RU2791876C1 - Sunflower cultivation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of sunflower cultivation involves harvesting the predecessor and autumn plowing, applying mineral fertilizer at a dose of N₂₅₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ in early spring, harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation of the soil, sowing sunflower seeds of the Imperia KS or Codizol KL hybrids with a seeding rate of 45.0 thousand germinating seeds per hectare to a depth of 4-5 cm. Next, post-sowing rolling is carried out. Weed control is carried out with Eurolighting herbicide at a dose of 1.2 l/ha in the phase of 5-6 true leaves. Spring rapeseed is used as a precursor.

EFFECT: method allows to increase the yield of oilseeds and their quality, and also provides an increase in the level of soil fertility in the crop rotation.

1 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to the cultivation of sunflower with the use of mineral fertilizers in the non-chernozem zone.

Sunflower production is one of the most profitable crops in the agricultural crop rotation. Sunflower is a consumer product during processing: soft margarine, sunflower oil, mayonnaise and more.

Sunflower hybrids are most in demand in the agricultural production of the country and have stable productivity indicators, are resistant to major diseases and pests, and are drought-resistant.

At the same time, new, promising sunflower hybrids are adapted to the main agro-climatic conditions of the Non-Chernozem and Central Black Earth regions.

An important element in the technology of sunflower cultivation is the application of mineral fertilizers, which ensures high crop yields.

In scientific work (Rutter E.N., Samoilova S.A. Direct action and consequences of gibberellin absorbed by horses on three generations of sunflower. Gibberellins and their effect on plants // edited by M.Kh. Chailakhan. M .: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963, pp. 180-187) an assessment was made of the introduction of gibberellin A ₃ into the soil in the proportions of 2-2.5 kg/ha and 0.2-0.25 kg/ha of the active substance. The effects of this method of applying gibberellin A ₃ were manifested in faster germination of seeds and in accelerating the initial development of plants. However, in the experiment, a delayed development of sunflower was then observed, and the delayed effect of the application of gibberellin A ₃ turned out to be negative (yield of aboveground mass, as well as seed yield, was significantly reduced). Thus, the use of gibberellin A ₃ on sunflower did not give significant positive results, which were noted in the literature. There is not enough such information about its use in other known literature (the list is not given here).

The cultivation of oilseed crops is one of the most highly profitable branches of agriculture and the right choice of crop, taking into account its biological characteristics, the agro-climatic potential of the region, the tasks facing agricultural production, can become a good basis for the sustainable development of agriculture in our country.

One of the most important factors in increasing the efficiency of sunflower production is not only the widespread introduction of high-yielding varieties and hybrids, but also the improvement of their cultivation technology. The maximum crop yield is formed when favorable growing conditions are created, taking into account biological characteristics, optimal agricultural technology and a variety of soil and climatic conditions.

It is known that with the optimal ratio of the main nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the maximum crop yield is formed, and its technological quality is also increased.

It should also be noted that plant density, which determines the development and yield of a crop, is an important regulated element of agricultural technology. In industrial crops, it is required to provide such an area of plant nutrition, in which varieties and hybrids are able to maximize the genetic potential of productivity, with the rational use of environmental factors: light, moisture, nutrients. Under conditions of thickened crops, the individual productivity of an individual decreases, which can be compensated by an increase in their number per unit area, but only to a certain level.

The totality of these considered elements of agricultural technology is interconnected, and in the current economic situation plays a significant role in the intensification of sunflower production, as well as improving the quality of the raw materials obtained. Taking into account the fact that at present the oilseed market is filled with modern hybrids that have both a high genetic potential for productivity and resistance to the main pathogens and broomrape.

In the scientific literature, the general issues of plant density and the use of fertilizers in relation to sunflower in various regions of Russia are covered quite well. However, in recent years, new promising, ultra-early hybrids have been created, with high potential productivity, resistance to major diseases and broomrape, with a modified fatty acid composition in the direction of increasing useful oleic fatty acids. Therefore, the study of new sunflower hybrids and some elements of the agricultural technology of their cultivation in the Non-Black Earth region, in order to obtain a consistently high level of yield and quality of the products obtained, is modern and relevant.

Agroecological testing of promising sunflower hybrids is of great importance, both in terms of theoretical research and practice.

In connection with the foregoing, the authors established a field experiment in 2019-2021 on the territory of the experimental agrotechnological station of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Russian State Technical University, Ryazan Region, on dark gray forest medium loamy soil. Studies were carried out to study the yield of sunflower hybrids of oil type, different groups of maturity, seeding rates, and options for pre-sowing application of mineral fertilizers.

