RU2536495C1 - Method of sugar beet cultivation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes the application of fertilizing - complex compost, comprising half-fire-fang BC manure, phosphogypsum and vegetative residue - straw wheat, wastes of animal feeding, vegetative residue of corn, sunflower and sugar beet taken in identical proportions. An interrelation of components in the compost is as follows (by mass %): phosphogypsum - 8-9, vegetative residue - 15-16, half-fire-fang BC manure - the rest. The components are previously stacked by layers and held 1.0-1.5 months. Then in the summer period within 2.0-3.5 months they are periodically mixed and humidified up to 35-40 % of humidity. Then in the autumn ammoniac saltpeter is brought at a rate of 190 kg/ha, and complex compost is brought in a dose 65-70 t/ha with consequent disking and spring sowing of sugar beet.

EFFECT: method allows to improve agronomical properties of soil, save its fertility and increase productivity of sugar beet and its sugar content.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of sugar beets with the introduction of complex compost based on waste from various industries.

A known method of growing sugar beets (RF patent No. 2403719, class A01N 63/00, publication date 11/20/2010), including the processing of vegetative plants with a biological product containing a mixture of suspensions of strains of Pseudomonas species 7G, 7G2K, and 17-2, taken in the ratio of 1 : 2: 1 with a concentration of 2.0-2.4 × 1010 cells / ml. In addition, the stage of pre-sowing seed treatment is carried out at the rate of 50-75 ml of suspension per 1 ton of seeds, and the treatment of vegetative plants is carried out at the rate of 50-75 ml / ha.

The disadvantage of this method is the need for additional presowing treatment of seeds with a biological product, which complicates and increases the cost of implementing this technology.

There is also known a method of using lime fertilizer for growing grain and row crops of the Central Black Earth zone (RF application No. 95107461/25, CL C05D 3/02, publication date 05/10/1997), including lime flour as an ameliorant, as an additional reclamant carbonate calcium in the following ratio of components, wt.%: calcium carbonate - 40-60, lime flour - 60-40. The technical result is expressed in increasing the efficiency of calcareous fertilizers by increasing productivity for rotation rotation of grain and row crops.

The disadvantage of this method is that the proposed lime fertilizer includes only ameliorants of mineral origin (lime flour and calcium carbonate), and the absence of organic components in the used lime fertilizer reduces the quality of the resulting fertilizer and necessitates the additional introduction of organic fertilizers when growing crops.

A known method of growing sugar beets (RF patent No. 2121783, class A01G 1/00, A01B 79/02, publication date 11/20/1998, prototype), in which ultrafine (UTD) silicon dioxide is used as fertilizer at a rate of 50-100 kg / ha. Sugar beet seeds are mixed with UDD of silicon (“dusted”) at the rate of 1 kg UTD of silicon per 100 kg of seeds. Then, these "powdered" seeds are sown in the soil by the tape-dot method (or continuous tape) simultaneously with the introduction of silicon UTD at the rate of 50-100 kg / ha.

The disadvantage of this method is the particle size of the proposed UTD of silicon, commensurate with the size of the molecules, increases the requirements for thoroughness and caution of presowing treatment of seeds; the need for the tape-point method of sowing seed material requires an appropriate type of seeder and increases the complexity of the technology; the use of only the mineral component affects the nutritional regime of sugar beets.

The technical result of the proposed method is to increase the yield and sugar content of sugar beets by improving soil fertility and the environmental situation.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of cultivating sugar beets, including the application of fertilizer, according to the invention, complex compost is used as fertilizer, including semi-rotten cattle manure, phosphogypsum and plant residues - wheat straw, animal feed waste, plant residues of corn, sunflower and sugar beets taken in equal proportions, with the following ratio of components (wt.%):

phosphogypsum - 8-9,

plant residues - 15-16,

half-rotten cattle manure - the rest,

which are pre-stacked and incubated for 1.0-1.5 months, then in the summer for 2.0-3.5 months, periodically mixed and brought to a moisture content of 35-40%; after which, in the autumn, ammonium nitrate is introduced in an amount of 190 kg / ha, and complex compost is introduced at a dose of 65-70 t / ha, followed by disking and spring sowing of sugar beets.

