CN102084770B - Agricultural field system for reducing runoff pollution and construction method and application thereof - Google Patents
Agricultural field system for reducing runoff pollution and construction method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102084770B CN102084770B CN 201010524612 CN201010524612A CN102084770B CN 102084770 B CN102084770 B CN 102084770B CN 201010524612 CN201010524612 CN 201010524612 CN 201010524612 A CN201010524612 A CN 201010524612A CN 102084770 B CN102084770 B CN 102084770B
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Abstract
The invention discloses an agricultural field system for reducing runoff pollution and a construction method and an application thereof; the construction method of the agricultural field system comprises agricultural field foundation engineering construction and an agricultural field operating method, wherein the agricultural field foundation engineering construction consists of constructions of ridges and furrows, a braiding channel, a collecting channel, a runoff collecting pit, a paddy field and a ditch system; and the operating method comprises straw covering on the surface of agricultural field and reasonable fertilizing method, recharging runoff, and returning the substrate sludge to the field for reuse. The agricultural field system has obvious emission reduction effect, and is capable of well reducing the irrigation and the influence of rainstorm to the agricultural field, thereby being capable of relatively ideally reducing the runoff loss and retaining the soil fertility and also recycling the nutrient elements in the runoff fluid, and saving the production cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area control field, relate in particular to a kind of farmland system and construction method and application that reduces runoff pollution.
Background technology
In agricultural production, irrigate and rainwash that rainfall causes has not only been taken away the nutrient of particulate form and water-soluble attitude in the farmland, and can become the pollution source of body eutrophication, cause the water quality deterioration problem.Receive the influence of agricultural pollution, what the lake of China reached eutrophication water accounts for 63.6%, the lake in some agricultural years areas such as Taihu Lake, Chaohu, Dian Chi etc., and wherein the nitrogen more than 50%, phosphorus pollutional load all pollute from agricultural sources.
At present in the method for control agricultural run-off, artificial swamp and buffer strip are considered to effective measures of present stage.But, make up ecological engineerings such as artificial swamp, buffer strip and need take a large amount of soils, can further aggravate the contradiction of having a large population and a few land.In addition, this measure is intended to remove a large amount of nitrogen P elements in the agricultural run-off, but not fundamentally reduces the amount of runoff, does not more change the loss situation of nutritive element in the farmland.The most important thing is that present control measure great majority all are only to handle runoff from single aspect, the complete system that does not form control is fundamentally controlled runoff and is reduced the harm to agricultural environment.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the weak point of above-mentioned prior art, primary and foremost purpose of the present invention is to provide the construction method of the farmland system of a kind of low emission, of low pollution, high benefit.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of farmland system that adopts said method to make up the minimizing runoff pollution that forms.
A purpose more of the present invention is to provide the particularly application of runoff pollution aspect aspect the control agricultural environment pollution of above-mentioned farmland system.
The object of the invention is realized through following technical scheme:
A kind of construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution comprises that the farmland foundation engineering makes up and the farmland How It Works, may further comprise the steps:
One, the structure of farmland foundation engineering
(1) farmland is divided into independently zone, farmland with the method that plays furrow all around, the high 8～12cm of furrow, wide 4～6cm whenever does a charge for remittance canal at a distance from 16～24m in the inboard border direction parallel with furrow in zone, farmland;
(2) do a braiding channel isometric with the zone boundary, farmland in the outside, zone, farmland along a border, braiding channel links to each other with the runoff collecting pit, plants grass planting in the braiding channel and is done careless strainer, does water inlet and gap respectively in the both sides that the runoff collecting pit is wide;
(3) the square paddy field of a block length is set behind the gap of runoff collecting pit, and does water inlet and delivery port in the diagonal positions of paddy field, delivery port links to each other with ecological canal;
(4) ecological canal divides three sections designs: preceding 1/5 of ecological ditch is careless strainer, plants common weeds; Plant aquatic water spinach for middle 2/5 kind; 2/5 of final stage, bottom place mat zeolite, upper strata plantation calamus, the water of ecological canal finally is pooled to the runoff collecting basin and utilizes or directly enter the lake again to do to irrigate;
Two, farmland How It Works
(5) at first that the farmland is smooth after the farming operation, make the monoblock field not have the gradient as far as possible, be tiled in farmland surface to stalk in a covered manner, laying depth is 3～5cm;
(6) fertilizing method adopts fertilization compositions based on earth measurement, and fertilizer and chemical fertilizer press 1: 1 mixed applying of mass ratio, horse back earthing after the fertilising, and base fertilizer is used in the irrigation of watering afterwards in 10 days one time in the crop growth period, topdress for twice;
(7) during plant growth, recharge the farmland system to the footpath flow liquid in the runoff collecting pit, and the bed mud in the runoff collecting pit is gone back to the field utilize again.
