RU2604304C1 - Method of growing potatoes on forest tundra permanently frozen soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used for potatoes growing on forest tundra permanently frozen soils. In method in autumn, in September soil is treated with disk harrow and soil surface is left in lumpy state until spring. Spring soil is treated with tooth-shaped harrows, after melting of soil for depth of 60-80 cm it is treated with plow to depth of topsoil. Potato is planted, grade of which is selected from early and mid-early ones. 7-10 days after planting spaces between rows are tilled with subsequent, 10-15 days after tillage, potato plants earthing up. Wherein presowing preparation of tubers is made before planting, which involves sprouting of tubers, and organic and mineral fertilizers are introduced into soil. Used potato types are as follows: Yenisei, Yamal, Priekule early, Adretta, Hibinskij early Mutagen-Agria, Karatop, Razara, Fambo, Sarma.

EFFECT: method increases potato yield to 18-25 t/ha at its growing on permanently frozen soils.

9 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for growing potatoes on permafrost soils.

The following methods are known for growing potatoes.

So, from the description of the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2333487, a method is known for growing two potato crops, including plowing the plot and forming ridges, followed by loosening the earth with a pitchfork between the ridges and planting tubers between them, characterized in that the plowing of the plot and the formation of reserve supporting ridges are performed in autumn period, while the middle ridge is made higher, and the axis of the ridges is oriented towards the sunrise during the emergence period, potatoes are planted in spring, immediately after the snow has melted out by laying out the tubers of early-ripe potato varieties between the reserve-supporting ridges and their backfilling with a 5-6 cm layer of soil, partially taken from the base of the reserve-supporting ridges, with the subsequent covering of the stretched transparent film over the reserve-supporting ridges with the formation of two inclined surfaces for rainwater drainage, and the edges of the film around the perimeter pin the earth with the formation of a confined space; after accelerated heating of the ground, emergence of seedlings and reaching the required height, the film is removed and the rows of potatoes are earthed on the left and right sides in one pass in the row-spacing by partially moving the earth from the base of the reserve-supporting ridges to the rows of potatoes, after the maturation of the potatoes the first crop is harvested, preserving the ridges in which it grew, and then planting seed vernalized potatoes of mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties for growing the second crop in the remaining ridges without earthing up.

In addition, there is a known method of growing potatoes, including planting tubers, forming ridges above them during the growing season with an increase in their height and width, as well as harvesting, characterized in that the planting of tubers is carried out in rows on the surface of inter-ridge hollows left when harvesting last year’s potato crop , in the direction from north to south and with the placement of tubers in a row at a distance of 20-25 cm, while the number of rows in the ridge is 1-2, the thickness of the tuber closure with ridge soil when planting 4-6 cm, the number of hills over the entire period vegetation period 4-5 times, the earthing up period during the formation of the ridge 25–20 days, the height of the ridge from the first to the fifth earthing is 12–55 cm, the harvesting time is the end of August – mid-September, while maintaining the approximate shape of the ridges and intercostal hollows to ensure annual and paired alternation of their lands, thereby guaranteeing long-term soil fertility in close proximity to potato planting tubers without organic and mineral fertilizers (RF application No. 20011115629, published on 08/10/2003).

However, these methods cannot be implemented when growing potatoes on permafrost soils, since they do not allow obtaining marketable potatoes due to the short growing season and low fertility of permafrost soils, requiring significant doses of fertilizer, planting certain varieties of potatoes, and special types of preplant seedlings, which are not considered in the above methods.

The technical result of the patented solution is to increase the yield of potatoes to 18.0-25.0 t / ha when growing it on permafrost soils, which is comparable to the yield of potatoes on sod-podzolic soils.

