RU2813769C1 - Method of subsoil irrigation of rice - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method consists of using a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures. A crop rotation distributor, a local discharge, trapezoidal-shaped ridges, a last-order distributor, drainage-moistening drains with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 linear meter and closed field irrigation discharges are built, to which drainage and humidification drains are connected perpendicularly, laid in parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other and located with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m. Perpendicular to the local discharge and the last-order distributor, a closed field irrigation discharge is connected through distribution wells, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the local discharge to a depth of 1 m and with a diameter of 560 mm. On rice paddies, trapezoidal ridges are formed in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m, laid with moistening drains configured for aligning their axes of symmetry. The spaces between the ridges are covered with filtering geotextiles. The root-inhabited soil layer in the range from 65% to 100% of the minimum moisture capacity during the growing season is moistened by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor to the last-order distributor, then into the closed field irrigation discharge and into the moistening drains, and the root-inhabited soil layer is drained to values not exceeding 65% of the minimum moisture capacity during the non-growing season by collecting and removing excess surface and ground water through moistening drains into a closed field irrigation discharge, then into a local discharge, then into a group collector. The closed field irrigation discharge is switched from a drainage function to a humidifying one in distribution wells, which are located at the intersection of a closed field irrigation discharge with a last-order distributor and a local discharge.

EFFECT: saving irrigation water, reducing operational work, improving the reclamation state of rice soils and increasing rice yield by increasing the coefficient of land use, using resource-saving technologies for rice cultivation and creating a favourable water-air conditions in the root layer of the soil, increasing the environmental safety of rice irrigation systems through reducing volumes of pollutants removed from the rice irrigation system through drainage and discharge waters into the receiving water.

1 cl, 4 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the cultivation of rice.

There is a known method of irrigating rice using the Krasnodar rice irrigation system (A.D. Gumbarov, A.S. Lugovoi, A.V. Serbinov, “Irrigation rice systems.” - M.: Kolos, 1994, pp. 39, 41) . The system has local distribution channels, local discharge canals, irrigation areas consisting of checks, and standard hydraulic structures on canals and roads.

The disadvantages of this method are a high irrigation rate, a low coefficient of land use, large material and labor resources are required to operate the system, labor intensity and difficulty in distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in checks; transverse rollers reduce labor productivity during agricultural work; make it difficult to move agricultural machines from check to check; The card drains unevenly.

A known rice irrigation system (RIS) includes closed irrigation and discharge channels located in one trench and devices for supplying water to checks and discharge (SU 385561, A01g 25/06, E 02b 13/00).

The disadvantages of this method are the high irrigation rate, the complexity of constructing and operating a rice irrigation system; the labor intensity and complexity of distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in the checks, the negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and the territories bordering them.

A known rice irrigation system includes check drainage-moistening channels with an anti-filtration coating, coupled with branch pipes to the channels of the water supply and outlet networks with an underlying filter layer laid below the check channel's anti-filtration coating, connected to the channel by vertical perforated pipes filled with filter material, while on the surface of the checks slots are made, filled with filter material and connected to the check channel, and the channels of the water supply and discharge networks are equipped with inlet and outlet pipes with hydraulic level automatics connected to the check channels (SU 1410914 A01G 25/00).

The disadvantages of this method are the labor intensity of construction and operation of a rice irrigation system; the difficulty of distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in checks, high irrigation rates, low coefficient of land use, negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and adjacent territories.

A rice irrigation system is known, including irrigation maps divided into checks and closed drainage, made in the form of a cascade of drains laid under the planes of the checks with the outlet of each mouth of each drain into the irrigator of the adjacent underlying check in the cascade (SU 1331452, A01G 25/00).

The disadvantages of this method are the complexity of constructing and operating a rice irrigation system; the labor intensity and complexity of distributing water and maintaining a layer of water in the checks, the negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and the territories bordering them.

A rice irrigation system is known, including the use of a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures (SU 1099897, A01G 25/00 - prototype).

The disadvantages of this method are the labor intensity and high cost of constructing a rice irrigation system, as well as the complexity of its operation; uneven moistening of the soil profile and its drainage, negative environmental impact on the biological systems of rice irrigation systems located on the territory and the territories bordering them.

