RU2357391C1 - Method of table beet cultivation in irrigated farming - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves hulling the previous stubble remains, treating soil with herbicide, ploughing with the layer turning over, loosening soil in early spring and levelling. Phosphorus and potassium are introduced to the upper soil layer. Preplant watering, cultivation for the depth of 3-5 cm, sowing, packing of soil before and after sowing, harrowing of young growth, irrigation during vegetation, thinning, plant protection against diseases and pests, interrow loosening and extranutrition are carried out. In order to obtain the yield of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t/ha nitrogen and microelements molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper and zinc are introduced separately with watering water in basic phenological stages. Watering is performed with the irrigation ratio of 3500-4200 m³/ha. Irrigation in the phases of two, five and seven true leaves is carried out with the watering rate of 700-900 m³/ha, that in the root formation phase - of 1200-1900 m³/ha, that in the technical root ripeness phase - of 1400-1600 m³/ha.

EFFECT: method provides for increasing yield, decreasing rates of macrofertiliser and microelement application.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods for cultivating table beet varieties in irrigated agriculture.

There is a method of cultivating sugar beets, in which seeds are sown with an estimated sowing rate, when caring for crops, they are rolled up, thinning seedlings by auto-thinners and chemical protection of plants, in which, in order to reduce manual labor costs and increase productivity, the calculated sowing rate is determined from the ratio:

where N is the calculated seeding rate, pcs / m;

K is the order of the plant to which the auto-thinner sensor responds, counting the abandoned plant as zero;

λ ₀ - the planned density of sugar beet plants after thinning, pcs / m;

P _max , P _min - the maximum and minimum absolute field germination of seeds according to long-term data for a specific field, farm, zone of beet-growing;

δ is the length of the bouquet, equal to the double protective zone of the plants, while the minimum step of the thinner and the length of one thinner blade is determined by the formulas:

where h _min is the minimum step of thinning, mm;

b is the length of one knife, mm

In addition, before thinning, the plantation is rolled up with shoots with smooth rollers in the daytime with a decrease in turgescence in plant cells (RU, Patent No. 2025925 C1, IPC ⁶ A01B 79/02, A01B 41/06. Method for cultivating sugar beets / V.M. Sluginov [UA]; E.V. Sluginov [UA]; Yu.V. Sluginova [UA]; P.I. Sluginov [UA]. - Application N 4920601/15; Stated March 21, 1991; Publish. Jan 9, 1995) .

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving - increasing the nutritional value of table beet varieties - include, despite the normalized number of beet plants in a row, a large number of fertilizers applied, low productivity, and a limited shelf life of root crops.

There is also known a method of growing root crops under controlled conditions and an installation for its implementation, in which root crops are grown under controlled conditions by sowing seeds in cultivation vessels placed on a vertical surface, while bags made of biologically inert porous are used as cultivation vessels material (see RU, patent N 2040152 C1, IPC ⁶ A01G 31/00. A method of growing root crops in controlled conditions and installation for its implementation Senia / A.S. Zubyan (RU) .- Application 5059351/13; filed August 20, 1992; published July 25, 1995).

The disadvantages of the described method of growing root crops under controlled conditions include a limited scope exclusively for research purposes.

In addition to the technologies described, a method for cultivating sugar beets is known, including preparing the field for sowing and sowing, in which the seeds are sown in 6 rows with a distance between them of 0.20 m and a row spacing of 0.80 m to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm with a tramline of 1 , 8 m, after emergence of weeds before emergence of sugar beets (6 ... 8 days), weeds are sprinkled with a loosened layer of soil 2 ... 3 cm from the tramline (RU, patent No. 2051430 C1, IPC ⁶ A01B 79/00. Method for cultivating sugar beets / V.A. Tokarev, V.N. Bratushkov, A.N. Nikiforov (RU) - Application No. 5035170/15; for Appeared on 08.04.1992; publ. 02.20.1996).

