RU2763020C1 - Method for cultivation of winter rapeseed - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, particularly, to crop cultivation and forage production. The method includes the operations of soil cultivation, preparation of seeds for sowing, sowing the seeds, crop tending in the autumn, assessment of crops after overwintering for the degree of preservation thereof from the effects of low temperatures and overwintering, applying nitrogen dressings in the spring. Pure steam is used as a precursor. After autumn ploughing and for pre-sowing cultivation, the main mineral fertiliser is then applied at a dose of N₆₀ kg/ha. Sowing is executed to a depth of 2 to 2.5 cm at a seeding rate of 1.2 million pieces of germinable seeds per ha preliminarily encrusted with pesticides. In the spring, provided that the root area is preserved, mineral fertilisers are reapplied at a reduced dose in form of a dressing at a dose of 30 kg/ha of nitrogen. The crops are treated with an Ecorost humate in two doses with an interval of 25 to 35 days between treatments.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in yield and quality of oilseeds by increasing soil fertility and producing environmentally friendly products.

2 cl, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of plant growing and fodder production, and can be used to obtain oilseeds of winter rapeseed on gray forest soils.

It is known that the main purpose of sowing winter rape is to obtain oilseeds. However, it follows that it is known today that promising and high-quality varieties are: Severyanin variety, VNIIK selection, as well as hybrids: Mercedes, Citro, Rohan - of German selection.

Since hybrids have a quick start and initial development, they are usually sown 5-7 days later than other varieties of winter rapeseed. It should be noted that the density of hybrids in crops can reach up to 80-100 pieces. / M ² for successful wintering (spring should be about 35-45 plants / m ^2). Thus, factors influencing the overwintering of rapeseed play an important role in zoned zones, for example, hybrids with a genetic inherent ability to tolerate negative temperatures and other conditions (winter hardiness).

Therefore, the following factors should be noted:

- quality of soil preparation for successful wintering of winter rapeseed;

- provision of nutrients before the onset of the ripening period;

- sowing time, seeding rate;

- lack of competition from weeds and grain fall (in our case, pure field fallow is used);

- the use of a growth regulator with a fungicidal effect - protection against diseases.

Hence, tasks arise, for example, for winter rape hybrids: in autumn to control weed vegetation, plant inspection, and in spring - inspection, assessment on a 5-point scale. Therefore, fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers is an important technique for full ripening and obtaining high quality oilseeds of winter rapeseed. You can also add the introduction of nitrogen at the calculated doses of application to the soil, depending on the type of soil, predecessor and other factors, where it is better to apply fertilizers in autumn and spring in two steps.

The prospect of growing winter rapeseed today is important in particular for the production of oil; saving soybean meal and other protein concentrates for feeding animals and birds; in the production of technical oils that meet high environmental protection requirements.

There is a known method of cultivation of winter rapeseed, including the whole complex of agrotechnical methods of cultivation, consisting of operations for tillage, preparation of seeds for sowing, assessment of crops after overwintering for the degree of their safety from the action of low temperatures, and deciding on further actions to cultivate crops, followed by the introduction of nitrogen fertilizing in the spring in case of leaving crops after overwintering (winter and spring rapeseed - Practical guide to the development of intensive cultivation technology. State Agro-Industrial Committee of the USSR. Moscow, 1988, pp. 13-21). In case of damage to the aboveground mass of plants in winter and a decision is made to completely destroy such crops (disking), followed by reseeding them with an early spring crop, leads to additional costs. If a decision is made to preserve crops, then the possible yield of rapeseed on these crops will be very low and even, perhaps, reduced to zero, because on these crops, the danger of their death remains throughout the entire period of their growing season, due to their infection with an infection that penetrated the aboveground part of the plants damaged by low temperatures.

The disadvantage of this method is the fact that when deciding on the preservation of crops that overwintered in the extreme conditions of the winter period, which caused the death of the aboveground part of the plants, the yield of rapeseed sharply decreases or hollow death of crops occurs due to the intensive development of diseases in plants affected by an infection that has penetrated through the damaged aerial part.

A known method of cultivation of winter rapeseed, including a set of cultivation techniques, consisting of soil treatment operations, seed preparation for sowing, sowing seeds, caring for crops in the autumn, assessing crops after overwintering for the degree of their safety from the effects of low temperatures and in the presence of partial death of plants making a decision on further actions for the cultivation of crops, applying nitrogen fertilizers in the spring, in the case of leaving crops after overwintering to obtain a harvest; at the same time, crops with a dead aerial part of plants and, provided that the root zone is preserved and at least 15-20 plants per 1 m ^{2 of} their area, are treated during the period of regrowth of new aerial shoots in plants with a fungicide from the azole group, for example, the fungicide Folicur, or a fungicide Kolosal or fungicide Amaster at a dose of 0.8-1.0 l / ha (Patent RU No. 2405295, А01В 79/02 dated 10.12.2010).

