RU2661815C2 - Method of growing chickpeas in dry conditions of the steppe crimea - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to the field of agriculture, namely to the technology of cultivation of chickpeas in arid conditions of the steppe Crimea, which refers to leguminous crops. Method includes presowing seed treatment, seeding, plant care and harvesting. In this case, chickpea are sown after treatment of seeds with biological preparations on the basis of breeding strains of nodule bacteria to increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation, for example, rhizobophyte, in the early periods at a temperature of +2÷+4 °C with a row spacing of 45–70 cm. To obtain friendly shoots at a temperature of +5÷+6°C, seeds are buried to the same depth in the moist soil layer (6–8 cm), with an average humidification depth of 9–10 cm, in dry conditions – to 15 cm until a wet layer of soil is obtained, followed by its rolling. Sowing is placed in the link of the "winter wheat or barley – chickpeas – winter crops" crop rotation, and harvesting is carried out in the phase of full ripeness of the grain.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to increase the yield by stimulating the nitrogen-fixing activity of nodule bacteria, exclude the use of herbicides and mineral fertilizers, and reduce yield losses.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the technology of cultivating chickpeas in the arid conditions of the steppe Crimea, which relates to leguminous crops.

This group of plants is rather unusual. On the roots of plants there are nodules containing nodule bacteria that trap nitrogen from the air and produce various substances from it, which are easily absorbed by plants, which is the basis of the protein substance that accumulates in the seeds.

And most importantly, the chickpea plant receives nitrogen from the air, and the soil is not depleted, but enriched, becoming more fertile.

At present, the world is growing the production of legumes, which are invaluable in the structure of sown areas, in the nitrogen balance of the soil and in the protein resource for human nutrition and animal feeding. These cultures are able to synthesize and accumulate a large amount of high-quality protein in seeds and green mass, as well as absorb molecular nitrogen in symbiosis with nodule bacteria - an inexhaustible source of nutrition for plants and for enriching the soil.

Modern highly productive and stable agricultural production should focus on the efficient use of renewable natural resources, the use of low-cost measures, which are based on the self-renewal of the agroecosystem.

It is the economy that forces us to look for crops that could produce high yields with improved grain qualities, and introduce new highly productive varieties with high biochemical characteristics into production, as well as improve the optimal conditions for their cultivation and observe basic agricultural practices.

A known method of growing legumes, where to increase productivity carry out pre-sowing treatment of seeds, enveloping them with crushed grain of the same culture. Then the seeds are mixed with the antibacterial drug Baliz-2 and sown. 10-15 days after emergence and in the flowering phase, the crops are sprayed with Nalchik mineral water, adding the drug Baliz-2 in the range of 2-3 kg / ha (Patent No. 2440709, А01С 1/00. Russia. Application. December 20, 2010 Published on January 27, 2012).

This method involves the treatment of seeds from legume diseases during the period of the beginning of plant development, the formation of nodules and during the flowering period when plants are affected by Fusarium, Antaknosis, Ascochitosis, powdery mildew rust. Moreover, it is a high cost method due to the use of expensive components.

A known method of cultivating chickpeas in irrigated agriculture, which provides for pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, inter-row care, irrigation irrigation and harvesting. Sowing is carried out by three zoned varieties with row spacing of 60-70 cm. Next to tall and productive varieties of chickpea plants, low-growing varieties with an earlier ripening season are sown in adjacent rows. Harvesting is carried out by separate combining in the phase of full ripeness of seeds of low-growing varieties (Patent No. 2256314, АВВ 79/02, А01С 7/00. Russia. Application. November 21, 2003. Publish. July 20, 2005).

This method does not include seed treatment, moreover, it is not at all acceptable for the arid zone of Crimea.

There is also known a method of restoring and increasing unproductive light chestnut and brown soils by growing a high-protein chickpea culture.

This method is closest to our method in terms of pre-sowing seed treatment, but mainly with various chemical preparations, however, it differs sharply from our proposed method (Patent No. 2563376, АВВ 79/02, А01С 21/00. Russia. Application. 30.07 .2014. Published on September 20, 2015).

