RU2432728C1 - Cultivation method of green crops mostly tomatoes with drop irrigation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and land reclamation. The method includes the choice of crops as precursors in vegetable crop rotation, autumnal primary deep tillage, early-spring presowing or preplant soil treatment to loosen the upper layer and the suppress of weeds, laying of flexible irrigation piping of drop irrigation system, test irrigation water passes, setting up of sand and gravel filters and fine filters, fertiliser injector and means of delivery of liquid stock solutions of fertilisers, preplant irrigation and seedling planting, inter-row tillage, weeding in the protection area, herbicides distribution, maintenance of threshold moisture content in the root horizon, mineral feeding, protection of plants and tomato fruits from pests and pathogenic organisms, harvesting in the phases of technical and complete ripeness. After harvesting of preceding crop afterharvesting residues are chapped with disk harrow, topsoil is loosened to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, the top layer of relief is aligned, band volumetric tillage of the topsoil and undertopsoil layer is carried out to the depth of 0.35-0.40 m forming firm sidewalls along the curved lines described by equitation of the semi-cubical parabola and bandwidth at the level of day surface not less than 0.6-0.7 m and spaces between the bands is 1.4-1.8 m. For a guaranteed yield of tomato fruits at levels of 60, 80 and 100 tons / ha during the growing season with irrigation water mineral fertilisers are distributed fractionally: N120P40K50, N150P50K70, N180P60K90 kg application rate per ha in the following parts for phenological phases: in phase 5-6 true leafs 15% of N and 30% of P2O5, at the flowering stage: 30% of N, 12% of P2O5 and 17% of K2O, in the phase of fruit set: 25% of N, 10% of P2O5 and 25% of K2O; in the phase of milky ripeness of fruit 30 % of N, 35% of P2O5 and 20% of K2O, in the phase of full ripeness: 5% of P2O5 and 3% of K2O. Antecedent soil water in a layer of 0-0.3 m for these phases is maintained at levels 60-70, 70-80, 60-70, 80-90, 80-70 and 70-60% of field moisture capacity. ^ EFFECT: method allows to obtain the planned harvest of tomatoes of domestic and foreign selection with yields of 60, 80 and 100 tons / ha of fruit product with high quality and storability with conservation of appearance. ^ 8 dwg, 14 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and agricultural machinery, in particular to technologies for the cultivation of vegetable crops in the Lower Volga region, mainly tomatoes, with drip irrigation.

A known method of cultivation of vegetable crops, mainly tomatoes, including planting, inter-row cultivation and cutting slots in the soil, in which, in order to reduce water erosion of the soil and increase productivity during inter-row cultivation, the cracks are cut 5-7 cm deeper than the arable horizon simultaneously with planting between rows , and when inter-row processing of plants, the cracks are updated using them as guiding elements (SU, copyright certificate No. 895304. M. class. ³ А01В 79/02. Method of cultivation of vegetable crops / N.E. Rudenko, V.N. Orlov (USSR) .- Application No. 29980582 / 30-15; claimed on 08.27.1980; publ. 01/07/1982, Bull. No. 1 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1982. - No. 1).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivation of vegetable crops, in particular tomatoes, in relation to the problem being solved - obtaining the planned tomato crops of domestic and foreign selection with a yield of 60, 80 and 100 t / ha of commercial fruits at different levels of mineral nutrition in the drip irrigation system - include the inefficient use of irrigation water and the absorption of mineral fertilizers. Long-term plow and plane-tillage of the soil led to the formation of a water- and air-tight plow sole at a depth of 0.25 ... 0.27 m. At the same time, the density of the arable layer in the indicated horizon varies from 0.87 to 1.24 t / m ³ . Irrigation water with drip irrigation flows between the pores of the soil in places with lower density. The width of the irrigated area under a flexible irrigation pipe varies from 0.40 to 0.87 m. Together with irrigation water, mineral fertilizers are carried outside the root systems of cultivated tomatoes. All this in general leads to a decrease in the yield of tomato fruits and an increase in their cost.

There is also a method of weeding plants of row crops in the row protection zone during drip irrigation, which includes laying drip lines combined with ferromagnetic follow-up indicators on a field, fixed on a ferromagnetic carrier of information about the location of plants along the row axis by recording a signal in the form of a short modulated electromagnetic pulse of the moment of contact of each plants with soil during planting by means of a recording magnetic head of a planting machine in the form of tr actors complete with planting working bodies, and subsequent row weeding with a weeding unit in the form of a tractor complete with mounted soil cultivating working bodies such as rotary horizontally open rows of weeding knives with magnetosensitive sensors that allow reading of the signal recorded during planting, moreover, the sensors are kinematically connected through amplifiers of the magnetic signal with actuators of tillage workers x organs (RU, patent No. 2299536 C1. IPC A01B 41/06 (2006.01), A01B 69/04 (2006.01). The method of weeding plants of row crops in the protective zone of rows during drip irrigation / V.M. Ermakov (RU), AMSaldaev (RU), BAShlyakhov (RU), V.V. Korinets (RU), G.V. Gulyaeva ( RU). - Application No. 2005131348/12; claimed 10.10.2005; publ. 05/27/2007, Bull. No. 15 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2007. - No. 15).

The described method of weeding plants of row crops, in particular tomatoes, in the protective zone of rows during drip irrigation really allows to reduce the cost of manual labor to suppress weeds in rows. However, it does not help to reduce the overhead of irrigation water and mineral fertilizers when feeding tomatoes, because irrigation water flows into the aisles.

Known are the irrigation pipe of the drip irrigation system, the method of driving an agricultural machine on plantings with drip irrigation, and a system for automatically driving an agricultural machine in the complex invention — an irrigation pipe made of elastic material for a drip irrigation system, in the walls of which each is installed in the form of an elastic tube of elliptical section of a water outlet, mounted between lapped pipe walls, in which the pipe is in the inner wall and placed the strip of a ferromagnetic alloy; ferromagnetic alloy deposited on the outer wall of the pipeline; a ferromagnetic alloy is deposited at the junction between the inner and outer walls of the pipeline.

A method of driving an agricultural implement for implementing this group of inventions involves applying a follow-up indicator to the field surface and then moving the agricultural implement along the equidistant follow-up rows. The irrigation system of the drip irrigation system equipped with a strip of ferromagnetic alloy and placed along rows of vegetable, fruit and berry, and other crops is chosen as a follow-up indicator.

The system for automatically driving an agricultural unit in the indicated group of inventions includes a ferromagnetic track indicator and an aggregate. The latter contains magnetically sensitive sensors of left and right turns, mounted on the unit on the sides of its movement in a circuit of magnetic cores, magnetic field sources with two extreme and one middle pole tips, and actuating relays of the rotation mechanism. In this system, the extreme pole tips are made in the form of normally open magnetically controlled contacts located in front of the symmetrical longitudinal axis of the unit, and the middle tip is in the form of a pair of normally closed magnetically controlled contacts mounted on the frame of a mounted agricultural machine at the back of the unit. Each executive relay of the rotation mechanism is sequentially connected to an electric circuit with a normally open magnetically controlled contact on the front of the unit and a normally closed magnetically controlled contact on the machine frame and a power source. A ferromagnetic track indicator is placed on an irrigation pipe mounted by the unit while driving (RU, patent No. 2275016 C1. IPC A01G 25/02 (2006.01), A01B 69/04 (2006.01). Irrigation pipe for drip irrigation system, method of driving an agricultural unit on drip irrigation plantings and a system for automatic driving of an agricultural unit / V.M. Ermakov (RU), AMSaldaev (RU), M.V. Ermakov (RU), BBKorinets (RU), V.A.Shlyakhov (RU) - Application No. 2004128764/12; filed September 28, 2004; published April 27, 2006, Bull. No. 12 // Inventions. Utility Models. - 2006. - No. 1 2).