This technology of growing winter rape makes it possible to improve the conditions for its growth and obtain high-quality oilseeds when using the limited climatic conditions of the winter period in the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia using the "00" -type (type zero) varieties, to which we can include the Severyanin variety of the VNIIK selection, as well as hybrids: Mercedes, Citro, Rohan - German selection.

Research on the study of variety testing in the formation of the yield and the quality of oilseeds, different in the biology of the development of winter rape, zoned and promising varieties and their characteristics to the responsiveness of fertilizers, such as nitrogen, in the gray forest soils of the Ryazan region are important. Gray forest soils in general for the Nonchernozem zone of Russia in terms of the totality of morphological signs of properties - occupy a transitional position from the soddy-podzolic soils of the southern taiga subzone to the chernozem soils of the forest-steppe.

Rapeseed and all cabbage (cruciferous) crops have a great need for nutrients. The intensive absorption of nutrients by rape occurs from the beginning of the development of the stem to the end of flowering. The ratio N: P: K = 1: 0.45: 0.85 emphasizes the high nitrogen demand of rapeseed. Thus, the formation of 1 ton of rapeseed seeds will require 65-75 kg of nitrogen. 18-20 kg Р ₂ О ₅ and about 60 kg K ₂ O. Thus, for the entire growing season, from 5 to 6 kg of nitrogen is required for each center of production, if we plan to get a high yield, and for this it is also necessary to take into account the predecessor and other factors.

Therefore, the study of variety testing and the formation of the yield of oilseeds of the crop allows us to offer production the most productive cultivation of winter rape, in particular on gray forest soils of the Severyanin variety, as well as hybrids: Rohan, Mercedes, Sitro. All of them are included in the register of breeding achievements in Russia and are approved for use.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem - increasing the yield and quality of oilseeds, by increasing soil fertility, as well as using the humic preparation "Ekorost" as a biofertilizer and obtaining environmentally friendly products.

To solve the problem in the known method of growing winter rapeseed, including the operations of soil cultivation, preparing seeds for sowing, sowing seeds, caring for crops in the autumn period, evaluating crops after overwintering for the degree of their safety from the action of low temperatures and overwintering, applying nitrogen fertilizing to In the spring period, according to the invention, pure fallow is used as a precursor, then, after autumn plowing and under pre-sowing cultivation, the main mineral fertilizer is applied at a dose of N60 kg / ha, sowing is carried out to a depth of 2-2.5 cm with a seeding rate of 1.2 mln. pieces of germinating seeds per hectare, previously encrusted with pesticides, subject to the preservation of the root zone in the spring, reapply mineral fertilizers in a reduced dose in the form of top dressing at a dose of 30 kg / ha of nitrogen, the crops are treated with Ekorost humate in two doses with an interval of 25-35 days between treatments.

In addition, the crops are treated with Ekorost humate in two steps: the first - in the phase of the rosette of leaves, and foliar feeding of the plants is repeated in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering.

Comparative analysis of the proposed technical solution with the prototype allows us to conclude that the claimed method of growing winter rapeseed for seeds differs from the known application of nitrogen fertilization in autumn and spring at a given dose, respectively, the optimal development in the fall of 7-9 true leaves and shoot length up to 3 cm, diameter root collar of rapeseed 8-12 mm. In addition, hybrid cultivation as mentioned above is also new - they are more productive with minimal processing. Hybrids germinate quickly and have a shorter juvenile phase, and they form a larger root mass and are less sensitive to stress on the root system.

Since hybrids have a quick start and initial development, they are usually sown 5-7 days later than known varieties.

Thus, the claimed method meets the "novelty" criterion of patentability.

Exploring the state of the art when conducting a patent search for all types of information publicly available in print, we did not find any distinguishing features from the prototype: the introduction of a dose of mineral fertilizers in autumn and spring and the optimal protection time in the form of a prepared, for example, a working solution "Ekorost" provides our research and setting up various experiments on growing winter rapeseed by variety and hybrids to obtain satisfactory yields of winter rapeseed seeds on such crops. Based on this, it can be concluded that the claimed invention meets the patentability criterion "inventive step".

