RU2420056C1 - Method for cultivation of potatoes with trickle irrigation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and land reclamation. The method includes selecting a precursor, peeling the precursor stubble, tillage of a topsoil and a subsurface horizon for the depth of 0.40-0.45 m. Organic fertilisers are applied at the norm of 60-80 t/ha. Ploughing is carried out with soil overturning to close stubble remains and organic fertilisers for the depth of 0.20-0.22 m, disking of the upper layer with heavy disk harrows for the depth of 0.12-0.14 m when moving along back ridges. In the last decade of September the ridges of trapezoidal shape are formed with height of 0.16-0.18 m, early-spring straightening of ridges is carried out with rotor or milling cultivators. Frost-resistant weeds are removed in "white threads" phase, seed tubers are vernalised, pre-sowing treatment of seed tubers is carried out with bio-stimulants and inhibitors of pathogenic agents, tubers are planted into tuber tops, and mineral fertilisers are applied. Flexible watering pipelines are laid with water outlets of the trickle irrigation system, treatment between rows is carried out, as well as vegetation waterings, weeds are destroyed between rows and on ridges, tubers are protected against a wireworm, and the vegetation mass - against a Colorado beetle. To get a guaranteed harvest of 80 t/ha of tubers, the mineral fertilisers N₃₅₀P₇₀K₃₀₀ kg are applied in fractions with water from the trickle irrigation system in the main phenological phases in certain ratios.

EFFECT: method ensures high consumer properties of tubers with no toxic substances present.

8 cl, 1 dwg, 9 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and relates to the technology of cultivation of potatoes by drip irrigation.

A known method of cultivating potatoes on ridges, including disking stubble steam, applying organic fertilizers, planting potato tubers, hilling ridges, loosening the subsurface layer and harvesting, in which disking the stubble or green manure is carried out with the plant residues embedded in the arable layer to a depth of 15 cm and the simultaneous introduction of liquid organic fertilizers to create a mulching layer that prevents the removal of humus from the arable layer by the phenomenon of wind erosion, and before planting potatoes local disking of the potato tuberous zone is carried out, a ridge is formed with an organic soil zone around potato tubers with a width of at least 90 cm, which is created by a single exposure to screw-type plow bodies (RU, patent No. 2366154, C1, IPC A01G 1/00 (2006/01) ) A method of cultivating potatoes on ridges // A.V. Zhigzhitov (RU), Yu.V. Kobylkin (RU). - Application No. 2008102281/12; claimed on January 21, 2008; publ. 09/10/2009, bull. No. 25 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2009. - No. 25).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating potatoes on ridges, in relation to the problem being solved - obtaining a guaranteed yield of 80 t / ha of potatoes in the drip irrigation system when cultivating in a sharply continental climate - include large material, money and labor costs for preparing wide ridges of at least 90 cm across, but not related to obtaining a guaranteed crop of at least 50 t / ha of tubers. In this method two technological operations deserve attention - loosening of the subsoil layer and disking of the stubble layer after harvesting the predecessor.

There is also known a method of planting potatoes on a ridge according to a planting scheme of 110 + 30 cm, in which potato tubers are laid on a soil surface pretreated with disk implements, simultaneously with adjacent tuberous zones of the plow screw-type housings installed opposite each other, the soil is lifted and laid on top of the tubers potatoes for the formation in one pass of the ridge with a width equal to the double capture width of dump bodies (RU, patent No. 2366146, C1, IPC АСС 9/00 (2006/01), А01В 79/02 (2006.01). The method of planting potatoes on the ridge / A .V.Zh gzhitov (RU), Yu.V. Kobylkin (RU) - Application No. 2008102282/12; claimed on January 21, 2008; published on September 10, 2009, Bulletin No. 25 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2009. - No. 25) .

The disadvantages of the described method include the fact that the ridges are performed when planting potatoes. This significantly shifts the planting time, and the following phase of "flowering" and "tuberization" in the month of July, where in a sharply continental climate the air temperature rises to + 45 ... 50 ° C, the temperature in the upper soil layer is + 60 ... 70 ° C, and relative humidity does not exceed 25%. Potato planting is “burned out".

A known method of cultivating potatoes on irrigated lands, providing for autumn tillage, applying organic fertilizers, cutting ridges, spring planting potatoes, caring for plants, watering and harvesting, in which autumn tillage, applying organic fertilizers and cutting ridges is carried out simultaneously with a chisel working body with inclined racks equipped with dumps and pipelines, a mixture of straw, mineral fertilizers and coal is used as organomineral fertilizers ashes, mineral potash and phosphorus fertilizers are applied once - in the fall, and mineral nitrogen fertilizers are applied twice - in the autumn and spring when planting, and in the autumn nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the form of ammonium nitrate at the rate of 15 kg per 1 ton of straw; the ratio of the components of the mixture — straw, mineral fertilizers and coal ash — is 2.3: 1: 3.3, respectively; the introduction of the mixture into the soil is carried out at a rate of 60 t / ha (RU, patent No. 2354095, C1, IPC AB 79/02 (2006.01). The method of cultivation of potatoes on irrigated lands / I.P. Kruzhilin, V.V. Melikhov, A. A.Mushinsky, P.I. Kuznetsov, T.V. Karengina - Application No. 2008106696/12; claimed on 02.20.2008; published on 05.10.2009, Bulletin No. 13 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2009. - No. 13).

The disadvantages of the described method, despite the declared possibility of obtaining potato tubers of the varieties Romans, Karatop and Krasnopolsky up to 60 t / ha when cultivated under irrigation conditions, include the low efficiency of using mineral fertilizers introduced with large doses of N ₁₈₀ P ₁₄₀ K ₂₇₀ and N ₁₃₀ P ₇₅ K ₂₀₀ kg a.a. / ha, and organic fertilizers with a norm of 40-60 t / ha.

A known method of forming a tuber-bearing layer during the cultivation of potatoes, including preparing the soil before planting, planting tubers with a strip arrangement of rows of uterine tubers, fertilizing, forming a bed at the same time as intensive inter-row cultivation of the soil layer after planting tubers, in which the formation of the bed profile is performed after planting tubers in the strips treated before planting in two stitches without covering the furrows with soil, followed by the strip application of organic fertilizers by means of inter gressive processing mezhdugryadnyh strips and displacement of soil mezhdugryady to the ridge; the moving apparatus when moving the aggregates on landing, applying fertilizers and forming the ridges is moved along the untreated strip of the field surface before planting (RU, patent No. 2323242, C2, Method for forming a tuber-bearing layer during potato cultivation / B.L. Okhotnikov (RU). - Application No. 2006104057/12; claimed February 13, 2006; published April 20, 2008, Bulletin No. 11 // Inventions. Utility Models. - 2008. - No. 11).

The disadvantages of the described method of forming a tuber-bearing layer mainly for the cultivation of potatoes include a large number of energy-intensive technological operations and a low coefficient of use by plants of a single application of the entire volume of mineral fertilizers. This is evidenced by the low yield of potato tubers 13.0 ... 17.85 t / ha (130 ... 178.5 t / ha).

There is a known non-plowing method of basic soil preparation during potato cultivation, which consists in disking the soil to a depth of 5-10 cm, when re-disking, the unit is counter-moving with a displacement of half of the unit capture, then on flat fields in the fall, and on slopes up to 3 ° in spring, through 140 cm with bunkered lancet paws, ridges 15 cm high are formed from the upper 5-10 cm soil layer (RU, patent No. 232326518, C2, IPC АВВ 79/00 (2006.01). A non-plow method of basic soil preparation for growing potatoes / P .R. Balabanov (RU), N.A. Zaitsev (RU), AHSemin (RU) - Application No. 2006108079/12; filed March 16, 2006; published June 20, 2008, Bulletin No. 17 // Inventions. Utility Models - 2008 . - No. 17).