The novelty of the claimed method is due to the fact that when growing sugar beets as the main organomineral fertilizer while reducing the dose of nitrogen fertilizer, it is proposed to use a complex compost consisting of organic waste from animal husbandry, crop production and mineral waste from the chemical industry, which helps to preserve soil fertility, improve its physical condition and increase crop yields. The proposed method allows the use of waste as secondary raw materials, which significantly reduces the environmental burden on the environment, increases the economic and social efficiency of the technology.

According to the patent and scientific and technical literature, no similar technical solution was found, which allows us to judge the inventive step of the proposal.

The method is as follows.

Semi-rotten cattle manure, phosphogypsum and plant residues — wheat straw, animal feed waste, plant residues of corn, sunflower and sugar beets, taken in equal proportions, in the following ratio (wt.%) Are composted in the following ratio (wt.%): Phosphogypsum - 8-9, plant residues - 15-16, semi-overripe cattle manure - the rest, previously laid in layers and kept for 1.0-1.5 months, then in the summer period for 2.0-3.5 months periodically mixed and brought to a moisture content of 35-40 %; after which, in the autumn, ammonium nitrate is introduced in an amount of 190 kg / ha, and complex compost is introduced at a dose of 65-70 t / ha, followed by disking and spring sowing of sugar beets.

Phosphogypsum in the amount of 8–9% is used in the composition of the composite compost, which is sufficient to reduce the slightly alkaline reaction of manure, and later on the soil, to close to neutral (pH 6.8–6.9), as well as to transfer mobile forms of heavy metals into an inaccessible (gross) form for plants, and an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and calcium, necessary for the formation of a water-resistant and agronomically valuable soil structure. Compost also includes plant residues in the amount of 15-16%, which allows to increase the content of organic matter in the resulting fertilizer to 20% and helps to increase the concentration of soil humus by 0.4-0.5%. The inclusion of the specified amount of plant waste in the compost also helps to improve the quality of the fertilizer obtained by improving its physical characteristics, which further optimizes the growing conditions of the crop (sugar beet). To maintain the water regime of the composted substrate, to reduce the infiltration of liquid effluent from the compost during composting, layering of components is carried out and their exposure is 1-1.5 months. Composting is carried out in the summer for 2.0-3.5 months, which provides favorable temperature conditions for compost formation and conditions for the decomposition of its organic components, and also reduces the composting time and saves a significant amount of nutrients needed in the resulting fertilizer for sugar beet crop formation.

An example of a specific implementation of the method of cultivating sugar beets

On the basis of the farm of OJSC “Ilyich’s Testament” of the Leningrad Region of the Krasnodar Territory, where the main type of soil is ordinary chernozem, we prepared the main organomineral fertilizer (complex compost) and carried out the method of cultivating sugar beets using complex compost while reducing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application. The agrotechnology of sugar beet cultivation accepted at the farm (using only mineral fertilizers, and the dose of ammonium nitrate is 250 kg / ha) was used as a control.

The introduction of complex compost into the soil has a positive effect on its physical, chemical and biological properties. So the content of organic matter increased on average by 4%; the total nitrogen concentration in the control was 0.20 and 0.38% in 2008 and 2012. respectively, whereas with the introduction of compost - 0.29 and 0.42%. Also, there is an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus by an average of 23.3%, calcium and sulfur, a decrease in the reaction of the soil from 7.23-7.64 to 6.94-6.76 (table 1). The application of the technology contributed to the strengthening of the microbiological activity of the soil, contributing to an increase in its absorption capacity and a decrease in the leaching of nutrients; mobile heavy metals were at the level of 0.4-0.5 MPC.

Table 1 Agrochemical properties of common chernozem in sugar beet crops Option pH H ₂ O Organic matter,% N total,% P ₂ O ₅ , mg / kg

, % $$S{O}_{\mathrm{four}}^{2-}$$

% CaO,% Sugar Beet, 2008 The control 7.64 ± 0.16 3.67 ± 0.08 0.20 ± 0.01 35.80 ± 0.98 0.08 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 Compost 6.76 ± 0.14 3.75 ± 0.08 0.29 ± 0.01 42.50 ± 1.55 0.12 ± 0.01 0.32 ± 0.01 Sugar Beet, 2012 The control 7.23 ± 0.15 3.22 ± 0.05 0.38 ± 0.01 23.26 ± 0.33 0.07 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 Compost 6.94 ± 0.14 3.43 ± 0.09 0.42 ± 0.01 32.26 ± 0.89 0.10 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.01