The wide of the said charge for remittance canal of step (1) is 4～10cm, is 3～5cm deeply.If farmland area is excessive, can do several charge for remittance canals more, fully compile the footpath flow liquid;
The said width of the channel that catchments of step (2) is 8～14cm, is 3～6cm deeply; The cross-sectional area of said runoff collecting pit accounts for 1～5% of farmland region area, and aspect ratio is 4: 1, is 80～120cm deeply.
The region area of the said paddy field of step (3) accounts for 20～25% of farmland region area, and aspect ratio is 5: 1.
The wide of the said ecological canal of step (4) is 40～60cm, is 15～20cm deeply, and length is identical with the length of paddy field.
The said chemical fertilizer of step (6) is the mixed fertilizer of controlled release fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer (in the ratio of each fertilizer of crop demand adjustment); Said fertilization depth is 30～35cm.
The said stalk of step (6) is the stalk after the crop harvesting of last season.
A kind of farmland system that makes up the minimizing runoff pollution that forms by said method.
The application of the farmland system of above-mentioned minimizing runoff pollution aspect the control agricultural environment pollution.
The present invention compared with prior art has following advantage and beneficial effect:
The present invention can collect runoff through the runoff collecting pit in season short of rain and recharge utilization again, has avoided the loss of nutritive element; The dirt that disappears of overflowing sedimentation energy dissipating that the footpath flow liquid of runoff collecting pit can be through paddy field and sewerage in rainy season is received dirt and is accomplished to reduce discharging as much as possible.This system not only slows down largely and irrigates and the impact of heavy rain for agricultural land soil, reduces the runoff loss, keeps the fertility in farmland, and the nutritive element that can also collect in the flow liquid directly backs to the field to use again, increases economic efficiency.
Description of drawings
The structural representation of Fig. 1 farmland of the present invention system, wherein 1 is dry land, and 2 is paddy field, and 3 is the charge for remittance canal; 4 is furrow, and 5 is braiding channel, and 6 is the runoff collecting pit, and 7 is careless strainer; 8 is the water spinach growing area, and 9 is zeolite+calamus growing area, and A is the braiding channel inlet; B is the outlet of runoff collecting pit, and C is the ecological canal inlet, and D is the ecological canal outlet.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing the present invention is described in further detail, but embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto.
Embodiment 1:
A nonirrigated farmland choosing area and be 20m * 20m is as the Experimental Area, with the farmland with around play furrow method be divided into distinct area, the high 8cm of furrow; About wide 4cm, the inboard direction parallel with furrow is wide 4cm on this regional border, the charge for remittance canal of dark 5cm; Be convenient to collect the footpath flow liquid; If farmland area is bigger, then every separated 24m does a charge for remittance canal, fully compiles the footpath flow liquid; Do one and the isometric braiding channel in border in the outside, zone, farmland along a border, braiding channel links to each other with the runoff collecting pit, wherein, braiding channel 20m, wide is 8cm, is 3cm deeply, the long 4m of runoff collecting pit, wide 1m is 0.8m deeply; Behind the gap of runoff collecting pit, arrange the square paddy field of a block length, the long 20m of paddy field, wide 4m, and do water inlet and delivery port in the diagonal positions of rectangular region, delivery port links to each other with irrigation canals and ditches; The long 20m of sewerage, preceding 4m are careless strainer, and middle 8m kind is planted aquatic water spinach, and the 8m of final stage is the filter tank that zeolite and calamus are formed.
Planting plant is corn, covers the thick maize straw of 3cm in this region surface after farming and the leveling; Base fertilizer is used the 85.7kg fertilizer, and 5.4kg controlled release bright spring day is fertile, 4.8kg superphosphate and 1.8kg potassium chloride fertilizer; Fertilization depth is 30～35cm; Fertilizer adopts the method for zanjon row replacement, and controlled release is fertile to mix the method for spreading manuer in holes that adopts afterwards with other chemical fertilizer, covering at once after the fertilising; Use fertilizer top dressing at twice in corn shooting stage and pustulation period, be for the first time: the fertile 3.2kg of controlled release bright spring day, superphosphate 2.9kg and potassium chloride 1.1kg; Topdressing for the second time is the fertile 2.1kg of controlled release bright spring day, and superphosphate 1.9kg and potassium chloride 0.7kg, fertilizing type are for to spread manuer in holes apart from corn 5cm place, and fertilization depth is 30～35cm, returns the soil covering after the fertilising at once, the irrigation of watering afterwards in 10 days; At the growing period of corn, recharge the farmland to the footpath flow liquid in the runoff collecting pit, and dig out bed mud and do the reuse of topdressing.