The described method deserves attention when cultivating potatoes on soils subject to deflation. Crafting of ridges in the fall promotes aeration of the soil layer and warming in the early spring. However, it is impossible to reach the yield of potato tubers up to 60 t / ha only by the action of microorganisms in the soil.

A known method of growing potatoes in a two-field crop rotation (in the Middle Urals), including placing potatoes on their predecessors, cultivating the soil with incorporating the root residues of the predecessor, applying fertilizers, cutting ridges, planting in the ridges, row cultivating and weed control, harvesting leaves and harvesting of tubers, in which seed potatoes of early varieties with a growing period of 90-105 days are taken for planting, and their cultivation is carried out in a two-field intensive crop rotation, including: annual herbs - steadily winter rye; winter rye - sloping potatoes - chill, and early varieties of intensive winter rye with a growing period of 120-140 days are used as a precursor for potatoes, and winter rye is sown on August 10-15 after harvesting annual grasses without additional organic fertilizers, while winter rye is harvested in the phase of reaching the green mass at a high cut of 12-15 cm with closing the remaining stubble and the rye root system by plowing by 20-25 cm or discing by 10-15 cm for 3-5 days before planting potatoes in the ridges, which spend 10-15 young, and they harvest potatoes in September, pre-harvest removal of tops is carried out by mechanical grinding and scattering tops in the field, and after harvesting the potatoes, finch plowing is carried out (RU, patent No. 2349068, C1, IPC AB 79/02 (2006.01). Method for growing potatoes in a bicotyledonous crop rotation / M.Yu. Karpukan (RU), Yu.A. Kirsanov (RU) - Application No. 2007125312/12; claimed on July 4, 2007; published March 20, 2009, Bulletin No. 8 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2007. - No. 8).

The disadvantages of the described method of growing potatoes in a two-field crop rotation include the fact that annual grasses, winter rye and introduced N ₉₀ P ₉₀ K ₉₀ cannot provide high and stable potato yields of 80 t / ha. The yield in Table 5 for 2004-2006 did not exceed 21 t / ha.

There is also known a method of cultivating potatoes, including placing potatoes in a crop rotation according to predecessors, stubble cultivation, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, spring harrowing or cultivation, planting in ridges, inter-row cultivation and weed control, pre-harvesting tops and harvesting tubers, in which as precursors use legume-cereal mixtures, clover, alfalfa, winter grains and rapeseed, on which, after peeling, the annual ryegrass or white mustard is sown, the green mass of which is changed They flock with disk scoops and plow them under the chill, organic fertilizers in the form of granular vermicompost treated with a film former, are applied locally to the ridges for seed tubers, and combined mineral fertilizers with microelements are applied locally on the sides and below the seed tubers, which are treated with planarized mixtures before planting with extrasol, after planting, inter-row treatments are carried out with a milling cultivator - an okuchnik before closing the tops of potatoes; precursor seeds are sown from wireworm along with insecticides - bazudine or heterophos; in the manufacture of granular vermicompost, eggs and larvae of the entomopathogenic nematosis Neoaplectana Carpocapsae Weiser or the preparation Etonem - F, BC or similar species are introduced into it; micro tubers grown on seed plots are used as seed tubers, while they are coated in vermicompost with cocoons of earthworms or entomopathogenic nematodes, with a film former; to combat the Colorado potato beetle, use the pneumatic collector of the Colorado potato beetle or use bitoxibacillin, or lepidode, or a mixture thereof; to protect potatoes from late blight, immunocytophyte or Agat-25 is used in the tops in the beginning in a mixture with plaris, then extrasol in a mixture with integral Zh or trichodermin; the tops are removed before harvesting mechanically with removal to the edge of the field (RU, patent No. 2286666, C1, IPC A01G 1/00 (2006.01). Method of potato cultivation / V.I. Staroytov, V.I. Chernikov, A.Yu. Holstin et al. - Application No. 2005105100/12; filed February 24, 2005; published November 10, 2006, Bulletin No. 31 // Inventions. Utility Models. - 2006. - No. 31).

In the described method, the creation of a crop rotation, the selection of a predecessor, the stubble cultivation, the operations of applying organic and mineral fertilizers, the spring harrowing, cultivation, the formation of ridges, the planting of tubers in the ridges, inter-row cultivation, weed control, pre-harvest removal of leaves and harvesting tubers deserve the attention of specialists. Particularly noteworthy are operations to combat agricultural pests of potato plants and to protect tubers from pathogenic microflora.

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating potatoes include the inefficient use of mineral fertilizers introduced along the rows of potatoes.

A known method of cultivating promising varieties of early potatoes in the Astrakhan region, including preparing soil and seeds for planting, protecting plants from agricultural pests and diseases, vegetative irrigation using drip irrigation in the initial period of growth to the closure phase of tops in ridges with a norm of 10-15 m ³ / ha, increased water flow in the budding phase - flowering to 40-60 m ³ / ha per day to maintain moisture in the arable layer of the soil within 70-85% of the field moisture capacity, the fight against the Colorado potato beetle with Aktara treatment based on 0.1 kg / ha with a drip irrigation system fed through irrigation pipes, inter-row cultivation with hilling ridges (see, for example, an article by R.I. Dubina. Promising varieties for early potatoes in the Astrakhan region. // Potatoes and vegetables. - 2009. - No. 2. - P.13).

The disadvantages of the described method for the cultivation of early potatoes with drip irrigation include inefficient use of trace elements (NPK) and irrigation water. In the first case, mineral fertilizers were fully introduced before planting, and in the second case, the required humidity threshold in the root-inhabited layer of potato planting was not maintained. All this affected the productivity of tubers: Rosalind variety - 28.6 t / ha, Zhukovsky early - 28.3 t / ha, Impala - 27.9 t / ha, Diamond - 24.8 t / ha, Rosara - 23.6 t / ha at their humidity from 60 to 80 t / ha.

A known method of drip irrigation of early potatoes in the Republic of Bashkorkostan, in which during the growing season of potatoes maintain an irrigation regime of 85-90-85 and 85-85-85% HB and introduce the estimated dose of fertilizers for the planned yield of 30 and 40 t / ha of early potato tubers Varieties Red Scarlett (see article A.D. Andrianov, D. A. Andrianov. Drip irrigation of potatoes // Land reclamation and water management. - 2008. - No. 3. - P.37-39).

The disadvantages of the described method of drip irrigation of early ripening variety Red Scarlett include low tuber productivity of 30-40 t / ha with the possibility of varieties 80-100 t / ha of marketable tubers. The latter is caused not by severe meteorological conditions of the Republic of Bashkorkostan, but by improper modes of mineral nutrition.

There is also a known method of forming a tuber-bearing layer during the cultivation of potatoes, including preparing the soil before planting, fertilizing, forming ridges, planting tubers in ridges with strip arrangement of rows of uterine tubers and forming a ridge simultaneously with intensive inter-row processing of the tuber-bearing soil layer after planting tubers in ridges, in which, after the planting of tubers, local application of a full dose of fertilizer is carried out in the planting aisles, alternating through two ridges in the middle of the rows, the height of which exceeds the height of the ridges, with the provision of the subsequent increase in the height of the ridge during the growing season of plants (RU, patent No. 2316944, C2, IPC A01G 1/00 (2006.01). Method for forming a tuber-bearing layer in the cultivation of potatoes / B. L. Okhotnikov ( RU), V.A. Andreev (RU) - Application No. 2006104056/12; filed February 13, 2006; published February 20, 2008, Bulletin No. 5 // Inventions. Utility Models. - 2008. - No. 5).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating potatoes when planting tubers in the tuber-bearing layer include low absorption of macronutrients (NPK) due to their complete and single application before planting the tubers.

