RU2719649C1 - Method for stimulation of camelina sativa growth and development on gray forest soils of central non-chernozem area - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: method for stimulation of growth and development of a Camelina sativa on gray forest soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region includes sowing of crops with high allelopathic properties, sowing of Camelina sativa culture, care of sowing, at that as a precursor one uses a crop in form of winter wheat in pure form, then in the spring after plowing in the period of agronomic "ripeness of soil" it is leveled and packed with smooth water-rollers, then complete replacement is performed with sowing of annual Camelina sativa crop with seeding rate of 7 million grains/ha, respectively, with application of mineral fertilizers NPKto the embedding depth of 2 cm for the proposed Camelina sativa crop with assimilation of movable fertilizer element, increasing their availability plants, wherein seeding depth is 1.5–2 cm by a straight line method, then rolling is repeated after sowing, and harvesting is carried out with complete ripening of seeds.EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase productivity of Camelina sativa, its quality by reducing seeding rates with obtaining high crop yields and increasing soil fertility, obtaining environmentally safe products.1 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of Pancake week crops, in particular spring camelina on gray forest soils.

Currently, an urgent task in the cultivation of Pancake week crops is to increase their productivity. Thus, the undeservedly forgotten Pancake week plant - camelina (Camelina Cativa Crantz), the area under which in the middle of the 20th century, is gradually being reborn. in Russia reached 350-400 thousand ha (Voskresenskaya G.S. Ryzhik - M .: Selkhozgiz, 1952.- 47 p.).

The agronomic value of camelina is that it is undemanding to soils, tolerates soil and air drought well, is able to produce seed and oil crops in a wide range of conditions. Like rape, saffron milk has two forms of life - spring and winter (Semenova E.F., Buyankin V.I., Tarasov A.S. Maslyanichny saffron milk: biology, technology, efficiency. - Novocherkassk: Temp, 2005. - 88 p. .).

It should be noted that saffron milk attracts attention due to its unpretentiousness and early maturity, high and stable productivity. Therefore, over the past 15 years, the areas occupied by camelina in Russia have grown to 150 thousand hectares (Belyak V.B. Methodical recommendations for the cultivation and seed production of camelina. - M.: Russian Agricultural Academy, 2004. - 40 pp .; EI Lupova Features technologies and prospects of cultivation of spring saffron // In the book: Ecological state of the environment and scientific and practical aspects of modern resource-saving technologies in the agro-industrial complex. Materials of the International scientific and practical conference. Ryazan, 2017. - P. 265-270).

Spring saffron in the Non-Chernozem zone, including the Ryazan region, is not a traditional culture along with other Pancake week, like Pancake week flax, rape, mustard species. The expansion of areas for sowing this crop is constrained by the lack of developed recommendations on the technology of cultivation on gray forest soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region, which is becoming relevant.

The main crops are in Siberia and the Volga region. As a result, the expansion of sown areas on other soils is increasing at a slow pace.

A known method of stimulating the growth and development of Pancake week crops, including pre-sowing treatment of seeds and vegetative plants with an aqueous solution of a growth regulator, using Verva preparation extracted from woody fir fir by emulsion extraction as a growth regulator, and the treatment is carried out once or twice during the growing season at the dose of the drug is 4-5 g / ha for the active substance (Patent RU No. 2378817, АСС 21/00 dated 01/20/2010).

The known method relates to the cultivation of Pancake week crops, in particular sunflower and rapeseed. The use of a new highly effective natural preparation does not always automatically lead to the manifestation of certain positive bio-effects. The effects of their use can be manifested only in certain conditions associated with specific crops, weather conditions, the objectives of growing crops, processing times, etc. In addition, the method is somewhat complicated by the fact that the preparation is obtained by an emulsion method for extracting low molecular weight components from plant materials, for example, the use of chopped wood green fir, etc.

A known method of controlling weeds in biological farming, including thickened continuous sowing of grass in a crop rotation link with an increased sowing rate, mowing, harvesting biomass and plowing the field, sowing an annual amaranth culture with a sowing rate of 2.5-3 kg / ha and in the phase of the onset of flowering, plants are sprayed with alcohol bard in an amount of 150-200 l / ha, after which the grass is mowed and plowed onto green fertilizer (Patent No. 2233056, A01B 79/02 of 07/27/2004).

In the analogue method, the following disadvantages can be noted: during the period of maximum development (flowering phase), the aboveground mass is sprayed with waste alcohol production having an acidic reaction of the medium, which somewhat acidifies the soil. The subsequent crop rotation is winter wheat. Cereal sown in a narrow-row or continuous way also inhibits the development of weeds. With the subsequent sowing of spring rye, growth of weed vegetation can resume if there is no optimal sowing rate of spring rye seeds, which does not take into account the increase in crop productivity, and vice versa, exceeding the sowing rate of spring rye leads to an excess of seed consumption, sowing quality of seeds worsens, the danger increases lodging of culture and disease. In addition, in acidic soils, chemical compounds inaccessible to plants are formed. All this reduces the productivity of the cultivated spring camelina, and generally reduces the quality of the Pancake week product.