The technical result of the invention is saving irrigation water, reducing operational work and improving the reclamation state of rice soils by increasing the coefficient of land use, using resource-saving technologies for cultivating rice and creating a favorable water-air regime in the root layer of the soil, increasing the environmental safety of rice irrigation systems by reducing the volume of pollutants substances carried out from the rice irrigation system through drainage and waste water into the receiving water.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of subsoil irrigation of rice, including the use of a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures, according to the invention, builds a crop rotation distributor, area discharge, trapezoidal ridges molds, a distributor of the last order, drainage-moistening drains with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 linear meter, and closed card irrigation-discharges, to which they are connected perpendicularly, laid in parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other and located to with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m, drainage-moistening drains are connected perpendicular to the sectional discharge and the distributor of the last order through distribution wells, a closed card irrigation-discharge is connected, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the sectional discharge to a depth of 1 m and with a diameter of 560 mm , and on rice paddies, in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other, trapezoidal ridges are formed with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m, laid with drainage - moistening drains with the possibility of their symmetry axes coinciding, the interridge spaces are covered with filtering geotextiles, while moistening the root-inhabited soil layer in the range from 65% to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity during the growing season is carried out by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor to the last order distributor, then into the closed kart irrigation-discharge and into the drainage-moistening drains, and the drainage of the root-inhabited soil layer to values not exceeding 65% of the minimum moisture capacity during the non-growing season is carried out by collecting and removing excess surface and groundwater through the drainage-moistening drains into the closed kart sprinkler-discharge, then into a sectional discharge, then into a group collector, and the switching of a closed card-sprinkler-discharge from a drainage function to a humidifying function is carried out in distribution wells, which are located at the intersection of a closed card-sprinkler-discharge with a last-order distributor and a sectional discharge.

The novelty of the claimed invention lies in increasing the efficiency of using rice irrigation systems, reducing the labor intensity of operational work and the resource intensity of rice cultivation technology, and increasing environmental safety in the rice irrigation system.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by drawings, where in Fig. 1 - shows a section of a closed rice drainage-moistening system for implementing the proposed method of subsurface irrigation of rice; in fig. 2 - also, section 1-1; in fig. 3 - also, section 2-2; in fig. 4 too, cut 3-3.

The section of the closed rice drainage-moistening system for implementing the proposed method of subsurface irrigation of rice contains elements under the following positions:

1 - closed card sprinkler-discharge;

2 - drying-moistening drains;

3 - crop rotation distributor;

4 - position of the depression curve level during the growing season;

5 - position of the level of the depression curve during the non-growing season;

6 - forest belt;

7 - field road;

8 - interridge spaces covered with filtering geotextiles;

9 - drainage ditch along the roads;

10 - local discharge;

11 - last order distributor;

12 - collector mouth;

13 - distribution well;

14 - group collector;

15 - ridge;

16 - water level during the non-growing season;

17 - water level during the growing season;

18 - irrigation map;

19 - crop rotation field;

20 - rice check;

The method of subsoil irrigation of rice is carried out as follows. In the first year of implementation of the method, after harvesting rice and/or accompanying crops of rice crop rotation, its reconstruction is carried out on the Krasnodar type map. On rice paddies 20, perpendicular to the closed card irrigation-discharge 2 with a slope of 0.0003 to a depth of 0.05 m, drainage-moistening drains 1 with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 linear meter are connected, which are laid parallel at a distance of 0, 7 m from each other, while perpendicular to the sectional discharge 10 and the distributor of the last order 11, a closed card irrigation-discharge 1 is connected through distribution wells 13, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the sectional discharge 10 to a depth of 1 m and with a diameter of 560 mm, then on rice in checks 20, in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other, ridges 15 of a trapezoidal shape are formed with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m, with the axis of symmetry of the ridges 15 and the drying-moistening drains 2 coincide, then the interbed spaces 8 are covered with filtering geotextiles.

In subsequent years of implementation of the method on a drainage-humidification system during the non-growing season, the distribution wells 13 are switched to the drainage mode, and the moisture content of the root-inhabited soil layer during the entire period should not exceed 65% of the minimum moisture capacity, which is achieved by collection and removal through drainage-humidification drains 2 excess surface and ground water into a closed card irrigation-discharge 1, which is located perpendicularly with a slope of 0.003 to the site discharge 10 and then through the group collector 14 to the water intake.

