CN112293173B - Method for planting suaeda salsa in facility of coastal muddy saline-alkali soil and application - Google Patents
Method for planting suaeda salsa in facility of coastal muddy saline-alkali soil and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN112293173B CN112293173B CN202011187422.6A CN202011187422A CN112293173B CN 112293173 B CN112293173 B CN 112293173B CN 202011187422 A CN202011187422 A CN 202011187422A CN 112293173 B CN112293173 B CN 112293173B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of suaeda salsa planting, and particularly relates to a method for planting suaeda salsa in coastal muddy saline-alkali soil. The invention provides a method for planting suaeda salsa in a coastal muddy saline-alkali soil, which comprises the steps of soil improvement and irrigation management after sowing. According to the invention, the soil improvement is carried out on the planting plots by the decomposed organic fertilizer and/or the agricultural straws, and different irrigation management is adopted aiming at different periods, so that the suaeda salsa can be planted in medium and low-degree saline soil and also in severe saline-alkali soil with silt, and the survival rate is higher; in addition, the planting method provided by the invention not only reduces the consumption of fresh water, but also realizes the direct utilization of shallow underground saline water and improves the quality of suaeda salsa.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of suaeda salsa planting, and particularly relates to a method for planting suaeda salsa in a facility of a coastal muddy saline-alkali soil and application of the method in quality improvement and yield increase of the suaeda salsa.
Background
Suaeda salsa L is a pioneer plant for vegetation succession in coastal heavy saline-alkali land, and the growth of the Suaeda salsa L plays an important role in reducing the soil salinity. The salt absorbed and carried away by the suaeda salsa accounts for about 10% of the total desalting amount, and the desalting amount for promoting salt leaching accounts for 90% of the total desalting amount by improving the soil structure and accelerating water infiltration. Meanwhile, the suaeda salsa seedlings are rich in protein, amino acid, Vc, calcium, magnesium, zinc and other trace elements, and can be eaten as pollution-free vegetables.
However, although suaeda salsa is a halophyte, if the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil is more than 0.6%, the seed germination and emergence rate can be greatly reduced, when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil is 0.9%, the seed germination and emergence rate is about 5%, and when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil reaches 1.5%, the seed germination and emergence rate is almost 0. In the prior art, the problem of soil salinity is mostly not considered in the planting of suaeda salsa in the saline land, fresh water is adopted for irrigating and pressing salt in the seedling stage, the method has no problem in low-medium saline soil, but the salt content is too high, particularly in muddy saline-alkali soil, the permeability is poor, the effect of fresh water pressing salt is poor, and the emergence rate cannot be ensured.
Moreover, the method for planting the suaeda salsa by irrigating with fresh water and pressing salt improves the emergence rate of the suaeda salsa to a certain extent, but the quality of the planted suaeda salsa cannot be guaranteed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the problems in the prior art and provides a method for planting suaeda salsa in the coastal muddy saline-alkali soil and application of the method in quality improvement and yield increase of the suaeda salsa, the planting method provided by the invention not only can enable the suaeda salsa to be planted in medium and low-degree saline-alkali soil, but also can be planted in muddy severe saline-alkali soil, and the survival rate is higher; in addition, the planting method provided by the invention not only reduces the consumption of fresh water, but also realizes the direct utilization of shallow underground saline water and improves the quality of suaeda salsa.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for planting suaeda salsa in muddy saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps:
(1) applying a soil conditioner and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to a to-be-planted area of the coastal muddy saline-alkali land to obtain an improved planting land block;
the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and/or agricultural straw;
(2) sowing suaeda salsa on the planting land, and covering soil moisture preservation substances after sowing;
(3) carrying out first irrigation on the planting plots after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, and controlling the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil of the planting plots to be less than 0.6%;
(4) carrying out second irrigation on the planting plots after seedling emergence and before 3-4 true leaves;
(5) after the suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, carrying out third irrigation on the planting plots, and harvesting; the mineralization degree of the third irrigation water is 8-12 g/L.
Preferably, the applying mode of the soil conditioner in the step (1) is determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is less than or equal to 0.6%, the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer; the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer is 5-10 m3Per mu;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil is less than or equal to 3% and is more than 0.6%, the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and agricultural straw; the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer is 10-20 m3The agricultural straw is used for every mu, and the using amount of the agricultural straw is 20-30 m3Per mu.