The closest analogue (prototype) to the invention in terms of essential features is a method of reducing weediness in crops in biological farming, including sowing crops with high allelopathic properties, while in the steam field sown winter rye mixed with annual shabdar clover in a ratio of 2: 1, and in the regrowth phase, the crops are sprayed with an aqueous solution in which an Abita-Peak mixture with potassium humate is introduced, 2 kg of each component per 1 hectare, smelling the aboveground biomass in the flowering phase as s erat (Patent RU №2631330, A01V 79/02 from 21/09/2017).

However, to obtain stable yields of seeds of camelina culture, it is not enough to use the annual clover, which affects weeds, inhibits their development under the mutual influence of the root secretions of these plant species with substantiation of the sowing standards of predominantly camelina as a more competitive crop protection product, as with good growth, the optimum rate of seed germination per hectare is not taken into account, the increased danger of lodging the crop. In addition, the technology of seed cultivation, the yield of Pancake week seeds of spring camelina is not high enough on the gray forest soils of the Central Non-Black Earth Region, which is associated with the structure of the soil.

Efficiency of the crop in many cases depends on the intensification of technological processes in order to most fully satisfy biologically cultivated crops in specific soil and climatic conditions. Therefore, the study on variety testing of the yield formation and quality of oilseed grains of spring rye, different in biology of development of the regionalized and promising variety of spring rye rye of the Yubilyar variety at different seed rates and fertilizer doses for a given yield, will allow the production to offer the most productive technological cultivation of spring rye of the Yubilyar variety ", In particular on gray forest soils using the example of the Ryazan region for a new promising variety" Yubilyar "included in the State Register of Selections onnyh achievements, approved for use in the Russian Federation among listed therein 7 varieties of spring false flax. It was bred at the Penza Research Institute of Agriculture and created for the conditions of the Middle Volga region, and is also approved for use since 2011.

It should be borne in mind that for individual zones, and in particular for the Central Non-Black Earth Territory, the average yield can reach 1.8-2.0 t / ha, the fat content in seeds varies in the range of 38.9-40.1%, protein 31, 8%, the content of erucic acid in the mass of 3.3%. Therefore, for the zone of the Central Non-Chernozem Territory using the example of the Ryazan region, the task is relevant.

In nature, external conditions are constantly changing, so plants can influence each other by releasing special chemicals into the soil and into the air, which in very small quantities exert a depressing effect on neighboring plants.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem -increasing the yield of oilseeds, their quality by lowering seeding rates, but with obtaining high crop yields and increasing soil fertility, obtaining environmentally friendly products.

To solve the problem in a known method of stimulating the growth and development of spring camelina on gray forest soils of the Central Non-Black Soil region, including sowing crops with high allelopathic properties, sowing saffron milk culture, caring for sowing, according to the invention, a pure wheat crop is used as a precursor then in the spring after plowing in the period of agronomic “ripeness of the soil”, it is leveled and rolled by smooth water-filling rollers, then a complete change of sowing is carried out th annual crop camelina spring with a seeding rate 7 Mill. Grains / ha, respectively, for a dose of mineral fertilizers N ₁₃₅ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ for sealing a depth of 2 cm for the proposed culture camelina spring digesting mobile nutrients, increasing their availability to plants, wherein the depth of seeding of seeds is 1.5-2 cm in a continuous, ordinary way, then re-rolling after sowing, and harvesting is carried out with full ripening of the seeds.

The experiments were laid at the experimental agrotechnological station FSBEI HE RGATU (UNIC "Agrotechnopark") of the Ryazan region on gray forest soils. Gray forest soils - typical of the Non-chernozem zone of Russia, by the combination of morphological features and properties occupy a transitional position from sod-podzolic soils to chernozem soils of the forest-steppe.

The object of research is the variety of spring ryzhik “Yubilyar” included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and approved for use in Russia since 2011: gray forest soil, weeds, and the biocenosis as a whole.

Variety Yubilyar has a straight-through stem, round, smooth, 40-80 cm high. The leaves are not dissected, green in color. The flowers are small, yellow have four sepals directed upwards. The fruit is multi-seed, pod 10 mm long, pear-shaped, with slightly pressed in valves. Seeds of red-brown color, with a shallow groove. The mass of 1000 seeds is 2.1-2.4 grams. Variety "Anniversary" early ripe. Depending on the variability of weather conditions, the growing season can vary from 75 to 85 days. A short growing season is one of the main biological features of camelina.