During the growing season, the distribution wells 13 switch to the mode of moistening the root layer of the soil and maintain the humidity in it in the range from 65% to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor 3 to the last order distributor 11, then to the closed card irrigation-discharge 1 and then into the drying-humidifying drains 2.

The method of subsoil irrigation of rice makes it possible to increase the coefficient of land use and reduce the labor intensity of operational work.

The use of underground drip irrigation allows you to: increase the profitability of rice production by increasing the coefficient of land use, reducing the cost of repair and operation of canals of the irrigation and drainage network by reducing their length, as well as fittings and structures on it (water outlets from the sprinkler to the check, water outlets from checks into the discharge, water outlets into the local distributor, tubular crossings, etc.), reductions in irrigation rates; reduce the cost of rice production by reducing technological operations and doses of introduced macro and microelements due to a decrease in suffusion and removal of nutrients from the soil in comparison with the traditional technology of flooding rice paddies; carry out processing at any convenient/necessary time, while the soil is moistened only in the root zone, which does not interfere with the implementation of the required agricultural practices, including harvesting; improve the reclamation condition of the soil due to the absence of a layer of water on the check; reduce the dose of fertilizers through the use of fertigation; eliminate the need for planning rice paddies, thereby significantly reducing the labor intensity of rice production.

The use of subsoil drip irrigation, subject to the condition that the drainage and moistening drains are on the same axis with the ridges, allows for the best efficiency in ensuring the required moisture parameters in the root layer and its uniformity.

The use of ridges allows earlier sowing and/or planting of rice seedlings, and also increases the growing season for accompanying crops of rice crop rotation, which is due to earlier warming of the soil in the ridges; also, more favorable conditions are created in the ridges for the occurrence of redox processes and the development of microorganisms, which, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the soil reclamation condition and the development of rice crop rotation crops. The formation of ridges prevents the occurrence of processes of gleyization, waterlogging and secondary salinization in them, and also contributes to faster drying of the soil in the spring, especially on low fields, which allows accelerating the timing of spring tillage. The trapezoidal shape of the beds with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85 has the best collapse-resistant geometry, which is most optimal for rice soils.

The height and width at the base of the ridge should be at least 25 cm and 30 cm, respectively, which is due to the biological characteristics of the rice root system and creates the most favorable conditions for the development of the rice root system.

The width of inter-ridge technological paths equal to 40 cm is necessary and sufficient to carry out work on caring for plants during the growing season and to carry out mechanized and manual work during the non-growing season.

Covering inter-ridge spaces with filtering geotextiles is necessary to prevent the germination of weeds in them and to allow agricultural machinery to move along them in any weather without over-compacting the soil and forming ruts.

The use of drains with combined drying-moistening functions makes it possible not only to maintain the required moisture content of the root-inhabited soil layer during the rice growing season, but also ensures the collection and removal of excess surface and ground water in order to lower the groundwater level and create optimal conditions for the water-air regimes of the soil in inter-vegetation period.

The recommended diameter of drying-moistening drains was determined empirically and is 50 mm and is the most effective for ensuring the required values of moistening (draining) of the root layer of soil, as well as the uniform distribution of moisture in it.

Moistening the root layer of soil in the range from 65% to 100% of the minimum moisture capacity during the growing season is due to the need to provide optimal moisture to both the rice crop and accompanying crops of the rice crop rotation, including the creation of optimal conditions for the water-air regime of the soil in the fallow fields of the crop rotation.

Draining the root-inhabited soil layer to values not exceeding 65% of the minimum moisture capacity during the non-growing season is a necessary and sufficient condition for creating optimal conditions for the water-air regimes of the soil, which ensures the preservation of the reclamation state of the soil and the possibility of carrying out agrotechnological measures in rice paddies.

The use of a closed card irrigation-discharge allows to increase the coefficient of land use and reduce the volume of annual operational work.

Drainage and humidification drains are laid perpendicular to the distribution pipeline, parallel to each other, which is due to the flat topography of the rice paddies.

The recommended distance between drying-moistening drains was determined experimentally and is 0.7 m, which creates the most optimal conditions for water-air regimes in the root layer of soil during the growing season and inter-vegetation periods.