The described group of inventions is able to significantly increase the level of mechanization of technological processes of tomato cultivation under drip irrigation. However, it does not eliminate a number of technological problems to increase the yield and quality of tomato fruits.

A known method of cultivation of tomatoes in the Volgograd region with drip irrigation, including soil preparation for planting seedlings, planting seedlings, layout of flexible irrigation pipelines through 1.4 m with droppers in each pipeline through 0.4 m with a flow rate of 1.65 l / h, application fertilizers with norm N ₁₅₀ P ₆₀ K ₇₅ kg AI / ha for obtaining tomato fruits with a yield of 60 t / ha while maintaining the pre-irrigation humidity of the root layer of the soil at the level of 60-70% HB, fertilizing with a dose of N ₁₉₀ P ₇₅ K ₉₅ kg d .v./ha to obtain tomato fruits with a yield of 80 t / ha at holding the lower threshold humidity in the bed at the level of 0-0.3 m 80-90% of the HB and fertilization norm N ₁₉₀ P ₇₅ K ₉₅ kg ai / ha for fruit yield 100 t / ha by increasing planting density ( see, for example, an article by S. M. Grigorov, R. Yu. Popov. Efficiency of drip irrigation of tomatoes in the Volgograd region // Bulletin of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Volgograd Region. - 2008. - No. 11 (291). - S.20-21).

The disadvantages of the described method of cultivating tomatoes in a drip irrigation system include the low efficiency of using irrigation water, high irrigation rates, the unacceptably low efficiency of using such high doses of mineral fertilizers and, therefore, the low quality of tomato fruits (high content of nitrites and nitrates).

A known method of cultivation of tomatoes under drip irrigation, including the choice of agricultural. crops as precursors in the vegetable crop rotation, autumn main deep tillage, early spring pre-sowing or pre-planting tillage to suppress weeds, layout of flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system, performing test passes of irrigation water, setting up sand and gravel filters and fine filters, hydraulic feeders and means of supplying liquid uterine solutions of mineral fertilizers, pre-planting irrigation and planting seedlings, inter-row cultivation, s weeds in the protection zone, herbicide, maintaining moisture thresholds and holding mineral supplements, protection of plants and fruits from agricultural pests and pathogenic microflora, fruit picking in technical and full ripeness (see Recommendations for the cultivation of crops under drip irrigation. - M.: FSINU "Rosinformagroteh", 2003. - 48 p.).

The disadvantages of the described technology of tomato cultivation in the drip irrigation system, which we adopted as the closest analogue, are the low efficiency of the use of mineral fertilizers introduced with irrigation water and the irrational use of irrigation water. The first is due to the fact that mineral fertilizers are applied without taking into account the need for tomato plants and excess mineral fertilizers are washed out into the underlying horizons beyond the roots. When cultivating tomatoes in one line along a flexible irrigation pipe or planting seedlings in a strip in two rows, up to 40% of irrigation water passes into wide aisles (1.4 m or 1.8 m) for feeding root systems of weed vegetation, from which the fight with mechanized weeding or the introduction of herbicides.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to obtain the planned tomato crops of domestic and foreign selection with a yield of 60, 80 and 100 t / ha of marketable fruits at different levels of mineral nutrition with drip irrigation.

EFFECT: reduced overhead of irrigation water during drip irrigation, increased efficiency of assimilation by plants of applied mineral fertilizers and quality of tomato fruits.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivation of vegetable crops, mainly tomatoes, with drip irrigation, including the choice of agricultural. crops as precursors in vegetable crop rotation, autumn main deep tillage, early spring pre-sowing or pre-planting tillage for loosening the top layer and suppressing weeds, laying flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system, performing test passes of irrigation water, setting sand and gravel filters and filters fine cleaning, hydraulic feeders and means for supplying liquid mother liquors of mineral fertilizers, pre-planting irrigation and planting seedlings, inter nuclear cultivation, destruction of weeds in the protective zone, application of herbicides, maintenance of moisture thresholds in the root-inhabited horizon, mineral fertilizing, protection of plants and tomato fruits from agricultural crops pests and pathogenic microflora, picking fruit in the phases of technical and full ripeness, according to the invention, after harvesting the previous culture, the crop residues are crushed with discoders, the topsoil is loosened to a depth of 0.10 ... 0.12 m, the topography of the top layer is leveled, strip loosening arable layer and subsurface horizon to a depth of 0.35 ... 0.40 m with the formation of compacted side walls along curved lines described by the equations of a semi-cubic parabola and a strip width at the level of the day surface of at least it is 0.6 ... 0.7 m in increments between the loose strips 1.4 ... 1.8 m, to obtain a guaranteed yield of tomato fruits at levels of 60, 80 and 100 t / ha mineral fertilizers N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ , N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ , N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ kg a.i./ha during the growing season of plants together with irrigation water are introduced fractionally in the following parts according to the phenological phases: in the phase of 5-6 true leaves - 15% N and 30% P ₂ O ₅ , in the flowering phase - 30% N, 12% P ₂ O ₅ and 17% K ₂ O; in the fruit setting phase, 25% N, 10% P ₂ O ₅ and 25% K ₂ O; in the phase of milk ripeness of the fruit 20% N, 35% P ₂ O ₅ and 20% K ₂ O; in the phase of full ripeness of the fruits - 5% P ₂ O ₅ and 3% K ₂ O, and the pre-irrigation soil moisture in the 0-0.3 m layer for these phases is maintained at the level of 60-70, 70-80, 60-70, 80 -90, 80-70 and 70-60% HB.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 shows a fragment of an irrigated field for vegetable crops, mainly tomatoes, with drip irrigation, a plan view.

Figure 2 - section aa in figure 1, the cross section of the arable layer and the arable horizon of the irrigated field after the layout of the flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system for the local distribution of irrigation water.

Figure 3 shows the contours of humidification of the arable layer and the arable horizon during drip irrigation during soil preparation according to the basic (a) and proposed (b) technologies.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

The method of cultivation of vegetable crops, mainly tomatoes, with drip irrigation includes the choice of agricultural crops as precursors in the vegetable crop rotation, autumn main deep tillage, early spring pre-sowing or pre-planting tillage for loosening the top layer and suppressing weeds, laying out flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip irrigation system, performing test passes of irrigation water, setting sand and gravel filters and filters fine cleaning, hydraulic feeders and means for supplying liquid mother liquors of mineral fertilizers, pre-planting irrigation and planting seedlings, inter nuclear cultivation, destruction of weeds in the protective zone, application of herbicides, maintenance of moisture thresholds in the root-inhabited horizon, mineral fertilizing, protection of plants and tomato fruits from agricultural crops pests and pathogenic microflora, fruit collection in phases of technical and full ripeness.

The claimed method of cultivating tomato in open ground includes a number of technological operations that have been verified over a century when cultivated in non-irrigated and irrigated agriculture, and irrigation was carried out as when irrigated by furrows, sprinkling, subsoil and drip techniques.

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) belong to the nightshade family. By the nature of growth, tomato plants are distinguished into varieties and hybrids indeterminate, semi-determinant and determinant.