The duration of the growing season consists of several periods of plant development. It can be conditionally divided into three parts: “sowing-seedlings” - the number of days from sowing to full seedlings; “Sprouting-flowering” - the number of days from the date of full germination to mass flowering; "Flowering-ripening" - the number of days from mass flowering to the onset of the phase of full ripeness.

Thus, in general, it depends on the variety of spring camelina and growing conditions. At the same time, under conditions of excess moisture and low air temperature, the duration of the growing season increases, and, conversely, during drought, the period from seedlings to ripening decreases sharply.

The experiments were carried out on the site, the soil of which was characterized by an average phosphorus content, the average of experiments was 15.2 mg / 100 g of soil and potassium 14.5 mg / 100 g of soil. The average layer is 0-40 cm, the humus content in the soil is 2.6-3.5%; pH is 5.2-5.6.

All observations, counts and analyzes were carried out according to generally accepted methods and standards. Observations during the growing season are taken into account, carried out on the basis of the “Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops” (1985). Mathematical data processing was performed by the method of analysis of variance according to R. Fisher in the presentation of B.A. Armor (1985) on a PC.

The field experience is in four repetitions. Factor A - sowing dates: 1st decade of May, 2nd decade of May. Factor B - seeding rate: 5; 6; 7; 8 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare.

Agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of spring camelina were built in accordance with existing zonal recommendations.

The predecessor was winter wheat annually. The soil preparation in the experiments before sowing included stubble cultivation, autumn plowing to the depth of the arable layer. In spring - early spring harrowing, then - cultivation 10-12 cm, immediately before sowing saffron mushroom re-cultivation 2.4 cm.

It should be noted that on a well-chilled winter swell and steam plots after conducting early spring harrowing, other treatments before sowing can be omitted. However, in some years, experience shows that wintering and perennial weeds can vegetate on these predecessors. In this case, there is a need for intermediate cultivation to a depth of 4 - 5 cm in aggregate with harrows.

Under the second pre-sowing cultivation fertilizers were applied at a dose of N ₁₃₅ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ (background). Ammonium nitrate, nitrophosphate, potassium sulfate in terms of the active substance were used. Sowing the culture was carried out to a depth of 1.5 - 2 cm in the time established by experience, in a continuous ordinary way. After sowing, re-rolling with water-filled rollers is mandatory (ZKKSh-6).

During the growing season, pesticides were treated against a pest of cruciferous crops - cruciferous fleas. To destroy the cruciferous flea during the germination period before the appearance of four true leaves, Fastak insecticide was treated with 0.15 l / ha with a flow rate of 250 l / ha. Fungicidal treatments in crops of spring camelina were not carried out. Cleaning was carried out mechanically - Tarion 2010. The cut height was at a level of 6-8 cm.

The duration of the interphase periods in spring saffron plants is closely related to the meteorological conditions of 2015-2018 for the period from sowing to ripening. Weather conditions over the years of research significantly affected the passage of the plant phenophases. The full development cycle from the beginning of seedlings to ripening in spring camelina in the experiment was 66-72 days (see table 1).

A short growing season is one of the economically important biological features of camelina. The quick and friendly maturation of camelina allows the use of harvesting equipment in mid-July, when the main crops are still in the phase of milk ripeness.

The variety "Jubilee" in all years of research has been characterized as drought tolerant. This allows you to quickly shoots, which is especially important in a dry spring, also facilitates the processing of seeds.

In the years of research, the seedlings of the culture were friendly: the first seedlings appeared on the 7-8th day. The formation of real leaves in camelina began 5-6 days after germination, and this was characteristic of all seeding rates. In the first 18-25 days, the development of plants went quite slowly. The beginning of flowering of plants was noted 30-33 days after germination and lasted 12-18 days, depending on the factors studied.

Phenological observations of the growth and development of culture have shown that increased seeding rates up to 8 million pcs. germinating seeds / ha lengthened the growing season of the crop by 3-7 days compared with the seeding rate of 5-6 million pcs / ha, postponing the harvesting time. The seeding rate also increased the duration of interphase periods by an average of 2-4 days.

Increase in seeding rates from 5.0 to 8.0 million units. germinating seeds / ha reduced the safety of plants by an average of 1.85-6.8%.

At high seeding rates, competition between spring saffron plants increased in crops, thinning intensified. Agrocenosis of saffron mushroom is capable of self-regulation due to internal coenotic competition.

The results of the experiments show that in order to obtain a stably stable harvest of camelina, it is necessary to have at least 420 plants for harvesting, and consider 400-450 plants per 1 m ² as the optimal density.

Further increase in seeding rate, above 8 million units. germinating seeds / ha, led to the formation of a strongly thickened stalk, which ultimately reduced the yield and quality of seeds.