Drainage-moistening drains are laid to a depth of 0.05 m in the arable horizon of the rice paddy, while the symmetry axes of the ridges and the drainage-moistening drains coincide, which provides the required and sufficient height of the ridges for the root system of rice equal to 0.3 m, and also helps maintain the required humidity on the surface of the check to ensure favorable conditions for manual and mechanized processing of crops.

The minimum backfill height for a closed card sprinkler-discharge made of polyethylene pipes is regulated by the minimum permissible backfill height, determined by the strength conditions of the pipe material when moving construction or agricultural machines over the pipe and must be at least 1 m.

The diameter of the closed card irrigation-discharge, assumed to be 560 mm, is taken from the calculation of the outflow through the drainage-moistening drains of at least 10 l/h per 1 linear meter, as well as the collection and removal of excess surface and ground water from the root layer of the check, while the slope 0.003 to the local discharge is sufficient for optimal drainage of the soil and the creation of favorable non-silting conditions for its operation.

Drainage and moistening drains are laid across the rice paddock towards a closed drainage drain with a slope of 0.0003, which is the minimum acceptable slope for various types of closed drains on flat terrain.

The increase in environmental safety in the rice irrigation system is due to a reduction in the doses of pesticides and herbicides applied, as well as the amount of plant treatment, saving irrigation water through the use of underground drip irrigation, and a reduction in anthropogenic load due to a reduction in agrotechnological measures when cultivating rice and rice crop rotation crops. A specific example of the implementation of a method for subsurface irrigation of rice

Testing of the method of subsurface irrigation of rice was carried out in the peasant farm "Golovin Konstantin Viktorovich" of the Krasnodar Territory, Kalininsky district, Starovelichkovskaya village. The reconstruction was carried out on a Krasnodar type map within the boundaries of three crop rotation fields, forming a crop rotation plot with an area of 108 hectares.

In the first year of implementation of the method on a rice irrigation system, after harvesting rice and accompanying crops of rice crop rotation, a reconstruction of the Krasnodar type map was carried out within the boundaries of three crop rotation fields, which included: construction along the upper border of the crop rotation field and then perpendicular to each other through one crop rotation field of local discharges; construction along the lower border of the crop rotation field and then perpendicular to each other through one crop rotation field of last-order distributors.

Then, along the length of the side of the rice paddock, four closed card irrigation-discharges with a length of 900 m are constructed from polyethylene pipes of grade PE 100 (PN 6.3), with a diameter of 560 mm to which perpendicular to a slope of 0.0003 with a length of 197 m, at a distance of 0.7 m from each other at a depth of 0.3 m, drainage and humidification drains with a diameter of 50 mm are laid and connected to it, the flow of which is 10 l/h per 1 running meter.

After this, the installation of distribution wells is carried out at the intersections of a closed ravine irrigator-discharge with a last-order distributor, which perform the function of water outlet from the irrigator to the check and a closed ravine-irrigator-discharge with a sectional discharge, which perform the function of a water outlet from the irrigator to the discharge.

Next, the ridges are formed by making technological paths along the bottom 0.4 m wide in the form of a trapezoidal excavation 0.25 m deep, with slopes from 1:1 to 1:0.85, which are covered with filtering geotextiles, the axes of symmetry of the ridges and drainage humidifying drains coincide.

In the next and subsequent years of implementation of the method on a drainage-humidification system during the non-growing season, the distribution wells are switched to the drainage mode, in which the moisture content of the root-inhabited soil layer throughout the entire period is maintained no higher than 65% of the lowest moisture capacity, which is carried out by collecting and removing through drainage - humidification drains of excess surface and ground water into a closed card irrigation drain, which is located perpendicularly with a slope of 0.003 to the site discharge and then through a group collector to the water intake. During the growing season, distribution wells are switched to the mode of moistening the root layer of soil and maintain the humidity in it in the range from 65% to 100% of the lowest moisture capacity by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor to the last order distributor, then to the closed card irrigation-discharge and then to the drainage - humidifying drains.

To maintain optimal moisture in the root layer of the soil, the following options for the ratio of diameter and distance between drainage-moisture drains were laid and studied (Table 1): 25 mm - 0.5 m; 25 mm - 0.7 m; 25 mm - 1.0 m; 25 mm - 1.5 m; 50 mm - 0.5 m; 50 mm - 0.7 m; 50 mm - 1.0 m; 50 mm - 1.5 m; 75 mm - 0.5 m; 75 mm - 0.7 m; 75 mm - 1.0 m; 75 mm - 1.5 m.