At area is 400m
2Common farmland maize planting as control treatment: the farmland of this test area and on every side other farmlands do furrow and separate, and in this zone the outer footpath flow liquid of doing this experimental field of collection, the pool of catchmenting; Do not cover any material after the farming, adopt the single-element fertilizer fertilising, i.e. urea 13kg, superphosphate 25.5kg, potassium chloride 7.5kg, wherein, 70% makes base fertilizer, and 30% remaining disposable topdressing applies, and fertilization mode is all for spreading fertilizer over the fields time ground.
Experiment finishes after the harvest corn; In this experiment, all be abundance of water season whole growth season of corn, can collect the footpath flow liquid at the end of sewerage; Experimental result is found: in the farmland system according to this method structure, the total amount of footpath flow liquid lacks 50% than common farmland; Through the nitrogen in the flow liquid of footpath, phosphorus, potassium element; The result shows: the nitrogen phosphorus potassium loss of the farmland system that makes up according to this method is respectively: 0.8kg, 1.0kg and 0.9kg; And the common farmland nutritive element loss of contrast is nitrogen 3.2kg, and phosphorus is 2.1kg, and potassium element is 1.4kg; Reduce discharging 75%, 52% and 36% relatively respectively; And find; The concentration of suspended particulate substance is 190.5mg/L at braiding channel inlet A place; The concentration at runoff collecting pit outlet B place is 100.4mg/L, and the concentration of the suspended particulate substance at paddy field delivery port C place is 40.7mg/L, reduces to 25.6mg/L through concentration after the sewerage; The concentration of suspended particulate substance is final to reduce 87%; By on can reach a conclusion: the runoff in this farmland system comparable comparatively ideal minimizing farmland.
A nonirrigated farmland choosing area and be 100m * 50m is as the Experimental Area, with the farmland with around play furrow method be divided into distinct area, the high 12cm of furrow; About wide 6cm, the inboard direction parallel with furrow is wide 10cm on this regional border, the charge for remittance canal of dark 3cm; Be convenient to collect the footpath flow liquid; If farmland area is bigger, then every separated 16m does a charge for remittance canal, fully compiles the footpath flow liquid; Do one and the isometric braiding channel of the length of side in the outside, zone, farmland along a border, braiding channel links to each other with the runoff collecting pit, wherein, the long 100m of braiding channel, wide is 14cm, is 6cm deeply, the long 14m of runoff collecting pit, wide 3.5m is 1.2m deeply; Behind the gap of runoff collecting pit, arrange the square paddy field of a block length, the long 70.7m of paddy field, wide 14.1m, and do water inlet and delivery port in the diagonal positions of rectangular region, delivery port links to each other with irrigation canals and ditches; The long 100m of sewerage, preceding 20m are careless strainer, and middle 40m kind is planted aquatic water spinach, and the 40m of final stage is the filter tank that zeolite and calamus are formed.
Trial crops is an Ipomoea batatas, covers the thick Ipomoea batatas rattan of drying of 5cm in this region surface after farming and the leveling; Fertilizing method is: base fertilizer use 892.5kg fertilizer, 56.3kg execute can rich controlled release fertile, 42.5kg superphosphate and 65kg potassium chloride, after real tillage in the degree of depth is 30～35cm place bar organic fertilizer apart from ground, the chemical fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes, and horse back earthing; Mid-term and later stage in Ipomoea batatas growth topdress twice respectively, and topdressing amount is respectively: applying for the first time can rich controlled release fertilizer 33.8kg, superphosphate 25kg and potassium chloride 38.8kg; Applying for the second time can the fertile 22.5kg of rich controlled release, superphosphate 16.3kg and potassium chloride 26.3kg, and fertilizing type also is that to adopt fertilization depth be the method for the buried earthing in 30～35cm place, the irrigation of watering after 10 days; Recharge the farmland to the footpath flow liquid in the runoff collecting pit at the Ipomoea batatas growing period, and do the reuse of topdressing to bed mud.
This large-area Ipomoea batatas has experienced twice heavy showers that rainfall surpasses 150mm altogether between planting season.Measure nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium element in the flow liquid of footpath after the results; The result finds: the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium element reduces by 11%, 21% and 8% respectively at runoff collecting pit outlet relative A place, B place; Reduced by 29%, 47% and 18% at paddy field delivery port C place respectively than the A place; Through after the sewerage, the relative A of its concentration place has reduced by 45%, 74% and 44% respectively at the D place, and this system's clean effect of above data show is obvious; In addition, test data shows: the concentration of the suspended particulate substance at D place has reached the effect that reduces runoff than the final minimizing 83.9% in A place also more satisfactoryly.