The claimed technical result is achieved due to the implementation of the method of growing potatoes on forest-tundra permafrost soils, which consists in the fact that in the autumn, in the month of September, the soil is cultivated with a disk harrow and the soil surface is left in a blocky state until spring, in the spring the soil is treated with dental harrows, after the soil is thawed to a depth of 60-80 cm it is treated with a plow to the depth of the arable layer, potatoes are planted, varieties of which are selected from the early varieties, 7-10 days after planting, p row-spacing drying, 10-15 days after cultivation by cultivating potato plants, and pre-sowing of tubers is carried out before planting, which includes tuber germination, and organic fertilizers are applied to the soil.

Additional methods for implementing the method may include the following:

- organic and mineral fertilizers are applied in the spring, while the soil is additionally treated with heavy disc harrows;

- the following are used as potato varieties: Yenisei, Yamal, Priekulsky early, Adretta, Khibinsky early, Mutagen - Agria, Karatop, Razara, Fambo, Sarma;

- preplant planting additionally includes autumn gardening;

- germination of tubers is carried out in the light, or in a humid environment, or by a combined method, consisting in the germination of tubers in the light with their subsequent germination in boxes with humus;

- tubers are used weighing 50-80 g;

- planting tubers is carried out in rows of ridge shape with their location from north to south;

- before closing the tops of potatoes an additional second hilling is carried out;

- simultaneously with hilling, mineral nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied to the soil at the rate of N ₃₂ P ₃₂ K ₃₂ active substance per 1 ha.

Potatoes on permafrost soils are grown on the slopes of the southern orientation, mainly on soils of light mechanical composition. On virgin forest-tundra soils, permafrost is located from a depth of 30-50 cm, permafrost on cultivated soil drops to 2-3 meters. Such soil drainage favorably affects the growth and development of plants; nutrient absorption is better on heated soils, but water balance is significantly disturbed on such soils and plants sometimes suffer from a lack of moisture.

As you know, potatoes are recommended to be placed in crop rotations with short rotation. In the Far North, when using healthy seeds and using high agricultural technology, potatoes are grown as a monoculture in most farms, and the most fertile areas are allocated for it.

Due to its biological characteristics, potatoes have high requirements for tillage. Soil aeration should be quite high. Under the future harvest, cultivation begins with the autumn disking by the BDT-3 harrow, leaving the soil surface in a blocky state. In spring, as soon as the soil is ready, moisture is covered with dental harrows. When the soil melts to a depth of 60-80 cm and acquires the necessary ripeness, it is treated with a non-moldable plow to the entire depth of the arable layer in the aggregate with tooth harrows. If organic fertilizers are not applied in the fall, then when they are applied in the spring, they are additionally treated with heavy disc harrows. All processing operations are carried out in aggregate with a tractor DT-75.

In the north, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of fertilizers in obtaining a high and high-quality crop of potato tubers. This culture places high demands on the amount of nutrients. With an underdeveloped root system, a potato plant accumulates a large amount of dry matter per unit area. The developed fertilizer system for local conditions provides for the mandatory introduction of organic fertilizers every 3-4 years and annual mineral fertilizers. Particular attention should be paid to the introduction of rotted manure and compost. On cold soils, they are more effective than fresh manure. In most subsidiary farms of the oil and gas industry, manure as humus is extremely insufficient or not at all. Peat and peat composts are used here as an organic fertilizer.

The experiments indicate a high efficiency of fertilizers, but the highest yields can be obtained with the combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers. The effectiveness of fertilizers for potatoes largely depends on the type of soil, as well as the dose of manure or compost. On old arable soils of 35 years of development, the highest yield increase was obtained from the application of full mineral fertilizer at a dose of N ₁₈₀ P ₉₀ K ₁₈₀ active ingredient and manure 60 t / ha. The average yield for four years under this option was 25.5 t / ha (Table 1).

The size of the crop largely depends on the correct choice of variety, in the conditions of the north this dependence is especially pronounced. The following are the varieties of potatoes recommended by the authors on the basis of variety studies: Yenisei, Yamal, Priekulsky early, Adretta, Khibiny early, Mutagen - Agria, Karatop, Razara, Fambo, Sarma.