From Table 1 it can be seen that the first year of research showed the best results both during the growing season and in the inter-vegetative period, while the best percentage of moisture uniformity was achieved with a diameter of humidification-drainage drainage of 25 mm and a distance between drains of 0.5 m, and drainage - 50 mm and 0.7 m, respectively. However, in subsequent years, due to the rapid siltation of the humidification-drainage drainage with a diameter of 25 mm, it showed its ineffectiveness, which was expressed in a sharp decrease in the uniformity of humidification and drying. As a result of field tests, it was found that the most optimal ratio of the diameter and distance between the drying-humidifying drains is 50 mm and 0.7 m, respectively. Increasing the distance between drains with a diameter of 25 mm to 1.0 m and 1.5 in subsequent years did not give a positive effect and the specified indicators of uniformity of humidification and drying were not achieved. Also, other options for the ratio of diameter and distance between drainage-moistening drains were less effective than the option with a drain diameter of 50 mm and distances between them of 0.7 m, at which the best values of uniformity of moistening and drying of the root layer of soil were obtained (Table 1), and the process of restoration of the reclamation state occurred faster (Table 2). In addition, increasing the diameter of the drying-moistening drains in order to reduce the cost and labor intensity of the Krasnodar-type rice map reconstruction project led to an increase in cost by an average of 15% and labor intensity by an average of 23%.

The testing of the method of subsoil irrigation of rice during 2020-2022 had positive dynamics, which was expressed in an increase in the reclamation state of rice soils (Table 2).

As a result of using the method, positive results were obtained in reducing the concentration of harmful substances in the drainage runoff (Table 4).

As a result of applying the method, the cost of produced rice grains decreased by 10%. The irrigation rate of rice decreased by more than 3 times and amounted to an average of 6.5-7.0 thousand m ³ /ha. The use of the method made it possible to increase the coefficient of land use by 5%, as well as to increase environmental safety in the rice irrigation system by improving the reclamation state of the soils of rice fields (Table 2), which was expressed in increasing humus in the root layer of the soil and reducing the doses of mineral fertilizers by 2 times , due to the use of a fertigation system, while the best performance was achieved with a drainage distance of 0.7 m. Electricity consumption at waste pumping stations during the rice growing season decreased by 35-40%.

Claims (1)

A method of subsoil irrigation of rice, including the use of a distribution pipeline, distribution wells, a discharge collector, irrigation pipelines combined with drainage and discharge pipelines, water outlet structures combined with discharge structures, characterized in that a crop rotation distributor, a site discharge, trapezoidal-shaped ridges, a distributor are built of the last order, drainage-moistening drains with a diameter of 50 mm and an outflow of 10 l/h per 1 linear meter and closed card irrigation-discharges, to which they are connected perpendicularly, laid in parallel at a distance of 0.7 m from each other and located to them with a slope of 0 .0003 to a depth of 0.05 m drying-moistening drains; perpendicular to the local discharge and the last-order distributor, a closed card irrigation-discharge is connected through distribution wells, which is laid with a slope of 0.003 to the local discharge to a depth of 1 m and with a diameter of 560 mm, and ridges are formed on the rice paddies in parallel at a distance of 0.4 m from each other trapezoidal in shape with a side ratio from 1:1 to 1:0.85, a width at the base of 0.3 m and a height of 0.25 m, laid with drainage and humidification drains with the possibility of their symmetry axes coinciding, the interbed spaces are covered with filtering geotextiles, with In this case, the moistening of the root-inhabited soil layer in the range from 65% to 100% of the minimum moisture capacity during the growing season is carried out by supplying water from the crop rotation distributor to the last-order distributor, then into the closed map irrigation-discharge and into the drainage-moistening drains, and the drainage of the root-inhabited soil layer up to values not exceeding 65% of the minimum moisture capacity during the non-vegetation period is carried out by collecting and removing excess surface and ground water through drainage-moistening drains into a closed card irrigation-discharge, then into a local discharge, then into a group collector, and switching the closed card irrigation -discharge from the drainage function to the humidification function is carried out in distribution wells, which are located at the intersection of a closed card irrigation-discharge with a last-order distributor and a local discharge.