Preferably, the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer in the step (1) is 15: 15: 15; the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is less than or equal to 0.6%, the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 10-30 kg/mu;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted is more than 0.6% and less than or equal to 3%, the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 20-40 kg/mu.
Preferably, the sowing mode in the step (2) comprises drill sowing; the row spacing of the drill seeding is 20-30 cm; the amount of the sowed seeds is 1-1.5 kg/mu.
Preferably, the first irrigation mode in the step (3) is determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the planting land;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil planted in the land is less than or equal to 0.6%, the first irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 2-4 d/time;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil with the planting area being more than 0.6% is less than or equal to 3%, the first irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 1-3 d/time.
Preferably, the second irrigation mode in the step (4) is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 3-5 d/time.
Preferably, the third irrigation mode in the step (5) is as follows: drip irrigation with saline water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 5-10 cm; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 7-10 d/time.
Preferably, the harvesting in the step (5) is carried out at the following time: after sowing for 30-40 days or the tender tips grow to 20-30 cm; the harvesting mode is as follows: 2-3 true leaves are reserved.
Preferably, the harvesting in step (5) further comprises: fourth irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after harvesting until 3-4 true leaves grow out from newly germinated young tips of the lateral branches, and the operation of the step (5) is repeated after the 3-4 true leaves grow;
the fourth irrigation mode is determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the planting plots before the fourth irrigation;
when the total salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20 cm planted in the land is less than or equal to 1%, the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 1 d/time;
when the total salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20 cm is less than or equal to 3% and is more than 1%, the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 1 d/time.
The invention also provides application of the scheme in quality improvement and yield increase of suaeda salsa.
Has the advantages that:
the invention provides a method for planting suaeda salsa in a coastal muddy saline-alkali soil, which comprises the steps of soil improvement and irrigation management after sowing. According to the invention, the soil improvement is carried out on the planting land blocks through the decomposed organic fertilizer and/or the agricultural straws, and different irrigation management is adopted aiming at different periods, so that the suaeda salsa can be planted in medium and low-degree saline soil, the salinity is too high, the silty saline-alkali soil can also be planted, and the survival rate is higher; in addition, the planting method provided by the invention not only reduces the consumption of fresh water, but also realizes the direct utilization of shallow underground saline water and improves the quality of suaeda salsa.
Furthermore, by adopting a fresh water salt washing mode after sowing, the method saves the soil salt washing process before sowing, saves fresh water resources, reduces labor input, is synchronous with water irrigation management after sowing, and realizes double effects of salt washing and irrigation; in addition, according to the soil salinity, two different salt washing modes of drip irrigation and micro-spraying are adopted, so that the fresh water is further saved, and the emergence rate is ensured to be more than 50%.
Furthermore, different improvement schemes are determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil, and compared with the existing soil conditioner combination of straw, cow dung and phosphogypsum, the planting method provided by the invention not only saves materials and reduces cost, but also has a similar improvement effect on the suaeda glauca planted in 3 years.
Furthermore, the planting method provided by the invention utilizes the shallow underground saline water, so that the consumption of fresh water is reduced, and the contents of amino acid, flavone, Vc and the like in the suaeda plant are increased. The embodiment shows that the suaeda salsa obtained by the planting method provided by the invention has the advantages that the amino acid content of the plant is improved by about 5%, the flavone content is improved by about 10%, the Vc content is improved by about 5%, the leaf color is dark green, the taste is slightly salty, and the quality is better compared with the suaeda salsa planted in a non-saline soil environment.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for planting suaeda salsa in coastal muddy saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps:
(1) applying a soil conditioner and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to a to-be-planted area of the coastal muddy saline-alkali land to obtain an improved planting land block;
the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and/or agricultural straw;
(2) sowing suaeda salsa on the planting land, and covering soil moisture preservation substances after sowing;
(3) carrying out first irrigation on the planting plots after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, and controlling the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil of the planting plots to be less than 0.6%;
(4) carrying out second irrigation on the planting plots after seedling emergence and before 3-4 true leaves;
(5) after the suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, carrying out third irrigation on the planting plots, and harvesting; the mineralization degree of the third irrigation water is 8-12 g/L.