The foregoing description is a preferred implementation of the present invention; But embodiment of the present invention is not restricted to the described embodiments; Other any do not deviate from change, the modification done under spirit of the present invention and the principle, substitutes, combination, simplify; All should be the substitute mode of equivalence, be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution comprises farmland foundation engineering structure and farmland How It Works, it is characterized in that may further comprise the steps:
One, the structure of farmland foundation engineering
(1) farmland is divided into independently zone, farmland with the method that plays furrow all around, the high 8～12cm of furrow, wide 4～6cm whenever does a charge for remittance canal at a distance from 16～24m in the inboard border direction parallel with furrow in zone, farmland;
(2) do a braiding channel isometric with the zone boundary, farmland in the outside, zone, farmland along a border, braiding channel links to each other with the runoff collecting pit, plants grass planting in the braiding channel and is done careless strainer, does water inlet and gap respectively in the both sides that the runoff collecting pit is wide;
(3) the square paddy field of a block length is set behind the gap of runoff collecting pit, and does water inlet and delivery port in the diagonal positions of paddy field, delivery port links to each other with ecological canal;
(4) ecological canal divides three sections designs: preceding 1/5 of ecological canal is careless strainer, plants common weeds; Plant aquatic water spinach for middle 2/5 kind; 2/5 of final stage, bottom place mat zeolite, upper strata plantation calamus, the water of ecological canal finally is pooled to the runoff collecting pit and utilizes or directly enter the lake again to do to irrigate;
Two, farmland How It Works
(5) at first that the farmland is smooth after the farming operation, be tiled in farmland surface to stalk in a covered manner, laying depth is 3～5cm;
(6) fertilizing method adopts fertilization compositions based on earth measurement, and fertilizer and chemical fertilizer press 1: 1 mixed applying of mass ratio, horse back earthing after the fertilising, and base fertilizer is used in the irrigation of watering afterwards in 10 days one time in the crop growth period, topdress for twice;
(7) during plant growth, recharge the farmland system to the footpath flow liquid in the runoff collecting pit, and the bed mud in the runoff collecting pit is gone back to the field utilize again.
2. a kind of construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the wide 4～10cm of being of the said charge for remittance canal of step (1) is 3～5cm deeply.
3. a kind of construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the said width of the channel that catchments of step (2) is 8～14cm, is 3～6cm deeply; The cross-sectional area of said runoff collecting pit accounts for 1～5% of farmland region area, and aspect ratio is 4: 1, is 80～120cm deeply.
4. a kind of construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the region area of the said paddy field of step (3) accounts for 20～25% of farmland region area, and aspect ratio is 5: 1.
5. a kind of construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the wide 40～60cm of being of the said ecological canal of step (4) is 15～20cm deeply, and length is identical with the length of paddy field.
6. a kind of construction method that reduces the farmland system of runoff pollution according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the said chemical fertilizer of step (6) is the mixed fertilizer of controlled release fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer; The fertilization depth of said fertilising is 30～35cm.
7. farmland system that makes up the minimizing runoff pollution that forms by each said method of claim 1～6.
8. the application of the farmland system of the described minimizing runoff pollution of claim 7 aspect the control agricultural environment pollution.
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Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102603071B (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2013-08-28 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Construction method for nitrogen and phosphorus loss system of greenhouse soil of intercept river network area |
| CN102786110B (en) * | 2012-07-19 | 2015-01-28 | 上海交通大学 | Farmland nitrogen and phosphorous non-point source pollution control and recycle system, and method thereof |
| CN103053254B (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2014-12-31 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | Pollution-reducing fertilization method in rice paddy field |
| CN103112954B (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2014-04-30 | 江苏省环境科学研究院 | Method for prevention and control of non-point source pollution and cyclic utilization of resources of tea garden and system thereof |
| CN104420676B (en) * | 2013-08-22 | 2017-03-29 | 上海市农业科学院 | A kind of method for solving widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area |
| CN103535133B (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2016-06-29 | 广东省生态环境与土壤研究所 | A kind of field control method of Fructus Momordicae charantiae nitrogen phosphorus runoff loss |
| CN103741653B (en) * | 2014-01-22 | 2015-10-14 | 黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所 | The airtight micro-plot experiment system of a kind of paddy rice |
| CN104628143B (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2017-05-17 | 河海大学 | Wetland decontamination method for drainage systems in ecological irrigation areas |
| CN104792576A (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2015-07-22 | 上海交通大学 | Runoff collecting and nitrogen-phosphorus monitoring system for rice-wheat rotation system |
| CN109702003B (en) * | 2019-02-26 | 2020-08-18 | 云南大学 | Method for collecting phosphorus and reducing phosphorus again in phosphorus-rich region slope catchment region by kidney simulation |
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| CN101264982A (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2008-09-17 | 上海交通大学 | Ecological restoring and maintaining method for landscape water body |
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| CN101264982A (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2008-09-17 | 上海交通大学 | Ecological restoring and maintaining method for landscape water body |
| CN101618897A (en) * | 2008-12-22 | 2010-01-06 | 长沙理工大学 | Method for treating road surface runoff contamination |
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