RU2237988C1 - Soya growing method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, sowing and growing methods.

SUBSTANCE: method involves shelling stubble of precursor plant; introducing mineral fertilizer; providing basic tillage of soil with turning of soil layer; providing irrigation; early spring covering harrowing and cultivation; presowing treatment of seeds with growth promoting preparations; wide row sowing of superearly ripening and early ripening sorts of seeds at seeding norm of 450,000 and 600,000 pieces per 1 hectare; providing vegetative irrigation and harvesting; combining presowing treatment of soya seeds from diseases with germination process; performing procedure of sowing of germinated soya seeds at the end of second decade and at the beginning of third decade of May, with soil temperature ranging between +18⁰C and +25⁰C. Embedding depth of superearly ripening sorts of soya exceeds that of early ripening sorts of soya by 1.5-2.5 cm. Harvesting is carried out at one and the same time.

EFFECT: provision for obtaining of ecologically clean product for baby's and dietary food based on faultless process for cultivation of soya with minimal amounts of weed plants.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the technology of sowing and growing soybeans.

A known method of growing soybeans, including continuous sowing, in which, in order to increase productivity by creating the most favorable conditions for ripening, continuous sowing is carried out by at least two soybean varieties with a difference in maturity of not more than 25 days (SU copyright certificate No. 1471969 A1, IPC ⁴ A 01 C 7/00, Method for soybean cultivation / V. M. Berezhko (USSR) - Application No. 4108226 / 30-15; filed June 16, 1986; publ. April 15, 1989, Bull. No. 14 // Discovery. Inventions.-1989.- No. 14).

The disadvantages of this method of cultivation are the variegation of seedlings, and as a result, the intensive development of weeds on the “bald patches”. Joint sowing of two soybean varieties with different periods of vegetation does not give amicable shoots. Mixing the seeds of two varieties also does not provide an even distribution of plants over the sown area.

The known technology of cultivating various regionalized soybean varieties on various agricultural backgrounds under irrigation conditions, including harvesting the predecessor, stubble cultivation, applying fertilizers, basic tillage, water-charging irrigation, early spring cover harrowing, pre-sowing harrowing and cultivation, sowing, vegetative irrigation, and application of herbicides (see, for example, an article by T.V. Mukhortova “Efficiency of cultivating soybean varieties on various agricultural backgrounds under irrigation conditions in the Astrakhan region” / High tech. logics in the agricultural complex of the Caspian Sea, compiled by V.P. Zvolinsky, E.I. Kostyrenko, N.V. Kuznetsova. - M.: Publishing House "Modern Notebooks", 2002.- 504 pp. - S.160-205 )

The disadvantages of the described technology of soybean cultivation include the fact that the sowing of ultra-ripe and early ripening soybean varieties is carried out during the germination and germination of heat-loving malicious weeds. The latter are competitors in the development and growth of soybeans. Heavy weed killers are required to suppress weeds. This reduces both the yield of soybean grain and eliminates the use of soybean seeds as a baby and diet food.

The invention consists in the following.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is the production of environmentally friendly products of ultra-precocious and precocious soybean varieties.

The technical result is an increase in yield and a decrease in grain losses during the harvesting period.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of soybean cultivation, including peeling of the precursor stubble, applying mineral fertilizers, the main treatment with the formation revolution, water-charging irrigation, early spring cover harrowing, pre-sowing moistening of the sowing soil layer, pre-sowing harrowing and cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment growth preparations, wide-row sowing of ultra-precocious and precocious varieties with seeding rates of 450 ... 600 thousand units per 1 ha, vegetative irrigation and harvesting, agree but according to the invention, pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds from diseases is combined with germination, sowing is carried out at the end of the second - at the beginning of the third decade of May at a soil temperature of + 18 ° ... + 25 ° C, the depth of seed placement of ultra-ripe varieties by 1.5 ... 2.5 cm more than the depth of planting seeds of early ripening varieties, and harvesting is carried out in the same agricultural terms.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed method of growing soybeans are as follows.

The proposed method for growing soybean provides for the sequential execution in time and space of the following technological operations: peeling stubble predecessor; application of mineral fertilizers; main processing with a turnover of the reservoir; autumn water recharge irrigation; early spring cover harrowing; presowing moistening of the sowing soil layer; presowing harrowing; presowing cultivation; presowing treatment of seeds with growth preparations; wide-row sowing of ultra-precocious and precocious varieties with seeding rates of 450 and 600 thousand units per 1 ha; vegetation irrigation; harvesting.

Correct placement of soybeans in crop rotation is important to increase its productivity and should be carried out taking into account its weak competitive ability with respect to weeds. The best precursor for soybeans is winter crops. After the harvesting of winter crops, there is enough time for carrying out the system of dump tillage, which helps to clear the fields of weeds.

