RU2457655C1 - Method of increasing milk thistle seed production in arid climate - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used to increase seed production of milk thistle in the arid climate. The method includes selection of the precursor, after harvesting of which primary tillage is carried out to a depth of 8-10 cm. Then autumn plowing is carried out to a depth of 25-27 cm and early spring harrowing of plowed fields. Then presowing cultivation is carried out, and seeds are sown in compliance with the seeding rate, providing a given plant population. Then packing, pre-emergence and postemergence harrowing is carried out. The crops are protected from pests and diseases. Then perform anthodes with seeds are harvested by separating method. Sowing the seeds of milk thistle is carried out in a mixture with the seeds of phacelia over rows. The number of sown seeds of each crop is 70-75% of the accepted norm of their seeding in pure form.

EFFECT: use of this method increases the yield of milk thistle seeds, and percentage of fertilised flowers.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to a technology for growing thistle spotted on seeds used, in particular, for the production of drugs, biological additives, functional foods, concentrated feed in animal husbandry.

There is a method of cultivation of thistle spotted on seeds (Cultivation and use of medicinal herbs. Reference. / Comp. SV Larionov, MN Khudenko, AF Druzhkin and others. Saratov State Agrarian University. - Saratov, 2009 p. 145). The method includes conventional cultivation technology: after harvesting the predecessor - peeling, and after 10-12 days - autumn plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm. The predecessors are steam, winter and row crops. In the spring, cover harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation, sowing seeds are carried out. 3-4 days after sowing, rolling and harrowing is carried out. Then post-emergence harrowing is carried out on ordinary crops, and interrow cultivation is carried out on wide-row crops, harvesting is carried out in a phase of wax and full ripeness.

The disadvantage of this method is that in an arid climate under the scorching sun and at high air temperature only a small part of the milk thistle flowers are tied, which leads to a decrease in yield

There is a method of cultivating spotted milk thistle (prototype - S. V. Pospelov, V. N. Samorodov, V. S. Kislichenko, A. A. Ostapchuk. Milk thistle: questions of biology, cultivation and use. Poltava, 2008). The method includes selecting a predecessor (page 28 of the indicated source), after harvesting of which the stubble is peeled with two-track disc harrows to a depth of 8-10 cm, and after 10-14 days, repeated peeling to a depth of 12-14 cm. After peeling, the main processing is carried out soil (autumn plowing) to a depth of 25-27 cm, early spring harrowing of winter chickens, cultivation, application of herbicides (p. 29). Carry out the sowing of seeds in compliance with the sowing rate, which provides the specified plant density, rolling, pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing (p. 34-36, 44), protect crops from diseases and pests (p. 69-72), perform harvesting of fruits (seeds) milk thistle that ripens two to three weeks after flowering. Harvesting of seeds is carried out in the phase of wax and full ripeness (p. 74). In practice, two methods of harvesting milk thistle seeds are used: direct combining and a separate method. A separate method consists in mowing plants into rolls, which, after drying, are threshed with a combine. The harvesting method is determined by weather conditions and the degree of maturation of the plants.

The disadvantage of this method is that with the accepted seeding rates, which ensure optimal growth and development of plants of thistle spotted, there is a sparse placement of plants that allows sunlight to penetrate into its grass and to the surface of the soil, increasing the temperature on the surface of the soil and in the grass, which negatively affects on pollination of flowers and fruit setting in conditions of arid climate. Under the scorching sun and the high temperature of the surface air layer, a significant part of the flowers withers and dries, which leads to a low percentage of fruit setting, and, as a result, to a decrease in the yield of milk thistle seeds.

The technical task is to increase the harvest of milk thistle seeds by lowering the temperature inside the thistle grass and increasing the percentage of flower fertility.

The technical problem is achieved in that a method for increasing the seed productivity of spotted milk thistle in an arid climate includes selecting a predecessor, after harvesting which stubble is peeled to a depth of 8-10 cm, autumn plowing is carried out to a depth of 25-27 cm, early spring harrowing of winter fallow, pre-sowing cultivation, sowing seeds in compliance with the sowing rate, which provides a given plant stand density, rolling, pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing, protection of crops from diseases and pests, cleaning baskets with seeds separate manner in which the invention thistle seed sowing is carried out in a mixture with seeds Phacelia cherezryadno, the number of sown seeds of each culture is 70-75% of the generally accepted norms of their seeding in pure form.