All etchants negatively affect the formation of nodules and reduce their nitrogen-fixing activity.

Therefore, the objective of our proposed method is to increase the yield of chickpeas by stimulating the nitrogen-fixing activity of nodule bacteria, eliminating the use of herbicides and mineral fertilizers, saving material and technical and energy resources by eliminating many agricultural operations, increasing the efficiency of chickpea production as a high-protein culture and reducing crop losses during account for its timely cleaning during the period of full ripeness of seeds.

This problem is solved by the fact that in the method of growing chickpeas in the arid conditions of the Crimean steppe, including pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, plant care and harvesting, according to the invention, chickpeas are sown after seed treatment with biological products based on breeding strains of nodule bacteria to increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation, for example, rhizobophyte , in the early stages at a temperature of +2, ... + 4 ° С with row spacings of 45-70 cm, and to obtain friendly seedlings at a temperature of + 5 ... + 6 ° С, the seeds are planted at the same depth in the moist soil layer on 6-8 cm, with an average moisture content of 9-10 cm, with a dry moisture of 15 cm until a moist soil layer is reached with its subsequent rolling, and the sowing is placed in the crop rotation link "winter wheat or barley - chickpeas - winter", and Harvesting is carried out in a phase of full ripeness of seeds.

Chickpea is a foamy feed crop. The Latin name for chickpeas - Cicer comes from the Greek "Kikus", which means "power" or "power". And justifying its name, chickpea empowers not only those who consume it, but also makes those who grow it more powerful and strong, since the inclusion of chickpeas in crop rotation has a beneficial effect and has a number of positive aspects.

One of the greatest virtues of this crop is that it is the most drought tolerant crop among all legumes. Thanks to a powerful feed system and economical use of moisture, chickpeas are best suited for cultivation in regions that suffer from frequent droughts in the summer. This is the only bean crop that provides a stable crop in the arid and hot conditions of Crimea.

All agrotechnological processes for the cultivation of chickpeas were carried out at the experimental site of the Institute of Agriculture of Crimea.

Chickpea stands out from all leguminous crops with the highest resistance to drought, heat, and dry winds. It is cultivated mainly on a dry land; it is not resistant to excess moisture, although it is sometimes responsive to irrigation. The value of chickpea seeds in energy properties: 1 kg contains 334 kcal, 28-32% protein, up to 7% oil, 43-56% carbohydrates and 6-9% fiber.

To grow chickpeas, you don’t need any special equipment, you can use the one that is used for cereals.

With high agricultural technology, you can get up to 20 c / ha of chickpeas. The price of chickpeas is high - this is determined by the great demand for this crop. Nut in its nutritional value is not inferior to other legumes, and even exceeds in terms of fat content.

Chickpeas are usually produced on light soils and even rocky ones with lime content. Therefore, on marly, calcareous and sandy soils, it gives a good grain yield and is content with the same physical condition of the soil as ordinary legumes.

Chickpea is adapted to the arid and hot climatic conditions of the steppe Crimea and has unique biological features. Chickpea plants in symbiosis with nodule bacteria can absorb up to 120-150 kg / ha of molecular nitrogen from the air during the growing season. It is characterized by high cold resistance and frost resistance compared to other leguminous crops.

The minimum temperature for seed germination is + 2 ... + 4 ° C, for seedlings + 5 ... + 6 ° C. Shoots withstand short-term freezing up to -16 ° C, and adult plants do not die at -8 ° C.

After emergence, chickpeas are more demanding on heat, especially during the "flowering-filling of beans", the minimum temperature is + 20 ° C, optimal + 25 ° C. The growing season lasts from 60 to 120 days.

Chickpea is a long-day crop, so it cannot be sown in repeated crops. It consumes a lot of moisture during seed swelling (more than 120% relative to its mass) and during budding. The height of the chickpea is 0.7 m, sometimes 0.44-0.53 m.