Determinant tomato varieties are characterized by friendly flowering and fruit formation. Determinant varieties form the bulk of the fruits in a short time under conditions of unstable moisture and provide high and stable yields. Determinant varieties are grown mainly in open ground or on stakes (stakes) and occupy up to 89% of tomato crops (areas).

Indeterminate varieties of tomato have unlimited stem growth, brushes laid on the shoots through 3-5 leaves. The main shoot and side shoots do not end their growth with inflorescences. Plants with indeterminate growth have a powerful bush, the rate of flowering and fruit formation is lower, as a result, even with the simultaneous start of ripening with determinant tomato plants, the friendliness of the yield is reduced. Indeterminate varieties of tomatoes are grown mainly in closed ground on stakes or trellis.

Site selection. Well-lit areas with even relief are best suited for tomatoes. Waterlogged, low places should be avoided. If there is no other choice, then in such areas tomatoes are grown on ridges or on ridges.

The soil. The best soils for obtaining high tomato yields are light, sandy, loamy, loamy and well-drained, with a fine-grained structure, well-drained, with a pH close to neutral (pH 6.0 ... 7.0), rich in organic substances.

Predecessors. The best predecessors for tomatoes are legumes, perennial herbs, cucumbers, onions, early and medium cabbage, crops. Do not place tomatoes after nightshade crops (potatoes, peppers, eggplant). Tomatoes can be returned to the same area no earlier than 4 years later. This is due to the accumulation of diseases in the soil, agricultural pests and pathogenic microflora.

The main tillage. On old arable plantations (fields), soil preparation begins immediately after harvesting the predecessor. On the field, after perennial grasses, the top layer is processed (crumbling) of the top layer with heavy disc harrows or cutters to a depth of 0.12 ... 0.16 m. With a moderate amount of crop residues and weed vegetation, one-two-fold disking (with disks) or peeling ( cultivators) for grinding plant residues and weeds. Granular superphosphate and granular phosphogypsum and potash fertilizers are applied superficially by spreaders of mineral fertilizers. The desired plowing depth is 25-30 cm and deeper, taking into account the root system of the tomato variety or hybrid. With any irrigation method, a lay-out of the field topography is desirable. This reduces cash and material costs when sowing seeds (planting seedlings), watering, and harvesting.

Early spring tillage on a plantation for tomatoes includes early spring harrowing both for closing moisture (destroying soil clods, leveling the relief) and for suppressing cold-resistant weeds, cultivating to a depth of 4-5 cm before sowing and milling the top layer to a depth of 12 ... 14 cm with planting tomato seedlings by transplanters.

On solonetzic and solonetzic soils and complexes, as well as if the soil is saline, it is necessary to carry out plastering, at the rate of not less than 5 t / ha of phosphogypsum. In terms of the active substance, 3.5 tons per 1 ha of CaSO ₄ must be added. This operation is performed in the fall before plowing. Plaster casting of saline soils reduces soil crust and soil salinity. When the pH of the aqueous solution is more than 8, gypsum is carried out for 3-4 years.

Fertilizers Organic fertilizers are applied before sowing the seeds of the precursor. To exclude pathogenic microflora on tomato plantations, organic fertilizers for tomatoes do not contribute. Organic matter is brought in at a rate of 30-40 t / ha of fresh manure (for cucumbers) or humus (other crops). Trace elements from manure by tomatoes are used in full.

To make the right choice of fertilizer system in the autumn, on a plot reserved for tomatoes, it is necessary to take soil samples for an agrochemical analysis of nutrient content and pH. Based on soil analysis data, an accurate calculation of the application of doses of mineral fertilizers is made.

Potash and phosphorus fertilizers are best applied in the fall under the main tillage. Norms Phosphoric - normally 120 kg ai / ha or 600 kg / ha of granular superphosphate, potassium 180-200 kg ai / ha or 375-420 kg / ha of potassium sulfate.

Nitrogen fertilizers are applied in spring in the norm of N _90-120 kg a.i. / ha or 65-350 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate. Half of the nitrogen is introduced before pre-sowing cultivation, the remaining amount of nitrogen fertilizer is served during the growing season with top dressing. When growing tomato in the area with drip irrigation, this ratio can be changed taking into account the needs of plants in macrocell N.

Of great importance in the cultivation of tomatoes should be given to the use of trace elements. They are best used with foliar top dressing when irrigation on furrows, inlet or when sprinkling. Non-root top dressing with complex fertilizers is used.

An important element for growing tomatoes is calcium. With its lack, the fruits are affected by vertex rot. On soils with insufficient calcium content it is necessary to apply fertilizers with its content (calcium nitrate) normally (on soils with high salt content) 20-30 kg ai / ha.

Also one of the most important nutrients is magnesium. However, it should be used only on soils where a deficiency of this element is noted. Therefore, it is imperative (necessary) to have soil analyzes of the area reserved for tomatoes. On soils with insufficient magnesium content (light sandy and sandy loamy soils), it is necessary to add 20-40 kg ai / ha MgO.

Fertilizer system. The fertilizer system of tomato plantations is developed on the basis of soil analysis. In the drip irrigation system, phosphorus fertilizers (readily soluble in water) are introduced fractionally with irrigation water into the main phenological phases. Sparingly soluble fertilizers (superphosphate) are applied in a full dose in the fall before plowing, less often in the spring before cultivation. This is due to the fact that basic phosphorus fertilizers are sparingly soluble in water, and water-soluble complex fertilizers have a high price. When cultivating tomatoes, it is optimal to use complex fertilizers that are selected for certain groups of crops and balanced in nutrient content. To reduce the cost of crop products, cheaper fertilizers are used.

Potash fertilizers can be used fractionally - 50% are introduced from the autumn under plowing. The rest of the potash is applied fractionally during the growing season according to the needs of the plants according to the growing time.

Nitrogen fertilizers are applied during the growing season according to the needs of the plant. Fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers is recommended to be carried out with each watering. In this case, nutrients are used to the fullest and their effect affects not only the accumulation of fiber, but also on improving the quality of the fruit.

In the period of mass flowering and laying the crop, it is effective to introduce complex fertilizers like Terra, Kristallon, etc.

Creation of plantations by sowing tomato seeds. Seeds are sown in well-prepared soil to a depth of 1 cm, but not deeper. With a deeper incorporation and insufficient germination energy, a problem with seedlings arises. The seeding rate is set depending on the quality of the seeds and the type of seeder and vary from 0.3 to 1.0 kg / ha. After sowing, for better and simultaneous germination, rolling of the crops is carried out. The soil at the depth of sowing seeds should be moist. When sown in insufficiently moist soil, seedlings may die. This will lead to sparse crops. In the southern regions, the optimal sowing period is May 10-20. According to phenological observations, planting tomato seedlings coincides with the beginning of cherry flowering. Sowing before the optimal time (from May 2 to 10) leads to a decrease in productivity by 40-60%, and in some cases, crops have to be completely reseeded.

Tomatoes are quite demanding on heat. At soil temperature + 15 ° C from crops to seedlings takes 14-22 days. At soil temperatures below + 11 ° C, the seeds do not germinate. The most favorable temperature for the growth and development of plants is + 22-25 ° C.

The soil temperature at the depth of sowing must be higher than + 13 ° C. The temperature of the soil in the seed layer is determined using a soil thermometer. With good seed quality, tomato shoots are obtained on day 12-14.