A known method of cultivation of potatoes, including the propagation of potatoes on the best predecessors, pre-seedling of tubers, biological early spring heating of the soil, the application of organic fertilizers, autumn plowing of the soil, harrowing or cultivation, followed by subsurface plowing of the soil, pre-planting the tubers with biostimulants, pathogens and inhibitors, inhibitors inter-row cultivation, weed control at the white string stage, planting tubers during the budding period, in with a torus, primary uterine tubers, isolated from vegetative potato plants during budding, are used as a material for planting, with wounds treated with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, and isolated tubers after treatment with biostimulants, vernalization in a cool room, exposure for 6 -10 days are planted between the potato bushes of the used plot in an amount equivalent to the first planting (RU, patent No. 2314674, C2, IPC A01G 1/00 (2006.01), A01B 79/02 (2006.01). The method of potato cultivation / L.V. Tikhonova (RU), M.B. Maryanovskaya (RU), Yu.A. Massyuk (RU), etc. - Application No. 2005121407/12; claimed 08.07.2005; publ. 01/20/2008, bull. No. 2 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2008. - No. 2).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating potatoes include high labor costs and the inability to use on industrially applicable potato plantations.

The closest analogue to the claimed object of potato cultivation during drip irrigation includes resource-saving elements of potato technology for drip irrigation, including the selection of a predecessor, peeling of the predecessor stubble, loosening of the arable layer and arable horizon to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m, the application of organic fertilizers with a norm of 60 ... 80 t / ha, plowing with a turnover of the formation for incorporating crop residues and organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.22 ... 0.25 m, disking the top layer with heavy disc harrows to a depth of 0.12 ... 0.16 m when moving along trapezoidal ridges with a height of 0.16 ... 0.22 m, early spring dressing of ridges by rotary or milling cultivators, destruction of cold-resistant weeds in the “white thread” phase, vernalization of tubers, pre-planting of tubers with biostimulants and inhibitors of pathogens, planting of tubers to the top ridges and the application of mineral fertilizers, the layout of flexible irrigation pipelines with water outlets of the drip irrigation system, row-spacings, vegetative irrigation, weed control in the row-spacings and on ridges, protecting tubers from wireworm and vegetative mass from the Colorado potato beetle (see, for example, V.A. Shlyakhov, V.N. Samodurov, V.V. Korinets. Resource-saving elements of potato cultivation technology with drip irrigation. - Astrakhan, 2009 .-- 112 p.).

The disadvantages of the described technology include the low quality of potato tubers due to improper use of mineral fertilizers - the full introduction of NPK before planting.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to obtain a guaranteed crop of potato tubers up to 80 t / ha with drip irrigation due to the efficient use of mineral fertilizers.

The technical result is an increase in consumer qualities of potato tubers and a decrease in the content of toxic substances in the potato crop.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivating potatoes by drip irrigation, which includes the selection of a predecessor, stubble cultivation of the predecessor, loosening of the arable layer and arable horizon to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m, the application of organic fertilizers at a rate of 60 ... 80 t / hectares, plowing with a turnover of the formation for embedding crop residues and organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.22 ... 0.25 m, disking the top layer with heavy disc harrows to a depth of 0.12 ... 0.16 m when moving along the ridges, formation in the last to it in the decade of September with trapezoidal ridges 0.16 ... 0.22 m high, early spring dressing of ridges by rotary cultivators, destruction of cold-resistant weeds in the “white thread” phase, vernalization of tubers, pre-planting treatment of tubers with biostimulants and pathogen inhibitors, planting of tubers on the top of ridges and the application of mineral fertilizers, the layout of flexible irrigation pipelines with water outlets of the drip irrigation system, row-spacings, vegetative irrigation, weed control in rows and on ridges, protection of plantings from wireworm and vegetative mass from the Colorado potato beetle, according to the invention, in order to obtain a guaranteed crop of 80 t / ha of tubers, mineral fertilizers N ₃₅₀ P ₇₀ K ₃₀₀ kg ai / ha are applied fractionally with irrigation water from the drip irrigation system according to the main phenological phases in the following proportions: from the emergence of seedlings to the beginning of the formation of generative organs (buds), nitrogen 32-35%, phosphorus 20-30%, potassium 5-8% contribute, from the appearance of buds to flowering, nitrogen 43-60%, phosphorus 40-45 %, potassium 22-28%, from flowering to withering tops make nitrogen 5-8%, 22-25% phosphorus, potassium, 63-64%; tubers are planted at soil temperature in the ridges of + 6 ... 8 ° C; tubers were planted at the rate of 70 thousand tubers per hectare; the fight against the Colorado potato beetle is carried out with the Aktar drug with a dose of 60 g / ha by spraying with a working solution of 300 l / ha herbicides Zenkor, SP and Fyuzilad-super, KE are controlled by norms of 750 g / kg and 125 g / l, respectively; in the first phenological phase support drip irrigation in the 0.4 m layer, humidity is at the level of 60-65% of HB, in the second phenological phase - 85-90% of HB and in the third phenological phase at 70-75% of HB to obtain a guaranteed tuber yield 80 t / ha; as a precursor, use onions for turnips and winter rye as siderate with a plow of green mass of 56.2-50.4 t / ha; after loosening the soil, organic fertilizers are applied to the surface of the field and plowing is carried out sequentially with a complete turn of the formation, disking of the plowed field and cutting of ridges along the dump furrows.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, where in an axonometric image presents a drip irrigation system for planting potatoes.

The drawing in a plan view shows maps of irrigated plots when irrigated along furrows between wide soil rollers and a water distribution network with outlets over ditches for transporting irrigation water.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows. The method of cultivating potatoes in irrigated agriculture includes the following organizational and highly mechanized technological operations. These include: selecting a predecessor in the appropriate crop rotation, stubble cultivation of the predecessor, loosening of the arable layer and the arable horizon to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m, the application of organic fertilizers at a rate of 60 ... 80 t / ha, plowing with a turnover of the formation for planting crop residues and organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.22 ... 0.25 m, disking the upper layer with heavy disc harrows to a depth of 0.12 ... 0.16 m when moving along dump ridges, the formation of trapezoidal ridges with a height of 0.16 ... 0 in the last ten days of September , 22 m, early spring pra cocks with rotary or milling cultivators, destruction of cold-resistant weeds in the “white thread” phase, vernalization of tubers, pre-planting of tubers with biostimulants and inhibitors of pathogens, planting of tubers at the top of ridges and application of mineral fertilizers, layout of flexible irrigation pipelines between water discharge gutters, system treatments, vegetation irrigation, weed control in aisles and ridges, planting protection from wireworm and vegetative mass from Colorado decree

1. Crop rotation for potato cultivation

A crop rotation involving a potato culture should be such that the return of potato plantings to their former fields should be no earlier than after 4-5 years. At the same time, potato plantations should have a spatial isolation of at least 1 km from the nightshade crops of the previous year. This reduces the risk of damage to potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle and a complex of diseases of nightshade crops. There are three-field crop rotation: potatoes - winter wheat - alfalfa (potatoes occupy 33% of the total area); four-field crop rotation: winter wheat - potato - alfalfa - potato (50% of the area under the potato); five-field crop rotation: potatoes - winter wheat - chickpeas - potatoes - onions (40% of the area under the potatoes). In potato plantations, spatial isolation from nightshade crops must be observed.

For potatoes choose an open, aligned, without depressions plot.

2. The choice of the predecessor

Bean herbs - alfalfa, clover can be used as a precursor. As siderite, for example, in the Bryansk region narrow-leaved lupine is used. After 2-fold disking with heavy harrows, BDT-3.0 is smelled in the middle of August in the “bluish bobios” phase. In the lower Volga region, winter wheat, winter rye, and winter barley are used as a potato precursor. It is universally recognized: the best precursors for potatoes are the turnover of the perennial grass layer, legumes and cereal mixtures, winter grains in production sites, in garden and peasant areas: cabbage, onions, cucumber, zucchini. Potatoes are returned to their original place no earlier than after 3-4 years.