In compacted crops, soybeans can be grown after winter crops of rapeseed and triticale. In order to avoid defeat by diseases, mainly sclerotinia (white) rot, soybeans cannot be sown on seeds after soybeans and sunflowers, as well as after legumes. The predecessors are unsuitable for soy, leaving a scavenger.

Presowing seed treatment with rhizotorfin provides a yield increase of 0.2 ... 0.5 t / ha. Seeds are treated on the day of sowing. Together with rhizotorfin, seeds can also be treated with molybdenum, 400-500 g of the drug are dissolved in 1.0 ... 1.5 liters of hot water, then diluted with cold water, so that 40 ... 50 g of molybdenum per 1 liter of working solution ha of crops. Then, soybean seeds are treated to protect against diseases with drugs: fentyuram 4-6 kg and foundationazole - 3 kg per ton of seeds. For sowing, seeds of classes 1 and 2 of the sowing standard are used. Sowing begins with steady heating of the soil to a depth of sowing (up to 6 ... 8 cm) to + 14 ° ... + 16 ° C.

Mineral nitrogen is best applied in parts. Spring pre-sowing tillage includes a set of measures: leveling, high-quality cutting of the top soil layer, pre-sowing irrigation and application of herbicides.

At the onset of physical ripeness of the soil harrowing is carried out by heavy harrows in two tracks. Then one or two cultivations for the complete destruction of cold and heat-loving weeds. Under the first cultivation, nitrogen fertilizers are applied.

Soil leveling is an obligatory agricultural technique that promotes even distribution and seed placement, creates better conditions for irrigation and subsequent harvesting with minimal losses.

A few days before sowing, it is necessary to carry out pre-sowing, provocative irrigation with a small norm of 250 ... 300 m ³ / ha. This technique is required to obtain friendly and uniform shoots. After recharging, two-harrowing is carried out with heavy harrows. With this technique, chicken millet, spikelet, bristle, white gauze and other species of monocotyledonous (cereal) and dicotyledonous (annual) weeds are well destroyed. Pre-sowing cultivation mechanically destroys field mustard, common fruit, nightshade, cord, ragweed and other broad-leaved weeds. Presowing harrowing and cultivation ensure the complete destruction of annual weeds and eliminate the need for manual weeding.

During the growing season, to control leaf-eating pests, crops must be treated with malathos at a rate of 1.0 ... 1.5 kg / ha, and after flowering they are pollinated with ground sulfur at a rate of 30 kg / ha.

With very early seeding and insufficient heating of the soil (the third decade of April), the seed-sprouting period is extended to three or more weeks. Seedlings due to susceptibility to fungal diseases look very sparse, crop shortfall is 20% and higher. It was experimentally established that in order to obtain stable yields of ultra-ripe and early ripening soybean varieties, sowing should be carried out at the end of the second - at the beginning of the third decade of May at a soil temperature in the seed layer of + 18 ° С ... + 25 ° С. By this time, 90 ... 95% of all weeds growing in the south of Russia give steady seedlings. Combinations of harrowing and cultivation provide 100% cleanliness of soybean fields. In the group of ultra-mature soybean varieties, the period from seedlings to ripening is up to 80 days, and the sum of active temperatures should be at least 1700 ° С. Early ripening varieties give a period from germination to maturity of 91 ... 110 days with a total of active temperatures of 1901 ... 2200 ° C. The first group includes varieties Soer 1, Soer 2/95, 43/90, 102/34, Myacheva, Kharkov precocious, Igula and Vys. The second group includes varieties Volgogradka 1, Belogorod 48, Altair, Belukaya 82, Bukuria 79/123, Kirovogradskaya, Kharkovskaya 3 and Kharkovskaya 54. The growing season is reduced by the fact that presowing seed treatment from diseases is combined with germination. Sowing are sprouted seeds. A direct relationship was established between sowing dates and planting density. Ultra-ripe varieties are sown at a rate of 450 thousand units / ha, and early-ripening varieties are sown at a rate of 600 thousand units / ha. The sowing method is wide-row with a row spacing of 0.7 m. The depth of seed placement of ultra-ripe varieties is 1.5 ... 2.5 cm more than the ripening varieties (3 ... 5 cm). Depending on the soil moisture in the 0 ... 10 cm layer, the sowing depth is specified in the range of 3 ... 5 cm. Rolling before and after sowing contributes to a more friendly germination of seeds. Sowing is carried out with refitted seeders of the SST-12A, SST-8 brands. The speed of movement of sowing units is not more than 3.6 km / h. On fertile soils, the seeding rate can be reduced by 10 ... 15%, and on depleted soils - increase by 15 ... 20%.

For the Lower Volga zone, the maximum yield of grain and green soybean mass is obtained with soil moisture in a meter layer of 80% HB or in a layer of 0-60 cm - 70 ... 75% HB. Observations show that one soybean plant evaporates per day during the period from germination to flowering 100 ... 150 g of water and from the beginning of flowering to pouring grain - 300 ... 350 g of water.

