RU2621258C2 - Method of growing soy for seeds in conditions of middle urals - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes preparing soil and seeds, sowing, crop care and harvesting. Wherein the soybean sowing is carried out for two days on May 25-26, and the soybeans of early ripening varieties with the vegetation period of up to 100 days are used. Before sowing, introducing soil herbicides such as Pivot or Pulsar in a dose of 0.7-0.9 kg/ha is carried out, and before the presowing cultivation, surface introducing of mineral fertilizers in doses of N₂₀P₆₀K₉₀ or N₂₀P₉₀K₆₀ is carried out. Wherein sowing the soybean is carried out with the inter-row spacing of 30 cm to the depth of 5-6 cm with the seeding rate of 800-600 thousand pieces/ha, followed by packing. For sowing, seeds of the SibNIIC-315 variety of the Siberian Feed Research Institute selection are used, the crops being treated with the Pivot herbicide from the calculation of 0.7-0.9 kg/ha after the appearance of the third true leaf.

EFFECT: method allows to grow soybeans in the conditions of the Middle Urals.

2 cl, 9 tbl

Description

The invention relates to crop production and can be used in the cultivation of soybean in field crop rotation, as a valuable precursor for grain and fodder crops on farms of all forms of ownership.

Known technologies for growing soybeans in relation to various soil and climatic zones of the Russian Federation. See A.V. Dozorov “Soybean Agrotechnics in the Ulyanovsk Region” // “Feed Production” No. 3, 2002, p. 19-20; F.K. Chapurin "Improving the technology of cultivation of leguminous crops" sb. scientific works of VASKHNIL "Technologies for the production of leguminous crops", M., Kolos, 1977, p. 12-18; L.I. Gnetieva, L.G. Poptsova “The conditions for the mineral nutrition of leguminous crops and the effectiveness of the use of fertilizers in various soil and climatic zones of the country,” sb. scientific works of VASKHNIL "Technologies for the production of leguminous crops", M., Kolos, 1977, p. 75-82.

However, the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Urals, as zones of risky farming, differ significantly from other regions in terms of temperature and precipitation. Possible manifestations of spring frost requires a special approach to the selection of sowing dates and appropriate methods of weed control, which requires a special technology, method and agricultural practices.

The method of sowing is chosen depending on the biology of the variety and the level of agricultural technology. According to studies conducted by scientific institutes in various zones of the Volga region, a general pattern of changes in seeding rates depending on the biological characteristics of the variety has been established. For early varieties, the optimal seeding rate is 600-800, for mid-ripening 500-600 and for late-ripening 300-400 thousand pieces of similar seeds per 1 ha. The All-Russian Research Institute of Soybeans and the Annunciation Agricultural Institute recommend increasing the seeding rate when cultivating early ripening varieties (compared with mid- and late-ripening): in weedy fields, with intensive crop care; on heavy soils. (See P.E. Gubanov, K.P. Koliberda, V.T. Kormilitsin, "Soy in the Irrigated Lands of the Volga Region," Moscow, Rosselkhozizdat, 1987, pp. 81-85).

Under legumes, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are required. Despite the fact that in symbiosis with nodule bacteria, legumes absorb nitrogen from the air, in many cases they respond positively to the application of nitrogen fertilizers, especially peas and soy. The issue of the use of nitrogen fertilizers for legumes still does not have a specific solution in different soil and climatic zones (see I.P. Proskura "Annual bean crops for fodder", collection of scientific works of VASKHNIL "Technologies for the production of leguminous crops", M., Kolos, 1977, p. 18-23).

The objective of the invention is to develop a method of growing soybeans for seeds in the Middle Urals using existing agricultural machinery, seeds of domestic selection, known plant protection products and not requiring large additional costs of energy and funds, but taking into account the achievements of selection and seed production.