The pre-planting preparation of tubers, autumn gardening, germination in the light under various light sources, heating tubers, treatment with biologically active substances, etc. are mandatory agricultural practices in obtaining a high potato crop in northern conditions.

Preparation of planting material begins with the selection of the size of the tubers. For machine planting, tubers must be calibrated for at least 3 fractions: 30-50, 50-80 and over 80 g. Each fraction must be grown separately.

The experiments conducted by the authors showed that with an increase in the weight of planting tubers from 30 to 50 g, the yield increased by 50%. Larger planting tubers should be used when growing early potatoes. Planting with such tubers accelerates tuber accumulation, positively affects the growth and development of plants.

It is recommended to use tubers weighing 50-80 g at production plantings, although against a high agrotechnical background, a good crop can be obtained from a fraction weighing 30-50 g, while cultivating the elite on a virus-free basis, all tuber fractions are used.

When germinating, the tubers are placed in a warm, well-lit room on specially arranged shelves. Potatoes are stacked on racks in a layer two or three of the tuber, with this arrangement, per 1 m ² accounts for 60-70 kg. Instead of racks, you can use trellised boxes in which potato tubers are placed. In the room, the boxes are installed in a stack with a passage between them. To evenly illuminate the tubers, the boxes are rearranged 2-3 times during the germination period, the lower ones - up and vice versa. The room should be regularly ventilated. Germination in the light is carried out for 40-45 days at a temperature of 12 ° C, during this period green sprouts are formed 1.5-2 cm long. Experiments have shown that germination by 6-8 days accelerates the emergence of seedlings and by 2-11 days - flowering. Potato harvest rises by 26% or more.

The annual germination of seed tubers did not reduce the yield in subsequent reproductions, provided a higher yield of physiologically mature tubers and, therefore, increased their seed qualities (Table 2).

With a lack of bright rooms, you can limit yourself to the germination of tubers in a humid environment. With this method of germination, the tubers are laid in boxes in 3-5 rows with intercalation with moist peat or humus, which are periodically moistened with water. White large shoots up to 3-5 cm and small roots develop on the tubers. The tubers should be planted with particular care, the soil should be moist. In order to avoid drying of the roots, the seeding should be done immediately.

It is also possible and a combined method of germination of tubers, in which the tubers germinate in the light for 25-30 days, then they must be laid for 10-15 days in a humid environment. The first 8-10 days, germination in a humid environment is carried out at a temperature of 12-15 ° C, and the last days before planting, they are given temperature hardening (the temperature decreases to outside air). Prepared tubers for planting in the field have strong shoots, a well-developed root system. After planting in the field, they quickly germinate, are characterized by an intensive growth rate and give a higher yield.

To get an early harvest, the best way to preplant seedlings is to grow them in humus to seedlings. This method consists in the fact that the tubers are first germinated in the usual way in the light for 25-30 days. After that, they germinate in boxes in humus for 20 days (tubers in boxes are stacked in one row). The first 8-10 days, until the sprouts come to the surface, growing is carried out at a temperature of 12-16 ° C, after emergence, the temperature drops to the outside. Planting tubers prepared in this way, by the time of planting in the field, have strong sprouts 9-10 cm in size with blossoming apical leaves, a powerful root system. The additional costs of growing in excess will pay off by increasing the yield.

Among the methods of preplant planting of seed material, a prominent place should be occupied by the autumn gardening of tubers for 20 days. According to our data, planted tubers are better stored in the winter, less affected by various rot, and during the growing season they have a “black leg”. Tubers planted in the fall and sprouted in the spring ensured a yield increase of 16-17% and earlier (Table 3).

If it was not possible to germinate the tubers using one of the above methods, the tubers are heated. Two to three days before planting, the seed material is maintained at a temperature of 30-35 ° C.