Spring camelina plants differ in different intensities of growth and development. At different seeding rates, uneven light and temperature conditions, as well as the water regime of plants, develop.

With an increase in the seeding rate, the number of pods on the camelina plant decreased. The formation of both thinned and excessively thickened stems led to intensive unproductive branching and pod formation. The weight of 1000 seeds depended to a large extent on the seeding rate and weather conditions during the period of seed filling. With an increase in the seeding rate, the weight of 1000 seeds decreased; the difference between this indicator between the options of 5 and 8 million units / ha - by 0.3-0.4 grams.

The yield of camelina depended mainly on the indicators of the structure: the density of crops, the mass of seeds and the number of seeds from one plant, on average for 2015-2018.

The height of the stalk differed by years of research and depended on the meteorological conditions of the year, seeding rates and was 70.8-79.9 cm. In 2016, the height of the plants was lower - 61.7-77.1 cm; in 2017, higher - 76.0-92.1 cm. The difference in years of research was 14.7-16.0 cm.

The weediness of crops depended primarily on the moisture supply of the growing season, pre-sowing tillage, sowing dates and seeding rates. In 2015-2018, favorable conditions for the development of weeds developed. Therefore, the crops of spring camelina were clogged quite strongly. Nevertheless, it should be noted that camelina, especially in the second half of the growing season, well suppresses weeds. Agrocenosis of saffron mushroom is capable of self-regulation due to internal coenotic competition. Starting from the flowering phase, the number of weeds began to decrease, although their mass continued to increase until the phase of milk ripeness. In this case, the species composition of weeds did not change significantly.

In the studies, the dominant weeds were wild oatmeal (Avena fatua), mountaineer species (Polygonumspp), white gauze (Chenopodium album), backed amaranth (Amarantus retroflexus), spreading quinoa (Atriple patula), chicken millet (Echinochloa crusgalli).

The total amount of weed vegetation in the studies remained relatively constant and depended mainly on the timing of sowing. On average, the number of weeds in an agrotechnological experimental station was about 26.5-48.3 pcs / m ² .

Thus, a decrease in the seeding rate led to an increase in the degree of weediness of crops. The maximum number of weeds was noted at a low seeding rate (5.0 million units / ha). With an increase in the seeding rate, weediness decreased in all variants of the experiment. A low number of weeds was observed at a sowing rate of 7.0-8.0 million units / ha. So, by the time the weed counting was carried out on variants with a seeding rate of 7-8 million units. seeds / ha were found dead weed plants, apparently not able to withstand competition from cultivated plants.

The number of perennial weeds, according to years of research, was at the same level (in the range of 3.0–4.2 pcs / m ² ) and practically did not depend on sowing rates and sowing dates.

The productivity of camelina in the studies performed depended on the weather conditions of the growing season, as well as on the application of the studied techniques of agricultural technology (see table. 2).

Significant influence on obtaining productivity had the norms of sowing crops. The maximum number of seeds was obtained on crops with a sowing rate of 7.0 and 8.0 million seeds / ha (14.7 kg / ha) of the first sowing date, in the first decade of May.

Thus, it was established for the Yubilyar cultivar that the optimal sowing rate of spring camelina should be considered as 7.0 million germinating seeds per hectare.

The overestimation of the norm to 8.0 million units / ha did not significantly increase the crop yield and leads to excessive seed consumption, which leads to a rise in the cost of the resulting product, sowing quality of the seeds worsened, and the danger of lodging the crop and disease damage increased. In addition, one should take into account the current fact that when a dose of plant mineral fertilizers is applied, it will optimally be at N ₁₃₅ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ for soil fertility and effective absorption by plants. Biological characteristics of the culture and resistance to environmental stress factors make it possible to recommend this Yubilyar cultivar for introduction on gray forest soils, according to the use of sowing standards of 7.0 million units / ha, which means it will increase the yield of spring camelina seeds and get a stable crop sown area.

Claims (1)

A method of stimulating the growth and development of spring camelina on the gray forest soils of the Central Non-Black Soil region, including sowing crops with high allelopathic properties, sowing camelina crops, sowing care, characterized in that the crop is used as a precursor in the form of winter wheat in its pure form, then in the spring after plowing during the agronomic "ripeness of the soil" carry out its leveling and rolling smooth water-filled rollers, then carry out a complete replacement by sowing the annual culture of spring camelina with normal 7 million minutes sowing grain. / ha, respectively, for a dose of mineral fertilizers N ₁₃₅ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ to a depth of 2 cm for sealing proposed culture camelina spring digesting mobile nutrients, increasing their availability to plants, wherein the depth of seeding 1.5 -2 cm in a continuous, ordinary way, then re-rolling after sowing, and harvesting is carried out with full ripening of seeds.