In the literature, a remedy is known for foliar feeding of crops - the natural mineral bischofite. The drug is used during the tillering period - exits into the tube in cereal crops, at a consumption rate of 400-600 l / ha (Patent RU No. 2120754, A01N 59/06, C05D 5/06 dated 06.05.1997).

The above method is also used for foliar treatment of oilseeds during the growing season with a 5-7% aqueous solution of bischofite, which allows you to increase the yield of oilseeds and improve the quality of the crop (Patent RU No. 2134252, C05D 9/02, A01C 21/ 00, A01N 59/08 dated 10.08.1999).

The disadvantage of the presented growth stimulator - a solution of the natural material of bischofite for foliar feeding of oilseeds is its weak growth-regulating activity due to the structural features of the baskets, leaves and stems of sunflower.

In addition, it should be noted that the effectiveness of the use of the above compositions and doses depends not only on the use of drugs, but no less important, on the phase of plant development and the time of application of the drug.

Also known is a method for the vegetative treatment of sunflower plants, consisting of an aqueous solution of the natural mineral bioschifite and a growth stimulator of immunocytophyte or immunocytophyte with silk preparation, in the following ratio, wt.%: bioschifite - 3.0-5.0, immunocytophyte - 0.002 , water - the rest; or bioschifite - 3.0-5.0, immunocytophyte - 0.002, silk - 0.015, water - the rest (Patent RU No. ).

The disadvantages of the proposed tool, despite the specified technical result, increasing the yield of seeds while improving their quality and simultaneously improving the phytosanitary situation in crops, plant growth stimulants cannot eliminate the deficiency of nutrients, and above all, in the absence of mineral fertilizers. A similar way to increase the yield of sunflower, according to the characteristics of the selection of components for a natural mineral, is the treatment of vegetative plants with 2,4,5,6 - tetrachloro-3-(N-benzyl) - pyridinecarbamide in an amount of 200 g/ha, which increases the yield by 8, 3 q/ha (Patent RU No. 2298322, A01N 43/40, A01P 21/00 of 05/10/2007).

The effectiveness of the compositions of the resulting preparation and doses depends not only on the created preparation used, but also on sunflower hybrids, its maturation and development phase, and the time of application of the preparation.

The application of mineral fertilizers is one of the most effective means of stimulating plants and increasing sunflower yields. The effect of their application depends on the biological characteristics of the sown genotype, the provision of the soil with available nutrients, the timing and method of application. In general, sunflower requires moderate potassium nutrition before the budding phase and increased potassium nutrition in further phases of ontogeny.

It should be noted that for the Ryazan region, the choice of a highly productive variety and hybrid, as well as the timing of sunflower sowing, are a priority, and require a more detailed study in the cultivation technology, taking into account the introduction of the level of mineral nutrition.

The essence of the invention is as follows.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem - increasing the yield of oilseed hybrids and improving the cultivation technology, including through the use of doses of mineral fertilizers, in specific natural and climatic Non-Chernozem zone, which includes the Ryazan region.

In sunflower cultivation technology, the rational use of fertilizers plays an important role in obtaining high, stable yields of hybrids.

This is achieved by the fact that in the method of influence of mineral fertilizers on stimulating the growth and development of sunflower, including operations for tillage, preparation and sowing and treatment of plants with pesticides, characterized in that spring rapeseed is used as a precursor, mineral fertilizers are applied in autumn before the main tillage at a dose of N ₂₅₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ , before sowing sunflower, harrowing, pre-sowing cultivation are carried out, and then sunflower seeds of the Imperia KS or Codizol KL hybrids are sown in the prepared soil with a seeding rate of 45.0 thousand germinating seeds per hectare, while the embedding depth is 4-5 cm, then post-sowing rolling is carried out; against weeds, crops are treated with Eurolighting herbicide at a dose of 1.2 l/ha in the phase of 5-6 true leaves.

This technology was confirmed in the conditions of an experimental agrotechnological station of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education RSATU of the Ryazan Region in 2019-2021. Hydrothermal coefficient in the years of research: 2019 - with signs of severe drought (HTC - 0.6); 2020 - wet (STC - 1.4); 2021 - hot in some periods, with average indicators for moisture supply (HTC - 0.9).

The soil of the experimental plot is dark gray forest medium loamy. Agrochemical characteristics of the arable layer: weighted average content of humus - 3.6-3.8%, availability of mobile: mobile forms of phosphorus is high (158-162 mg / kg of soil), potassium - increased (123-128 mg / kg of soil), exchangeable acidity pH-5.5-5.8.