The disadvantages of the described method include the low efficiency of weed control. Sprinkling of protective zones along the rows in the system of irrigated agriculture is ineffective.

Noteworthy is the method of cultivating beets, including seed treatment with furadin and sowing, in which furadin is treated with part of the norm for sowing seeds and sowing treated seeds to a depth of 3 ... 3.5 cm after 10 ... 12 rows, and sowing of untreated seeds is carried out to a depth of 1 , 5 ... 2 times greater than processed (RU, patent No. 2070371 C1, IPC ⁶ A01C 1/00. The method of cultivating beets / I.A.Oksenenko, G.A.Oksenenko (RU). - Application No.92008211 / 15; claimed 11/25/1992; publ. 12/20/1996).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving - the cultivation of table beet varieties under irrigation conditions - the inadmissibility of the drug furadin, because it accumulates in the root crop even at very low application doses and affects the trophic chains of human nutrition (poison class 1 hazard).

Specialists are interested in the method of cultivating sugar beets, including pre-sowing tillage, row sowing and tillage before beet sprouts, in which sowing is carried out according to a four-row scheme with a combined row spacing of 20 × 40 × 20 cm and a tramline of 1.40 m (RU Patent No. 2090029 C1, IPC ⁶ АВВ 79/02, Method for the cultivation of sugar beets / V.A. Tokarev, A. N. Nikiforov, V. A. Borzenkov (RU) - Application No. 94010146/13; claimed 22.03.1994 ; publ. 09/20/1997).

The described scheme for sowing seeds of table beet varieties is acceptable when cultivated under irrigation irrigation. Watering can be carried out by all types of front-displacement sprinklers.

A known method of protecting sugar beet plants from diseases, comprising treating the latter with a biologically active substance, in which the SILK preparation is used as the biologically active substance, which is the sum of triterpenic acids of the formula C ₃₀ H _46-48 O ₄ isolated from fir green, at a dose of 1 , 0-2.0 g / ha for the active substance, and the treatment of vegetative plants is carried out two to three times, starting from the appearance phase of 8-10 leaves with a solution with a concentration of 50-100 mg / l; (RU, patent for invention No. 96101227 A, IPC ⁶ A01N 65/00, A01N 61/00. A method for protecting sugar beet plants from diseases / V.M. Chekurov, I.P. Sychev, A.I. Sychev, V. P. Sycheva (RU) .- Claimed 01/16/1996; publ. 03/27/1998).

The described method of plant protection is acceptable for table beet varieties with specification of the norms for making the SILK preparation.

A known method of processing plants of sugar beet, including the processing of vegetative plants of beet by spraying with a solution of acetic acid (RU, patent No. 2070393 C1, IPC ⁶ A01N 37/00. A method of processing plants of sugar beet / N. S. Kotlyarov, P. I. Zima, Z.S. Grigoryan (RU) .- Application No. 93052078/15; claimed November 15, 1993; publ. December 20, 1996).

The disadvantages of the described method for processing beet plants in relation to the problem we are solving are low efficiency in the processing of table beet varieties.

The closest analogue to the claimed object relates to a method of growing beets, including preparing the soil with the formation of places for sowing, sowing, applying a predetermined dose of fertilizer and caring for the sowing, in which ultrafine silica with a particle size of 10-30 Å is used as fertilizer at a rate of 50-30 -100 kg / ha; fertilizer is carried out by the tape-point method; fertilizer is carried out continuously by the tape method; Sowing and fertilizing is carried out simultaneously (RU, patent No. 2121783 C1, IPC ⁶ A01G 1/00, АВВ 79/02. Method for growing beets / B. G. Khorhorin (RU). - Application No. 96107875/13; filed April 11, 1996 ; publ. 11/20/1998).

The disadvantages of the described method, adopted by us as the closest analogue, are the poor quality of root crops. This is due to the fact that silicon dioxide, despite a very fine grinding, does not compensate beet plants for the vital growth and formation of the root crop of vital NPK macrocells.

