RU2256314C1 - Method for cultivation of chick-pea under irrigated agriculture conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of zoned sorts of chick-pea for using as forage under irrigated agriculture conditions.

SUBSTANCE: method involves presowing treatment of seeds; sowing; providing interrow care; irrigating by sprinkling and harvesting procedures. Simultaneous sowing of seeds is performed with the use of at least three zoned sorts with interrow spacing of 60-70 cm. Method further involves sowing seeds of low-growing sorts of chick-pea with earlier ripening time in adjacent rows in the vicinity of high-growing and high-yield sorts of plants; increasing seeding norm of low-growing sorts of seeds by 15-25% in comparison with single-sort sowings; providing harvesting by separate combining at period of full ripeness of low-growing sorts of seeds.

EFFECT: increased productivity of chick-pea seeds, provision for obtaining of equally sized seeds and reduced yield losses.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of cultivation of zoned varieties of chickpeas for fodder purposes in irrigated agriculture.

A known method of cultivating legumes on seeds, including placing crops in a crop rotation and applying micronutrient fertilizers, in which, in order to increase the yield of grass seeds and the content of microelements in the soil, micronutrient fertilizing is carried out by pre-sowing seed treatment of legumes in series: first with urea solution and then with ash and produce sowing seeds after harvesting winter ears of corn with stubble stubble (SU, copyright certificate No. 1445576 A1 M.cl. ⁴ A 01 B 70/02. The method of cultivating legume grasses on seeds / I.P. Arsagova and S. A. Bekuzarova (USSR). Application No. 4261822 / 30-15, filed June 15, 1987, published December 23, 1986, Bull. No. 47 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1986. - No. 47 )

Chickpea is also a bean crop. The described method of presowing treatment of chickpea seeds has only an effect on the uniformity of seedlings. After the vegetation, the described method did not have a positive effect on the quality and productivity of chickpea grain under irrigated agriculture.

The closest analogue to the claimed object relates to a method of growing soybeans, including continuous sowing, in which, in order to increase yield by creating the most favorable conditions for ripening, continuous sowing is carried out by at least two soybean varieties with a difference in maturation time of not more than 25 days (SU, copyright certificate No. 1471969. A1. Method of soybean cultivation / V. M. Zherebko (USSR). Application No. 4108226 / 30-15, filed June 16, 1986, published April 15, 1989, Bull. // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1989. - No. 14).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivation of legumes, in particular soybeans, according to this technology include large loss of seeds during the ripening of the second crop, grain heterogeneity, fracture of soybean seeds with an earlier ripening period.

The essence of the claimed invention

The task to which the claimed invention is directed is to reduce the time for harvesting chickpeas when cultivated in irrigated agriculture.

The technical result is an increase in productivity, reducing seed loss and improving the quality of chickpea grain.

The specified technical result in the claimed invention is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating chickpeas in irrigated agriculture, including pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, row-spacing care and harvesting, according to the invention, at least three regionalized varieties with row spacing of 0.6 are planted simultaneously -0.7 m, and next to tall and productive varieties of chickpea plants, low-growing varieties with an earlier ripening season are sown in adjacent rows, the seeding rate of seeds of low-growing varieties is overestimated by and 15-25% compared to single-varietal crops, and harvesting is carried out by separate combining in the phase of full ripeness of chickpea seeds of low-growing varieties.

By alternating rows of tall plants with low-growing plants of different varieties of chickpeas, evenness of sowing is achieved, better conditions for ripening grains in bean leaves both in the root and when ripening in rolls, the mass (nature) of 1000 seeds increases and losses from self-shedding are excluded (opening of the leaves) .

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

Field experiments to test the pre-irrigation method of chickpea cultivation under conditions of irrigated agriculture were carried out in experimental irrigated and rainfed areas in 2000-2003 in accordance with the requirements of generally accepted methodological recommendations. Bogara was used as a control.

The soils of the experimental plot are light chestnut, the thickness of the humus horizon is up to 0.33 m. The humus content in the arable layer is 1.85-2.28%. The pH of the aqueous extract is 7.1-7.3. This is due to soil saturation by exchange Ca (70-80%) and Mg, and the amount of Na is 8.75%. The soil is considered solonetzic. The total nitrogen content in the soil is 0.125-0.156%, hydrolyzable nitrogen is 7.9-10.3 mg per 100 g of soil. The amount of total phosphorus reaches 0.07-0.24%, mobile 2.1-2.3 mg and exchange potassium 36-38 mg per 100 g of soil. The soil has a dense build. The bulk density in the layer is 0.0-1.0 m - 1.33 t / m ³ . The wilting humidity in the meter layer is on average 11.0 and the lowest moisture capacity is 19.6.