It is generally believed that planting should be carried out when the soil at a depth of 8-10 cm warms up to + 7-8 ° C. In the conditions of the Yamal North, planting is carried out at a lower temperature, as the ripeness of the soil during a given planting, the period from planting to seedlings increases, a developed root system is formed at this time, and much later phases begin. You can start planting when the soil warms up to + 2-3 ° C. With this planting, preference should be given to the shallow incorporation of tubers. For the conditions of the North, landing to a depth of 5-7 cm is accepted.

Of the planting forms, the ridge is most effective with the location of tubers from north to south. With this orientation of the ridges, the soil in the ridges warms up 2–3 ° C higher than with a different arrangement. Ridge planting contributes to better warming of the soil in the spring-summer period, provides the possibility of pre-emergence care, improves the quality of machine processing, and allows you to successfully combat weeds. Potatoes are planted by the SN-4B machine in an aggregate with an MTZ-82 tractor with a feed area of 70 × 35 cm, an increase in row spacing due to thickening in a row gives a decrease in yield (Table 4).

Caring for potato crops in the Far North is not complicated. It consists in one loosening of row-spacings with the use of mesh harrows on the full profile of the puffer paws. Inter-row processing is carried out by a cultivator-hiller KON-2.8 or KRN-4A.

The first cultivation of row-spacing should begin 7-10 days after planting. Cultivation of row-spacings is carried out only by lancet paws of a cultivator. In the unit with a cultivator mesh harrows are used. The cultivation depth is 8-10 cm, netted harrows destroy annual spring weeds in the phase of white threads. Along with the destruction of weeds, mesh harrows remove the upper part of the ridges, which contributes to better air exchange and heating of the ridges.

The first hilling should be started 10-12 days after loosening the row-spacing to a depth of 15-18 cm, it is also aimed at the destruction of weeds, improving the water-physical properties of the soil, improving its temperature regime.

Potatoes are harvested after the first frost, which happens in late August or early September. Before harvesting potatoes, the tops are removed, for which KIR-1.5 or UBD-3 is used.

Potato harvesting should begin with seed potato diggers KTN-2V or KST-1,4 and subsequent manual selection of tubers. Production sites are cleaned by direct combining with a trailed potato harvester KKU-2 or a self-propelled combine KSK-4-1.

Separate cleaning is used on heavy soils and at high soil moisture. First, the potatoes are dug up by potato diggers, and after the tubers are picked up with a combine.

Claims (9)

1. A method of growing potatoes on forest-tundra permafrost soils, which consists in the fact that in the autumn, in the month of September, the soil is treated with a disk harrow and the soil surface is left in a blocky state until spring, in the spring the soil is treated with tooth harrows, after the soil is thawed to a depth of 60-80 cm, it is treated with a plow to the depth of the arable layer, potatoes are planted, varieties of which are selected from early and medium early, 7-10 days after planting, row-spacing is loosened, followed by 10-15 days after cultivation I, fine ridging potato plants, wherein prior to planting the tubers carried out seedbed preparation, which comprises the germination of tubers, and in the soil making organic and mineral fertilizers. 2. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that organic and mineral fertilizers are applied in the spring, while the soil is additionally treated with heavy disk harrows. 3. The method according to p. 1, which means that the following are used as potato varieties: Yenisei, Yamalsky, Priekulsky early, Adretta, Khibiny early, Mutagen-Agria, Karatop, Razara, Fambo, Sarma. 4. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the pre-planting preparation further includes autumn gardening. 5. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the germination of tubers is carried out in the light, or in a humid environment, or by a combined method, consisting in the germination of tubers in the light with their subsequent germination in boxes with humus. 6. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that tubers are used weighing 50-80 g. 7. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that the planting of tubers is carried out in rows of ridge shape with their location from north to south. 8. The method according to p. 1, which consists in the fact that before closing the tops of the potatoes an additional second hilling is carried out. 9. The method according to p. 8, which consists in the fact that simultaneously with hilling, mineral nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied to the soil at the rate of N ₃₂ P ₃₂ K _{32 of the} active substance per 1 ha.