For table root crops, the content of trace elements Mo, B, Co, Zn, Fe, Cu, F, etc., transmitted through trophic chains into the human body, is very important.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to improve the quality of root crops of beetroot when cultivated under irrigation conditions.

The technical result is an increase in productivity, a decrease in the consumption rate of macronutrients and microelements.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of cultivating table beet varieties in irrigated agriculture, including stubble cultivation of the predecessor, tillage with a herbicide, plowing with a turn of the formation, early spring loosening of the soil and leveling, adding 0-0.1 m of phosphorus to the topsoil and potassium, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth of 3-5 cm, sowing, rolling the soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, bouquet, protection of plants from agricultural pests and diseases, between dreadful loosening and top dressing,

according to the invention

to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, nitrogen and trace elements molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper and zinc are added fractionally with irrigation water according to the main phenological phases:

nitrogen fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of full germination, in the phases of two, five and seven true leaves and the phase of technical ripeness in fractions of 20-22.5%, 30-32.5%, 35-37.5% and 7.5, respectively -fifteen%; molybdenum - 0.5; 0.8; 1.1 and 1.4 kg / ha in these phases are applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, in the phase of root formation and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively 20-40%, 12-17%, 23-28%, 15-45%; trace element with a norm of 0.9; 1.3; 1.7; 2.1 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively, are applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of true leaves, in the phase of root formation and the technical phase ripeness, respectively, 40-50%, 15-20%, 23-42%, 3-7%; trace element cobalt norms 0.35; 0.70; 1.05 and 1.40 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively, are applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, in the formation phase root crops and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively, 30-40%, 10-15%, 23-30%, 15-37%; trace element copper norms 0.6; 1,2; 1.8 and 2.4 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively, are applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, in the formation phase root crops and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively 15-17%, 30-42%, 15-17%, 24-40%; trace element zinc standards 1.5; 1.8; 2.1 and 2.4 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively, are applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of true leaves, in the formation phase root crops and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively, 8-12%, 16-22%, 30-42% and 24-46%; with a total irrigation norm of 3500-4200 m ³ / ha in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, irrigation is carried out by irrigation norms of 700-900 m ³ / ha, in the phase of root formation - by irrigation rate of 1200-1900 m ³ / ha, in the technical phase the ripeness of the root crop is the norm of 1400-1600 m ³ / ha.

The method of cultivating table beet varieties in irrigated agriculture includes a number of machine technological operations: peeling the predecessor stubble, treating the soil with herbicide, applying fertilizers, plowing with the formation revolution, early spring loosening and leveling, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth of 3-5 cm, sowing, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing of seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, bunching, protection of plants from agricultural pests and diseases, interrow cultivation, non-root top dressing and harvesting of root crops.

Research in obtaining the optimal combination of water and food regimes of irrigation in the Lower Volga region was carried out with a variety of table beet Boltardi. Variety Boltardi - early ripening. The root crop is round, dark red, smooth, weighing 160-370 g. The flesh is dark red, with slightly pronounced rings. Stable productivity (over 100 t / ha), high marketability, flatness of root crops. Suitable for long-term storage and preservation.

We divided the full development cycle of table beet of the Boltardi variety into the following main phenological phases of growth and development: seed germination, obtaining single and full seedlings, phases 2, 5 and 7 of true leaves, the phase of root formation, the phase of technical ripeness of the root crop, and the harvesting phase. The completeness of the phases was fixed upon its occurrence in 75% of plants in the control plot.

During the growing season, irrigation was carried out with the DKSh-64 Volzhanka sprinkler.

To maintain a moisture threshold in a layer of 0-0.3 m, 70-80-70% of HB during the growing season, an irrigation norm of 3500-4200 m ³ / ha is established for the soils of the Volga-Don interfluve. When growing plants of table beet cultivar Boltardi in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, irrigation is carried out by irrigation rates of 700-900 m ³ / ha. The number of irrigations in this phase is consistent with the introduction of a macrocell of nitrogen and trace elements Mo, B, Co, Zn, Cu. The pressurized water supply of the DKSh-64 sprinkler is equipped with a hydraulic feeder, dispensers and containers for preparing the mother liquor.