Agroclimatic conditions during the years of research were typical of light chestnut soils. In 2000, 73.3 mm fell during the growing season, which is 48.8% of the norm, and in 2002 - 142.5 mm. This is 7.5 mm below the long-term average. In 2001, a total precipitation of 280 mm was observed with a high temperature regime of air in July and August. 2003 was in all agrometeorological indicators at the level of long-term average values, 2003 for 9 months was characterized by the following amount of precipitation 233 mm.

To identify the effectiveness of the proposed method, three chickpea varieties zoned in the Lower Volga region were used: Volgogradsky 10, Privo 1 and Volgogradsky 36. Presowing seed treatment was carried out with chickpea nitragin strain 522.

The accounting area of the plots was 170 m ² . The repetition of the experiments is fourfold with a systematic placement of options. The predecessor is winter wheat.

The method of cultivating chickpeas in irrigated agriculture includes pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, inter-row care, irrigation irrigation and harvesting.

Both in dry conditions and in irrigated agriculture, the main tillage after harvesting winter wheat, pre-sowing tillage is carried out in accordance with established practice in the southeast of the European part of the Russian Federation and in accordance with the “Recommendations on the technology of chickpea cultivation in steppe, arid regions countries ”(1990).

Sowing chickpea seeds in the control (non-irrigated areas) and on the irrigated massif is conducted by at least three regionalized varieties with row spacing of 0.6-0.7 m to a depth of 3-4 cm.

The soil moisture in the meter layer was carried out according to the method of A.A. Rode and S.A. Vorobyov. In the experiments, the following counts, analyzes, and observations were carried out: phenological ones for the growth and development of chickpeas throughout the growing season according to the methodology of the State Orthopedic Test. The following vegetation phases were noted: seedlings, branching, budding, flowering, fruit formation and ripening. The plant densities were taken into account in the phase of full germination and before harvesting using the test sites method in four replicates. Analysis of the elements of the crop structure was carried out according to the methodology of the state commission for variety testing of crops. Accounting for the grain yield of four ripening periods was carried out with a separate method of harvesting (from rolls). Yield data were processed mathematically by analysis of variance.

Seeding was carried out with a sectional seeder SN-16 PM in aggregate with an MTZ-80 tractor. The seed sowing rate in single-cultivated plots in the control was the same and amounted to 10 ³ germinating seeds per hectare. The highest plant density was observed in 2003 and amounted to (212-218) 10 ³ plants per hectare. Chickpea crops harvested in the phase of full ripeness were used as seed material.

The highest safety of chickpea plants from the number of sprouted plants, 85-86%, was observed in Privo 1 and Volgogradsky 36 varieties. The germination safety in areas with chickpea cultivars of the Volgogradsky 10 varieties was only 81%. Presowing treatment of chickpea seeds with nitragin of strain 522 made it possible to preserve up to 88-90% of plants in all varieties of chickpeas after germination and during the growing season.

Phenological observations showed that the development of the symbiotic apparatus was influenced by weather conditions and varietal characteristics. In the experiments performed, the variety Volgogradsky 36 under irrigation conditions in 2003, the largest number of nodules formed on the variant with nitragin.

In the proposed method of cultivating chickpeas in one pass of the SN-16 PM seeder, thanks to the small seed boxes put into the seed hopper and the individual bottom adjustment under each sowing device (coils - pin), they were sown in such a way that a high-yielding and tall grade of Volgogradsky 10 chickpea was sown medium apparatus in the middle disk opener, and other varieties - in rows shifted to the sides by 70 cm. Thus, next to the tall and productive varieties of chickpeas Volgogradsky 10, low-growing varieties of chickpeas Privo 1 and Volgogradsky 36 with an earlier ripening season were sown in adjacent rows of chickpeas. The seeding rate in mixed crops of low-growing varieties is overestimated by 15-25% compared to single-cultivated crops. Compared to the control, a “marginal” effect of plant survival is created in wide-row mixed chickpea crops, leading to evenness of seeds in beans.

During the growing season, thanks to the wide spacing of 0.6-0.7 m, two cultivations are carried out. The total number of weeds before harvesting in the control was 5-11 pcs / m ² , while in the irrigated massif it reached 22-27 pcs / m ² .

The largest dry mass of weeds in the control was 26.4 g / m ² , and on irrigated plots - 76.5-88.2 g / m ² . The greatest weeds are observed in chickpea cultivars of the Volgogradsky 10 variety both in irrigated and non-irrigated areas.

Irrigation was carried out by sprinkling with a two-console sprinkler unit DDA-100 VX with an irrigation rate of 300 m ³ / ha.

Calculation of the water consumption of chickpea plants and its structure showed that under conditions of dry irrigated agriculture, the positive balance sheet items consisted of a reserve of soil moisture in spring and rainfall during the growing season. The largest soil moisture reserves before sowing were in 1999, where they were 68 m ³ / ha, and the smallest in 2002 - 62.5 m ³ / ha, respectively.

