPK) are applied, which makes it possible to reduce or not use mineral fertilizers.

Qualitative characteristics of KMN allow it to be applied to the soil simultaneously with the seeds of grain crops, and in a mixture with seeds, which is prepared the day before sowing by mixing the components. At the same time, the seeds are in a nutrient medium, receiving the necessary dose of nutrition and partially taking away moisture from the KMN, which reduces the time of their germination and increases the flowability of the KMN, thereby ensuring the successful implementation of an unconventional method of applying the KMN to the soil.

Possessing antiseptic properties, KMN mixed with seeds creates the last good disinfecting medium, providing a greater percentage of seed germination and more friendly seedlings.

The quantitative norm of KMN in a mixture with grain is determined by calculation, based on the needs of the culture for nutrients to create a given level of yield and seed rate.

The ratio of grain and KMN in the mixture is equal to 1:20, respectively.

A method of growing crops includes the following operations:

- presowing tillage;

- preparation of the sowing mixture of seeds of grain crops and KMN by mixing the components and holding the mixture at room temperature for 24 hours;

- the simultaneous introduction of fertilizers into the soil and sowing seeds by introducing into the soil a pre-prepared mixture and its incorporation;

- care of crops.

The claimed method is as follows.

Pre-sowing tillage is carried out taking into account the peculiarities of tillage for winter and spring crops.

To prepare KMN, manure and peat are subjected to separation - large impurities, stones, etc. are separated, after which the components are mixed, loaded into a bioenzyme. The mixture is periodically purged with air for 6-7 days, while the oxygen concentration in the mixture is maintained within 5-12%, which ensures optimal conditions for the development of microbiological processes in the mixture, raising the temperature to 60-70 ° C and disinfecting the biofermentation product.

Ready compost a day before sowing a grain crop (winter or spring) is mixed with seeds of the crop in an amount equal to the sowing rate.

The mixing of the components is carried out by commercially available mixers, for example, used for mixing and distributing feed to cattle.

For local application of KMN when sowing grain crops, a specially converted grain-and-grass seeder SZT-3.6 is used.

A mixture of seeds and KMN is loaded into a seeder and sown in prepared soil.

Example.

Small plot experiments were carried out on sod-podzolic light loamy medium-cultivated soil, which provided typical soil conditions for the growth of winter and spring crops: winter rye and wheat, spring oats and barley.

The size of the accounting plots is 25 m ² .

The repetition of the experiments is fourfold.

The seeding rate is 2.0 kg / ha.

Spring sowing is May 7.

The winter sowing date is August 23.

The cultivation of winter rye and wheat and spring oats and barley was carried out by intensive technology using KMN as fertilizer.

Experience options included:

1. Control - growing grain without fertilizers.

2. The application of NPK at 45 kg / ha scatter under pre-sowing cultivation.

3. The introduction of indigenous populations of scatter under pre-sowing cultivation. The norm of KMN is 4 t / ha, which corresponds to 45 kg / ha NPK dispersion.

4. The introduction of KMN in a mixture with grain in a ratio of 20: 1, respectively. The norm of KMN is 4 t / ha, which corresponds to 45 kg / ha of NPK mixed with grain.

The table shows the results of field experiments.

The table shows that the sowing of grain seeds mixed with KMN has a clear advantage over the separate application of KMN in the soil and subsequent sowing of seeds and a clear advantage of non-traditional KMN fertilizer over mineral fertilizers.

The productivity of winter rye and wheat increased by 5.1 c / ha and 4.2 c / ha, respectively, and spring oats and barley by 3.4 c / ha and 3.6 c / ha.

The claimed method of growing grain allows you to:

- increase cereal productivity due to the concentration of nutrients in the new fertilizer (KMN);

- improve the ecological environment by reducing doses of fertilizers and plant protection products,

- reduce energy costs by reducing the passages of sowing and transport units, reducing the amount of processing of crops with pesticides.

In addition, a positive effect of the aftereffect of KMN on the yield of herbs, in particular clover, was noted. The clover productivity (after barley) increased by 81 kg / ha compared to the control (without fertilizer), compared to the variant where manure was added as fertilizer - by 58 kg / ha. This circumstance indicates the preservation or increase of soil fertility during the cultivation of grain by the claimed method.

Claims (1)

A method of growing crops, including pre-sowing tillage, fertilizing, which use compost, sowing seeds, caring for crops, characterized in that fertilizing and sowing seeds are carried out simultaneously, and a pre-prepared mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost is applied to the soil when the mass ratio of the components, respectively, 1:20, and the mixture of seeds and compost for multipurpose is prepared by mixing the components, followed by exposure of the mixture to mnatnoy temperature for 24 hours.