Macronutrient phosphorus and potassium are fully introduced into the upper soil layer 0-0.1 m with early spring cultivation. Mineral fertilizers (P and K) can be scattered superficially, and then during cultivation they are embedded in the upper layer or when loosening the upper layer, they are embedded to a depth of 0.10 m by tillage working bodies. In any case, potash and phosphorus fertilizers remain in the root habitat and, under irrigation, are not washed out into the underlying horizon. Macronutrient phosphorus contribute norms of 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg a.i./ha when obtaining yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively. The indicated doses are calculated taking into account the mineral nutrition reserves of the soils of the Volga-Don interfluve and the removal of macroelements with a crop in the form of tops and root crops of table beet. Macronutrients potassium contribute norms of 70, 105, 140 and 175 kg a.i. / ha to obtain the planned yield of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively. The effectiveness of the specified agricultural method - the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the layer 0-0.1 m in the early spring - compared with the basic technology (autumn, surface, with plowing to a depth of 0.27-0.29 m) is shown by three-year field data in the table 1 when cultivating table beet varieties Boltardi to obtain the planned yield of 100 t / ha.

Macronutrient with the norms of 144, 216, 288 and 360 kg a.i./ha to produce 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively, is applied fractionally with irrigation water. For this, solid mineral fertilizers are dissolved in a predetermined volume of irrigation water and injected into a dosed quantity by a dose monitor into irrigation water entering the DKSh-64 Volzhanka pipeline. In the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, taking into account soil moisture, 20-22.5% of nitrogen is supplied from the established norm for the entire growing season. In phases 2, 5 and 7 of these leaves, 30-32.5% of nitrogen is added together with irrigation water. The amount of watering during this period is redistributed by the climatic conditions of the subzone and the technical capabilities of the DKSh-64 sprinkler. In the phase of the formation of the root crop, the amount of introduced nitrogen is increased to 35-37.5% of the established norm. In the phase of technical ripeness of table beet varieties, Boltardi serves 7.5-15% of nitrogen from the established norm. The described doses of 20-22.5%, 30-32.5%, 35-37.5% and 7.5-15% of the introduced nitrogen were established on the basis of vegetative experiments taking into account the needs of beet plants in this macrocell. The efficiency of fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers together with irrigation water compared to the basic technology (cultivation during pre-sowing cultivation) for obtaining the planned 100 t / ha of root crops of table beet varieties Boltardi is shown by the numerical data in table 8.

The quality, keeping quality and duration of preservation of beet root crops is determined by the presence of molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper and zinc microelements in the soil. The indicated microelements are introduced fractionally with irrigation water according to the main phenological phases.

To improve the quality of table beet varieties Boltardi, microelements of molybdenum (Mo) are introduced at a rate of 0.5; 0.8; 1.1; 1.4 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80, 100 t / ha, respectively, against the background of applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers and maintaining the soil moisture threshold in a layer of 0.3 m not lower than 70% HB. The effectiveness of the introduced trace element Mo is shown by the results of a three-year field experiment according to 2005-2007. in table 2. Molybdenum is added fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of true leaves, in the phase of root formation and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively, phases 20-40%, 23-28% and 15- 45% The effectiveness of fractional introduction of the trace element Mo is proved by increasing the yield of standard products and reducing the weight loss of the fruit during storage (dormancy of the fruit). These data are highlighted in tables 3, 8 and 9.

The trace element boron (B) in the crops of table beets contribute norms of 0.9; 1.3; 1.7; 2.1 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively. Each of the established boron norms is fractional with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full shoots, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, in the phase of root formation and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively 40-50%, 15-20%, 23-42% and 3-7%. The results of three-year field experiments on boron application are described by numerical data in table 3.