The lack of moisture during flowering and filling of beans (both atmospheric and soil) negatively affects soybean productivity, reducing the yield for various soybean varieties from 14 to 58% during flowering; from 41 to 87% during filling. A lack of moisture causes the formation of small grains and a decrease in the number of seeds on plants.

For soil and climatic conditions of the Volgograd region in the average humidity summer season for soybeans, it is recommended to carry out 7 ... 8 irrigation per vegetation of 500 ... 600 m ³ / ha with an irrigation rate of 3500 ... 4800 m ³ . During sprinkling, a decrease in the norms of vegetative irrigation to 400 ... 500 m ³ / ha is allowed.

This amount of irrigation water is enough to produce 3.5 ... 3.8 tons of soybean grain per hectare.

To maintain fields in a condition free of weeds and improve air exchange in the soil during the growing season, one or two row-spacings are performed. The first cultivation - on the 7-10th day after the clear designation of rows to a depth of 5 ... 6 cm; the second cultivation is carried out 8-10 days after the first to a depth of 10 cm.

In the soil and climatic conditions of the Lower Volga region, the entire cycle of plant development and biological maturation of soybean seeds, depending on early maturity, lasts 96 ... 130 days.

The presence of early-ripening and mid-ripening varieties in farms allows you to use the claimed method of soybean cultivation and do without desiccants, getting full, well-ripened seeds with a moisture content of 9-14%.

This is facilitated by the fact that the sowing of ultra-ripening soybean varieties to a greater depth and with lower standards provides the conditions for ripening early ripe varieties at equal times. For this reason, desiccants are not required to accelerate the ripening of soybean grains in the phase of full ripeness. Harvesting soybeans are in the same agricultural terms.

An important condition for obtaining healthy soybean seeds is timely harvesting with the least possible trauma. Soybeans for seeds are harvested only in a single-phase method (direct combining) with grain harvesters of the 5-12 kg / s class (SK-5M Niva, SKD-5M Sibiryak, Don-1200, Don-1500, Yenisei-1200, etc.) . The cutting apparatus of the combine header is transferred to a low cut. Mowing and threshing are carried out at operating speeds of 5.4 ... 6.5 km / h. The rotational speed of the threshing threshing drums is set within 5 ... 10 s ^-1 (300 ... 600 min. ^-1 ) with seed moisture above 12%. The clearance at the inlet to the thresher must be at least 40 mm, and at the outlet 28 mm. The main types of injuries of soybean seeds are collapse, peeling of the skin and cotyledons (visible cracks and microtrauma), flattening, dents, etc. The most dangerous of them are deep cracks in the cotyledons and the failure of the seed coat in the zone of the germinal root. Field germination in such seeds is reduced by 30-50%. The greatest damage is observed when threshing seeds with a moisture content of more than 20%. Significantly reduced injury when harvesting soybean seeds with a moisture content of 12-16%, and the lowest percentage of damage is observed when threshing seeds with a moisture content of 14%.

After harvesting, soybean seeds are immediately cleaned of impurities and unfinished beans, their flaps, immature seeds and dried to a moisture content of 10 ... 12%.

Soybean seeds are dried in floor dryers at a coolant temperature of 30 ... 36 ° C for 4 ... 6 hours. Then it is constantly increased to 36 ° ... 40 ° C and maintained for 6 ... 8 hours.

The effectiveness of the proposed method for growing soybeans for grain is shown by the example of cultivation of ultra-ripening and early-ripening varieties Soer 2/95 and Altair and in joint crops.

The plant standing density and the mounting height of the lower beans of these varieties are given in table. 1. The nature of soybean seeds is presented in table. 2. The biological productivity of soybean varieties when cultivated according to the basic and proposed technologies is shown in table. 3, and the quality of soybean grain - in table. 4.

The proposed method of growing soybean provides environmentally friendly products for baby and diet food. The technology eliminates the use of herbicides to control weeds.

Claims (1)

A method of soybean cultivation, including stubble cultivation of the precursor, application of mineral fertilizers, primary processing with formation rotation, water-charging irrigation, early spring cover harrowing, pre-sowing moistening of the seed layer of the soil, pre-sowing harrowing and cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment with growth preparations, wide-row sowing and early ripening seeding rates of 450 and 600 thousand units per 1 ha, vegetative irrigation and harvesting, characterized in that the pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds from diseases of owls They continue to germinate, sowing is carried out at the end of the second - at the beginning of the third decade of May at a soil temperature of +18 ... + 25 ° С, the depth of seed placement of ultra-mature varieties is 1.5 ... 2.5 cm greater than the depth of seed placement of early-ripening varieties , and harvesting is carried out in the same agricultural terms.