The sowing pattern depends on the method of irrigation, the type of soil, the characteristics of the tomato variety and hybrid. On drip irrigation, a sowing scheme of 120 + 60 × 33 cm is used (between drip tubes 1.8 m, row width 60 cm). The number of plants is 33.6 thousand / ha.

With other irrigation methods, schemes with a row spacing of 70 cm or 90 + 50 cm are used. When grown without watering, sowing is carried out in one line with a row spacing of 140 cm. The number of plants is 20.5 thousand per 1 ha. It is very important to achieve the optimal plant density of tomato plants per 1 ha, recommended for a particular variety, hybrid and sowing pattern.

Transplanting. In the southern regions of Russia, seedlings are planted in early May, when there is no threat of frost. Seedlings are best planted on cloudy days or in the evening. If the seedlings have grown, then it is planted with an inclination. The soil before or immediately after planting seedlings should be well watered. 2-3 days after planting, plants are supplemented (replanted) with seedlings instead of non-established ones (dead) and irrigated again.

The advantages of creating tomato plantations by planting seedlings: saving seed material, which is especially important when growing hybrids of foreign selection due to the high cost of each hundred (100) seeds; getting an earlier crop; planting seedlings in the optimal time for harvesting by the specified harvesting date in the vegetable conveyor; minimizing the risk of damage to plants by spring frosts; achieving optimal plant density; maximum selection of fruits (products do not fall under autumn frosts); creation of a conveyor for the ripening period of tomato fruits.

When creating plantations, seedlings reduce the risk of crusting on acidic soils and you can get good plantings of tomatoes. Seedling technology is more acceptable. Achieves great economic effect, because products are sold earlier at higher prices for products sold.

In terms of plant resistance to extreme weather conditions, seedlings are inferior to sowing plants due to the fact that when transplanting seedlings, the root system is disturbed and time is needed to restore plant viability. To obtain an early crop of tomatoes, seedlings of 60-65 days of age are used. This seedlings are planted in tunnels under the film in the open ground for early production. For other purposes, seedlings of 25-45 days old are planted.

There is in the practice of vegetable growers the cultivation of tomatoes seedlings on the ridge using a film mulch coating. This allows you to get an earlier crop, to retain moisture in the root layer of the soil. The film does not allow the spread of weeds. The described technology is laborious and requires additional material costs

The scheme of planting seedlings depends on the type of soil, type of irrigation. When drip irrigation of tomatoes, a plan of planting seedlings of 120 + 60 × 33 cm is used when laying flexible irrigation pipelines with a step of 1.8 m between plant rows - 60 cm. The number of plants is 33670 thousand plants / ha. When planting tomatoes according to the scheme of 70 × 30 cm, the number of plants is 47.5 thousand plants / ha. When planting seedlings according to the scheme 90 + 50 × 30 cm, the number of plants is 47600 plants / ha.

Tomatoes, like other vegetables, are very sensitive to a lack of moisture in the soil. Therefore, the regime of soil moisture should be given the most serious attention. The critical period for tomatoes is flowering - fruit setting. The irrigation norm for tomatoes ranges from 3000 to 4000 m ³ / ha per season, depending on the availability of soil moisture reserves in the root horizon.

Tomato plants are quite demanding on soil moisture.

The most demanding tomatoes for water supply during the period of mass fruit formation. Soil moisture at this time must be maintained at the level of 75-80% PPV. Insufficient soil moisture leads to mass shedding of flowers and even ovaries, delays the growth and formation of fruits on the side shoots, resulting in a significant reduction in yield.

Of all the irrigation methods for cultivating tomatoes, furrow irrigation, sprinkling, and drip irrigation deserve attention.

Furrow irrigation has been known for a long time. This method has its advantages and disadvantages. Irrigation water along the furrows is fed to the roots of plants. This contributes to a better use of moisture. When irrigation along furrows, diseases spread less. moisture almost does not get on the aerial part of plants. However, a large uneven distribution of moisture along the length of the row. On light sandy and sandy loamy soils, a large filtration of water occurs, which leads to large losses. When furrow irrigation, high demands are placed on the layout of the irrigated area. This process is very time consuming.

Sprinkling makes it possible to more evenly distribute moisture on the surface of the irrigated array, to establish and regulate irrigation norms. Due to the frequent flushing of plants, the latter are often exposed to diseases, as well as due to evaporation from the surface of the field.

Furrow irrigation and sprinkling at high irrigation rates cause secondary salinization of the upper soil layer, which makes it unsuitable for vegetable growing and agricultural production.

Drip irrigation is currently the most progressive method of watering. Water is delivered directly to the root system, eliminating moisture loss in the tramlines. Together with watering, it is possible to fertilize tomato plants with mineral fertilizers with precise control of consumption doses. This allows you to regulate the growth and condition of plants, saves money on their purchase, delivery, introduction. With drip irrigation, it is possible to combat soil agricultural crops. pests. However, the drip irrigation system itself has a high price, which significantly affects the cost of tomato fruits.

Depending on the quality of the drip irrigation system, the tube can be laid in the soil to a depth of 4-5 cm or on the surface of the soil.

Struggle with S.-kh. pests in the cultivation of tomatoes. One of the problems of vegetable growing is the fight against soil pests - the bear, wireworm, etc. They damage the root system of plants and at the same time a flexible irrigation pipe with droppers in the form of a tube and tape. The drip irrigation system allows the fight against agricultural production. pests in the soil by feeding insecticides into the irrigation system. The described processing is carried out if the number of agricultural. pests cause economic damage. Plant protection experts determine the amount of soil pests.

When the number of soil pests exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness, after laying the irrigation pipeline, the soil is treated with insecticides: Decis forte - at a rate of 0.1 l / ha; Bazudin - the norm of 1.5 l / ha; Zolon - at a rate of 1 l / ha, Bi-58 - 1.5 l / ha. The supply of insecticide solutions in the DIS is performed by venturi tubes (injectors) with irrigation water before transplanting.

With a large salinity of the soil with wireworms, damage occurs to the fruits of the tomato of the 1st brush lying on the soil surface. To do this, before starting the ripening of the tomatoes, the soil is treated by feeding insecticide solutions, sucking them into the SKO with injectors from additional containers or a tank of a hydraulic feed feeder.

With drip irrigation due to the flexible irrigation pipeline SKO in the tape, it is impossible to perform loosening in the tape (strip) and removal (weeding) of weeds. To cultivators make devices for lifting a flexible irrigation pipe and re-laying. However, this is associated with damage to both plants and the tube itself.

Herbicides on crops and plantings of tomatoes. With the chemical suppression of weeds using soil herbicides, inhibition of germinating seeds and sprouting of seedlings are possible. The most common herbicide is Zencor. It is introduced before the seedlings are planted at a rate of 1.1-1.4 l / ha, in the phase of 2-4 real tomato leaves when sown with seeds, the norm is reduced to 0.7 l / ha. Zencor can be applied fractionally: on tomato crops 0.35 l / ha before sowing or before germination and 0.35 l / ha on seedlings in the phase of 2-4 true leaves.

To combat cereal weeds, the drug Poast (norm 2.5-4.0 l / ha), Targa super (1-2 l / ha), Panther (1-1.5 l / ha), Fusilad super (2, 0-2.5 l / ha), Shogun (0.6-0.8 l / ha), etc.

The processing of tomato crops is carried out by vegetative weeds in the phase of 2-4 leaves of weed vegetation. The greatest effect of the lesion: in the phase of the cotyledons on dicotyledonous weeds; in the schwitz phase, on monocotyledonous weeds.