3. Stubble peeling predecessor

To obtain a smoothed surface after plowing for high-quality craftsmanship of trapezoidal ridges, provoking the growth of weed and scavenger seeds, grinding stems and stubble of sidereal culture, the soil is cultivated with disk cultivators LDG-5 (LDG-10, LDG-15m, LDG-20m). Precipitation in July - August accumulates in the upper soil layer and contribute to further plowing of the soil with less energy.

4. Crops as siderite for planting potatoes

Winter rye is used as siderite; in this case, wireworm is excreted, and the topsoil is saturated with roots. When plowing crushed straw, the ridges form a loose layer of soil, which is less caked. Chopped straw significantly affects the quality of tubers: the dry matter, starch, protein, vitamin C content changes. When manure is added to 40 t / ha and stubble is plowed with chopped straw, the dry matter increases to 24.4 ... 24.8%, the starch content in tubers reaches 17.5-19.0%, the protein is up to 3.61%, and vitamin C is from 16.3 to 16.7 mg /%.

5. Loosening of the arable layer and the arable horizon to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m for planting potato tubers in irrigated agriculture

For a uniform distribution of irrigation water during vegetation irrigation, elimination of erosive runoff during rainfall and aeration of the arable layer and the arable horizon, loosening by mounted slotting machines ShchN-2-140 with two racks with a stroke depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m on their lower sections is carried out .

On heavy loamy soils, cutting ridges is mandatory for better heating of the soil and the creation of an optimal water-air regime.

6. The application of organic fertilizers at a rate of 60 ... 80 t / ha

The introduction of litter manure from cattle in a dose of 80 t / ha allows not only to increase the yield of potato tubers, as a rule by 6-8 t / ha, but also to saturate the fertile soil layer with trace elements necessary for the potato: Mo, B, Co, Cu, Zn and etc. The effect of organic fertilizer in the form of scented siderite and manure is manifested not only by microelement nutrition, but also by a decrease in the density of soil compilation. This contributes to the penetration of the roots of the potato and the layout of the nest of tubers under the plant in the shape of a ball.

The highest tuber yield under the organomineral fertilizer system was achieved under the influence of pesticides for the protection of plants and tubers, and the yield increase reaches 1.9 t / ha. Organic fertilizers reduce the content of nitrates and nitrites in tubers. Studies have shown that when manure is applied, the quality of tubers improves. The content of solids in tubers increases by 1.9-7.1%, starch - by 1.5-5.7%, protein - by 0.38-1.98%, vitamin C - by 0.1-2, 7 mg /%.

Potatoes are responsive to the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Recommended doses of manure on medium loamy soil with low fertility - up to 60 t / ha or more. Organic fertilizers can be applied both in autumn and spring.

7. Plowing with a turnover of the reservoir for incorporating crop residues and organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.22 ... 0.25 m

Semi-mounted and mounted reversible plows of the Euro Diamant 107 + 1 L 100, Euro Diamant 85 L 100, Euro Opal 74N models deserve attention for peasants and farmers to obtain "smooth" plowing on the areas of 30-50 ha for planting potatoes. Plowing is carried out by shuttle method of movement. Each plow has the ability to stepwise change the working width of each hull from 33, 38, 44 to 40 cm. The plow-blade surface is made of steel strips for better turnover and crumbling of the formation. This eliminates the need for empty tractor runs on headlands, dump ridges and breakaway furrows and will completely ensure the incorporation of siderite and organic fertilizers.

KUHN Multi Master reversible plows with the number of hulls 3, 4 and 5 are noteworthy for potato growers. Plows are aggregated with Belarus tractors of the MTZ-80, MTZ-1221 and MTZ-1523 models for 3-, 4- and 5-body plows.

8. Disking the upper layer with heavy disc harrows to a depth of 0.12 ... 0.16 m when moving along the ridges

This operation in very arid weather is carried out by heavy disk furrows BDT-3.0M. The vertical milling cutters KUHN of the HRB series, with a working width of 2.5-6.0 m, have proven themselves well in this operation. They provide a working depth of 2 to 20 cm. When mounted with a working width, they are aggregated with MTZ-80 tractors.

9. Formation in the last ten days of September of trapezoidal crests with a height of 0.16 ... 0.22 m

Before the formation of the ridges, either a Cenius mounted mulching cultivator, a KE-303 rotary harrow, or the AVR Rumpstad RSF-8000 comb-cultivator cultivator are used.

Trapezoidal ridges are performed by comb-cultivators such as KP and HD. They are distinguished by high productivity due to the 4-row soil preparation system, the presence of a removable casing of the comb former makes cultivators universal: it makes it possible to use both for the formation of ridges and for inter-row cultivation. The width of the cultivator-comb-cultivator is 3 m, the productivity is 2 ha / h, the number of ridges is 4, the row spacing is 75 cm, the mass is 650 kg, the tractor engine power is 80 hp, the thrust class is 1.4 and 2, 0.

10. Early spring dressing of ridges with rotary or milling cultivators

Rowed cutters of the RF and GF type create a comb with an optimal finely lumpy soil structure, destroy weeds and create good conditions for the subsequent harvesting of potato tubers using a combine harvester. Mills of these models have rotors with a variable speed. Technical characteristics of milling cutters of the RF and GF models: working width - 3 m; productivity - 2 ha / h; number of rows - 4; row spacing - 75 cm; the chopped comb is 27 cm high and 75 cm wide at the base; weight - 1225 kg; tractor engine power - 80 hp; thrust class of the aggregated tractor 1.4 and 2.0.

An AVP Rumpstad RSF-2000 cultivator-combger is interesting for Russian specialists, which processes 4 ridges with a row spacing of 0.75 m. The total working width is 300 cm. It is aggregated with MTZ-80/82 tractors.

11. The destruction of cold-resistant weeds in the phase of "white threads"

Soil treatment in potato plantations against weeds and agricultural pests is carried out by a mounted model 120 US sprayer. It has 18-meter booms, an anti-roll bar, hydraulic adjustment of the spraying height, interchangeable sprayers, the possibility of switching on a different number of sections, changing the working width, and a water mixer for mixing the solution in a container, antifoam. Technical characteristics of the sprayer US 1205: working width - 18 m; productivity - 20 ha / h; working fluid consumption when working with pesticides - 75-300 l / ha; the flow rate of the working fluid when making ZhKU or herbicides - 150-800 l / ha; tank capacity - 1200 l; tractor engine power - 80 hp; tractor traction class 2 or 3.

12. The vernalization of seed tubers

Preparation of planting material begins on March 5. The vernalization of tubers is carried out at a temperature of + 23 ... 25 ° C for 6-7 days. Then, after the formation of sprouts, the temperature is reduced to + 15 ... 20 ° C. The day before planting, the tubers are treated with chemicals, for example Maxim, at a rate of 400 g per 1 ton of seeds.

One of the main criteria when choosing a variety is its potential yield and ripening period. In many modern Russian potato varieties, the potential yield level is quite high - 40-50 t / ha. However, the actual average tuber yield on farms does not exceed 9-11 t / ha. The potential yield of foreign varieties is 50-60 t / ha, and under production conditions they stably receive at least 40 t / ha. An important factor is the use of high quality seed material - superelite and elite.

In some farms, one month before planting, seed tubers are digested in the light at a temperature of 18-20 ° C.

Before planting, planting tubers are treated with solutions of stimulant preparations: Energy (0.2 g) and Stimulus (5 g) per 10 l of water. This increases the yield by 15-20%.

13. Preplanting treatment of seed tubers with biostimulants and pathogen inhibitors

To protect the planting material from a complex of diseases, potatoes are carefully sorted and healthy tubers are selected for planting after warming them for 2 to 3 weeks at a temperature of at least + 14 ° С. Before planting, fumigation of potatoes is carried out in storages to combat rhizoctonia. Use the drug Whist or bulk checkers at a rate of 10-50 g per 1 ton of tubers.