The problem is solved by studying the known technologies for soybean cultivation in various soil and climatic zones, on the basis of our own long-term studies, we have proposed the timing, methods and norms of sowing, the optimal dose of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, ensuring stable production of soybean crops on seeds in the zone Middle Urals in different climatic years. Considering that according to long-term average data, the last spring frosts occur in the first decade of June in order to avoid damage to soybean seedlings from frosts, soybean is sown in the third decade of May - May 25-26, and soybean is used in early varieties with a growing season of up to 100 days, and before sowing, soil herbicides are applied, while before sowing, soil herbicides of the Pivot or Pulsar type are applied at a dose of 0.7-0.9 kg / ha, and before presowing cultivation, surface application of mineral fertilizers in doses of N ₂₀ P is carried out ₆₀ K ₉₀ or N ₂₀ P ₉₀ K ₆₀ , and sowing is carried out with a row spacing of 30 cm to a depth of 5-6 cm with a sowing rate of 800-600 thousand pcs / ha, followed by rolling, using soybean seeds varieties SibNIIK-315, breeding of the Siberian Research Institute of feed, and after the appearance of the third real leaf, crops are treated with Pivot herbicide at a rate of 0.7-0.9 kg / ha.

Studies to substantiate the variety, method parameters, norms and sowing dates were carried out on the experimental field of the Ural State Agrarian University, at the Uralets farm of the Beloyarsky district of the Sverdlovsk region.

The soil of the experimental field is podzolized chernozem, heavy loamy, medium powerful. Soil characteristics are presented in table 1 and table 2.

According to physicochemical parameters, the soil is typical of similar soils in the Middle Urals. In terms of the content of mobile phosphorus and especially potassium, the soil is highly provided, and in terms of easily assimilated nitrogen, it is poorly provided.

The average monthly air temperature and precipitation during the years of the experiments are presented in table 3.

General agricultural technology during the experiments: in the autumn, they performed autumn finland plowing with a turnover of the seam with the PN-4-35 plow with a skimmer. In the spring, after applying mineral fertilizers, pre-sowing cultivation was carried out to a depth of 8-10 cm, then harrowing to level the surface. Before sowing, the field was treated with Pivot herbicide at the rate of 0.9 kg / ha in order to destroy weed seedlings. Soybean sowing was carried out on May 25-26 with the SZP-3.6 seeder to a depth of 5-6 cm, followed by rolling.

In the summer, in late June and early July, after the appearance of the third true leaf, the crops were treated with the Pivot herbicide to destroy weed vegetation at the rate of 0.7-0.9 kg / ha.

Cleaning was carried out in the third decade of September.

The experiments were accompanied by the following observations:

- phenological observations of the growth and development of plants, as well as taking into account the density of plant standing, were determined by the method of the State variety testing of crops (1989);

- the structure of the crop was determined in sheaves sampled in 4-fold repetition with 1 m ² by counting the number of plants, beans and grains in the bean, as well as the mass of 1000 grains;

- the harvest of the experimental plots was accounted for by the Sampo 500 combine, bringing to standard humidity and 100% purity.

Economic efficiency was calculated according to technological maps.

Bioenergy assessment of soybean cultivation technology elements was carried out according to the method of Yu.I. Ermokhina, A.F. Neklyudova (1994).

Statistical processing was performed by analysis of variance according to B.A. Armor (1985).

When choosing varieties, their early maturity and adaptability to the climatic conditions of the Middle Urals were taken into account. In order to study this issue, studies were conducted to identify the most optimal variety for soybean cultivation in the conditions of the Middle Urals.

In the field experiment, to substantiate the variety, 8 varieties of various breeding were studied: SibNIIK-315, SibNIIISKhoz-6, Dina, Omskaya-4, Altom, Lancetnaya, A 28/00, PR-42. As a result of the research, the SibNIIK-315 soybean variety that is most mature, fruitful and most meets the climatic conditions of the Middle Urals was identified (table 4).

In terms of the main components of soybean plant productivity: the number of beans and seeds per plant, the number of seeds in a bean, the weight of 1000 seeds and productivity, the SibNIIK-315 variety surpassed all other studied varieties. In addition, in the SibNIIK-315 variety, the attachment of lower beans to the stem was higher from the soil surface than in other varieties, which is an important sign of the variety's suitability for mechanized harvesting.

The seeds of the SibNIIK-315 cultivar had the best sowing qualities (table 5) and further experiments were carried out with this cultivar.

To clarify the method of sowing and doses of fertilizer during the cultivation of soybeans, additional clarifying experiments and comprehensive long-term experience were carried out.