The method comprises the step of applying a soil conditioner and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to the area to be planted in the coastal muddy saline-alkali soil to obtain the improved planting land. In the invention, the area to be planted preferably comprises an area to be planted containing gardening facilities, and the gardening facilities are preferably greenhouse greenhouses, so that the saline-alkali property can be better controlled; the content of the total salt in 0-20 cm soil of the coastal muddy saline-alkali soil is preferably less than or equal to 3 percent; the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and/or agricultural straw; the decomposed organic fertilizer preferably comprises decomposed cow dung, and the agricultural straw preferably comprises corn straw; the particle size of the agricultural straw is preferably 1-2 cm. The sources of the decomposed organic fertilizer and the agricultural straws are not limited, and commercial products well known to those skilled in the art can be adopted.
In the invention, the application mode of the soil conditioner is preferably determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is less than or equal to 0.6%, the soil conditioner preferably comprises decomposed organic fertilizer; the optimal usage amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer is 5-10 m3Per mu, more preferably 8-10 m3Per mu, most preferably 10m3Per mu;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is more than 0.6% and less than or equal to 3%, the soil conditioner preferably comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and agricultural straw; the optimal usage amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer is 10-20 m3Per mu, more preferably 15 to 20m3Per mu, most preferably 20m3Per mu; the preferable dosage of the agricultural straw is 20-30 m3Per mu, more preferably 25 to 30m3Per mu, most preferably 30m3Per mu.
The decomposed organic fertilizer mainly has the effects of improving the soil structure and improving the permeability; meanwhile, the organic matter and total nitrogen content of the soil can be improved; when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted is more than 0.6% and less than or equal to 3%, agricultural straws are added, and the decomposed organic fertilizer can be matched to further improve the soil permeability and strengthen the drip irrigation salt washing effect. The improvement method is characterized in that the saline-alkali soil is further optimized and improved on the basis of the characteristic that suaeda salsa is used as a pioneer plant of the saline-alkali soil, the main problem of the coastal muddy saline-alkali soil is high in salt content, so that phosphogypsum is not needed, a specific irrigation mode is combined, compared with the existing combination of the soil conditioner of straw, cow dung and phosphogypsum, the improvement method has the effects of saving materials and reducing cost, and the improvement effect of the suaeda salsa planted in 3 years is equivalent.
In the invention, the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is preferably 15: 15: 15; the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is preferably determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is less than or equal to 0.6%, the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is preferably 10-30 kg/mu, more preferably 20-30 kg/mu, and most preferably 30 kg/mu;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted is 0.6% < 0-20 cm and is less than or equal to 3%, the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 20-40 kg/mu, more preferably 30-40 kg/mu, and most preferably 40 kg/mu.
The source of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is not limited, and a commercially available product well known to a person skilled in the art can be adopted.
After applying the soil conditioner and the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to the area to be planted in the coastal muddy saline-alkali soil, the method preferably further comprises the following steps: ploughing and making ridges to obtain improved planting land blocks; the depth of the plowing is preferably 30-40 cm, more preferably 30-35 cm, and most preferably 30 cm; the width of the ridge is preferably 1-1.5 m, more preferably 1-1.2 m, and most preferably 1 m; the width of the furrow for making the furrow is preferably 30-40 cm, further preferably 30-35 cm, and most preferably 30 cm; the depth of the furrow for making the furrow is preferably 20-30 cm, more preferably 20-25 cm, and most preferably 20 cm. The operation mode of the plowing and ridging is not limited, and the operation mode known by the skilled person can be adopted. The ridge ditch has the advantages that the washed salt water is conveniently discharged from the ditch, the terrain is lifted, the ridge width is mainly convenient for salt spraying and harvesting.