14. Planting seed tubers on top of ridges

Potato planters type VL and GL have cup-elevator planting machines; an adjustable transmission mechanism allows you to change the distance between the tubers in the ridge from 15 cm to 53 cm; the ability to install equipment for the treatment of potato tubers during planting; the ability to install fertilizer equipment. Sowing planter width - 3 m; productivity - 2.5 ha / h; number of rows - 4; row spacing - 75 cm; hopper capacity - 600-3000 kg; tractor engine power - 80 hp; tractor traction class 1.4-2.0.

The potato planter of the Hassia SL model produces high-quality planting of tubers for 4 ridges with a row spacing of 70 and 75 cm. The capacity of tubers in the hopper is 2500 kg, having a volume of 3.5 m ³ . Aggregate tractor of class 1.4 (80 hp).

The depth of planting of tubers is 8 cm from the top point of the tuber to the top of the ridge.

The norm of planting material is 3.0-3.5 t / ha or 30-35 tubers per one hundredth according to the planting pattern of 70 × 30 cm.

15. The application of mineral fertilizers. Solid mineral

Fertilizers can be applied locally in the soil layer or superficially. The centrifugal spreader model ZA-M1500 has movable vanes on rotating disks for smooth adjustment of the working width, a wide range of application rates, a spiral mixer in the hopper for uniform feed of granules to the disks, fertilizer at the center of the disc without getting hit with a spatula and without destroying the granules.

The operating manual is provided with tables for quick, precise adjustment of the application rate for any working width and any type of fertilizer. The spreader is equipped with the ability to sow the seeds of herbs, grains and other crops as green manure. It has the ability to increase the capacity of the hopper up to 3000 liters. Technical characteristic: working width - 18-24 m; working width when replacing discs - 10-36 m; productivity - 30-45 ha / h; application rates - 20-1500 kg / ha; hopper capacity - 1500 l; weight - 295 kg; tractor engine power - 80 hp

Mineral fertilizers are applied according to the basic technology in the spring before soil cultivation in order to reduce losses from leaching of readily soluble forms. Recommended norms for making mineral fertilizers for the active substance: nitrogen 50-60 kg / ha, phosphorus 40-60 kg / ha, potash 100-140 kg / ha.

Excess nitrogen delays the ripening of tubers, impairs their quality and keeping quality.

16. Preparation of a drip irrigation system and layout of flexible irrigation pipelines with outlets along ridges

After installing filters for water purification and means for supplying mother liquors to sand-gravity filters, the drip irrigation system is hydraulically connected to the pump station, and the flexible Lai-Flei pipelines supply the purified water to the potato plantation.

By technical means, two flexible irrigation pipelines with outlets along the ridge are unwound in each ridge. Each reel has 400 m of irrigation pipeline. One end of the pipeline with a start connector is connected to the Lai Flei pipeline, and the other end is jammed. Then give a test pass of irrigation water.

17. Inter-row treatments for planting potato tubers

During the growing season, 3 cultivations are performed with loosening of row-spacings and hilling of ridges. Care for potato plants consists in keeping the soil throughout the growing season in a loose state, systematic destruction of weeds, top dressing, irrigation, and protective treatments against pests (Colorado potato beetle) and diseases (late blight, macrosporiosis).

When using the Phytosporin-M and Gummi-20M complex of preparations three times, the damage to plants by fungal phytopathogens decreases by 30-70%, the yield of tubers increases from 2.4 to 9.0 t / ha of tubers. When processing vegetative potato plants, the safety of tubers is improved by a factor of 2–3 and their marketability: starch content increases by 0.6%, solids content - 0.9%, ascorbic acid - 0.6%, and the amount of nitrates decreases by 1, 5%.

18. Vegetative irrigation

The first shoots of potatoes appeared on the 20-22nd day after planting, full shoots on the 26-32th day. Watering was carried out using drip irrigation in the initial period of growth to the closure phase of the tops at the rate of 10-15 m ³ / ha, gradually increasing the flow of water to the budding - flowering phase to 40-60 m ³ / ha per day. Irrigation rate maintained moisture in the arable layer within 70-85% of the field moisture capacity.

19. Weed control in aisles and ridges

Before seedlings in the potato plantings, the soil is sprayed with either promototrin (gesagard), 50% EL at a rate of 3-4 kg / ha, or Senkor, 70% SP at a rate of 1.4-2.1 kg / ha, or Stomp, 33% EC 5 l / ha for the suppression of annual dicotyledonous and cereal weeds.

2-5 days before the emergence of potato shoots, vegetative weeds are sprayed with Hurricane (or roundup or glyphosate), 36% BP with a norm of 2-3 l / ha.

In the phase of 2-4 leaves in annual weeds and 10-15 cm in wheatgrass, potato plants are sprayed with the Targa super preparation at a rate of 2-4 l / ha. Mostly annual and perennial cereal weeds are suppressed.

Regardless of the phase of development of potato plants in the phase of 3-5 leaves in annual weeds and 10-15 cm of wheat grass, it is necessary to spray with the fusilase-super preparation at a rate of 1-3 l / ha to effectively suppress one- and perennial cereal weeds.

20. 3 protection of tubers from wireworms

Potato protection from late blight and alternariosis is carried out with Thanos and Kurzat R.

21. Protection of the vegetative mass of potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle

During the growing season, when the larvae or clutches of the Colorado potato beetle appear, they are sprayed with one of the following preparations during the period of mass deposition of the larvae: bancol, 50% SP with the norm of 0.2-0.3 kg / ha, regent, 80% with the norm of 0.02 kg / hectares, Actoy, 25% of the WDS with the norm of 0.06 kg / ha, Mospilan, 20% of the norm of 0.025-0.030 kg / ha. It should be noted that the preparations of Aktara, Bankol, Mospilan are prohibited for use in the sanitary zone.

Against the Colorado potato beetle, background treatment of the plantings with Aktara is carried out at the rate of 0.1 kg / ha with irrigation through flexible irrigation pipelines with outlets of the drip irrigation system. During the growing season, 3 treatments were performed.

22. After harvesting the tubers from the plantation and before laying the seed potatoes for storage, they spray the tubers with the preparations Maxim, 2.5% CS at a rate of 0.2 l / t, Tekto, 45% CS at a rate of 0.06-0.09 l / t. The flow rate of the working fluid is 2 l / t.

During storage, fumigation of food potatoes is carried out with Vist or bulk checkers at a rate of 5-10 g / t. After processing, the term for the sale of potatoes after fumigation should be more than 2 months.

23. Desiccation of potato plantings

To obtain a stable and dense peel, the tops are desiccated. The best way is chemical. Processing plantings of potatoes by Reglon. This occurs approximately 25-30 days after flowering. During this period, the aphid does not have time to infect the plantings with viruses, under each bush the required number of standard seed tubers is formed.

24. Removing potato tops

The KS 3000 topper can be used without additional attachments for both the front and rear. It has guiding flaps in the rotor chamber, which ensures accurate removal of the tops to the bottom of the furrows between the ridges. Knives on rotors are not sensitive to stones, as movable in the lateral and longitudinal directions. The KS 3000 offers the option of installing knives for continuous cutting. Technical characteristic: working width - 3 m; productivity - 2.8 ha / h; tops removal - 95%; row spacing - 75 cm; weight - 1000 kg; tractor engine power - 80 hp; thrust class - 1.4 and 2.0.

In industrial plantations, the tops are removed 10-14 days before harvesting the tubers. Mowing tops strengthens the peel of the tubers.

25. Harvesting potato tubers

Harvesting is carried out by potato harvesters of the models SE 150-60 and SE 75-20 / 30/40. Characteristic of the combine model SE 150-60: working width - 1.5 m; productivity - 0.8 ha / h; loss of tubers - up to 2%; the purity of a bunch of tubers - 85-98%; tuber hopper capacity - 6000 kg; weight - 8700 kg; tractor engine power - 140 hp; thrust class - 2 or 3; the number of rows to be harvested is 2. The DR-1500 model potato harvester, aggregated with wheel tractors of draft class 1.4 and 2.0 with an engine power of 80 hp, has proven itself well.