Lingering rain is harmful for chickpeas and increased air humidity during budding and flowering prevents pollination, flowers and buds fall off, tanning of the stem and secondary regrowth of the lateral branches are underway, which leads to poor tying and a sharp decrease in productivity.

The inclusion of chickpeas in the crop rotation allows to enrich the soil with nitrogen and is a very good precursor for all crops. Nitrogen fertilizers do not need to be applied under the chickpea, since nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria are formed on its roots, which absorb nitrogen from the air and not only provide their need, but even after harvesting this crop, up to 50 kg of nitrogen remains on each hectare.

Chickpea also has high frost resistance. Seedlings withstand frosts of -6-8 ° C, which allows sowing at the earliest possible time and maximize the use of spring soil moisture for early seedlings.

Chickpea has virtually no common diseases and pests with crops, which, as a rule, are saturated with grain crop rotation. Chickpea is not a cereal, but a broad-leaved crop, its inclusion in the crop rotation allows you to more effectively deal with annual and perennial cereal weeds.

Chickpeas ripen later than the main crops - wheat and barley. Therefore, the harvesting of grain and chickpeas does not coincide, which makes it possible to use harvesting equipment more efficiently.

The ripening of chickpea grains on the whole plant allows it to be removed by direct combining. The chickpeas do not lie down and do not crumble even with a delay in cleaning. Harvested without loss. There is still time to carry out high-quality soil preparation for winter crops and the accumulation of moisture. There are few crop residues after chickpeas.

The chickpea grain ripens fairly evenly throughout the plant, the beans do not crack or crumble, and the plants do not lie down. Therefore, cleaning is carried out by direct combining. The growing season is 80-120 days, depending on the variety and growing conditions. Therefore, in our conditions, it is harvested in late July - early August with the beans fully ripened and seed moisture not exceeding 12-14%. When chickpeas on the vine cease, beans may be shed due to drying of the stem and in strong winds.

For harvesting, use the available harvesters. The cut height is adjusted so that no uncleaned beans remain on the field, usually 10-15 cm (the height of attachment of the lower bean for chickpeas is 20-40 cm). If it is stopped at the root, harvesting should be carried out in the morning so that the beans do not fly off.

Chickpea seeds retain their germination for at least 3 years. It is not recommended to sow chickpeas after legumes and perennial herbs. It is better to place it in the link "winter wheat or barley - chickpeas - winter." In turn, it is an excellent precursor for most crops. The yield of winter wheat after chickpea is almost the same as after black steam.

After growing chickpeas with root and crop residues, up to 30% of symbiotrophic (biological) nitrogen enters the soil, which is equivalent to adding about 110 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate, which can significantly increase the yield of the subsequent crop.

Chickpeas early release the field, while creating favorable conditions for soil preparation and moisture accumulation.

Biological features of this culture allow the use of the aftereffect of mineral and organic fertilizers. The need for nitrogen is met through the action of nodule bacteria. Chickpea nitraginization increases seed yield by 1.7-6.5 c / ha (15-39%).

The complex pre-sowing application of seed bacterization by rhizobophyte with microbial preparations (phosphoenterin, polymyxobacterin, biopolycide and others) increases the productivity of chickpea plants by 1.6-40.3%.

The use of rhizobia strains, which are highly effective in symbiosis with modern varieties of legumes, increases plant productivity by 20-30% and increase the protein content in seeds by 2-6%, even if the soil contains populations of native or previously introduced nodule bacteria.

Therefore, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biological products based on breeding strains of the corresponding types of nodule bacteria should be an obligatory agricultural technique in the cultivation of chickpeas.

The treatment of seeds of legumes, and chickpeas in particular, is carried out in the shade of a canopy, avoiding the action of direct sunlight, which are harmful to microorganisms. After the restoration of their flowability, the bacterized seeds are bagged and sown in moist soil.

Studies have shown that the use of starting doses of nitrogen (20-30 kg / ha) for legumes is inappropriate to combine with nitrogenation of seeds, since nodule formation is delayed and the competitiveness of introduced strains of nodule bacteria decreases.