The effectiveness of the proposed method of cultivating tomatoes in a drip irrigation system will be considered on three hybrids: Torquay F1, Benito F1, Erkol F1 and Novichok cultivar of domestic selection. Below is a short variety description.

Torkway F1 tomato hybrid. Determinant type, medium growth ripening. The Torkway F1 tomato hybrid is designed for open ground and temporary film shelters. From planting seedlings in open ground to the start of ripening of the first fruits, 74 days pass. Fruits have a cylindrical shape like Marzano. Standard high yielding hybrid with integrated resilience. The fruits have a beautiful shape. They are highly portable and make the Torkway F1 tomato hybrid a worthy product for fresh sales.

The Benito F1 tomato hybrid is mid-ripening. From planting seedlings to the start of ripening of the first fruits, 70 days pass. A plant is of a determinant type. The Benito F1 hybrid is designed for open ground and temporary (tunnel) shelters. The fruits are plum-shaped with a strong skin. The average mass of the fruit is 120 g, without a green spot at the stalk. Shelf life of the fruit is one week. Fruits are used fresh and for salting. The Benito F1 hybrid is appreciated for its high yield. The fruits are dense, resistant to cracking, excellent quality, shape and taste.

Erkol F1 tomato hybrid ripening medium: 70 days from transplanting seedlings in open ground or after 110 days of sowing seeds. Erkol F1 tomato hybrid plant of medium growth strength. The fruit is elongated pear-shaped, dense, beautiful internal (at the cut) and external color. The average mass of the fruit is 110-130 g. In the fruit, the ripening of dry matter is 5.3-5.5%. Hybrid Erkol F1 is suitable for mechanized harvesting by tomato harvesters. It is resistant to Fusarium wilt 1,2 (Fol 1, 2), bacteriosis (Pst), verticillosis wilt (V), meloifogenosis (gall nematode (M)).

The hybrid has high stress resistance, has a complex resistance to diseases. Fruits are well transported over long distances without compromising on quality.

Novice - a tomato variety of the Volgograd experimental station of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Industry. The variety is medium early. Fruits begin to massively sing on 114-127 days after the appearance of full shoots. A plant with a determinant type of growth, medium leaf. The fruit is oval, intense red in color, smooth, with an average weight of 70-100 g. Productivity of marketable fruits is 42-51 t / ha. The value of a variety of domestic selection is the ripening of fruits, their resistance to overriding and mechanical damage, and suitability for mechanized harvesting. Each fruit is dense and transportable.

In the allotted territory for tomato plantations, after harvesting the previous crop with the disks of the BDM-4, BDP-4 models (OJSC Yug Zheldormash OJSC) and others, in the aggregate with draft tractors 1.4 or 2.0, crop residues are crushed, the top layer is loosened 1 (see figure 2) to a depth of 0.10 ... 0.12 m, its rollers even out the topography of the top layer 1. Then, when laying the first pass with either the parallel courses or along equidistant marker lines, a volumetric volumetric loosening of the arable layer 2 is carried out and subsurface horizon 3 (figure 2) to a depth of H = 0.35 ... 0.40 m s arr By calling the sealed side walls 4 and 5, each wall 4 (5) is given a curved ruled surface. As a guideline for the formation of the surfaces of walls 4 and 5, we adopted a curved line described by the equation of the Neil parabola — a semi-cubic parabola — a plane curve of the third order, the equation of which in rectangular Cartesian coordinates OXY is described by an equation of the form y ² = ax ³ for a> 0. A unique feature of such walls 4 and 5 is that each drop of water, due to gravitational forces, rolls down to the bottom 6 of strip 7. Irrigation water supplied by droppers or outlets from flexible irrigation pipelines 8 is accumulated in stripes 7, but due to capillary forces spreads between row-spacings 9. The width of the loosened strip 7 at the level of the day surface of the upper layer 1 should be at least B = 0.6 ... 0.7 m. This allows you to continue to perform any pattern of planting tomato seedlings in open ground in one line, so and in two lines. Lane 7 is performed on a tomato plantation in increments of ₁ = 1.4 ... 1.8 m (see figures 1 and 2). In the early spring after cover-cover harrowing with AB-24, AB-18, AB-15 or AB-12 harrow units with a working width of up to 24 m, flexible irrigation pipes 8 of the drip irrigation system with irrigation water flow rate or 2 l / are laid on the ridges of 10 strips 7 h / l.m, or 4 l / h / l.m.

In the spring in bands 7 do not carry out pre-planting loosening of the soil, because due to violation of the plow sole 11 in the bands 7, the soil is in a loose state and without excess moisture.

The supply of irrigation water to the flexible irrigation pipes 8 is made from a flexible LFT water supply pipe (Lai Flet), it is hydraulically connected through valves 13 and 14 (see Fig. 1) with fine filters 15 and 16. Each of the filters 15 (16) has a replaceable cartridge and is connected by valves 17 and 18 to the sand and gravel filter 19. The filter 19 is connected by a valve 22 to the pump station for collecting irrigation water by valves 22 and 21. The filter 19 through the valve 23 is connected to the capacity of the hydraulic feeder 24 for supplying the mother liquor to the fine filter 16 through the valve 25.

Figure 3 graphically shows the distribution of moisture in the humidification circuit with drip irrigation when processing the arable layer according to the basic technology (left) and the proposed method (right) for different irrigation rates.

To obtain a guaranteed yield of tomato fruits at the level of 60, 80 and 100 t / ha, the norms of mineral fertilizers N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ , N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ , N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ kg a.a. / ha during the growing season of plants contribute fractionally (in parts) together with irrigation water in the following parts, taking into account the state of plants in the following phenological phases. To form a strong root mass and a powerful vegetative mass in the phase 5-6 of this leaf, up to 15% nitrogen and up to 30% phosphorus of the calculated dose are applied to each tomato bush. Since the availability of potassium in the soil is high, in this phase potassium is not supplied to the drip irrigation system in this phase.

In the flowering phase of tomato brushes, along with irrigation water, 30% N, 12% P ₂ O ₅ and 17% K ₂ O are fed into the root systems of plants. This leads to the friendly flowering of tomato plants and the preservation of plants in a healthy form without curly leaves.

25% N of the calculated doses, 10% P ₂ O ₅ and 25% K ₂ O are served together with irrigation water to set the fruits of the tomato in the setting phase. This allows the formation of full-fledged fruits on each plant.

To complete the formation of fruits and lay in them the necessary nutrients in the milk ripeness phase, the residual dose of nitrogen - up to 20%, 35% of phosphorus and 20% of potassium is sent from the hydraulic feeder to the flexible irrigation pipelines of the North Kazakhstan region. This ensures the smoothness of the fruits and the high content of fiber and sugars in them, which is especially important for the long-distance transportation of fruits in milk ripeness and their further ripening.

To increase the yield of marketable products in the phase of full ripeness, tomato plantations are served up to 5% P ₂ O ₅ and 3% K ₂ O.

Bright fruits in the phase of full ripeness due to the sufficiency of macronutrients in the soil ensure their preservation for 7-8 days after harvesting and provide their excellent taste.

The effectiveness of the use by tomato plants of introduced macronutrients (NPK) and extracted micronutrients from the soil layer in the strips is achieved by the fact that the pre-irrigation soil moisture in the layer 0-0.3 m in the above phases is maintained at 60-70, 70-80, 60- 70, 80-80, 80-70 and 70-60% HB. The indicated modes of maintaining thresholds of the lowest moisture capacity ensure the efficient use of irrigation water with an irrigation rate of 4240 m ³ / ha.