Combine the AVR 220 V model to remove 2 rows with a row spacing of 75 cm. The length of the conveyor-mixers: the first - 3700 mm, the second - 550 mm, the third - 805 mm. Hopper capacity - 5000 kg of tubers. Required power - 80 hp

26. The initial selection of potato tubers

For these operations, a potato sorting machine with a receiving hopper of model RH 20-60, a conveyor extender TC 80-16, a conveyor loader potato SL 80-12, a conveyor sorter of potato brand T 40 L. have been developed and are successfully used in the production of potato.

27. The laying and storage of potatoes

In large warehouses, a loading and unloading line with a capacity of 50 to 100 t / h is used. The capacity of the transshipment hopper is 1500-4400 kg of potato tubers. The optimal storage temperature of ware potatoes is 5-6 ° С, seed potatoes 2-3 ° С, in a layer of potatoes.

When laying potatoes for storage, they process the tubers with the Fitosporin-M preparation at a rate of 0.5-1.0 liters per 1 ton of tubers. The drug is dissolved in 3-4 liters of water. The walls, ceiling, floor, containers in the storage are treated with Fitosporin-M at a rate of 0.1 l per 100 m ^{2 of} surface.

Potato Solanum tuberosum L. belongs to the family Angiospermac, Anthophyta, Magnoliophyta, the class of dicotyledons Dycotyledoneae, the order of nightshade Salanaceae, and in general to the genus Solanum Solanum.

In the ontogenesis of a potato plant, there are five main periods:

1. From germination to seedlings. With the onset of the biological minimum temperature in the tuber, the intensity of respiration increases, starch turns into sugar, which moves along the vascular bundles. The buds of the eyes swell and germinate.

2. From the appearance of seedlings to the beginning of the formation of generative organs (buds). During this period, stems, leaves and root system are intensively formed.

3. From the appearance of buds to flowering. During this period, stolons form, at their ends there are thickenings that form young tubers. At the same time, the intensive growth of tops continues, as a result of which the plants need the greatest amount of moisture and nutrients.

4. From flowering to withering tops. This is a period of intense tuber accumulation, when their average daily growth under favorable conditions reaches from 1.0 to 1.5 tons per 1 ha.

5. From the beginning of the death of the tops to the physiological maturation of tubers, when most of the nutrients from the wilted tops go to the tubers. During this period, the accumulation of dry matter and starch in the tubers is completed. Tubers reach physiological ripeness and pass into a state of natural rest.

Start date of the development phase: landing - 10.05; seedlings - 05.06; budding - 20.06; flowering - 13.07; harvest ripeness - 05.09.

The effectiveness of the proposed method for the cultivation of potatoes with drip irrigation, we consider the example of two promising varieties Impala and Red Scarlett.

Impala (Netherlands) - an early ripe table variety. It is very popular among farmers for its consistently high yield and profitability. The variety is ideal for early market sales. It proved itself to be good for 3 years of observations conducted on the fields of the Gorodishchensky district of the Volgograd region, in particular in peasant farm A.M. Ledenev. The bush is erect, tall, white flowers, abundant berry formation. The tubers are yellow oval, with a smooth skin and small eyes, the flesh is light yellow. Productivity in industrial plantings without irrigation is 30-43 t / ha. The mass of marketable tubers is 90-150 g, the starch content is 12-15%, the taste is good, keeping quality is excellent, the yield of marketable tubers after winter storage is 90%. Resistant to potato cancer and golden potato nematode. Susceptible to late blight and rhizoctonia. Friendly return of the early harvest and timely harvesting, as well as strict adherence to agrotechnical preventive measures can completely avoid the defeat of these diseases, get healthy tubers.

Red Scarlett (Netherlands) - early ripening, one of the best red-skinned varieties of Dutch selection. It is popular with both amateurs and professional farmers, especially in the southern regions of Russia. The variety gives consistently high yields in heat and cold, rain and drought. In the Volgograd region, this variety has been in production for over 11 years. Red Scarlett surpasses many domestic and foreign varieties in yield and yield of marketable tubers; the record crop in A.M. Ledenev farm is 3.8 kg of tubers from one bush. Productivity in production plantings in central Russia up to 30-40 t / ha, at summer cottages and farms in the Southern Federal District up to 60 t / ha of tubers and more. Scarlett potato bush semi-erect, medium, red-violet flowers. The tuber nest is compact and shallow. The tubers are large, 85-120 g, beautiful, oval, slightly elongated, with a smooth red peel and small eyes, the flesh is yellow, the taste is good. It has excellent consumer qualities. The tubers do not darken with mechanical damage, but change color after cooking, the starch content of 10-16%. The tubers are well kept in the winter. The variety tolerates drought well. It is resistant to potato cancer, golden potato nematode, late blight, leaf curl, and Y virus.

The drip irrigation system includes an open or closed water source 1, a pumping station 2, a hydraulic feeder 3 for preparing the mother liquor, a sand and gravel filter 4, pressure gauges 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in the hydraulic system to control the operation of the units of the drip irrigation system. In the hydraulic network, valves 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are mounted with an electric actuator for remote control of the supply of purified water to the main pipe 18 under a working pressure of at least 0.02 MPa. The water distribution network includes a Lai Flet flexible pipe 19, which is connected by start connectors to the flexible irrigation pipes 20. The pipes 20 are 0.75 m apart from each other, as well as trapezoidal ridges. In each irrigation pipe 20, either droppers or water outlets are mounted 21. The step between water outlets is 21 - 0.2 m. Each dropper or water outlet 21, when planting 50 thousand tubers in the ridge, irrigates at least 2 potato plants.

The drip irrigation system includes a hydrocyclone 22, a strainer 23 for removing litter, and a sedimentation chamber for collecting suspensions, sediment and sludge.

The cavity of the sand-gravel filter 4 by 2/3 of its volume is filled with bulk filler to trap litter to particles of 0.5 mm. The filter 4 has a neck 26, an outer cylindrical wall 27, an inner cylindrical wall 28, end walls 29 and 30. In the filter 4, slotted pipelines 31 and 32 are placed on two levels for supplying water outlets. Pipelines 31 and 32 are connected by risers 33 and 34 for directing purified water to the strainer 35, and through a valve 15 to remove clogging. An interchangeable cartridge 36 is mounted in the strainer 35 to remove litter with particles up to 0.2 mm. The housing of the strainer 35 pipe 37 is connected to the main pipe 18.

The hydraulic pipe with sleeves 38 and 39 of low pressure through the valves 12 and 13 with the pipe 37 at the outlet of the hydrocyclone 22. The water flow rate is taken into account by the water meter 40. The main pipe 18 with the flexible irrigation pipe 19 is hydraulically connected by the pressure regulator 41 (see drawing).

The soil moisture in the meter layer under all crops by the beginning of the plant vegetation, regardless of the irrigation regime, was at the level of 85 ... 95% HB. Drying of the soil, irrespective of irrigation regime and crop, occurred along the entire profile, decreasing with depth. At the beginning of plant vegetation and after irrigation, there was a rapid drying of the soil layer at a depth of 0 ... 0.30 m and slower in the layer 0.3 ... 0.7 m.

Over the years of research, the actual soil moisture in all experiments was close to the given experimental design and did not fall below the pre-irrigation threshold.

The value of irrigation norms varied within 200 ... 600 m ³ / ha. The irrigation regime for the same experiment variants changed mainly depending on meteorological conditions.

The timing of irrigation of crops depended on the soil moisture reserves, weather conditions, as well as the pre-irrigation threshold established by the experiment scheme.

Pre-irrigation soil moisture of 75 ... 80% HB earlier than others occurred on the options with the study of the timing of cutting ridges (Experience No. 2) on potato plantings.