The most profitable lines of sunflower hybrids cultivated in the Ryazan region - Imeriya KS, Kodizol KL, Clarissa KL, Meridis KL, Zubella KL, Fushia KL, cultivated using Eurolighting herbicide at a dose of 1.2 l/ha, norm working solution 300 l/ha. This herbicide is used for sunflower cultivation using the Clear Field technology. It kills weeds of various types, including broomrape, through roots and leaves. The culture is processed only once. Spraying with a herbicide is carried out from above, and the substance enters the plant tissue through the shell. Protein synthesis stops and the weed dies.

Eurolighting (herbicide) - preparation form: VRK (water-soluble concentrate). Active ingredient: imazapyr and imazamox. Eurolighting is a broad spectrum herbicide for sunflower cultivation. The Eurolighting technology provides for the cultivation of sunflower resistant to herbicides from the group of imidasamines.

The Eurolighting herbicide is applied after sunflower seedlings appear in the phase of 2-8 true leaves. This herbicide is most effective if it is applied during the most active growth and vegetation of weeds (for annual dicotyledons, this is a phase of 2-4 leaves, for annual cereals - up to 5). The effectiveness of the herbicide Euro-lighting is affected by the presence of soil moisture. The maximum control of sunflower broomrape will be achieved when the preparation is applied when the sunflower hybrids have formed 6-8 leaves.

Imeriya KS - included in the State Register in 2009 for the North Caucasus and Central Black Earth regions. This sunflower hybrid is early ripe. Physiological, ripeness (25% seed moisture) occurs approximately 104 days after sowing. In some years it ripens 2-6 days later than the standards. The leaf is medium, heart-shaped, green, glossiness is absent, blistering is weak, edge needleness is medium, the correct cross-sectional shape is concave, large pterygoid segments are present, the angle between the lateral veins is straight or almost straight. Flowering time early to medium. Reed flower yellow, elongated. The tubular flower is yellow, the anthocyanin coloration of the stigma is absent or very weak. The basket is medium, the shape of the seed side is convex. The plant is medium to tall, no branching, the descent of the stem in the upper part is medium. The achene is medium oval-elongated, of medium thickness, the main color is black, there is no spotting, the stripes are gray, marginal and lateral. Oil content 49-51%, grain weight 56 g. Maximum sowing density - 65-75 thousand/ha.

Codizol KL - included in the State Register in 2012. Selection France. This sunflower hybrid is early, the vegetation period is up to 100 days. Resistant to imidazole, high yield up to 53 c/ha, oil content about 52%. Plant height about 155 cm. Drought tolerant, recommended for direct sowing.

Clarissa KL - included in the State Register for the Central Black Earth Region in 2011. A simple sunflower hybrid. The hybrid is resistant to herbicides of the imidozolion group. The leaf is medium, green, lowered stems, strong in the upper part. Flowering time is average. Reed flower yellow. The tubular flower is yellow. The basket is medium, the position when ripe is half turned down. The plant is medium, branching is absent. Achenes are medium, narrowly ovoid, black in color. The average yield reaches 23.0 q/ha. The fat content in the seeds reaches 55%.

Meridis KL - a simple hybrid is included in the State Register for the Central Black Earth Region. Early hybrid with a vegetation period of 95-100 days, early ripeness. The leaf is large, green, blistering is medium, the shape of the cross section is flat, the lateral pterygoid segments are weakly expressed. The descent of the stem in the upper part is medium. Flowering time is very late. Reed flower yellow. Tubular orange flower. The basket is medium, the position, when ripe, is turned down with a straight stem. The shape of the seed side is flat. The plant is tall, branching is absent. The achene is small, narrowly ovoid, of medium thickness, the main color is brown, spotting is absent. The average yield can be 25.8 q/ha. The fat content in the seeds is on average 48.0%.

Zubella KL is a novelty of the German Seed Alliance. Mid-season sunflower hybrid, vegetation period 100-105 days. The selection was aimed at creating a hardy and drought-resistant sunflower, resistant to moisture deficiency. Has high plasticity, high productivity. The oil content of the seeds exceeds 50%. Plant height 150-160 cm. The basket of the hybrid is thin.

Fushia KL - a simple hybrid included in the State Register in 2010. The leaf is medium in size, green, blistering is absent or weak. Reed flower yellow, oval. The tubular flower is yellow. The basket is medium, the position at maturity is half turned down, the shape of the seed side is convex. The plant is medium to tall, no branching, the descent of the stem in the upper part is medium. The achene is medium oval-elongated, medium thickness, the main color is black. High productivity 55, 0 q/ha. The average fat content of the seeds is 48.7%. Early ripe, occurs approximately 103 days after sowing, sowing density is 65-75 thousand/ha.