The claimed method of cultivating tomatoes under drip irrigation from 2007 to 2009 was tested under production conditions.

Field experiments were conducted in 2007-2009 in peasant farms EA Anufrieva Chernoyarsk district of the Astrakhan region.

The climate of this zone is characterized by dry and hot spring, arid summer, cold, usually snowless winter. All years of research have been arid to some extent. The conditions of the growing season of 2007 and 2009 for moisture availability were characterized by severe spring and summer droughts. In 2008, a relatively moderate drought was observed during the growth and development of tomato plants.

The fields in which the studies were conducted are represented by light chestnut, slightly saline soils. In the composition of salts, sulfates prevail over chlorides. The average basic agrochemical parameters of the soil are shown in table 1.

Planting tomato seedlings of these hybrids was carried out at the optimum time in triplicate on plots with areas of 180 m ² . The following mineral fertilizers were used in the experiments: ammonium nitrate 34% N, double superphosphate 38% Р ₂ О ₅ , potassium sulfate 50% K ₂ O. In the basic technology, the main fertilizer was introduced in the spring for cultivation, and top dressing was carried out together with irrigation water according to field schemes experiences.

Agricultural practices (with the exception of those studied) were carried out in accordance with the “Recommendations for the cultivation of crops under drip irrigation,” tomatoes in accordance with GOST 10-313-2002.

The main tillage was carried out according to the basic technology, including crushing plant and crop residues using a KPP-1.5 mower-grinder, digging with LDH-5 cultivator to a depth of 0.08-0.10 m and autumn plowing with a PPN-4-35 plow on depth 0.25-0.27 m. In spring, the chaffs were harrowed with ZBZ3-1.0 tooth harrows and cultivated with KSO-4 steam cultivators. Under cultivation, mineral fertilizers RUM-3 were introduced according to experimental designs.

To lay out flexible irrigation pipelines of the QUEEN GIL drip irrigation system (Bulgaria), the KOR-4.2 cultivator was used, equipped with slotting guides and markers. The layout of the irrigation hoses corresponded to a tomato planting scheme with a row spacing of 1.4 m.

In addition to marking the site, the slotting machines increased the efficiency of row spacings. During cultivation, the transverse displacements of the working bodies relative to the longitudinal axis of the row were reduced, which made it possible to significantly reduce the width of the protective zone without damaging the flexible irrigation pipes. The sprinkling of irrigation pipelines with a layer of soil during row-spacings did not affect the quality of the drip irrigation system.

The pre-planting irrigation rate depended on the mechanical composition of the soil and its moisture content on the day watering began, and was also determined by the experimental design. During the growing season, irrigation dates and rates were established taking into account the pre-irrigation threshold for soil moisture. The soil moisture in the layer of 0.00-0.04 m was maintained during the vegetation of plants at the level of 80-90% HB.

Tomato seedlings were planted in the I-II decade of May. The main measures for plant care according to the basic technology consisted of two inter-row cultivations, the second cultivation - with re-cultivation, two manual weeding. Top dressing was carried out with irrigation water on time and at the rate according to the experimental designs. During the growing season, three fruit harvests were carried out taking into account the crop with analysis by fractions.

Autumn plowing of the soil was carried out in experimental plots annually in late October - early November to a depth of 0.25-0.27 m with preliminary stubble cultivation.

The main activities for the care of tomato plants were carried out according to the technological map.

Field experiments were accompanied by the necessary observations, counts and measurements, which were carried out in compliance with the requirements of the field experiment methodology in vegetable growing and melon growing (1979).

The soil moisture was controlled by thermostat-weight method.

Harvest accounting was carried out by weighing with separation by fractions according to GOST 1725-85 “Fresh tomatoes. Technical conditions. "

Statistical processing of the results of field studies was carried out in accordance with the method of B.A. Dospekhov (1986).

In all experiments in the peasant farm Anufrieva EA In the conditions of drip irrigation in the Chernoyarsk region of the Astrakhan region, 1 variety and 3 hybrid varieties of domestic and foreign selection were studied. Variety descriptions of the latter are given above.

The most important issue of crop production in irrigation is to meet the water needs of plants, which is associated with the size of the crop. Numerous studies in various soil and climatic zones have established that to maintain a certain level of saturation of plant cells with water during the growing season, a different amount of water is required for each row and type of plant, including tomato. Despite the indisputable fact that a high crop yield of crops, including tomatoes, can be obtained only with an optimal water supply, one should not forget about the savings in the expenditure of irrigation water and its productive use by tomatoes.

Evaluation of the impact of irrigation norms on productivity was carried out using various drip tubes with a flow rate of 2-4 l / h / m.

The obtained test results are summarized in tables 2-14.

The data in tables 2-7 indicate that the average irrigation rate when using a drip tape with a flow rate of 5 l / h / m (2740.86 m ³ / ha) is 408 m ³ less than when using a drip tape with a flow rate of 4 l / h / m (3149.25 m ³ / ha). At the same time, an increase in yield was observed in all types of experiments with an increase in irrigation rates.

The highest yield of fruits was shown by the Erkol hybrid (106.00 t / ha). In 2008, it was possible to see when using a drip tube with a water pouring rate of 4 l / h / m and using a dose of fertilizers N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ a.a. kg / ha the highest yield of fruits.

Thus, in the zone of the Lower Volga region, drip tape irrigation with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / m is most effective, which ensures the maintenance of a more optimal humidity regime (HB = 85-95%) and contributes to a higher planned yield.

We have established the effect of different doses of fertilizers on tomato productivity during drip irrigation. Mineral fertilizers during top dressing came in dissolved form together with irrigation water directly to the root zone of the row in loose strips. Fertilizing plants with irrigation water (fertigation) is widespread, in connection with the transition to more efficient methods of irrigation, including drip irrigation.

Fertilizer application had a positive effect on the tomato crop, yield increase by varieties ranged from 30.0 t / ha to 40.0 t / ha.

As the data in tables 8-13 show, the highest yields were obtained in all variants and replicates when using a drip tube with a pouring rate of 4 l / h / m and a fertilizer dose of N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ kg ai / ha. The highest yield was observed for the Erkol F1 hybrid - 106 t / ha in 2008 when irrigated with a drop tube with a water pouring rate of 4 l / h / m.

The yield increase was noted in all experiments at N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ kg ai / ha and a watering rate of 2 l / h / m per 10 t / ha in relation to the control variant without the use of fertilizers. In the second embodiment, at N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ and a spill rate of 4 l / h / m, the yield increase averaged 15 t / ha in relation to the control variant without fertilizers.

Fertilizers are a leading environmental factor that affects crop quality. The mineral nutrition of plants improves with scientifically based doses of fertilizer. Increasing the productivity of plants, fertilizers can change the content in the fruits of the sum of sugars, solids, acidity and other indicators that serve as a qualitative characteristic of the crop.

The quality of the fruits during the cultivation of tomatoes according to the basic and inventive technologies are shown in table 14.

The agroclimatic conditions of the Astrakhan region are favorable for the growth and development of tomato plants, provide high yields during drip irrigation.

A comprehensive analysis of the technology of cultivation of tomatoes under drip irrigation showed its high efficiency, because the size and quality of the crop depends on the accuracy of maintaining soil moisture and plant nutrition.

