RU2569240C1 - Method of cultivation of corn for grain under agro-climatic conditions of chuvash republic - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises placement of corn after spring or winter wheat, including up to 3 times repeated corn sowing on the crop rotation field. The varieties and hybrids with the lowest FAO indices within 150-200 are chosen. The sowing is carried out using the combined sowing units to the depth of 4-6 cm with the sowing scheme of 70x30 cm with the seeding rate of 25 kg/ha of seeds pre-treated with "Premis" in the first or the second decade of May, depending on the timing of onset and the establishment of positive temperature in the region of 15-20°C. Then, the processing with a tank mixture of herbicides "Callisto" is carried out - 0.2 l/ha and "Milagro" - 1.2 l/ha and growth regulators Baikal EM 1 and Crezacine in a phase of 3-5 leaves and 6-8 leaves. The crop is harvested in the third decade of September or the first half of October by direct combining, followed by drying and laying of grain for storage.

EFFECT: method enables to increase the energy of germination, germination capacity, to accelerate the growth processes, the rate of the phenophases and to increase the grain yield of corn.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to a method of cultivating corn for grain in the weather and climatic conditions of the Chuvash Republic and is intended to produce high-grade seed and feed grain of corn.

A known method of cultivating corn for grain, including pre-sowing tillage, sowing corn when heating the sowing layer of the soil to + 12-14 ° C in the Krasnodar Territory [1]. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is the geographical location of the subject, varietal features and the method of cultivation of corn.

Also known is a method of growing corn for grain under fine irrigation, including tillage and wide-row sowing of seeds by forming a compacted bed in the soil and compaction of the soil with rollers, inter-row care and irrigation, characterized in that the soil is cultivated in two periods in the fall with the formation turning, and in the spring before sowing - deep volumetric loosening without turnover of the reservoir, while aligning and rolling the topsoil is combined with sowing, and irrigation is alternated with large and small irrigation rates, small irrigation norms are carried out by fine irrigation with a norm of 200-250 l / h / ha for 0.5-2.0 hours at an air temperature above 25 ° C and a wind speed of more than 5 m / s [2]. The disadvantage of this method is multioperational and low grain yield.

The invention is aimed at solving the following problem - the development of a method of cultivating corn for grain in weather and climate conditions of the Chuvash Republic.

The problem is solved in that the proposed method of cultivating corn for grain involves the selection of varieties and hybrids of corn of domestic and foreign breeding zoned in nearby regions; the use of energy-saving soil cultivation technologies through the use of “zero” and minimal technologies; treatment of vegetative plants with growth regulators in phases of 3-5 and 6-8 leaves; replacing inter-row treatment with chemical weeding with herbicides and the optimal sowing pattern of 70 × 30 cm.

The novelty of the proposed technical solution and the inventive step is that until 2008, corn was cultivated only as a silage in the territory of the Chuvash Republic, and for the first time we developed an energy-saving technology for cultivating corn to obtain feed and seed grain, which includes: placing corn after spring or winter wheat, including repeated up to 3 times sowing of corn in the field of crop rotation; selection of varieties and hybrids with the lowest FAO indices in the range of 150-200; sowing with combined sowing units to a depth of 4-6 cm, with a sowing pattern of 70 × 30 cm at the rate of 25 kg / ha of seeds pre-treated with "Premis" in the first or second decade of May, depending on the timing of occurrence and establishment of positive temperatures in the region of 15- 20 ° C; treatment with a tank mixture of Callisto herbicides - 0.2 l / ha and Milagro - 1.2 l / ha and growth regulators Baikal EM 1 and Krezacin in the phase of 3-5 and 6-8 leaves; Harvesting in the third decade of September or the first half of October by direct combining with subsequent drying and laying of grain for storage.

Studies were conducted on three types of soils:

- sod-podzolic light loamy soils characterized by a low humus content of 1.9%, a high content of mobile phosphorus of 165 mg / kg and a high content of exchange potassium of 137 mg / kg, a slightly acidic soil solution of 6.4;

- gray forest medium loamy soils with a humus content of 2.6%, a content of mobile phosphorus of 146 mg / kg and exchange potassium of 168 mg / kg, a soil solution of 6.2;

- leached chernozem medium loamy medium humus 5.4% with a content of mobile phosphorus 128 mg / kg and exchange potassium 154 mg / kg, the reaction of the soil solution 6.1.

The Chuvash Republic belongs to the temperate zone in terms of heat supply, and in the slightly arid subzone of the arid zone in terms of humidity (hydrothermal coefficient 1.1-1.2). The average annual air temperature is 2.9-3.1 ° C; the sum of positive temperatures above 10 ° C - 2100-2350 ° C; amount of precipitation - 220-380 mm; the duration of the growing season (daily average temperatures of 5 ° C and above) of most cultivated plants in the republic is not more than 170-175 days; stable snow cover appears in the second decade of November and lasts for 145-155 days.

The years of research differed both in heat supply and in the amount of precipitation, which made it possible to study the formed agrocenoses of corn most fully.

Energy-saving cultivation technology with minimal tillage was based on multi-depth disking and peeling of the predecessor to a depth of 6-10 cm BDM-6 and PLL-10-25, pre-sowing cultivation of 8-10 cm by the KBM-10.8 cultivator and sowing with a combined sowing unit.

Energy-saving cultivation technology with "zero" cultivation of the soil was carried out by spraying the field with the continuous action herbicide "Zero" with a sprayer after harvesting the predecessor in the autumn and direct spring sowing of corn with a combined sowing complex.

The following hybrids of corn were the objects of research.