The first watering in this experiment was carried out in the 1st – 2nd decades of May.

In this experiment, the largest number of irrigations was -10 (2009), with an irrigation rate of 2720 m ³ / ha.

To maintain soil moisture content of 75 ... 80% of HB on potato plantings in experiment No. 1 in 2008, in studies, it was necessary to carry out 8 irrigation with a norm of 200 ... 410 m ³ / ha, an irrigation norm of 2710 m ³ / ha. Watering was distributed as follows: three in June and July, and two in August.

In a wetter year 2007, the number of irrigations decreased to 5 with an irrigation rate of 2240 m ³ / ha. Irrigation was carried out with norms of 460 ... 480 m ³ / ha, one each in June and July, and 3 in August.

In the driest year of 2009, the number of irrigations increased to 9, including one on May 25, two in June and three in July and August. The irrigation norm was 3250 m ³ / ha.

To compare the proposed technology for potato cultivation under drip irrigation for 3 years (2007, 2008, 2009), planting plantings of potato tubers Impala and Red Scarlett were laid, while elements of the Dutch technology are based on it. The predecessor is onion on a turnip. In the fall, the experimental field was plowed to a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m with a milling multitiller. In early spring (the third decade of April), the field was cultivated with a GRUSE RF-4 milling cultivator - a multitiller to a depth of 0.12 ... 0.14 m. Before planting potatoes, the calculated doses of fertilizers were introduced, followed by their termination with the Cirkon 7/300 milling dominator.

Potato planting was carried out on May 10-12 by a four-row potato planter imported by GRUSE FL-20KLZ with a row spacing of 0.75 m and a half-ridge tuber embedment. When seedlings appeared (after 25 ... 30 days), potato crops were treated with Zenkor at a dose of 0.7 kg / ha of the substance.

The ridges were formed with a Schmotzer KNM-4-75 rotary cultivator at the times determined by the experimental design. The shape of the ridge is a trapezoid with a height of 0.23 ... 0.25 m. During the potato budding phase, the crops were treated against a Calorada beetle with decis at a dose of 0.3 kg per ha. After flowering, the treatment against the beetle was carried out selectively, i.e. in places of obvious accumulation of larvae.

In the second half of the potato growing season, the crops were treated twice with late blight against Arterid.

Irrigation dates were assigned with a decrease in soil moisture to 75 ... 80% HB. Irrigation rate ranged from 200 to 400 m ³ per 1 ha.

Harvesting was carried out manually, and on the farm - a two-row trailed combine harvester imported.

The mass of tubers from the bush of the Impala variety in the variants without applying mineral fertilizers with a plant density of 40 thousand pieces / ha before harvesting averaged 448 g, 60 thousand - 384 g. The largest daily growth of tubers was observed in fertilized variants. With a plant density of 40 thousand units / ha and a dose of fertilizers to produce 30 tons of ha of tubers, on average over the years of research from July 25 to August 5, it amounted to 14.4; 40 t - 15.6; 50 tons - 16.6 and 60 tons per 1 ha - 15.5 g per bush, or 6.5 ... 6.8 tons per 1 ha. The diurnal growth of tubers in this experiment option was quite high in the period from August 5 to August 15. He made - 10.0 ... 11.9 g per bush, and from August 15 to 25 decreased to 6.7 ... 7.1 g.

The greatest mass of potato tubers in one bush of this variety with a plant density of 40 thousand pieces / ha was obtained in the variant with fertilizers for the planned yield of 50 tons and amounted to 715 g, and in the variant with fertilizer for the yield of 60 tons from 1 ha - 700 g .

With a plant density of 60 thousand pieces / ha, the largest growth of tubers on fertilized varieties was observed from July 15 to August 5 and in the variant with the introduction of mineral fertilizers to obtain a yield of 30 tons of tubers from 1 ha on average over the years of research was 10.0 g; 40 t - 11.2 ... 11.4; 50 t - 11.8 ... 12.0 and 60 t from 1 ha - 15.5 g per bush. In the subsequent phases of growth and development, the daily growth of tubers slowed down and from August 5 to August 15 amounted to 8.8 ... 8.4 g; from 15 to 25 - 4.7 ... 4.2, and from August 25 to September 5 - 2.5 ... 2.2 g per bush. The largest mass of tubers in 1 bush with a plant density of 60 thousand pieces / ha on average over the years of research using the option of applying mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of 50 tons per 1 ha, 534, 60 tons per 1 ha - 525 and 40 tons s 1 ha - 520 g.

Commercial potato crop structure when planting 40 thousand pieces / ha of Impala cultivar, depending on the fertilizer application rate for tubers 30 t / ha (N ₉₉ P ₄₅ K ₁₆₂ ), 40 t / ha (N ₁₃₂ P ₆₀ K ₂₁₆ ), 50 t / ha (N ₁₆₅ P ₇₅ K ₂₇₀ ), 60 t / ha (N ₁₉₈ P ₉₀ K ₃₂₄ ) according to 2007-2009. are given in table 1.

In scientific publications and publications, the data on the consumption of mineral fertilizers by potato plants are very contradictory. It is known that about 5 ... 6 kg of nitrogen, from 1.8 to 2.0 kg of phosphorus and 8.0 ... 8.6 kg of potassium are extracted from the soil for the formation of 1000 kg of potato tubers from the soil (according to N. Batsanov, 1970; A.I. Grueva, 1974; L.I. Alsmik, 1979; Z.A.Dmitrieva, 1981). For example, in the conditions of the Orenburg region, 5 kg of nitrogen, 1.5 kg of phosphorus and 7 kg of potassium are extracted from the soil by potato harvest of 1 ton of tubers. Authors V.M. Egorova, N.P. and N.P. Chasovskikh in 1987 indicated that each ton of tubers uses mineral fertilizers: 6.5 kg of nitrogen, 3.0 kg of phosphorus and 14.5 kg of potassium.

It is widely believed that the optimal fertilizer dose for potatoes is: N _120-150 P _120-190 K _120-180 kg ai / ha. However, there is data: N ₁₈₀ P ₁₀₅ K ₂₁₀ and N ₁₈₀ P ₂₁₀ K ₂₁₀ - in the Moscow region; N _135-180 P _165-210 K ₁₆₅ - in the Lipetsk region, and in the Volgograd region N ₉₀ P ₁₉₀ K ₆₀ - A.A. Navitnaya (lower Volga region).

In the initial period of development, potatoes consume 120 kg of nitrogen and phosphorus, 180 kg of potassium, and subsequently 140 and 210 kg. According to N. Davies (1970), N _{120 ... 140} P _{120 ... 140} K _{180 ... 210} kg ai / ha should be applied under potatoes. There is another point of view that N _{120 ... 150} P _{120 ... 190} K _{120 ... 180} kg ai / ha on fertile soils with a planting density of 40-41 thousand bushes / ha, and on poor and less Soils filled with fertilizers - 47-55 thousand plants / ha.

Another group of authors believes that the fertilizers N ₁₃₀ P ₇₅ K ₂₀₀ introduced during planting of potatoes can guarantee tuber yields of up to 60 t / ha.

The wide variation in the norms for applying mineral fertilizers indicates only one thing - the low efficiency of their use by potatoes.

To obtain a guaranteed crop of 80 t / ha of tubers, mineral fertilizers N ₃₅₀ P ₇₀ K ₃₀ kg ai / ha are applied fractionally with irrigation water from the drip irrigation system according to the main phenological phases in the following proportions: from emergence to the beginning of the formation of generative organs ( buds) make nitrogen 32-35%, phosphorus 20-30%, potassium 5-8%.

The research was carried out by the peasant farm A.M. Ledenev, whose lands are located in the Gorodishchensky district of the Volgograd region, from 2000 to 2009.