After the improved planting plots are obtained, the suaeda salsa is sowed on the planting plots, and soil moisture conservation substances are covered after the sowing. In the present invention, the seeding manner preferably includes drill seeding; the row spacing of the drill is preferably 20-30 cm, more preferably 25-30 cm, and most preferably 30 cm; the amount of the sowed seeds is 1-1.5 kg/mu, more preferably 1.2-1.5 kg/mu, and most preferably 1.5 kg/mu; the ditching depth of the drill seeding is preferably 3-5 cm; the soil moisture conservation material preferably comprises one or more of vermiculite, perlite and sand; the covering thickness of the soil moisture conservation material is preferably 1-2 cm. The invention can reduce the consumption of fresh water by covering the soil moisture preservation material, and has the function of soil moisture preservation; in addition, covering the soil moisture conservation material can inhibit salt return in a seed sowing area, and promote seed germination; moreover, the soil moisture preservation material is softer than the mucky soil and has good air permeability, and the emergence rate of seeds can be improved.
According to the method, the first irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after the sowing and before the emergence of seedlings, and the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil of the planting plots is controlled to be less than 0.6%. In the present invention, the arrangement of the first irrigation facility preferably comprises: drip irrigation pipes are laid in the planting furrows, and 1 drip irrigation pipe is laid in each 2 rows of planting furrows; an inverted micro-spraying device is arranged above the planting area, one spraying pipe is arranged at every 2 ridges, and 3-4 spraying heads are arranged.
In the invention, the first irrigation mode is preferably determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the planting plot:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil planted in the land is less than or equal to 0.6%, the first irrigation mode is preferably as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is preferably 2-4 d/time, more preferably 2-3 d/time, and most preferably 2 d/time;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil with the planting area between 0.6% and less than or equal to 3%, the first irrigation mode is preferably as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the drip irrigation frequency is preferably 1-3 d/time, more preferably 1-2 d/time, and most preferably 1 d/time.
By adopting the method of washing salt with fresh water after sowing, the method saves the process of washing salt with soil before sowing, saves fresh water resources, reduces labor input, is synchronous with water irrigation management after sowing, and realizes double effects of salt washing and irrigation; in addition, according to the soil salinity, the specific irrigation mode is adjusted, two different salt washing modes of drip irrigation and micro-spraying are adopted, so that the fresh water is further saved, the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil of the planted land is kept less than 0.6%, and the emergence rate is further ensured to be more than 50%.
According to the method, the second irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after emergence of seedlings and before 3-4 true leaves. In the present invention, the second irrigation is preferably performed by: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is preferably 3-5 d/time. The second irrigation of the invention can prevent seedling wilting death caused by water shortage and salt return on the surface layer, thereby ensuring that the survival rate of the suaeda glauca seedlings reaches more than 90 percent.
After the Suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, carrying out third irrigation on the planting plots, and harvesting; the mineralization degree of the third irrigation water is preferably 8-12 g/L, more preferably 8-10 g/L, and most preferably 10 g/L; the third irrigation water preferably comprises shallow underground saline water, namely the local shallow underground saline water in the saline-alkali soil is directly used without remotely introducing fresh water or using deep underground fresh water for irrigation, and the national policy of agricultural 'pressure mining' of underground water is met. In the present invention, the third irrigation mode is preferably: drip irrigation with saline water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 5-10 cm; the drip irrigation frequency is preferably 7-10 d/time, more preferably 8-10 d/time, and most preferably 10 d/time; the harvesting time is preferably as follows: after sowing, the length of the tender tip is 30-40 days or 20-30 cm, more preferably 30-35 days or the length of the tender tip is 20-25 cm, and most preferably 30 days or the length of the tender tip is 20 cm; the harvesting mode is preferably as follows: 2-3 true leaves are reserved. The invention utilizes the shallow underground saline water, not only reduces the consumption of fresh water, but also improves the contents of amino acid, flavone, Vc and the like in the suaeda plant. The embodiment shows that the suaeda salsa obtained by the planting method provided by the invention has the advantages that the amino acid content of the plant is improved by about 5%, the flavone content is improved by about 10%, the Vc content is improved by about 5%, the leaf color is dark green, the taste is slightly salty, and the quality is better compared with the suaeda salsa obtained by the non-saline soil control planting.
In the present invention, the post-harvest preferably further comprises: after harvesting, performing fourth irrigation on the planting plots before 3-4 true leaves grow out, and repeating the third irrigation and harvesting scheme after 3-4 true leaves grow out; the number of repetitions is preferably 3 to 4.
The fourth irrigation mode is preferably determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the land plot planted before the fourth irrigation;
when the total salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20 cm planted in the land is less than or equal to 1%, the fourth irrigation mode is preferably as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is preferably 1 d/time;
when the total salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20 cm and the thickness of 1% < the planting plots is less than or equal to 3%, the fourth irrigation mode is preferably as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the frequency of the drip irrigation is preferably 1 d/time.
In the invention, the fourth irrigation is preferably applied with nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer preferably comprises urea, and the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is preferably 5-10 kg/mu, more preferably 5-8 kg/mu, and most preferably 5 kg/mu. The invention can promote the germination of lateral branches by applying nitrogen fertilizer, thereby shortening the harvesting period and improving the economic benefit.
The invention also provides application of the scheme in quality improvement and yield increase of suaeda salsa.
According to the invention, the soil improvement is carried out on the planting land blocks through the decomposed organic fertilizer and/or the agricultural straw, and different irrigation management is adopted aiming at different periods, so that the suaeda salsa can be planted in medium and low-degree saline soil, the salinity is too high, and the suaeda salsa can also be planted in silt type saline soil, thereby overcoming the influences of poor permeability and poor fresh water pressure salt effect of severe silt saline soil and overcoming high survival rate, and further improving the yield of the suaeda salsa; in addition, the planting method provided by the invention not only reduces the consumption of fresh water, but also realizes the direct utilization of shallow underground saline water and improves the quality of suaeda salsa.
For further illustration of the present invention, the method for planting suaeda salsa in muddy saline-alkali soil provided by the present invention is described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The method for planting suaeda salsa in muddy saline-alkali soil in the Suzhou Fei Dian Tian Xue ecological agriculture garden comprises the following steps:
(1) applying 5m of soil total salt content of 0.55% to a region to be planted (0.5 mu) of a muddy saline-alkali soil greenhouse in the Caofei Dian Tianxu ecological agriculture garden within 3 and 5 days of 20203Ploughing the decomposed cow dung and 10kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15 kg), and making beds (the depth is 30 cm); obtaining an improved planting plot;
wherein the width of the ridge for making the ridge is 1.2m, the distance between the ridges is 30cm, and the depth of the ridge groove is 20 cm;
(2) sowing suaeda salsa seeds on the obtained planting land blocks in a drill mode according to the using amount of 1 kg/mu, and covering 1-2 cm of vermiculite after sowing;
wherein the row spacing of drill seeding is 20cm, and the ditching depth is 3 cm;
(3) arrangement of irrigation facilities: drip irrigation pipes are laid in the planting furrows, and 1 drip irrigation pipe is laid in each 2 rows of planting furrows; an upside-down micro-spraying device is arranged above the planting area, a spraying pipe is arranged every 2 ridges, and 4 spraying heads are arranged;
(4) carrying out first irrigation on the planting plots in 3 months and 6 days after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, and controlling the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil of the planting plots to be less than 0.6%;
the first irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 3 d/time;
(5) carrying out second irrigation on the planting plots 3 months and 15 days after seedling emergence and before 3-4 true leaves;
the second irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of sprinkling irrigation is 4 d/time;
(6) after the Suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, performing third irrigation on the planting plots in 23 days after 3 months, and harvesting in 5 days after 4 months; the third irrigation water has a mineralization degree of 10 g/L;
the third irrigation mode is as follows: drip irrigation is carried out on the underground saline water of the local shallow layer, and when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 5-8 cm, the drip irrigation is stopped; the frequency of drip irrigation is 7 d/time;
the harvesting time is as follows: and (4) after sowing for 32d (the tender tips grow to about 25 cm), harvesting in the following mode: 2-3 true leaves are reserved;
(7) fourth irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after harvesting and before 3-4 true leaves grow out (the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil is less than or equal to 1%), and the step (6) is repeated after 3-4 true leaves grow out; the number of repetitions is 4;
the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 1 d/time.
Example 2
The method for planting suaeda salsa in muddy saline-alkali soil in the Suzhou Fei Dian Tian Xue ecological agriculture garden comprises the following steps:
(1) in 2019, 10 months and 20 days, 10m of soil full salt content of 0.5 mu and 0-20 cm of soil is applied to a to-be-planted area (1.12 percent of total salt content) of a muddy saline-alkali soil greenhouse in the Caofengdian Tianxu ecological agriculture garden3Decomposed cow dung of 10m3Corn straws (with the grain diameter of 1-2 cm) and 10kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15 kg), ploughing (with the depth of 40cm), and making furrows; to obtainImproved planting plots;
wherein the width of the ridge for making the ridge is 1m, the distance between the ridges is 30cm, and the depth of the ridge groove is 20 cm;
(2) sowing suaeda salsa seeds on the obtained planting land blocks in a drill mode according to the using amount of 1.5 kg/mu, and covering 1-2 cm of vermiculite after sowing;
wherein the row spacing of drill seeding is 25cm, and the ditching depth is 5 cm;
(3) arrangement of irrigation facilities: drip irrigation pipes are laid in the planting furrows, and 1 drip irrigation pipe is laid in each 2 rows of planting furrows; an upside-down micro-spraying device is arranged above the planting area, a spraying pipe is arranged every 2 ridges, and 3 spraying heads are arranged;
(4) after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, carrying out first irrigation on the planting plots for 21 days in 10 months for 0-20 cm of full salt in soil, and controlling the content of the full salt in the soil of 0-20 cm in the planting plots to be less than 0.6%;
the first irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 8-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 2 d/time;
(5) carrying out second irrigation on the planting plots after seedling emergence and before 3-4 true leaves in 10 months and 31 days;
the second irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of sprinkling irrigation is 3-d/time;
(6) after the Suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, carrying out third irrigation on the planting plots in 11 months and 12 days, and harvesting in 11 months and 26 days; the third irrigation water has a mineralization degree of 12 g/L;
the third irrigation mode is as follows: drip irrigation is carried out on the underground saline water of the local shallow layer, and when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 5-8 cm, the drip irrigation is stopped; the frequency of drip irrigation is 10 d/time;
the harvesting time is as follows: and after sowing for 38d (the tender tips grow to about 25 cm), the harvesting mode is as follows: 2-3 true leaves are reserved;
(7) fourth irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after harvesting and before 3-4 true leaves grow out (the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil is more than 1%), and the step (6) is repeated after 3-4 true leaves grow out; the number of repetitions was 3;
the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 8-10 cm; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 1 d/time.
Example 3
The method for planting suaeda salsa in muddy saline-alkali soil in the Suzhou Fei Dian Tian Xue ecological agriculture garden comprises the following steps:
(1) in 2019, 3 and 20 days, 20m of soil full salt content of 1 mu and 0-20 cm of soil is applied to a to-be-planted area (2.89 percent of full salt content) of a muddy saline-alkali soil greenhouse in the Caofengdian Tianxu ecological agriculture garden330m of decomposed cow dung3Corn straws (with the grain diameter of 1-2 cm) and 40kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (15-15-15), ploughing (with the depth of 40cm), and making furrows; obtaining an improved planting plot;
wherein the width of the ridge for making the ridge is 1.2m, the distance between the ridges is 40cm, and the depth of the ridge groove is 30 cm;
(2) sowing suaeda salsa seeds on the obtained planting land blocks in a drill mode according to the using amount of 1.5 kg/mu, and covering 1-2 cm of vermiculite after sowing;
wherein the row spacing of drill seeding is 30cm, and the ditching depth is 5 cm;
(3) arrangement of irrigation facilities: drip irrigation pipes are laid in the planting furrows, and 1 drip irrigation pipe is laid in each 2 rows of planting furrows; an upside-down micro-spraying device is arranged above the planting area, a spraying pipe is arranged every 2 ridges, and 4 spraying heads are arranged;
(4) after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, carrying out first irrigation on the planting plots for 3 months and 21 days for 0-20 cm of full salt in soil, and controlling the content of the full salt in the soil of 0-20 cm in the planting plots to be less than 0.6%;
the first irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-8 cm and water flows out of the furrow; the drip irrigation frequency is 1 d/time;
(5) carrying out second irrigation on the planting plots 3 months and 31 days after seedling emergence and before 3-4 true leaves;
the second irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of sprinkling irrigation is 5 d/time;
(6) after the Suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, performing third irrigation on the planting plots in 3 months and 15 days, and harvesting in 3 months and 29 days; the third irrigation water has a mineralization degree of 8 g/L;
the third irrigation mode is as follows: drip irrigation is carried out on the underground saline water of the local shallow layer, and when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 8-10 cm, the drip irrigation is stopped; the frequency of drip irrigation is 8 d/time;
the harvesting time is as follows: after sowing for 40d (the tender tips grow to about 30cm), the harvesting mode is as follows: 2-3 true leaves are reserved;
(7) fourth irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after harvesting until 3-4 true leaves grow out (the total salt content of the soil is 0-20 cm at the moment is more than 1%), and the step (6) is repeated after 3-4 true leaves grow out; the number of repetitions was 3;
the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 8-10 cm; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 1 d/time.
Comparative example 1
The pot culture test comprises the steps of configuring soil according to salt gradient, sowing 100 suaeda glauca seeds, covering 1cm of vermiculite, watering fresh water regularly, setting full salt content of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%, setting three groups of repeated experiments for each group of experiments, measuring the rate of emergence in 10 days, and obtaining the experiment results shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Suaeda salsa emergence rate test at different total salt contents
As can be seen from Table 1, the influence of soil salinity on the germination and emergence of Suaeda glauca seeds is large; the salt content is too high, the emergence rate is too low, direct planting cannot be carried out in production, and as shown in the table, when the salt content of soil is 0.9%, the emergence rate of suaeda glauca L.is only 8.3%.
Comparative example 2
Suaeda salsa was planted in a similar manner to example 1, except that step (6) was irrigated with fresh water.
Application example 1
The rate of emergence of suaeda salsa in examples 1-3 was determined, and a control group was set, and suaeda salsa was planted in the control group by the method similar to that in example 1, except that 0-20 cm of soil with a total salt content of 0.12% was prepared as a planting area, and three sets of repeated experiments were set for each example, and the experimental results are shown in table 2.
Table 2 shows the rate of emergence of Suaeda salsa from 1 to 3
As can be seen from Table 2, according to the planting method disclosed by the invention, the soil conditioner is added to decompose the organic fertilizer and/or the agricultural straws according to the salinity of the soil, and two different salt washing modes of drip irrigation and micro-spraying are adopted, so that not only is the fresh water further saved, but also the emergence rate is ensured to be more than 50%.
Application example 2
The survival rate of the seedlings of the suaeda salsa in the examples 1-3 is measured, a control treatment group is set, the suaeda salsa in the control group is planted by the method similar to the method in the example 1, the difference is that 0-20 cm of soil with the total salt content of 0.12% is prepared as a planting area, three groups of repeated experiments are set, and the experimental results are shown in table 3.
Table 3 shows the survival rate of Suaeda salsa seedlings in 1-3 saline lands
As can be seen from Table 3, according to the planting method disclosed by the invention, the soil conditioner is added to decompose the organic fertilizer and/or the agricultural straws according to the salinity of the soil, and two different salt washing modes of drip irrigation and micro-spraying are adopted, so that not only is the fresh water further saved, but also the survival rate of the seedlings is ensured to be more than 90%.
Application example 3
The contents of amino acid, vitamin C and total flavone in the suaeda salsa planted in the embodiments 1-3, the comparative example 2 and the control treatment are measured, the suaeda salsa planted in the control group is planted by adopting the method similar to the embodiment 1, the difference is that 0-20 cm of soil with the total salt content of 0.12% is prepared to be used as a planting area, each embodiment is provided with three groups of repeated experiments, wherein the amino acid measuring method is an amino acid kit, the vitamin C measuring method is a 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol titration method, the total flavone measuring method is a liquid chromatography, and the experimental results are shown in a table 4.
TABLE 4 quality of Suaeda salsa of examples 1-3 and comparative example 2
As can be seen from Table 4, the planting method provided by the invention utilizes the shallow underground saline water, so that the consumption of fresh water is reduced, and the contents of amino acid, flavone, Vc and the like in the suaeda plant are increased. According to the quality of the suaeda salsa planted in the example 1 and the comparative example 2, the third irrigation (8-12 g/L saline water) improves the quality of the suaeda salsa; as can be seen from the examples 1-3 and the comparison processing data, compared with the suaeda salsa planted in the non-saline soil environment, the suaeda salsa planted by the planting method provided by the invention has the advantages that the amino acid content of the plant is increased by about 5%, the flavone content is increased by about 10%, the Vc content is increased by about 5%, the leaves are dark green, the taste is slightly salty, and the quality is better.
In conclusion, the planting method provided by the invention has the advantages that the over-decomposed organic fertilizer and/or agricultural straw are used for improving the soil of the planting land, different irrigation management is adopted according to different periods, so that the suaeda salsa in the saline land can be planted in the low-medium saline soil, the salinity is too high, the silt saline-alkali soil can also be planted in the silt saline-alkali soil, the survival rate is higher, and the yield of the suaeda salsa in the saline land is increased; in addition, the planting method provided by the invention not only reduces the consumption of fresh water, but also realizes the direct utilization of shallow underground saline water and improves the quality of suaeda salsa.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments, and other embodiments can be obtained without inventive step according to the embodiments, and the embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for planting suaeda salsa in coastal muddy saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) applying a soil conditioner and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to a to-be-planted area of the coastal muddy saline-alkali land to form a bed, and obtaining an improved planting land block;
the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and/or agricultural straw;
(2) sowing suaeda salsa on the planting land, and covering soil moisture preservation substances after sowing;
(3) carrying out first irrigation on the planting plots after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, and controlling the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil of the planting plots to be less than 0.6%; when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil planted in the land is less than or equal to 0.6%, the first irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 2-4 d/time;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil with the planting area being more than 0.6% is less than or equal to 3%, the first irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 1-3 d/time;
(4) carrying out second irrigation on the planting plots after seedling emergence and before 3-4 true leaves;
(5) after the suaeda salsa seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, carrying out third irrigation on the planting plots, and harvesting; the mineralization degree of the third irrigation water is 8-12 g/L;
the step (5) further comprises the following steps after harvesting: fourth irrigation is carried out on the planting plots after harvesting until 3-4 true leaves grow out from newly germinated young tips of the lateral branches, and the operation of the step (5) is repeated after the 3-4 true leaves grow;
the fourth irrigation mode is determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the planting plots before the fourth irrigation;
when the total salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20 cm planted in the land is less than or equal to 1%, the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 1 d/time;
when the total salt content of the soil with the thickness of 0-20 cm is less than or equal to 3% and is more than 1%, the fourth irrigation mode is as follows: carrying out drip irrigation on fresh water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the furrow surface reaches 5-10 cm and water seeps out of the furrow; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 1 d/time.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil conditioner in the step (1) is applied according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is less than or equal to 0.6%, the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer; the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer is 5-10 m3Per mu;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil is less than or equal to 3% and is more than 0.6%, the soil conditioner comprises decomposed organic fertilizer and agricultural straw; the using amount of the decomposed organic fertilizer is 10-20 m3The agricultural straw is used for every mu, and the using amount of the agricultural straw is 20-30 m3Per mu.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer in the step (1) is 15: 15: 15; the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is determined according to the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted:
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm of soil in the area to be planted is less than or equal to 0.6%, the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 10-30 kg/mu;
when the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil in the area to be planted is more than 0.6% and less than or equal to 3%, the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 20-40 kg/mu.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the manner of sowing in step (2) comprises drill sowing; the row spacing of the drill seeding is 20-30 cm; the amount of the sowed seeds is 1-1.5 kg/mu.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second irrigation in step (4) is performed by: slightly spraying fresh water, and stopping spraying when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 3-5 cm; the frequency of the sprinkling irrigation is 3-5 d/time.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the third irrigation in step (5) is performed by: drip irrigation with saline water, and stopping drip irrigation when the soil wetting depth of the ridge surface reaches 5-10 cm; the frequency of the drip irrigation is 7-10 d/time.
7. The method according to claim 1 or 6, wherein the harvesting in step (5) is carried out at the following timing: after sowing for 30-40 days or the tender tips grow to 20-30 cm; the harvesting mode is as follows: 2-3 true leaves are reserved.
8. Use of the method of any one of claims 1 to 7 for the upgrading and stimulation of suaeda salsa.
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| CN103238430B (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2014-08-06 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Method for supplying and applying water and fertilizers for high-quality cultivation of suaeda salsa on coastal mud flat |
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