The highest tomato yields are observed in plants grown by drip irrigation with a water outflow of 4 l / h / m, compared to irrigation with a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / m in all years of the study. Therefore, a drip tube with a watering rate of 4 l / h / m is better proven.

Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on tomato productivity. In each experiment, an increase in fruit productivity from 10 to 15 t / ha was given. The greatest increase in yield was obtained with a dose of fertilizer N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ kg a.v. / ha when irrigated with a pipe with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / m and a dose of fertilizer N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ kg a.v. / ha at irrigation with a tube with a flow rate of 4 l / h / m. The maximum yield of 106 t / ha was observed in the experiment using fertilizers in a dose of N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ kg a.v. / ha.

As a result of the research, the most promising tomato hybrids were selected for cultivation under drip irrigation. The best result in fruit yield was shown by the Erkol F1 hybrid, whose yield was 96.0 t / ha when irrigated with a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / m and 106.0 t / ha when irrigated with a drop tube with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / m

In the Chernoyarsk district of the Astrakhan region, it is recommended to grow the Erkol F1 hybrid to obtain a yield of 106.0 t / ha.

To obtain high productivity with drip irrigation, fertilizers should be applied at a dose of N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ kg a.a. / ha and a drip pipe should be used for irrigation with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / m with an irrigation mode of 80-90% HB and irrigation norm 4240 m ³ / ha.

Table 1 Agrochemical indicators of the soil Horizon, m Water indicator Humus content,% Provision with nutrients, mg / kg dry soil In% on air-dry soil mass N hydrolyzable P ₂ O ₅ K ₂ O dense residue Cl ^- SO ₄ ⁺⁺ 0-0.20 8.0 2.2 59.2 62.1 286 0,120 0.019 0,048 0.2-0.40 7.8 2,, 0 57.3 49.1 274 0,200 0,079 0.108

table 2 The effect of mineral fertilizer application rates on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2007) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Average productivity, t / ha Irrigation rate, m ³ / ha Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 43.06 1722 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 53.1 2124 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 62.9 2513 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 72.9 2917 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 51.06 2042 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 60,2 2408 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 71.06 2842 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 81.1 3244 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 56.1 2246 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 66.09 2641 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 75.9 3638 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 86.4 3456 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 57.1 2284 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 67.6 2704 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 77.96 3118 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 88.06 3522 HCP ₀₅ = 0.062 t / ha S _x = 2.1%

Table 3 The effect of mineral fertilizer application rates on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2008) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Average productivity, t / ha Irrigation rate, m ³ / ha Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 47.0 1880 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 57.1 2280 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 67.2 2689 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 77.1 3080 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 52.1 2080 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 69.0 2762 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 78.1 3126 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 83.9 3356 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 54.0 2162 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 63.9 2558 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 74.0 2960 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 88.16 3526 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 56.0 2240 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 76.06 3042 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 86.9 3477 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 96.1 3844 HCP ₀₅ = 0.032 t / ha S _x = 2.1%

Table 4 The effect of mineral fertilizer application rates on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2009) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Average productivity, t / ha Irrigation rate, m ³ / ha Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 46.02 1840 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 55.8 2233 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 75.9 3037 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 86.0 3440 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 50.7 2028 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 600.3 2412 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 70.6 2826 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 80.06 3202 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 52.9 2116 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 62.9 2518 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 72.9 2918 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 82.3 3317 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 55.0 2202 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 65.0 2600 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 74.8 2993 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 84.9 3397 HCP ₀₅ = 0.091 t / ha S _x = 2.0%

Table 5 The influence of mineral fertilizer application rates on tomato productivity when drip irrigation with a flow rate of 4 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2007) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Average productivity, t / ha Irrigation rate, m ³ / ha Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 50.9 2036 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 65.0 2600 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 75,2 3009 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 84.9 3396 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 58.1 2324 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 72.9 2916 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 83.0 3320 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 93.0 3720 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 64.1 2564 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 77.9 3117 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 87.8 3514 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 97.0 3880 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 65.9 2636 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 79.0 3160 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 88.9 3556 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 98.1 3924 HCP ₀₅ = 0.171 t / ha S _x = 2.1%

Table 6 The effect of mineral fertilizer application rates on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2008) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Average productivity, t / ha Irrigation rate, m ³ / ha Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 52.0 2080 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 66.9 2676 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 76.9 3076 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 87.0 3480 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 63.0 2520 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 77.9 3116 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 87.4 3496 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 96.0 3840 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 668.9 2756 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 84.05 3360 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 94.9 3796 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 105.0 4200 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 70.0 2800 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 84.9 3396 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 96.3 3854 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 106.0 4240 HCP ₀₅ = 0.262 t / ha S _x = 2.0%

Table 7 The effect of mineral fertilizer application rates on tomato productivity during drip irrigation with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2009) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Average productivity, t / ha Irrigation rate, m ³ / ha Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 46.02 1840 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 55.8 2233 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 75.9 3037 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 86.0 3440 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 50.7 2028 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 60.0 2400 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 70.6 2826 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 80.06 3202 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 67.0 2680 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 83.05 3320 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 93.0 3720 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 103.0 4120 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 68.0 2720 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 83.0 3320 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 94.0 3760 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 104.0 4160 HCP ₀₅ = 0.041 t / ha S _x = 2.0%

Table 8 The influence of the methods of applying mineral fertilizers on tomato yield when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2007) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Fruit yield by replicates, t / ha 1st 2nd 3rd Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 43.0 42.8 43,4 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 53.0 53.3 53.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 62.8 63.0 62.9 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 73.0 72.6 73,2 According to the claimed method 75.9 76.9 76.1 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 56.1 56.0 56.4 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 66.0 65.8 66.3 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 75.8 76.1 76.0 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 87.0 86.0 86.2 According to the claimed method 92.2 88.5 92.8 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 51.0 51.3 50.9 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 60.0 60,2 60,4 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 70.9 71.3 71.0 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 81.0 80.9 81.4 According to the claimed method 85.6 87.3 83.8 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 57.0 56.8 57.2 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 67.7 67.4 67.6 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 72.0 78,2 77.7 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 88.0 88.2 88.0 According to the claimed method 91.5 90.8 94.1 HCP ₀₅ = 0.082 t / ha S _x = 2.1%

Table 9 The influence of the methods of applying mineral fertilizers on tomato yield when irrigated with a drop tube with a water flow rate of 2 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2008) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Fruit yield by replicates, t / ha 1st 2nd 3rd Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 47.1 47.0 46.9 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 56.9 57.1 57.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 67.3 67.2 67.2 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 77.0 77.1 76.9 According to the claimed method 79.3 80.1 81.5 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 52.0 58.7 50.7 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 69.2 69.0 69.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 78.0 78,4 78.1 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 83.9 83.8 84.0 According to the claimed method 86.4 87.9 88.2 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 54.0 54.0 54,2 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 63.8 64.0 64.1 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 74.0 74.0 74.0 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 88.2 88.0 88.3 According to the claimed method 90.8 93,4 90.1 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 56.0 56.0 56.0 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 76.0 76,2 76.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 87.0 86.9 86.9 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 96.0 96.2 96.0 According to the claimed method 96.9 98.1 98.8 HCP ₀₅ = 0.127 t / ha S _x = 3.2%