The soils of the farm are light chestnut, medium loamy. The humus content in the arable layer is 1.03-1.05%. The amount of absorbed bases is 22.80 mg / equiv. per 100 g of soil. The density of the soil in the layer of 0.6 m - 1.38 t / m ³ . The smallest moisture capacity is 21.3%. The availability of arable layer with nitrogen is low, mobile phosphorus - medium, exchangeable potassium - high. The reaction of the soil solution is pH neutral and slightly alkaline.

Tables 2, 3, 4 for the Red Scarlett potato cultivar and Tables 5-7 for the Impala cultivar show the physical values of the fertilizer application rate along with irrigation water supplied to the ridges by the drip irrigation system.

From the appearance of buds in potato plantings to flowering, 43-60% of nitrogen from the established norm of 350 kg a.a. / ha, 40-45% of phosphorus from a calculated value of 70 kg a.a. / ha and 22-28 are applied in parts with irrigation water % potassium from the estimated dose of 300 kg a.v. / ha. The described values of the applied mineral fertilizers ensure the normal course of the formation of leaf apparatus, flowering, the development of stolons and the accumulation of nutrients in tubers.

The remaining amount of mineral fertilizers from flowering to withering tops make nitrogen 10-13%, phosphorus 22-28% and potassium 63-64%. In the proposed technology, the described amounts of mineral fertilizers are supplied to the root systems of potatoes, taking into account the needs of potato plants and the laying of tubers with the formation of the largest amount of dry matter, starch, sugars, ascorbic acid in them. The supply of mineral fertilizers by the described methods ensures a high degree of evenness of tubers, their keeping quality during winter storage, and a thick and strong peel with high quality indicators.

Tables 2, 3, 4 show the potato yield data of the Dutch Red Scarlett selection, depending on the levels of mineral nutrition and the quality indicators of tubers. Not only is there a significant increase in tuber yield, but also a decrease in the consumption of mineral fertilizers compared to the basic technology, in which mineral fertilizers were fully introduced into the ridges before planting under the tubers.

Tables 5, 6 and 7 provide information on the effectiveness of the use of fractional application of mineral fertilizers by Impala potatoes of early ripening.

However, a guaranteed potato crop of 80 t / ha of tubers with a planting rate of 70 thousand pieces / ha was obtained not only due to fractional application of mineral fertilizers, but also due to the high culture of agriculture and agricultural technology.

First of all, onions for turnip and winter rye as siderate weighing 56.2-53.4 t / ha are used as a precursor. The green mass of rye is mowed, ground and distributed over the surface of the field. After loosening the soil and the subsurface horizon to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m with a step between loosening bands of 1.1 ... 1.4 m along the loosening bands, rotted manure is introduced at a rate of 60 ... 80 t / ha. Plowing a field with a full turn of the formation to a depth of 0.20 ... 0.22 m is perpendicular to the loosening bands. Disking the upper layer with heavy disc harrows and cutting ridges are along the ridges. The step of cutting ridges is 75 cm. The ridges are formed by special milling cultivators with a height of 15-18 cm in trapezoidal shape with the following parameters: height - 25 cm, width at the base - 65 cm, width at the top - 10-15 cm, cross-sectional area - 950-1000 cm ² .

Thus, in the loosened state, the ridges go into winter without a wireworm and with minimal clutches of the Colorado potato beetle. Due to the loosening of the layer up to 45 cm, precipitation in the late autumn period, during winter thaws and early spring, accumulate in the horizon 0-0.6 m without runoff in depressions. Low temperatures in winter lead to a change in the structure of soil aggregates. There is intense saturation of the upper layer with atmospheric air. Under each ridge, a bed of crop residues and organic fertilizers is formed, which is a screen for the accumulation of heat in the spring in each ridge.

After straightening the ridges, loosening the upper layer, and killing the cold-resistant weeds in the “white thread” phase, tubers are planted on the tops of the ridges with a depth of 8-10 cm at a soil temperature of + 6 ... + 8 ° С. The planting of tubers is the norm of no more than 70 thousand tubers per hectare. In this case, tight plantings are created on the tops of the ridges with a feeding area of 0.2 m ² (2000 cm ² ) 10000: 7, or at a distance between the ridges of 75 cm, the step between the tubers at the top of each ridge will be 20 cm.

The fight against weeds is carried out by Zencor and Fuselad preparations with supernorms of 700 g / kg and 125 g / l, respectively. Other means of weed control in potato plantings are given in table 8.

In the first phenological phase, moisture is maintained by drip irrigation in a 0.4 m layer at a level of 60-65% of HB. In the second phenological phase of the most intensive growth of the vegetative mass, the humidity in this layer is maintained at the level of 85-90% of HB. In the third phase, during the formation and maturation of tubers, the moisture content in the 0.4 m layer is maintained at the level of 70-75% of HB to obtain a guaranteed yield of tubers of 80 t / ha and thick peel for long-term winter storage.

The fight against the Colorado potato beetle is carried out by the preparation Aktar with a dose of 60 t / ha by spraying potato plantings with a working solution of 300 l / ha.

Means for suppressing pathogenic microflora in planting potatoes and from agricultural pests are presented in table 9.

Thus, the above data testify in favor of the claimed method of potato cultivation by drip irrigation with a guarantee of obtaining 80 t / ha of tubers with their high quality and rational use of expensive mineral fertilizers.

Claims (8)

1. A method of cultivating potatoes with drip irrigation, including the selection of a predecessor, stubble cultivation of the predecessor, loosening of the arable layer and arable horizon to a depth of 0.40-0.45 m, the application of organic fertilizers at a rate of 60-80 t / ha, plowing with a turnover of the reservoir for embedding crop residues and organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.20-0.22 m, disking the upper layer with heavy disc harrows to a depth of 0.12-0.14 m when moving along dump ridges, forming trapezoidal ridges with a height of 0 in the last ten days of September, 16-0.18 m, wounds spring-free dressing of ridges by rotary or milling cultivators, destruction of cold-resistant weeds in the “white thread” phase, vernalization of seed tubers, pre-planting of seed tubers with biostimulants and inhibitors of pathogens, planting of tubers at the top of ridges and application of mineral fertilizers, layout of flexible irrigation pipelines irrigation, inter-row cultivation, vegetation irrigation, weed control in row-spacings and ridges, protection of tubers from wireworms and veg native mass from the Colorado potato beetle, characterized in that to obtain a guaranteed yield of 80 t / ha of tubers, mineral fertilizers N ₃₅₀ P ₇₀ K ₃₀₀ kg ai / ha are applied fractionally with irrigation water from the drip irrigation system according to the main phenological phases in the following ratios : from the emergence of seedlings to the beginning of the formation of generative organs (buds), nitrogen 32-35%, phosphorus 20-30%, potassium 5-8%, from the appearance of buds before flowering, nitrogen 43-60%, phosphorus 40-45%, potassium 22-28%, from flowering to withering tops, the remainder of the nitrogen contribute 10-13%, phosphorus 22-28%, potassium 63-64%. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the planting of tubers is carried out at a soil temperature in the ridges of + 6-8 ° C. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the tubers are planted at a rate of 70 thousand tubers per hectare. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fight with the Colorado potato beetle is carried out by the preparation Aktar with a dose of 60 g / ha by spraying with a working solution of 300 l / ha. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the herbicides Zenkor, SP and Fyuzilad-super, KE are controlled with weeds of 700 g / kg and 125 g / l, respectively. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the first phenological phase, drip irrigation in the 0.4 m layer is supported by humidity at the level of 60-65% of HB, in the second phenological phase - 85-90% of HB and in the third phenological phase at a level of 70-75% of HB to obtain a guaranteed tuber yield of 80 t / ha. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that onions for turnips and winter rye are used as a precursor as siderate with a plow of green mass of 56.2-53.4 t / ha. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that after loosening the soil on the field surface, organic fertilizers are successively applied, plowing with a full turn of the formation is carried out, disking of the plowed field and cutting of ridges along the dump furrows.