The method is carried out as follows. The soil is cultivated according to the generally accepted technology for growing rapeseed in this area. Seeds are prepared for sowing, previously encrusted with pesticides. After the precursor in the form of pure steam of the field under pre-sowing cultivation, the main mineral fertilizer is applied at a dose of 60 kg / ha of nitrogen. Sowing is carried out to a depth of 2-2.5 cm with a seeding rate of 1.2 ml / ha of germinating seeds and care of crops, including a whole range of measures according to the well-known technology of growing winter rapeseed. After overwintering, the crops are assessed for the degree of their safety from the action of low temperatures. Provided that the root zone is preserved, a decision is made to re-apply mineral fertilizers in the spring in a reduced dose in the form of top dressing at a dose of 30 kg / ha (bulk ammonium nitrate).

An example of the implementation of the method.

The experiment was carried out in the conditions of an experimental agrotechnological station of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education RGATU (UNITS "Agrotechnopark") of the Ryazan region on gray forest soils, in 2018-2020.

Winter rape was cultivated according to the following technology, which provides for a set of cultivation techniques. The soil of the experimental plots is gray forest medium loamy, characterized by the following agrochemical indicators: humus content (according to Tyurin) - 4.0-4.5%, mobile phosphorus (according to Kirsanov) - 169-175 mg / kg, potassium - 132-139 mg / kg, exchangeable acidity (extract of potassium chloride) - 5.7-5.9. For the experiments, field experience was adopted, accompanied by numerous observations, crop care, crop assessment, and laboratory analyzes.

Since rapeseed is not recommended to be grown in the previous field in the crop rotation earlier than 4 years later in the fields where other cruciferous crops, beets and sunflowers were grown due to the accumulation of common pests and diseases, the autumn of the above-mentioned variety and hybrid varieties of winter rape carried out under the predecessor - pure steam. Sowing time is August 10-11.

The object of research included - the Severyanin variety, as well as hybrids: Rohan, Mercedes, Citro. All of them are included in the register of breeding achievements in the Russian Federation, approved for use.

The counts and observations during the growing season were carried out on the basis of the "Methodology for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops" (1985) and "Recommendations for the Methodology of Observations and Research in Field Experiments" (1973). Mathematical processing of the results was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov (1985) and with the help of computer programs.

Presowing cultivation was carried out to the depth of planting seeds (2-2.5 cm), while mineral fertilizers were also applied at a dose of N60 a.i. / ha. Then the next year in the spring in the form of top dressing N30 d.v. / ha - ammonium nitrate. Sowing to a depth of 2-2.5 cm, in a continuous row method, with a SSNT-16 seeder. Also, in connection with the small-seededness of the culture, a thorough leveling of the surface of the experimental field was carried out with VP-8 machines. Sowing was carried out with encrusted seeds, a SSNT-16 seeder to a depth of 2-2.5 cm with a seeding rate of 1.2 ml / ha, then the autumn of the above-mentioned variety, and hybrid varieties of winter rape were carried out under the predecessor - pure fallow. Sowing time is August 10-11.

The object of research included - the Severyanin variety, as well as hybrids: Rohan, Mercedes, Citro. All of them are included in the register of breeding achievements in the Russian Federation, approved for use.

The counts and observations during the growing season were carried out on the basis of the "Methodology for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops" (1985) and "Recommendations for the Methodology of Observations and Research in Field Experiments" (1973). Mathematical processing of the results was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov (1985) and with the help of computer programs.

Presowing cultivation was carried out to the depth of planting seeds (2-2.5 cm), while mineral fertilizers were also applied at a dose of N60 a.i. / ha. Then the next year in the spring in the form of top dressing N30 d.v. / ha - ammonium nitrate. Sowing to a depth of 2-2.5 cm, in a continuous row method, with a SSNT-16 seeder. Also, in connection with the small-seededness of the culture, a thorough leveling of the surface of the experimental field was carried out with VP-8 machines. Sowing was carried out with inlaid seeds, a SSNT-16 seeder to a depth of 2-2.5 cm with a seeding rate of 1.2 ml / ha.

All agrotechnical techniques were carried out at the optimum time. Protection system: before sprouting Butisan old, 2 l / ha, Karamba - in the phase of 4 leaves 1 l / ha, in the spring insecticidal treatment Fastak 0.15 l / ha.

The humic preparation "Ekorost" was used as a biofertilizer on winter rapeseed. Ekorost is a liquid humic fertilizer, a dark brown liquid, with a neutral acidity of pH 6.5-7.5 and a humic acid content of up to 70 g / l. This humic preparation is produced from low-lying peat, which has a decomposition rate of more than 30% and a moisture content of 50-70% with the addition of treated water. Ekorost is not phytotoxic and does not cause resistance.

Immediately after sowing, the field was rolled up with KZK-10 ring-toothed rollers to obtain friendly shoots.