Research on the growth and development of plants was carried out according to the method of state variety testing of a hybrid of agricultural crops. The experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines (Dospekhov B.A. Methods of field experience / B.A. Dospekhov - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985. - S. 207-228).

The distinctive features of the proposed method is that when growing sunflower hybrids, spring rapeseed was used as a precursor, and before the main tillage, mineral fertilizers were applied, during the growing season, Eurolighting herbicide, 1.2 l/ha, was used.

The experiment scheme included the application of mineral fertilizers of the following options: 1 - N ₁₂₅ ; 2 - N ₁₂₅ P ₆₀ ; 3 - N ₂₅₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ . Ammonium nitrate, nitrophoska, superphosphates in terms of the active substance were used as mineral fertilizers.

The agrotechnics of growing sunflower hybrids in the experiments corresponded to the generally accepted recommendations for this soil-climatic zone. After harvesting the predecessor, autumn plowing was carried out with a PPO-7-35 plow to a depth of 20-22 cm. In early spring, harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation KPS-4.2 were carried out. Sowing was carried out by a dotted method with a selection pneumatic seeder SSNT-16 to a depth of 4-5 cm. The seeding rate of a sunflower hybrid was 45.0 thousand germinating seeds per hectare. The treated sunflower seeds were sown when the soil had an optimal microclimate for germination and swelling of the seeds (the soil temperature at the depth of the seeds was +10 ^° C). Sowing time is the third decade of May. After sowing, they were rolled with a ZKKSH-6 ring-spur roller. The area of the experimental plot was 120 ^m2 , and the size of the accounting plot was 100 ^m2 . The placement of options is systematic. Repetition four times.

According to the results of the research, the sunflower plants of the hybrids Imeriya KS (height - 125-134 cm) and Codizol KL (height - 125-130 cm) were the lowest. The tallest are plants of the hybrid Fushia KL (178-182 cm). Significant differences between the linear parameters of sunflower plants at different levels of mineral nutrition were not found.

Table 1 - Photosynthetic indicators of sunflower crops

hybrids
(factor a) Dose of fertilizers
(factor B) Maximum leaf area
thousand m ² /ha photosynthetic potential,
million m ² × day / ha Net productivity of photosynthesis, g/m ² per day Meridis KL N ₁₂₅ 12.22 0.932 3.75 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 13.27 0.944 3.86 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 14.34 0.968 3.90 Imeriya KS N ₁₂₅ 16.02 0.998 4.15 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 17.89 1.014 4.18 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 18.87 1.018 4.26 Clarissa KL N ₁₂₅ 15.84 1.002 3.58 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 16.25 1.027 3.93 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 18.52 1.044 4.05 Fushia KL N ₁₂₅ 12.34 0.894 3.49 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 13.42 0.921 3.74 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 14.06 0.975 3.89 Codizol KL N ₁₂₅ 16.04 0.925 3.81 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 17.35 0.963 4.03 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 18.63 0.984 4.12 Zubella KL N ₁₂₅ 12.32 0.875 3.82 N ₁₂₅ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ 13.47 0.884 4.04 N ₂₅₀ P ₁₂₀ K120 14.16 0.904 4.15

The following phenological phases of development were noted: seedlings appeared 7-9 days after sowing in all the hybrids studied. The period from germination to the beginning of flowering differed slightly and ranged from 50 to 54 days, and the period from the beginning of flowering to physiological ripeness lasted 49-60 days. The shortest vegetation period was observed in the hybrid Codizol KL - 98 days. The most late-ripening hybrid was Zubella KL - the duration of the period was 123 days.

The destruction of weeds is due to the fact that the development of sunflower is much slower than the vegetation of weeds, so the latter has a negative effect on weeds, since the rapid development of weeds takes away moisture and minerals from the sunflower from the soil, the heat of the sun and oxygen supply.

The formation of crop yields depends on many factors, including the ability of a plant organism to absorb water and inorganic compounds from the external environment and transform them into building tissues. At the same time, all metabolic processes consume the energy of solar radiation, absorbed by plants in the process of photosynthesis. An important indicator that determines the productivity of plants is the size of the leaf surface area.

Studies on the growth and development of plants showed the largest leaf area in the variant with hybrids Imperiya KS and Codizol KL at the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers, and amounted to 18.87 and 18.63 thousand m ³ /ha, respectively (table 1).