ROSS 145 MB (FAO 150). The duration of the growing season from seedlings to ripening does not exceed 95-96 days; the height of the plants is average; the cob is formed at a height of 75-77 cm, has a cylindrical shape with 14 rows of grains; semi-siliceous yellow grain. The hybrid is resistant to lodging and blistering smut; well adapted to mechanized cleaning.

Katerina SV (FAO 170). The period from seedling emergence to flowering cob is 50-52 days, the plant is tall, the cob is formed at a height of 75-80 cm; cob stem white and red; the number of rows of grains 12-14; siliceous-toothlike to semi-siliceous grain; the color of the grain is yellow or yellow-orange. It is resistant to southern helminthosporiosis, medium resistant to bacteriosis, fusarium cobs weakly affected.

NK Gitago (FAO 200). Grain of an intermediate type, closer to siliceous. The plant is tall; cob weakly conical, large, multirow. The hybrid is resistant to southern helminthosporiosis, medium-affected by fusarium on the cob, strongly - bacteriosis and stem corn moth; It has excellent resistance to lodging and stressful situations.

Sowing was carried out in the first or in the second decade of May with seeds treated with "Premis". The sowing pattern was 70 × 30 cm. The sowing rate was 25 kg / ha. Mineral fertilizers in a dose of N ₉₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ were applied fractionally for pre-sowing cultivation and during sowing.

In a phase of 3-5 leaves, the crops were treated with a tank mixture of Calisto herbicides - 0.2 l / ha and Milagro - 1.2 l / ha and plant growth and development regulators: Baikal EM 1 in 0.005% concentration and Crezacin - in 0.0005% based on 300 l / ha. The second treatment with regulators was carried out in the phase of 6-8 corn leaves. Harvesting was carried out in the phase of full ripeness of corn in the first decade of October, followed by drying and laying the grain for storage.

Studies have shown that corn plants of the varieties and hybrids of our choice at all stages of development were distinguished by good phenological growth indicators: they gave friendly shoots, and subsequently showed high growth rates of the vegetative mass.

The results of phenological observations at the time of harvesting testified to a significant positive effect of regulators on the growth and development of maize hybrids on all three soil types.

Thus, the lowest plant height (252 cm) was established on the variant of the ROSS 145 MB hybrid with “zero” tillage using Baikal Em 1 on sod-podzolic soils. The value of this indicator in the hybrids of Katerina SV and NK Gitago in a similar version was higher by 18 and 22 cm, respectively. The use of minimal tillage according to the experimental variants on average significantly increased the value of this indicator by 10-14 cm, the use of the growth and development regulator Krezacin - by 8-12 cm, and the soil type - 6-10 cm, respectively. The maximum plant height (322 cm) was found in the hybrid of NK Gitago when using Krezacin on chernozem soil with minimal processing.

The highest average width and length of the leaves were revealed in the variant with hybrid Gitago NK, where the values of the studied parameters were 10.4 cm and 78.8 cm, respectively. The minimum average values (8.6 and 65.5 cm, respectively) were in the hybrid ROSS 145 MB. Moreover, neither the type of soil, nor the method of processing it, nor the use of plant growth and development regulators had a significant effect on these phenotypic parameters, respectively.

The average weight of 1 plant at the time of harvesting was maximum (1200.2 g) in the variant with the processing of corn crops of the hybrid of NK Gitago with a synthetic growth regulator Krezacin on leached chernozem with energy-saving cultivation technology with minimal tillage, and the minimum (952.5 g) was version with the treatment of corn crops of the hybrid ROSS 145 MB with a biological growth regulator Baikal EM 1 on sod-podzolic soil with energy-saving cultivation technology with "zero" processing.

In general, the selection of a hybrid of corn corresponding to the weather and climatic conditions of the Chuvash Republic, the use of growth regulators when cultivating corn for grain contributed to an increase in the leaf surface area of crops of this crop and the rate of photosynthetic processes, which allowed to form the maximum amount of yield (Table 1-3) .

The nutritional value of corn depends, first of all, on the degree of ripening of grain. The results of the study clearly demonstrate that when growing corn for grain, the most important factors are: selection of a hybrid, soil and climatic conditions of the region, temperature conditions during the growing season, soil warming in the spring months, moisture supply, soil fertility, method of tillage and the use of growth regulators and plant development (tab. 4-6).

Thus, the technical result is to increase the energy of germination, germination, acceleration of growth processes, the passage of phenophases and obtaining a stably high yield of corn grain in the range of 4.0-6.5 t / ha

Used sources

1. RF patent No. 2428828, IPC classes: А01С 7/00, АВВ 79/02, 09/20/2011.

2. RF patent 2129766, classes: A01B 79/02, A01D 91/04, A01D 45/02, 07/26/2010.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating corn for grain in the weather and climatic conditions of the Chuvash Republic, including placing corn after spring or winter wheat, including repeated sowing of corn on the crop rotation field up to 3 times, selection of varieties and hybrids with the lowest FAO indices in the range of 150-200, sowing with combined sowing units to a depth of 4-6 cm with a sowing pattern of 70 × 30 cm at the rate of 25 kg / ha of seeds that were pre-treated with “Premis” in the first or second decade of May, depending on the timing of the onset and the establishment of positive topics temperature in the region of 15-20 ° С, treatment with a tank mixture of Callisto herbicides - 0.2 l / ha and Milagro - 1.2 l / ha and growth regulators Baikal EM 1 and Krezacin in a phase of 3-5 leaves and 6 -8 leaves, harvesting in the third decade of September or the first half of October by direct harvesting, followed by drying and laying the grain for storage.