Assessment of the aggregate composition of the soil showed that the use of complex compost contributed to the improvement of its structure and water resistance. In the first year of the study in sugar beet crops (2008), the content of valuable aggregates in the soil with the addition of complex compost was 67.9, and in the control - 62.1%, which accordingly caused an increase in its structure. According to the results of studies on the aftereffect of complex compost for the 5th year on control, this indicator was 64.2, and with compost - 69.8%.

The content of water-resistant aggregates (> 0.25 mm) in the control was 45.9, and in the variant with complex compost 60.2%; with the aftereffect for the fifth year in sugar beet crops amounted to 60.5 compared with the control - 46.6%. In sugar beet crops, a decrease in the density of the arable soil layer with the introduction of complex compost was noted on average by 6.6 in 2008 and by 7.5% in 2012 compared with the control, which contributed to an increase in the specific pore volume and the total porosity of the arable layer.

An increase in the number of the microbial community with the introduction of complex compost is expressed in an increase in the diversity of actinomycetes and microscopic fungi, which perform the most important function of reducers; increased maceration of plant debris and accumulation of moisture in the soil favors the development of populations of earthworms (Lumbricidae) and enchitreids (Enchy-traeidae), which are indispensable participants in soil formation.

Complicated compost, increasing the aggregation of the arable layer of the soil, increases its aeration, which improves the conditions for the development of sugar beet root crops and better formation of their presentation. When making complex compost, the proportion of root crops of non-marketable beets is only 5.2, and in the control it reaches 17.1%. The average weight of one root crop in the plot using complex compost in 18 was 182, and in 2012 - 147 g higher than the control, which affected the productivity of this crop. Harvest in areas using complex compost in 2008 amounted to 450.5, and in 2012 - 388.0 t / ha, significantly exceeding the control. An increase in sugar content of sugar beet root crops is also noted, which reflects an improvement in the quality of the products obtained. So in the control this indicator averaged 14-15%, and with the use of technology - 17-18% (table 2).

table 2 Biological productivity and quality of sugar beet Experience option Year The mass of root vegetables, g The mass of tops, g Root crop, t / ha Sugar content,% The control 2008 381.5 ± 4.9 403.0 ± 3.1 410.2 ± 18.3 14.3 ± 0.8 Compost 563.5 ± 12.1 506.5 ± 7.4 450.5 ± 21.7 18.3 ± 1.2 The control 2012 254.9 ± 8.1 293.4 ± 5.0 362.0 ± 10.1 15.0 ± 1.0 Compost 402.3 ± 10.5 377.3 ± 9.6 388.0 ± 12.9 17.5 ± 1.1

Thus, the use of complex compost with the participation of industrial and agricultural wastes and a decrease in the rate of mineral fertilizers for sowing sugar beets in a five-year crop rotation improve the agrochemical properties of the soil, increase the erosion resistance of its structure, and reduce the density of addition and porosity. Optimization of the agrophysical and chemical characteristics of the arable soil layer contributes to the creation of favorable food and water-air regimes for the vegetation of sugar beet plants, the development of its root crops and the formation of a quality crop. The economic efficiency of the technology is expressed in reducing the cost of crop production by 17% and increasing the level of profitability of production by 23%.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating sugar beets, including the application of fertilizer, characterized in that complex fertilizer is used as fertilizer, including half-ripened cattle manure, phosphogypsum and plant residues - wheat straw, animal feed waste, plant residues of corn, sunflower and sugar beets taken in equal proportions , in the following ratio of components (wt.%):
phosphogypsum - 8-9,
plant residues - 15-16,
half-rotten cattle manure - the rest,
which are pre-stacked and incubated for 1.0-1.5 months, then in the summer period for 2.0-3.5 months periodically mixed and brought to a moisture content of 35-40%; after which, in the autumn, ammonium nitrate is introduced in an amount of 190 kg / ha, and complex compost is introduced at a dose of 65-70 t / ha, followed by disking and spring sowing of sugar beets.