Trace cobalt (Co) contribute norms of 0.35; 0.7; 1.05 and 1.40 kg / ha to obtain programmable yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively. Co is applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single seedlings to 30-40% of the established norm, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of true leaves - 10-15% of the norm for the entire growing season, in the phase of root formation - 23-30% of the norm and in the phase of technical ripeness - 15-37%. The results of field experiments (2005-2007) show the effect of the trace element Co on yield and quality of fruits (see table 4).

The trace element copper (Cu) is important not only for the active life of beetroot plants, but also for their preservation from diseases and agricultural production. pests. Trace Cu contribute norms of 0.6; 1,2; 1.8 and 2.4 kg / ha to obtain yields of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively. Copper is introduced fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, in the phases of root formation and the phase of technical ripeness, respectively 15-17%, 30-42%, 15-17%, 24-40 % The effect of fractional application of the trace element Cu on the yield and quality of the roots of table beet varieties Boltardi is shown in table 5.

The trace element zinc (Zn) contribute standards of 1.5; 1.8; 2.1 and 2.4 kg / ha for commercial products of 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, respectively. Zn is applied fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of obtaining single and full seedlings, in phases 2, 5 and 7 of real leaves, in the phase of root formation and the phase of technical ripeness of 8-12, 16-22, 30-42 and 24-46%, respectively. The influence of the microelement Zn on the yield and quality of the fruits of table beet varieties Boltardi is shown by numerical data in table 6.

The influence of trace elements Mo, B, Co, Cu, Zn on the chemical composition and energy value of table beet varieties Boltardi are presented in table 8.

Thus, the presented three-year field experiments testify in favor of the fractional addition of nitrogen and trace elements Mo, B, Co, Cu, Zn.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating table beet varieties in irrigated agriculture, including peeling of a predecessor stubble, tillage with a herbicide, plowing with a turn of the reservoir, early spring loosening of the soil and leveling, adding 0-0.1 m of phosphorus and potassium to the topsoil, pre-sowing irrigation and cultivation to a depth 3-5 cm, sowing, rolling soil before and after sowing, harrowing seedlings, irrigation during the growing season, bunching, protecting plants from agricultural pests and diseases, row cultivating and top dressing, while obtaining ur conditions 40, 60, 80 and 100 t / ha nitrogen and trace elements: molybdenum, boron, cobalt, copper and zinc are applied fractionally with irrigation water according to the main phenological phases: nitrogen fractionally with irrigation water in the phase of full emergence, in phases of two, five and seven real leaves and the phase of technical ripeness in fractions, respectively 20-22.5%, 30-32.5%, 35-37.5% and 7.5-15%; molybdenum - 0.5; 0.8; 1.1 and 1.4 kg / ha in these phases in fractions of 20-40%, respectively; 12-17%; 23-28% and 15-45%; boron - with the norms of 0.9; 1.3; 1.7; 2.1 kg / ha in these phases in fractions of 40-50%, 15-20%, 23-42%, 3-7%; cobalt - by the norms of 0.35; 0.70; 1.05 and 1.40 kg / ha in the indicated phases in fractions of 30-40%, 10-15%, 23-30%, 15-37%, copper - by the norms of 0.6; 1,2; 1.8 and 2.4 kg / ha, in fractions of 15-17%, 30-42%, 15-17%, 24-40%, zinc - by standards of 1.5; 1.8; 2.1 and 2.4 kg / ha in these phases in fractions of 8-12%, 16-22%, 30-42%, 24-46%, while irrigation is carried out by the irrigation norm of 3500-4200 m ³ / ha, in phases of two, five and seven true leaves, irrigation is carried out by irrigation norms of 700-900 m ³ / ha, in the phase of root formation - by irrigation rate of 1200-1900 m ³ / ha, in the phase of technical ripeness of the fruit - by norm 1400-1600 m ³ / ha.