On winter rape, Ekorost was used in the form of a prepared working solution with a consumption of 250 l / ha, at a dose of 400 ml / ha. On rapeseed, two treatments were carried out with a solution, in the spring, in the phase of the rosette of leaves and in the phase of the beginning of flowering. The harvesting of the crop was carried out directly, when the rapeseed pods acquired a lemon-yellow color, the moisture content of the seeds was in the range of 9-13%%. The height of the cut was at the level of 8-10 cm. The crops were harvested mechanically and manually.

In the autumn period, the plants of winter rapeseed developed quite well. This was facilitated by favorable climatic conditions in September - the first half of October 2018 and 2019. For overwintering, winter crops left with 7-9 stem leaves in the phase of a large rosette; stems not elongated (low up to 3 cm location of the growth point); the diameter of the root collar of rapeseed is 8-12 mm.

In the spring-summer period, climatic conditions were characterized as extremely unfavorable. During the period from May to mid-July, 22 mm of precipitation fell in 2018 and 14 mm in 2019, with a high average daily temperature.

In the experiments, the dominant weeds were cereals: chicken millet (Echinochloa crusgalli), species of bristles (Setaria spp.), Common broom (Aperaspica-venti), wild oat (Avena fatua), and some others. Of the dicotyledonous species of weeds, predominantly grow the bedstraw (Galium aparine), chamomile species (Matricari aspp.), Medium starweed (Stellaria media), and mountaineer species (Polygonum spp.). The tenacious bedstraw was a problematic weed in rapeseed crops. Its seeds are similar in shape and size to rape seeds and are therefore difficult to separate during cleaning.

Butizan Star, Ph.D. coped well with the main weeds of the autumn period, so the rapeseed crops came out clean and received good conditions for autumn-spring development. Data on weediness of winter rapeseed crops before and after treatment with Butizanstar are shown in Table 1 (autumn, average 2018-2020).

In the numerator - the contamination before processing Butisan is old, in the denominator - after processing

From this table 1, it can be seen that the total amount of weeds in the studies remained relatively constant and did not depend much on the winter rape hybrid. On average, the number of weeds before the treatment of crops with Butisan star was about 60 pcs / m ² , and 20-25 pcs / m ² - after treatment with herbicide.

During the growing season, it can be seen that all hybrids and varieties of winter rape have satisfactorily endured the conditions of the winter-spring period of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. But the crops Mercedes, Sitro, Rohan, Severyanin came out after winter sparse with large fallout "gaps". Plant survival was, on average, 60.0-69.5%.

Data on field similarity, standing density and survival rate of winter rapeseed are given in Table 2 (average 2018-2020).

The maximum survival rate was observed in the variants with the treatment with Ekorost humate of the Severyanin varieties, the Rohan hybrid (69.5%; 67.9%, respectively).

Data on the elements of the structure of the winter rapeseed yield are shown in Table 3 (average 2018-2020).

The data on the yield of winter rapeseed are given in table 4.

All lines of winter rapeseed were characterized by intensive growth, early and intense flowering. We did not lie down. Ripening was observed amicable and uniform.

Winter rape seed yield was observed, mainly by increasing the number of pods per plant (140,7-183,4 pcs. / 1 plant) and plant density before harvesting (61,3-73,0 pcs. / M ² ).

The maximum increase was observed in variants with the effect of treatment with Ekorost humate, varieties Severyanin 13.5% (23.5 centners / ha); Rohan hybrid 11.1% (23.0 kg / ha). An increase in comparison with the control was revealed for all variants of processing with Ekorost humate.

So, the claimed invention provides a solution to the problem and the achievement of the set goal, and the proposed method of growing winter rapeseed can be recommended for implementation in production in other soil and climatic zones, but with the adjustment of the calendar sowing dates.

Claims (2)

1. A method of growing winter rapeseed for seeds, including the operations of soil cultivation, preparing seeds for sowing, sowing seeds, caring for crops in the autumn, assessing crops after overwintering for the degree of their safety from the action of low temperatures and overwintering, making nitrogen fertilizers in the spring , characterized in that pure fallow is used as a precursor, then after autumn plowing and under pre-sowing cultivation, the main mineral fertilizer is applied at a dose of N ₆₀ kg / ha, sowing is carried out to a depth of 2-2.5 cm with a seeding rate of 1.2 million pieces viable seeds per hectare, previously encrusted with pesticides, provided that the root zone is preserved in the spring, reapply mineral fertilizers in a reduced dose in the form of top dressing at a dose of 30 kg / ha of nitrogen, the crops are treated with Ekorost humate in two doses with an interval of 25-35 days between treatments ... 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the crops are treated with Ekorost humate in two steps: the first step is in the leaf rosette phase, and foliar feeding of the plants is repeated in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering.