RU2775404C1 - Method for rice cultivation using intra-soil drip irrigation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method for rice cultivation consists in treatment with soil herbicides after sowing rice, spraying with contact herbicides, drip irrigation, maintaining soil moisture, fertilizing. Rice is cultivated on the lands of the irrigated rice fund with underground drip irrigation, previously in the first year of rice cultivation in autumn, after harvesting the predecessor, one-time cutting and restoration of peripheral bay grooves with a depth of 0.4-0.6 m, leveling of the surface of bays, basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m, cleaning of irrigation and discharge channels, filling of check bunds up to the design marks. In the spring of the first year of implementation of the method, the main path and underground drip hoses and/or tapes are laid to a depth no higher than the middle of the root system of rice crop rotation crops and the depth of tillage for up to eight years inclusive. The step between the drainage outlets of the underground drip hose and/or tape is 33 cm, with the diameter and thickness of the walls of the drip hose and/or tape of 16 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. The distance between the drip hoses and/or tapes is 20 cm. Next, an annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is performed, including: loosening or chiseling to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m, disking with simultaneous application and sealing of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with a rate of 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green fertilizer, cultivation with harrowing with simultaneous application of micronutrients 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds, normally N₁₅₀P₅₀K₄₀, kg of active fraction/ha, to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, leveling and rolling of the soil surface, pre-planting irrigation before planting rice with a norm providing soil moisture content of 90% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, soil surface treatment with soil herbicides, etching of rice seeds with systemic fungicides and a growth regulator, followed by rice sowing with a norm providing 7 million germinating seeds per 1 ha, drip irrigation of rice through an underground drip irrigation system throughout the growing season, hose and/or tape drainage, l/h per 1 m, it is taken from the condition of ensuring a constant soil moisture content of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, feeding rice plants: the first is when rice leaves appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second is in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third is in the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, triple spraying of rice with biologically active substance in phases 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the exit phase into the tube, the processing of rice crops: pesticides from the phase of 2 leaves to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with pre-moistening of the soil to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice fungicides in the phase of entering the tube and again after 20-25 days, senification and desiccation of rice crops, harvesting rice, pre-planting irrigation before planting associated crops of rice crop rotation through an underground drip irrigation system with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, growing seedlings and/or planting associated rice rotation crops with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides, drip irrigation of rice rotation crops through an underground drip irrigation system during the growing season, harvesting rice rotation crops. Next, scuffing is carried out in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m, the main tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m. After which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

EFFECT: invention provides an increase in the yield, productivity of rice, improvement of the reclamation condition of soils, reduction of irrigation norms, labor intensity and cost of rice production.

1 cl, 3 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to rice growing.

Known methods of growing rice on drip irrigation under plastic film (Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping WO/2015/095989, A01G 22/22, 07/02/2015; Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping CN 103733930, A01G 16/00, 04/23/2014 Method for rice cultivation via drip irrigation under plastic film IN 3119/MUMNP/2015, A01G 16/00, 06/03/2016; /02, 02.06.2016; Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping PH 1/2015/502551, A01G 25/02, 22.02.2016), including the cultivation of rice under plastic film through drip irrigation with an irrigation rate of 10500-12000 m ³ /hm ² during the entire growing season of rice, repeated watering 38-45 times during the entire growing season of rice, the irrigation period is 3-4 days, and 1-2 days during the peak water demand of the crop; seed preparation, soil preparation, including weed control by plowing to a depth of 15-20 cm, rolling the soil and spraying with mixed herbicides before sowing and 15-25 days after planting, sowing rice with a planting density of 33300-36000 holes / mu with a preference of 33300 holes/mu or 30500-32600 holes/mu, with a preference of 30500 holes/mu, at a density of 33300-36000 holes/mu the film width is 215-225 cm, with a preference of 220 cm, with a pitch between outlets from 9 to 10 cm, planting width 235-245 cm, with a preference of 240 cm, as the best irrigation configuration is taken under 1 film, 3 tubes, 12 rows: 13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+50 cm, three drip tapes evenly distributed between 12 rows of rice, at a planting density of 30500-32600 holes/mu and a film width of 155-165 cm, with a spacing between outlets of 9 up to 10 cm, planting width is 170-180 cm, the adopted irrigation configuration is under 1 ple nkoy, 2 tubes, 8 rows: 12.5 cm+26 cm+12.5 cm+26 cm+12.5 cm+26 cm+12.5 cm+47 cm, two drip tapes evenly distributed between 8 lines of rice; crop care; fertilization, namely the application of manure when plowing fields in late autumn at a rate of 15-20 t / hm ² and diammonium phosphate once at a rate of 40-50 kg / hm ² after which deep plowing is performed, the application of soluble organic fertilizers at a rate of 120-150 kg / hm ² and mineral fertilizers with a norm of pure nitrogen 330-345 kg / hm ² , with a preference for a norm of 330 kg / hm ² , P ₂ O ₅ - 150-160 kg / hm ² , K ₂ O 70-90 kg / hm ² , water-soluble Si fertilizer 25-30 kg/hm ² , boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 7 and 8 kg/hm ² respectively; pest control and other stages.

The disadvantages of these methods are the insufficiently high efficiency of rice production, which is due to the discrepancy between the soil and climatic conditions and the technical and technological capabilities of rice cultivation in China and on the lands of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban, and, consequently, the inefficiency of the application of the set of techniques and technological methods claimed in the inventions. operations, as well as the proposed schemes for laying out the drip tape, planting rice, rice sowing rates, the timing and doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as the timing of crop processing.

A known method of growing rice by direct sowing on drip irrigation for cold regions (US Pat. CN No. 106489636 B A01B 79/00 (CN); A01C 21/005 (CN); A01G 13/00 (CN); A01G 22/22 (CN) ; A01G 25/00 (CN); Y02A 40/22 (EP); Y02P60 / 20 (EP); 03/15/2017), including the following steps: seed selection, soil preparation, direct sowing or hole sowing in which 8 rows are placed at a width of 1.6 m, while the distance between two rows is 10 cm and 30 cm, and 12-15 seeds are sown in each hole; field management in which, before the emergence of seeds, soil moisture is maintained at 60-65% of the norm of the maximum water-holding capacity of the soil, after emergence and before the three-leaf plant phase, soil moisture is maintained at the level of 65-75% of the maximum water-holding capacity of the soil; in the trefoil phase, soil moisture is maintained at the level of 70-80% of the maximum soil moisture capacity; laying a drip irrigation pipe, including underground and using drip irrigation for irrigation throughout the entire rice growth cycle.

The disadvantages of this method are the low efficiency of germination and survival of rice plants when using direct sowing in the conditions of rice irrigation systems of the Lower Kuban. This is due to high weediness and acid processes in the soil. The use of the pit sowing method on rice irrigation systems is not effective due to the high labor intensity in comparison with the narrow row and cross methods performed by seeders and the lower density of rice crops per 1 m ² . High labor intensity when using surface drip irrigation, as well as the difficulty of processing crops. The inefficiency of the application of the set of methods and technological operations declared in the inventions, as well as the proposed schemes for planting rice, the doses applied, is due to the discrepancy between the soil and climatic conditions and the technical and technological capabilities of rice cultivation in the PRC and on the lands of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban in the Russian Federation. Laying an underground drip tape to a depth of 2-4 cm from the ground and a distance between two adjacent drip irrigation pipes of 80 cm and between two adjacent drip irrigation holes of 20 cm will be ineffective to provide the required humidity at a given depth, which will lead to underwetting of the upper layer and the lower boundary of the wetted contour. The proposed irrigation control system, in which soil moisture changes according to the phases of rice development, is not effective for most varieties used in the rice systems of the Lower Kuban.

The closest technical solution to the claimed proposal is a method of rice cultivation on drip irrigation, including the use of rice agricultural technology recommended by the All-Russian Research Institute of Rice for flooded rice and VNIIOZ for the cultivation of rice on soil not saturated with water, treatment with soil herbicides after sowing rice, spraying with herbicides of contact action in phase 2 -3 leaves for controlling monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds, an irrigation system consisting of a drip line through which water is supplied through a dripper at a rate of 1.8 l / h, and the distance between water outlets is 0.33 m, humidifiers - 0.6 m ; maintenance of soil moisture according to the following variants of the soil water regime: 1. maintaining moisture in the active (0.6 m) soil layer not lower than 80% of the lowest moisture capacity during the entire growing season of rice, 2. the same as in variant 1 until the end of the phase tillering in a layer of 0.6 m, and from the budding phase to the full ripeness of the grain - 0.6 m, 3. the water regime of the soil before the beginning of the wax ripeness of the grain according to variant 2, followed by a decrease in the phase of the beginning of wax ripeness of pre-irrigation moisture to 70% of the lowest moisture capacity, 4. the water regime of the soil in a layer of 0.6 m was regulated according to the scheme: 70-80-70% of the lowest moisture capacity (70% of the lowest moisture capacity from sowing to the beginning of tillering and from the end of the milk to full ripeness of the grain; 80% of the lowest moisture capacity - from tillering to the end of milky ripeness); fertilization according to 3 variants of doses calculated to obtain 5 (N ₁₀₉ R ₆₂ K ₇₅ ), 6 (N ₁₃₁ R ₇₄ K ₉₀ ) and 7 (N ₁₅₇ R ₉₀ K ₁₀₈ ) tons from 1 ha of grain (N.N. Dubenok , I.P. Kruzhilin, N.M. Abdu, M.A. Ganiev, K.A. Rodin Productivity of dry rice under drip irrigation // Proceedings of the TSKhA, issue 6, 2015, pp. 92-99 .; I.P. Kruzhilin, M.A. Ganiev, K.A. Rodin, A.B. Nevezhina Substantiation of predecessors and sowing rates to obtain the planned rice yield under drip irrigation // Proceedings of the Nizhnevolzhsky agrouniversity complex: Science and higher professional education, No. 4 (48 ), 2017, pp. 77-84.)

The disadvantages of this method are the high infestation of rice fields with weeds due to the lack of a mulching film, the low efficiency of rice production in the conditions of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban, which is due to different soil and climatic conditions of rice cultivation in the Volgograd region and Krasnodar region. In contrast to the light chestnut soils of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Irrigated", Volgograd, on the heavy merged chernozems of the Lower Kuban, the distance between water outlets - 0.33 m and between drip tapes - 0.6 m will be too large to ensure uniform distribution of the humidification circuit to a given depth, which will lead to overmoistening of the upper layer and underwetting of the lower boundary of the wetted circuit. The doses of mineral fertilizers used in the method are ineffective on the initially low-fertile merged chernozems of the Lower Kuban.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the yield and productivity of rice, improve the ameliorative state of soils, reduce the irrigation rate, labor intensity and cost of rice production.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of rice cultivation, including treatment with soil herbicides after sowing rice, spraying with contact herbicides, a drip irrigation system; maintaining soil moisture; fertilization, characterized in that rice is cultivated on the lands of the irrigated rice fund with underground drip irrigation, previously in the first year of rice cultivation in the fall, after harvesting the predecessor, one-time cutting and restoration of peripheral check grooves with a depth of 0.4-0.6 m, leveling surfaces of checks, basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m, cleaning of irrigation and discharge channels, backfilling of check rollers to design marks, after which in the spring of the first year of the method, the main line and underground drip hoses and / or tapes are laid on a depth not higher than the middle of the root system of crops of rice crop rotation and the depth of tillage for a period of up to eight years inclusive, while the step between the water outlets of the underground drip hose and / or tape is 33 cm, with a diameter and wall thickness of the drip hose and / or tape - 16 mm and 1.2 mm respectively, while the distance between drip hoses and / or tapes is 20 cm; then the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is carried out, including: loosening or chiselling to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m, disking with simultaneous application and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with an application rate of 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure, cultivation with harrowing with simultaneous application of microelements 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds with the norm N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₄₀ in kg AI/ha. to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m, leveling and rolling the soil surface, preplant irrigation before planting rice with a norm that provides soil moisture of 90% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, treatment of the soil surface with soil herbicides, dressing rice seeds with systemic fungicides and growth regulator with subsequent sowing of rice at a rate providing 7 million viable seeds per 1 ha, drip irrigation of rice through an underground drip irrigation system throughout the growing season, and the water outflow of the hose and / or tape in l / h per 1 m is taken from the condition of ensuring a constant soil moisture 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, feeding rice plants: the first when rice shilets appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third in the phase 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, spraying rice with a biologically active substance three times m in phases of 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the booting phase, treatment of rice crops: with pesticides from the 2-leaf phase to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with preliminary soil moisture up to 100% from the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, with insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice with fungicides in the booting phase and again after 20-25 days; senication and desiccation of rice crops; harvesting rice; pre-planting irrigation before planting the accompanying crops of rice crop rotation through an underground drip irrigation system with the application of mineral fertilizers; growing seedlings and/or planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the application of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides; drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation through an underground drip irrigation system during the growing season; harvesting crops of rice crop rotation; then peeling is carried out in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m; the main tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m, after which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

The novelty of the claimed invention is due to the pioneering technology in the Russian Federation for the cultivation of rice on the lands of the irrigated rice fund with underground drip irrigation, the introduction of which makes it possible to increase the yield of rice and the quality of the resulting grain by creating optimal conditions for the vegetation of the rice crop; improve the ameliorative state of soils, the granulometric composition of the soil, as well as the biometric indicators of the rice crop as a result of the transition to flood-free rice cultivation technology; reduce irrigation norms, labor intensity and cost of rice production by reducing the number of necessary technological operations, reducing the doses of applied macro and microelements, reducing suffusion and nutrient removal from the soil; improve profitability by reducing the irrigation rate and reducing the application of organic and mineral fertilizers.

The use of lands of the irrigation fund for the cultivation of rice on underground drip irrigation makes it possible to restore soil fertility in rice fields, reduce the cost of rice crop rotation crops, use fundamentally new rice crop rotations with the inclusion of gourds and vegetables in them, increase the profitability and quality of rice crop rotation products, reduce the need in irrigation water, improve the ecological situation in the rice irrigation system.

The use of underground drip irrigation allows: to increase the profitability of rice production by reducing the irrigation rate; reduce the cost of rice production by reducing technological operations and doses of applied macro and microelements due to a decrease in suffusion and removal of nutrients from the soil in comparison with the traditional technology of flooding rice fields; perform processing at any convenient / necessary time, while the soil is moistened only in the root zone, which does not interfere with the implementation of the required agricultural practices, including harvesting; improve the ameliorative state of the soil due to the absence of a water layer on the check; reduce the dose of fertilizer application through the use of fertigation; Eliminate the need for planning rice checks, which significantly reduces the labor intensity of rice production.

The cutting and restoration of peripheral check grooves is carried out to improve the filtration of atmospheric precipitation in the autumn-spring period, the activation of regenerative processes in the soil and the early drying of the soil in the spring to perform technological agricultural practices, while the optimal depth of the check grooves is 0.4-0.6 m, which provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for optimizing the water-air regime of the lustful horizon.

Leveling the surface of checks is performed to exclude local depressions on the surface of checks (especially on “low” checks), improve water filtration from the surface of checks, minimize the likelihood of developing processes of fusion and soil degradation, and ensure the passage of machinery.

The main tillage is carried out to control weeds, activate redox processes in the soil, protect the soil from erosion processes, improve the soil structure, while the optimal plowing depth for the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban is 0.25-0.3 m, which is sufficient to destroy the plow pan and provide the best water filtration from the surface of the checks.

Cleaning of irrigation and waste channels, backfilling of check rollers to design levels is carried out to control weeds, improve the filtration of excess moisture from the arable horizon of rice fields, and improve the drainage of drainage water from the rice irrigation system to water intakes.

Deep loosening, which, in the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban, is performed after the main tillage to a depth of at least 0.16-0.18 m for: weed control by destroying young entries and roots of weeds that are on the soil surface after plowing the soil, preventing drying out soil, creating favorable conditions for the unhindered removal of excess moisture to the lower layers of the soil, and activating the respiratory activity of the soil.

Soil disking, which, in the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban, is carried out in late autumn to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m and combined with the incorporation of organic fertilizers to control young shoots of weeds, create favorable reclamation conditions in spring, increase the agro-resource potential of the soil and accumulate nutrients. reserves for crops of rice crop rotation, as well as good survival and survival of rice crops.

Spring harrowing with tooth harrows, in the soil conditions of the Lower Kuban, is carried out in early spring to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m for crumbling, loosening, mixing and leveling the soil surface, damaging and destroying seedlings and weed shoots, destroying the surface soil crust and activating the respiratory soil activity.

Annual spring work on leveling the soil surface is carried out to plan it and prevent the formation of local soaks on the soil surface, which provoke the growth of weeds and the accumulation of precipitation.

The rolling of the soil surface is performed to: increase the throughput and contact of seeds with the soil, which, after sowing rice, increases the access of moisture to the seeds and, as a result, seedlings appear faster; creating favorable conditions for better, uniform sowing; prevention of subsidence of the earth and failure of seeds after crops; creating favorable conditions for successful germination and increasing the percentage of seed germination; reducing evaporation and drying of the soil; increasing the quality of tillage when the land was plowed poorly or at high humidity, after which many lumps and lumps remained on the surface.

The use of underground drip irrigation makes it possible to ensure the distribution of the required moisture in the root layer with the best efficiency due to the fact that the drip hose or tape is approximately at the level of the center of the root system.

The use of drip hoses and/or tapes with a spacing of 33 cm between water outlets makes it possible to form humidification zones with optimal efficiency on heavy merged chernozems of the reclamation and water management complex of the Lower Kuban, and drip tapes located at a distance of 20 cm from each other, with a diameter of 16 mm with the best Uniformity and efficiency will ensure soil moisture during the growing season of rice at 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, which is a necessary and sufficient condition for normal rice vegetation, as well as creating the required pre-sowing moisture in a given soil layer. The wall thickness of the drip hose is 1.2 mm due to the need for its efficient operation over an 8-year period in heavy drained chernozems, including with the use of fertigation.

Laying underground drip hoses and/or tapes to a depth not higher than the middle of the root system of rice crop rotation and not higher than the depth of tillage is a mandatory and sufficient condition for the formation of an optimal zone of moistening of the root layer of the soil and ensuring the specified soil moisture, and also allows minimizing the irrigation rate and doses of applied fertilizers, to achieve maximum efficiency in terms of the availability of water and fertilizers to plants in the rice crop rotation.

The scheme of laying the drip hose and / or tape is carried out in compliance with the condition of closing the humidifying circuit on the surface without its waterlogging with mutual overlapping by no more than 10%, which achieves the maximum efficiency of distribution of moisture zones in the root zone and helps to minimize the consumption of irrigation water required to maintain optimal humidity not only for rice crops, but also for crops related to rice crop rotation.

Treatment of the soil surface with soil herbicides before sowing rice allows you to create a so-called soil screen on it, upon reaching which weed seedlings die, and crops continue to grow.

Sowing of rice is carried out with a rate calculated depending on the soil and climatic conditions, variety, sowing dates and sowing qualities of rice, meteorological conditions, as well as the quality of tillage.

The use of fertigation makes it possible to most effectively apply pesticides and / or plant nutrition through underground drip irrigation, simultaneously with irrigation (irrigation), which minimizes the irrational use of drugs, reduces fertilizer doses and the cost of production of rice crop rotation.

Peeling is carried out to a depth of 5-12 cm to loosen and mix the soil, preserve soil moisture, incorporate crop residues into the soil, protect against pests, pathogens of cultivated plants, and weed seeds, while a finely cloddy layer is formed on the soil surface, which reduces moisture evaporation and contributes to the wilting and death of weeds.

Senication is performed at the end of the milky ripeness of rice to accelerate maturation and improve the quality of seeds, which allows to shorten the growing season of rice and thereby lengthen the growing season for the accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation.

Desiccation is performed at the end of the waxy ripeness of rice for drying, which allows to shorten the growing season of rice and thereby lengthen the growing season for the accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by the drawing, where in Fig. 1 shows a technological scheme for the cultivation of rice and related crops of rice crop rotation on drip irrigation; in fig. 2 also, section A-A, in Fig. 3 shows a fragment of an underground drip hose and/or tape.

In the drawings, the dimensions of the elements of the technological scheme of one grip are indicated in centimeters.

The technological scheme for the cultivation of rice and related crops of rice crop rotation on drip irrigation contains: 1 - underground drip hose and / or tape, 2 - water outlet (Fig. 3).

The rice cultivation method is carried out as follows

In autumn, in the first year of the implementation of the method of cultivating rice on the lands of the irrigated rice fund with underground drip irrigation, first, after harvesting the predecessor, one-time produce:

- cutting and restoration of peripheral check grooves with a depth of 0.4-0.6 m,

- leveling the surface of checks,

- basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m,

- cleaning of irrigation and waste channels,

- backfilling check rollers to design marks.

Then, in the spring of the first year of the implementation of the method, the main highway and underground drip hoses and/or drip irrigation tapes 1 are laid to a depth not higher than the middle of the root system of rice crop rotation and the depth of tillage for up to eight years inclusive, while the step between the outlets of the underground hose and/or or drip irrigation tape 1 is 33 cm, with a diameter and wall thickness of the drip hose and / or tape - 16 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively, and the water outlet 2 of the drip hose and / or tape 1 in l / h per 1 m is taken from the condition providing the required moisture in a given soil layer for crops of rice crop rotation, moreover, the distance between drip hoses and / or tapes is 20 cm.

Next, the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is performed, including:

- loosening or chiselling to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m,

- disking with simultaneous application and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with an application rate of 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure,

- cultivation with harrowing with the simultaneous introduction of microelements 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds with a norm of N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₄₀ in kg AI / ha to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m,

- leveling and rolling of the soil surface,

- pre-planting irrigation before planting rice with a norm providing soil moisture of 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m,

- treatment of the soil surface with soil herbicides,

- treatment of rice seeds with systemic fungicides and a growth regulator,

- sowing rice with a rate calculated depending on the soil and climatic conditions, variety, sowing dates and sowing qualities of rice, meteorological conditions, as well as the quality of tillage,

- drip irrigation of rice through an underground drip irrigation system during the growing season of rice with a frequency and rate depending on compliance with the condition for ensuring constant soil moisture of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m,

- feeding of rice plants: the first when rice shilets appear at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third at the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, three-time spraying of rice with a biologically active substance in the phases of 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end of the tillering phase before the start of the booting phase,

- treatment of rice crops: with pesticides from the phase of 2 leaves to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with preliminary soil moisture up to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, with insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice fungicides in the phase of entry into the tube and again after 20-25 days;

- senication and desiccation of rice crops;

- rice harvesting;

- pre-planting irrigation before planting accompanying crops of rice crop rotation with the provision of moisture and soil moisture depth necessary and sufficient for planting a crop through an underground drip irrigation system with the application of mineral fertilizers, the rates and terms of application of which are taken in accordance with the accepted technology for the production of this crop of rice crop rotation;

- cultivation of seedlings and/or planting of accompanying crops of rice crop rotation;

- application of mineral fertilizers,

- treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides;

- drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation through an underground drip irrigation system during the growing season with a frequency and rate of irrigation depending on compliance with the conditions for ensuring that soil moisture in the soil layer required by the crop production technology is necessary for the normal development of the crop;

- harvesting crops of rice crop rotation.

In the spring, in subsequent years of rice cultivation, peeling is carried out in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m; the main tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m, after which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

Example of implementation of the rice cultivation method

The method of rice cultivation was tested in the Krasnodar Territory at Chernoyerkovskoye LLC, Slavyansky District (2nd branch) on a rice paddy area of 4.5 hectares each.

The farm uses the scheme of an engineering rice plot of the Krasnodar type.

The cultivated rice crop was Rapan variety.

The predecessor in the first year of the implementation of the method - fig.

On the experimental field from 2016 to 2019, the following crop rotation was applied:

- 2016: rice + peas;

- 2017: rice + chickpeas;

- 2018: rice + soy;

- 2019: rice + spring vetch.

The method of cultivating rice on checks of a rice irrigation system with underground drip irrigation included a list of technological operations presented in Table 1.

As a result of approbation of the rice cultivation method on the checks of the rice irrigation system with underground drip irrigation, it was possible to prove the effectiveness of not only rice cultivation (table 2), but also rice crop rotation crops (table 3).

The use of the claimed method of rice cultivation has improved the ameliorative state of soils (table 4).

As a result of rice cultivation on underground drip irrigation on the lands of the irrigation fund, the effectiveness of the rice cultivation technology developed by us was proved. The developed technology is a more environmentally friendly system of farming in the cultivation of rice, in comparison with those traditionally used in the rice-growing sector of Russia.

The proposed technology reduces the anthropogenic load and improves the environmental and reclamation situation in the rice irrigation system. Due to the lack of groundwater contact with irrigation water, not only the process of removal of mineral, organic and chemical plant treatment products from the arable horizon to the underlying soil layers was stopped, but also their further movement to the water intake (rivers, lakes, estuaries), which has a beneficial effect on environment and human health.

The main indicators of the effectiveness of the proposed method are:

- average over the years reduction in irrigation rate by 5 times relative to the traditional technology of rice cultivation by flooding;

- improvement of the ameliorative state of soils from “satisfactory” in 2016 to “good” in 2019;

- reduction of labor intensity by 25%;

- increase in yield by an average of 18% and the quality of the resulting grain;

- reduction in the cost of rice production by an average of 29%;

- reduction of doses of macro and microelements introduced by an average of 23%;

- increase in profitability by 20%.

Claims (1)

Method of rice cultivation, including treatment with soil herbicides after sowing rice, spraying with contact herbicides, drip irrigation system; maintaining soil moisture; fertilization, characterized in that rice is cultivated on the lands of the irrigated rice fund with underground drip irrigation, previously in the first year of rice cultivation in the fall, after harvesting the predecessor, one-time cutting and restoration of peripheral check grooves with a depth of 0.4-0.6 m, leveling surfaces of checks, basic tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.30 m, cleaning of irrigation and discharge channels, backfilling of check rollers to design marks, after which in the spring of the first year of the method, the main line and underground drip hoses and / or tapes are laid on a depth not higher than the middle of the root system of crops of rice crop rotation and the depth of tillage for a period of up to eight years inclusive, while the step between the water outlets of the underground drip hose and / or tape is 33 cm, with a diameter and wall thickness of the drip hose and / or tape - 16 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively, moreover, the distance between drip hoses and / or tapes is 20 cm; then the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is carried out, including: loosening or chiselling to a depth of 0.16-0.18 m, disking with simultaneous application and incorporation of organic fertilizers to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m with an application rate of 40-50 tons per 1 ha of manure or green manure, cultivation with harrowing with simultaneous application of microelements 5-6 days before sowing rice seeds with the norm N ₁₅₀ P ₅₀ K ₄₀ , kg AI/ha, to a depth of 0.10-0.12 m , leveling and rolling the soil surface, pre-planting irrigation before planting rice with a rate that provides soil moisture of 90% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.6 m, treatment of the soil surface with soil herbicides, treatment of rice seeds with systemic fungicides and a growth regulator, followed by sowing rice with a rate that provides 7 million germinating seeds per 1 ha, drip irrigation of rice through an underground drip irrigation system throughout the growing season, and the water outflow of the hose and / or tape, l / h per 1 m, is taken from the condition ensuring constant soil moisture of 80% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, feeding rice plants: the first when rice awl appears at the rate of 8 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the second in the phase of 2-3 leaves at the rate of 10 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, the third in the phase of 4-5 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, in the phase of 7-9 leaves at the rate of 12 mg of nitrogen per 1 plant, three-time spraying of rice with a biologically active substance in the phases of 2-3, 6-7 leaves and at the end tillering phase until the beginning of the booting phase, treatment of rice crops: pesticides from the 2-leaf phase to the tillering phase with an interval of 10-15 days with preliminary soil moisture up to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity in a layer of 0.4 m, insecticides during the growing season when pests exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness, twice with fungicides in the phase of entry into the tube and again after 20-25 days; senication and desiccation of rice crops; harvesting rice; pre-planting irrigation before planting the accompanying crops of rice crop rotation through an underground drip irrigation system with the application of mineral fertilizers; growing seedlings and/or planting associated crops of rice crop rotation with the application of mineral fertilizers, treatment of crops with pesticides, fungicides and insecticides; drip irrigation of crops of rice crop rotation through an underground drip irrigation system during the growing season; harvesting crops of rice crop rotation; then peeling is carried out in two tracks to a depth of 0.06-0.08 m; the main tillage to a depth of 0.25-0.3 m, after which the annual spring-autumn technological cycle of work is repeated.

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