The method is as follows. Spotted milk thistle is grown according to the technology described in the present invention. The whole technological process is carried out in the traditional way, taking into account soil and climatic and other conditions. Sowing the seeds of milk thistle in a mixture with phacelia seeds is carried out with a combined seeder, which includes two seed boxes intended for sowing large-seeded and small-seeded crops, for example, a grass or vegetable seeder. A large-seeded crop is milk thistle, a small-seed crop is phacelia. Immediately before sowing, milk thistle seeds are placed in one seed box of the seeder, phacelia seeds in another. With this design, the drill is sowing. For optimal growth and development of each culture, the inventors have established the amount of sowing seeds, comprising 70-75% of the generally accepted norm of sowing in their pure form. When sowing seeds of milk thistle, less than 70% of the generally accepted seeding rate in pure form, the number of plants of milk thistle per unit area is reduced, and the collection of its seeds per hectare is reduced by 20-25%. When sowing seeds of phacelia less than 70% of the generally accepted norm of sowing, there is a sparse herbage of phacelia between the rows of milk thistle, which will reduce its positive effect on the microclimate in the herbaceous thistle-phacelia. When sowing seeds of milk thistle more than 75% of the generally accepted norm of sowing it in its pure form, plants significantly obscure and oppress each other in search of moisture and nutrients, therefore the productivity of milk thistle also decreases by 20-25%. When sowing seeds of phacelia more than 75% of the generally accepted norm of sowing, thistle and phacelia are mutually inhibited, which also leads to a decrease in the yield of milk thistle seeds. In the formed mixed phytocenosis (milk thistle-phacelia), milk thistle occupies the first tier, and phacelia - the second. Due to the different tiers of these crops, a more significant densification of the thistle by phacelia plants is achieved. At the same time, lower herbaceous phacelia does not inhibit the growth and development of higher milk thistle plants. If when sowing seeds of milk thistle in its pure form, there is a rarefied placement of milk thistle plants, which allows sunlight to penetrate into its grass and to the soil surface, then phacelia plants can better obscure the soil and prevent its excessive overheating, lowering the temperature of the surface air layer by 3-5 ° FROM. In addition, phacelia is the best honey plant and is distinguished by increased attendance by pollinating insects, which pollinate thistle flowers in a mixed planting with phacelia more intensively. At the same time, pollinating insects intensively visit not only the upper flowers of milk thistle, but also the flowers on its lateral productive stems. As a result, due to the improvement of the microclimate - lower temperature and increased relative humidity, as well as better attendance of pollinators - the number of pollinated flowers and the fruit of the milk thistle that has started to grow is significantly increased. Harvest time is determined by the degree of maturity of the seeds of milk thistle: the end of the wax - the beginning of full ripeness.

Example 1. In the conditions of the Middle Volga region, plot No. 1, according to the prototype, sowing milk thistle varieties Panacea were planted with a density of standing of 400 thousand / ha. Spotted milk thistle of the Panacea variety according to the invention was grown in plot No. 2: with a density of standing of thistle plants of 300 thousand / ha and phacelia plants of 3 million / ha. Harvesting was started when the degree of seed maturation according to the indicated visual parameters was achieved in the bulk of plants on the main and lateral shoots. At plot No. 1, a crop of 0.75 t / ha was harvested, at plot No. 2 - 1.07 t / ha, which is 1.3 times more than at plot No. 1.

Table 1 Comparative characteristics of indicators of yield and seed quality in plants of milk thistle cultivated according to the prototype and the proposed method Indicators Prototype method The proposed method Attendance by bees (number of bees per 100 m ² ) 181 327 Pollination of milk thistle flowers,% 62 85 Fruit setting,% 51 68 Laboratory germination of seeds,% 82 86 Seed germination energy,% 78 81 Oil content of seeds,% 26 26 The content of flavolignans, mg /% 2.8-3.5 3.8-4.2 Productivity, t / ha 0.71 1.00

As can be seen from the table, during the implementation of the invention, the bees' attendance on milk thistle increased by 35%, flower pollination - by 25%, fruit setting - by 34%. Thistle seed harvest increased by 1.3 times compared with the prototype. In addition, due to better pollinating of flowers and fruit setting, the seed filling process was more intensive and their quality improved, in particular, the number of flavolignans used in pharmacology increased 1.2 times.

Claims (1)

A method of increasing the seed productivity of spotted milk thistle in an arid climate, including the choice of a predecessor, after harvesting which stubble is peeled to a depth of 8-10 cm, autumn plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm, early spring plow harrowing, pre-sowing cultivation, sowing seeds in compliance with the sowing rate , providing a given plant density, rolling, pre-emergence and post-emergence harrowing, protection of crops from diseases and pests, cleaning baskets with seeds in a separate way, characterized in that the sowing of milk thistle seeds is carried out in a mixture with phacelia seeds in a row, while the number of seeds sown in each culture is 70-75% of the generally accepted norm of sowing in pure form.