The total water consumption of chickpeas in 2002 was 315 m ³ / ha, in 2003 - 368 m ³ / ha, and in 2001 - 620 m ³ / ha. The average daily water consumption of chickpeas during the growing season was 3.94-7.75 m ³ / ha or an average of 5.43 m ³ ha. In the structure of water consumption, soil moisture occupies from 10.3 to 20.4% (average 14.9%) of the total and 80.0-89.7 rainfall (average 85.1%).

Chickpea grade Volgogradsky 10 had the lowest coefficient of water consumption of 319 m per 1 ton of grain and more economically consumed moisture. It is important to note that in different years, the Volgogradsky 10 variety, like other varieties, had different indicators of water consumption per unit of crop in the range of 214-387 m ³ per 1 ton.

The highest values of the coefficient of water consumption were observed for the Volgogradsky 36 variety and amounted to an average of 327 m ³ / t.

In experiments with the variety Volgogradsky 36 in 2000, both the control and the variant with nitragin had the largest number of nodules. In the 2001 dry year, there were significantly fewer.

Variety of chickpeas Volgogradsky 36 was better than others infected with spontaneous and artificial (strain 522) nodule plants. The smallest nodules were on the roots of chickpeas of the Privo 1 variety.

In the phases of plant development, weather conditions also had a significant effect. In wet June 2003, the Volgogradsky 10 variety increased nodules from 2.2 to 3.1 g. In dry June 2001, over the same period, from 1.4 to 1.9 g, respectively. Treatment with nitrate caused an increase in branching and other indicators of chickpea productivity.

Chickpea seeds had field germination at the level of 70-92%. It was highest in 1999 - 89-92%. The lowest in 2001 was 70-74%. Seed treatment with rhizotorfin enhances seed germination to 4-5%. The highest plant safety of 85-86% was observed in single-cultivated crops of Privo 1 and Volgogradsky 36. In mixed crops of chickpeas, this indicator rose to 88-90%.

The largest leaf area occurs in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering. The leading role in crop formation belongs to the productivity of photosynthesis. For this indicator, options with nitragin in mixed crops had a significant advantage compared to control.

Weed control in chickpea crops remains the main problem of its cultivation. Pure crops in both varietal and mixed rows are the key to high chickpea yields.

In the process of dehydration of chickpea seeds during ripening, a full-fledged crop is formed. The most intense loss of moisture occurs from the flaps of beans. With a moisture content of 54.7% in the leaves, the leaves and stems contain 57.7%, and the seeds are 56.6%. After this, the moisture leveling of the leaf-stem mass begins. Humidity of chickpea plants in the phase of fruit formation reaches 80.0-81.4%. Then it begins to gradually decrease by 1-2% every 3 days. This is characteristic of leaves and stems.

In the ripening phase, for every 3-4 days, the humidity drops by 8.1-21.0% in the dry and 6.1-7.6% in the wet year. The beans had 0.5-1.3% humidity below the plant and 0.3-0.8% than the seeds. By the end of the ripening phase, this difference was 0.9-2.1%, respectively, in the second 2.2-3.4%. By the end of the growing season in the phase of full ripeness, the moisture content of the bean flaps was on average 17.1-20.7%. Seeds at this moment had a moisture content of 20.8-22.4%.

Variety Volgogradsky 10 maximum values in terms of the weight of 1000 seeds in single-cultivated crops reached 243 g with a moisture content of 43.3% and a humidity of bean flaps of 31.4% and with a decrease in humidity, the weight of 1000 seeds began to decrease significantly. The Volgogradsky 36 chickpea variety with a mass of 1000 grains of 227.0 g reached a lower moisture content of 29.9% for seeds and 27.3% for bean flaps. Variety Privo 1 continued to accumulate a mass of seeds even with a seed moisture of 23.5 and bean flaps of 20.3%. Thus, the growth of solids was most actively carried out from 23 to 39 days after full flowering. In the middle phases of ripening, the yield of chickpea seeds increased to 60-63% of the maximum. In this phase, chickpea seeds in mixed crops should be removed separately. Further accumulation of nutrients took place in the rolls and the mass of 1000 seeds increased. Towards the end of ripening, losses decreased sharply, but were quite high. The percentage of the maximum yield is 82-86. The optimal time for harvesting chickpeas in mixed crops with separate harvesting is limited to 6-8 days. Separate harvesting must begin at the beginning of the ripening phase.

The information in table 1 indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating chickpeas in irrigated agriculture, including pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, row-spacing, irrigation irrigation and harvesting, characterized in that at least three regionalized varieties with row spacing of 0.6-0.7 m are sown simultaneously, and nearby with tall and productive varieties of chickpea plants, low-growing varieties with an earlier ripening season are sown in adjacent rows, the seeding rate of seeds of low-growing varieties is overestimated by 15-25% compared to single-cultivated crops, and harvesting is carried out separately by combining in the phase of full ripeness of seeds of low-growing varieties.