Table 10 The influence of methods of applying mineral fertilizers on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water consumption of 2 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2009) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Fruit yield by replicates, t / ha 1st 2nd 3rd Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 46.0 46.2 46.0 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 55.8 55.7 56.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 75.9 76.0 75.9 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 86.0 86.0 86.0 According to the claimed method 91.16 92.02 88.58 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 50.8 50.7 50.7 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 60.0 60.0 60.9 3 N150P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 70.7 70.6 70.7 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 80.1 80.0 80.1 According to the claimed method 84.9 85.6 87.3 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 52.9 530, 52.8 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 63.0 62.9 63.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 73.0 73.0 72.9 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 82.8 83.0 83.0 According to the claimed method 85,2 87.1 87.9 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 55.0 55.2 55.0 2 N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ 65.0 65.0 65.0 3 N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ 74.8 74.9 74.8 four N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ 85.0 84.8 85.0 According to the claimed method 90.1 90.7 92.6 HCP ₀₅ = 0.121 t / ha S _x = 2.9%

Table 11 The influence of the methods of applying mineral fertilizers on tomato yield when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2007) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Fruit yield by replicates, t / ha 1st 2nd 3rd Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 50,0 49.8 50,0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 65.0 65.1 65.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 75.9 75.0 74.8 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 78.1 79.5 79.2 According to the claimed method 85.0 84.8 85.0 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 58.0 58.2 58.1 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 73.0 72.8 73.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 82.9 83.1 83.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 93.0 92.9 93.1 According to the claimed method 94.8 98.4 96.8 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 64.0 64,2 64.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 78.0 77.8 78.8 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 87.9 87.8 87.9 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 97.0 97.0 97.0 According to the claimed method 98.9 99.9 97.9 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 66.0 65.8 66.0 2 H ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 79.0 79.0 79.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 88.9 89.0 88.9 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 98.1 98.0 98.2 According to the claimed method 99.0 100.6 102.1 HCP ₀₅ = 0.032 t / ha S _x = 2.0%

Table 12 The influence of the methods of applying mineral fertilizers on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2008) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Fruit yield by replicates, t / ha 1st 2nd 3rd Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 52.0 52.1 52.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 67.0 66.9 67.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 76.9 76.9 76.9 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 87.0 87.0 87.0 According to the claimed method 90,4 92.2 91.3 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 63.0 63.0 63.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 78.0 77.9 78.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 87.4 87.5 87.4 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 96.1 96.0 95.9 According to the claimed method 98.9 96.8 99.7 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 69.0 68.9 69.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 84.0 84.0 84.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 95.0 94.9 95.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 105.0 105.0 105.0 According to the claimed method 107.1 108.1 111.3 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 70.0 70.0 70.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 85.0 85.0 84.9 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 96.0 96.1 97.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 106.0 106.0 106.0 According to the claimed method 111.3 108,2 109.1 HCP ₀₅ = 0.048 t / ha S _x = 2.0%

Table 13 The influence of the methods of applying mineral fertilizers on tomato productivity when irrigated by a drop tube with a water flow rate of 4 l / h / l.m (according to field experience in 2009) Variety, hybrid Experience number Mineral Nutrition Options Fruit yield by replicates, t / ha 1st 2nd 3rd Newbie one No fertilizer (control) 51.0 51.0 51.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 66.0 66.1 66.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 76.0 76.0 76.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 86.0 86.1 86.1 According to the claimed method 91.1 88.6 91.2 Torquay F1 one No fertilizer (control) 60.0 60.0 60.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 75.0 75.1 74.9 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 84.8 85.0 85.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 95.0 95.0 95.1 According to the claimed method 97.8 99.7 100.8 Benito F1 one No fertilizer (control) 67.0 67.0 67.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 83.0 83.1 83.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 93.0 93.0 93.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 103.0 103.0 103.0 According to the claimed method 104.3 105.6 103.6 Ercol F1 one No fertilizer (control) 68.0 68.0 68.0 2 N ₁₄₀ P ₆₀ K ₅₀ 83.0 83.0 83.0 3 N ₁₇₀ P ₇₀ K ₇₀ 94.0 94.0 94.0 four N ₂₀₀ P ₈₀ K ₉₀ 104.0 104.0 104.0 According to the claimed method 110,2 108.1 107.1 HCP ₀₅ = 0.071 t / ha S _x = 2.0%

Table 14 Qualitative indicators of tomato fruits in milk ripeness during cultivation according to the basic and proposed technologies for drip irrigation (according to average data for 2007-2009) No. p / p Variety, hybrid Basic tomato cultivation technology The proposed method of cultivation of tomatoes Dry matter% Sugar,% Organic
acids,% Vita
min C, mg% Dry matter% Sugar,% Organic acids,% Vita
min C, mg% Glucose Fructose Sucrose Sum
ma Glucose Fructose Sucrose Sum
ma one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 fourteen fifteen 16 one Newbie 6.8 1,1 2.1 0.2 3.4 0.45 30.1 6.9 1,2 2.1 0.1 3.4 0.51 32.1 2 Benito F1 6.3 1,5 1,5 0.1 3,1 0.57 29.6 6.4 1,6 1.8 0.2 3.6 0.59 30.6 3 Ercol F1 6.2 1,5 1.3 0.1 2.9 0.48 26.1 6.7 1.7 1,5 0.1 3.3 0.50 30.1 four Torquay F1 5.3 1.7 2.0 0.2 3.9 0.50 21.9 6.1 1.8 1.9 0.3 4.0 0.53 28.7

Claims (1)

The method of cultivation of vegetable crops, mainly tomatoes, with drip irrigation, including the choice of crops as precursors in the vegetable crop rotation, autumn main deep tillage, early spring preplant or preplant planting for loosening the top layer and suppressing weeds, layout of flexible irrigation pipelines of the drip system irrigation, performing test passes of irrigation water, setting up sand and gravel filters and fine filters, hydro feed-makers and means of supplying liquid uterine solutions of mineral fertilizers, pre-planting irrigation and planting seedlings, row cultivation, destruction of weeds in the protective zone, application of herbicides, maintenance of moisture thresholds in the root-inhabited horizon, mineral fertilizing, protection of tomato plants and fruits from agricultural pests and pathogenic microflora fruit picking in phases of technical and full ripeness, characterized in that after harvesting the previous crop, the crop tats, loosen the topsoil to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, level the topography of the top layer, carry out volumetric volumetric loosening of the arable layer and the arable horizon to a depth of 0.35-0.40 m with the formation of compacted side walls along curved lines, described by the equations of a semi-cubic parabola and a strip width at the level of the daily surface of at least 0.6-0.7 m with a step between strips of 1.4-1.8 m, to obtain a guaranteed yield of tomato fruits at levels of 60, 80 and 100 t / ha mineral fertilizers N ₁₂₀ P ₄₀ K ₅₀ , N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₇₀ , N ₁₈₀ P ₆₀ K ₉₀ kg a.a. / ha during the growing season AI, together with irrigation water, is introduced fractionally in the following parts according to phenological phases: in phase 5-6 of this leaf, 15% N and 30% P ₂ O ₅ ; in the flowering phase - 30% N and 12% P ₂ O ₅ and 17% K ₂ O; in the fruit set phase, 25% N and 10% P ₂ O ₅ and 25% K ₂ O; in the phase of milk ripeness of the fruits - 20% N and 35% P ₂ O ₅ and 20% K ₂ O; in the phase of full ripeness - 5% P ₂ O ₅ and 3% K ₂ O, and the pre-irrigation soil moisture in the 0-0.3 m layer for these phases is maintained at levels 60-70, 70-80, 60-70, 80- 90, 80-70 and 70-60% HB.

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