In the main experiment, 13 variants of various levels of mineral nutrition were studied with a seeding rate of 0.6 and 0.8 million units / ha and with a row spacing of 15 and 30 cm (tables 6, 7, 8). For sowing, the soybean variety SibNIIK-315 was used. Soybean variety SibNIIK-315 - grain use. Included in 1991 in the State Register of varieties approved for use in the Volga-Siberian region (selection variety of the Siberian Research Institute of Feed: Prospect / Ros. Of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Siberian Regional Branch, Sibnik-Novosibirsk, 2010, 41 pp.), But for the zone Middle Urals in the recommendations are not indicated.

The repetition in the experiments is fourfold, the placement of options is systematic, consistent. The plot area is 50 m ² , the accounting area is 30 m ²

For all the years of research on the method of sowing, the best yield indicators were obtained when sowing soybean with a row spacing of 30 cm for all options for fertilizing doses (table 7).

Therefore, on the basis of the obtained data from field experiments (table 7) and production testing in the farms of the region, it can be argued that the best way to sow soybeans in the Middle Urals is sowing with a row spacing of 30 cm, with a sowing rate of 0.8 million pcs / ha.

When using various doses of mineral fertilizers, there is a tendency to increase soybean productivity compared to the control variant. The largest increase was in 2011 and in 2013. On average, over three years, the application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers against the background of nitrogen fertilizer N ₆₀ ensured maximum yields. So, the yield increase in options N ₆₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ , N ₆₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ and N ₆₀ P ₉₀ K ₆₀ ranged from 0.7 to 0.77 t / ha compared with the control. The application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the soybean yield by 0.37-0.53 t / ha compared with the options for phosphorus-potassium fertilizers without nitrogen. It is of interest to compare crop yields in fields where phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were applied against a background of nitrogen N ₂₀ and N ₆₀ . Here, the increase when using nitrogen N _{60 was} only 0.23-0.27 t / ha, taking into account the cost of mineral fertilizers, the use of higher doses of mineral nitrogen is unprofitable.

Therefore, we consider the optimal dose of mineral fertilizers when growing soybeans in the Middle Urals - the introduction of high doses of phosphorus or potassium in fertilizer against a background of nitrogen N ₂₀ . Determination of sowing qualities of soybean seeds using various doses of mineral fertilizers showed that the highest quality seeds were obtained by applying mineral fertilizers in a dose of N ₂₀ P ₉₀ K ₆₀ . In this variant, germination energy was 82%, laboratory germination rate was 86% and growth rate was 90%. These indicators were slightly lower for soybean seeds grown in the fields with the introduction of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N ₂₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ (table 8).

Analysis of the bioenergy efficiency of soybean seed production indicates a direct dependence of the energy coefficient on total energy costs and productivity - table 9.

The best indicator of the energy coefficient was obtained using mineral fertilizers at doses of N ₂₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ and N ₂₀ P ₉₀ K ₆₀ and amounted to - 2.19, which is 11.2% more than the control variant (table 9).

Long-term experiments have shown that soybean cultivation for seeds in the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Urals is possible when sowing early ripening soybean varieties with a vegetation period of up to 100 days in the third decade of May (May 25-26), with the mandatory use of Pivot type soil herbicides at a dose of 0 , 9 kg / ha before sowing and during the growing season, depending on the weediness of the crops.

The use of mineral fertilizers in recommended doses ensures maximum soybean yields, which is confirmed by production testing and the results obtained in a number of farms in the Sverdlovsk region (LLC Poultry Farm Bogdanovichskaya, Ukhraz farm, Nekrasovo LLC).

Claims (2)

1. A method of growing soybeans for seeds in the Middle Urals, including the preparation of soil, seeds, sowing, caring for crops and harvesting, characterized in that soybean sowing is carried out for two days on May 25-26, and soybean is used in early varieties with a growing season up to 100 days, and before sowing, soil herbicides of the Pivot or Pulsar type are applied at a dose of 0.7-0.9 kg / ha, and before pre-sowing cultivation, surface application of mineral fertilizers is carried out in doses of N ₂₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ or N ₂₀ P ₉₀ K ₆₀ , while sowing is carried out with a row spacing of 30 cm n and a depth of 5-6 cm with a seeding rate of 800-600 thousand pcs./ha followed by rolling. 2. The method of growing soybeans for seeds in the conditions of the Middle Urals according to claim 1, characterized in that for sowing, seeds of the SibNIIK-315 variety of the Siberian Research Institute of Feed are used, and after the appearance of the third real leaf, the crops are treated with Pivot herbicide at a rate of 0.7-0 9 kg / ha.