Results The lowest values of this indicator were noted in the hybrids Zubilla KL and Fushia KL (15.95 and 16.00 thousand m ² /ha, respectively).

The formation of the crop depends not only on the size of the leaf apparatus, but also on the time of its operation, that is, the photosynthetic potential (PST). Here, during the growing season, the highest photosynthetic potential was formed in the variant with the hybrid Clarissa KL - 1.002-1.004 min. m ² × day/ha, depending on the level of mineral nutrition.

The use of mineral fertilizers in the experiment had a positive effect on the yield structure and yield (table 2).

Table 2 - Seed yield of sunflower hybrids depending on the studied factors, t/ha

hybrids
(factor a) Dose of fertilizers
(factor B) Basket diameter
(cm) Seed weight
from the basket
(G) Weight
1000
seeds
(G) Number of seeds in a basket
(PC.) Yield (t/ha) Meridis KL N ₁₂₅ 11.8 21.4 34.5 621 1.00 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 13.4 23.4 36.9 634 1.04 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 13.8 25.0 38.6 648 1.12 Imeriya KS N ₁₂₅ 19.4 57.3 54.9 1043 2.35 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 20.1 62.6 59.6 1050 2.54 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 20.7 65.8 61.0 1078 2.55 Clarissa KL N ₁₂₅ 18.1 40.6 32.6 1245 1.60 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 18.9 43.4 33.8 1283 1.88 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 19.8 45.7 34.1 1342 1.92 Fushia KL N ₁₂₅ 11.6 25.4 20.3 1251 1.15 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 13.4 28.3 24.3 1164 1.25 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 15.5 32.2 27.7 1162 1.44 Codizol KL N ₁₂₅ 17.5 57.3 44.8 1278 2.42 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 19.8 59.5 45.6 1304 2.45 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 20.4 61.7 46.5 1325 2.57 Zubella KL N ₁₂₅ 15.3 30.5 34.7 880 1.29 N ₁₂₅ R ₆₀ K ₆₀ 16.8 32.6 36.5 893 1.34 N ₂₅₀ R ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ 17.3 35.5 36.6 971 1.37 2019 2.10 6.04 1.75 0.022 NSR ₀₅ AB 2020 3.01 4.14 3.13 0.050 2021 1.89 3.12 3.05 0.044

It should be noted that one of the most important indicators of the photosynthetic activity of plants is the value of the net productivity of photosynthesis (NPP). On average, during the research at the maximum dose of fertilizers, this indicator in sunflower crops amounted to 3.89-4.26 g/m ² per day.

The number of seeds formed in one basket, their weight, as well as the weight of 1000 seeds were determined by the level of provision of plants with nutrients. The largest average number of seeds from one basket was observed in the hybrids Codizol KL and Clarissa KL and, depending on the dose of fertilizers, amounted to 1278-1325 pcs. and 1245-1342 pieces, respectively.

In studies, weight increase of 1000 seeds of sunflower hybrids were arranged in the following order: Fushia KL, Clarissa KL, Zubella KL, Meridis KL, Codizol KL, Imeriya KS. On average, for hybrids, the weight of 1000 seeds increased from stimulation with mineral fertilizers at a dose of N ₁₂₅ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ by 0.8-4.7 g, the largest increase was when mineral fertilizers were applied at a dose of N ₂₅₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ - by 1 .5-6.1 g.

At the same time, the Imeriya KS hybrid was the most responsive to the introduction of complete mineral nutrition, this indicator for it increased by 8.6-11.1% compared to the use of only nitrogen fertilizers.

The maximum yield increase was in the variant with the use of mineral doses of fertilizer N ₂₅₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ , which contributed to the maximum seed productivity of the hybrids Imeriya KS and Kodizol KL (2.35-2.55 and 2.45-2.57 t/ha, respectively ). Thus, three-year field studies confirmed the pronounced effect of stimulating the doses of mineral fertilizers on the growth, development, photosynthetic parameters and productivity of sunflower.

Claims (1)

A method of sunflower cultivation, characterized by harvesting the predecessor and autumn plowing in autumn, applying mineral fertilizer at a dose of N ₂₅₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₁₂₀ in early spring, harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation of the soil, sowing seeds of sunflower hybrids Empire KS or Codizol KL with a seeding rate of 45, 0 thousand germinating seeds per hectare to a planting depth of 4-5 cm, post-sowing rolling, weed control with Eurolighting herbicide at a dose of 1.2 l/ha in the phase of 5-6 true leaves, while spring rapeseed is used as a precursor.