A negative influence on the symbiosis of chickpeas with nodule bacteria is the use of herbicides. A significant change in the physiological and biochemical state of the plant and its interaction with beneficial microflora occurs, tuberization is blocked.

Chickpea plants are very affected by the presence of weeds in crops, especially in the initial stages of vegetation. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider the choice of a sowing site and its thorough preparation.

Before sowing, chickpea seeds are treated with nodule bacteria preparations. Bobovorizobial symbiosis is very sensitive to pesticides, the use of which is undesirable. All etchants negatively affect the formation of nodules and reduce their nitrogen-fixing activity. Chemical treatment of chickpea seeds in dry years reduces yield by 6.3%. Instead of chemical fungicides against diseases, it is advisable to use preparations of microorganisms antagonists of phytopathogens, such as: hetomic, phytosporin, baciphor, trichodermin and others. The use of biological products increases the yield of this crop by 2.6-23.6%.

Chickpeas are sown after early crops, when the soil warmed up at 5-6 ° C to the depth of seed placement. Delay in sowing leads to a shortage of crops, a significant decrease in productivity. The most productive wide-row sowing at 45 cm. When studying the methods of sowing in continuous sowing, the yield was 9.4 kg / ha, and in wide-row at 45 cm - 14.7 kg / ha, wide-row at 70 cm - 10.5 kg / ha. An important condition for obtaining friendly seedlings is the uniform seeding of seeds at the same depth into the moist soil layer.

To obtain stable yields of chickpeas, all agrotechnological requirements for growing this crop must be observed.

In recent years, the need for agriculture has increased in preparations that provide high yields in conditions of water scarcity, soil salinization, the influence of low and high temperatures and other negative and unpleasant indicators, especially soil pollution with heavy metals. In this regard, it becomes necessary to use growth regulators to mitigate the negative impact of the latter in order to increase the resistance of plants as a result of activation of the antioxidant defense system.

Thus, the presence of distinctive features of the object of the invention in the aggregate of signs is in a causal relationship with the achieved technical results. Namely, in order to ensure the possibility of conducting research in the arid climate of Crimea, certain measures were taken to grow chickpeas with good indicators of the presence of protein in the grain by realizing the potential of microbial-plant interactions, that is, the development and work of nodule bacteria that negatively react to the use of herbicides, pesticides and other chemicals that block tuberization, which affects the physiological and biochemical state of the plant and its relationship interaction with microflora.

Due to the growing need for vegetable protein for food and feed purposes, as well as to increase the fertility of arable land and improve the structure of sown areas, there is a need to increase the production of leguminous crops by introducing new high-yielding varieties of chickpeas, increasing the area under them and mastering innovative production technologies in a set of measures aimed at increasing the yield of leguminous crops adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Crimea . The use of biological products for presowing treatment of seeds allows you to increase the symbiotic ability of nitrogen fixation, eliminating artificial chemicals.

Economic efficiency confirms the possibility of increasing the profitability of production of chickpeas from 15.7 to 28.02% due to the combined use of biological products of different functional effects while increasing the yield of chickpeas by 2.6-23.6%.

And most importantly, an environmentally friendly high-protein product was obtained, which is especially important for the Crimea as a resort area.

Claims (1)

A method of growing chickpeas in arid conditions of the steppe Crimea, including pre-sowing seed treatment, sowing, plant care and harvesting, characterized in that chickpeas are sown after seed treatment with biological products based on breeding strains of nodule bacteria to increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation, for example, rhizobophyte, in the early stages at a temperature of + 2 ÷ + 4 ° С with row spacings of 45-70 cm, and for friendly seedlings at a temperature of + 5 ÷ + 6 ° С, the seeds are planted at the same depth in the moist soil layer by 6-8 cm, with average moisture - on 9-10 cm, with dry - 15 cm before reaching the moist soil layer with its subsequent rolling, while sowing is placed in the rotation link "winter wheat or barley - chickpeas - winter", and harvesting is carried out in the phase of full ripeness of grain.